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Gu YH, Shen YC, Ou-yang Y, Rao XM, Fu DD, Wen FQ. Combined BRM270 and endostatin inhibit relapse of NSCLC while suppressing lung cancer stem cell proliferation induced by endostatin. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 22:565-573. [PMID: 34553041 PMCID: PMC8433059 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Endostatin (ES, ENDO) has been reported to suppress the growth of tumors while inducing the proliferation of lung cancer stem cells (LCSCs), causing a poor prognosis for lung cancer. In this study, we aimed to clarify whether BRM270 can inhibit the proliferation of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Endostatin + BRM270 showed anti-tumor effects by reducing tumor volume and increasing survival. Administration of BRM270 reduced the number of aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive (ALDH+) cells and the level of ALDH1A1 expression in tumors by increasing the level of miR-128 while decreasing the levels of BMI-1, ABCC-5, E2F3, and c-MET. The luciferase activity of miR-128 promoter was increased by an increasing concentration of BRM270. In addition, BMI-1, ABCC-5, E2F3, and c-MET were identified as candidate targets of miR-128, and the overexpression of miR-128 significantly reduced mRNA/protein levels of BMI-1, ABCC-5, E2F3, and c-MET in A549 and H460 cells. Administration of BRM270 inhibited the expression of BMI-1, ABCC-5, E2F3, and c-MET in a dose-dependent manner. In this study, we showed for the first time that the combined administration of endostatin and BRM270 achieved anti-tumor effects while suppressing the proliferation of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-hui Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Yong-chun Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yao Ou-yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Xi-min Rao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Dan-dan Fu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Fu-qiang Wen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Corresponding author: Fu-qiang Wen, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Wainanguoxue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Jiang X, Li Y, Feng JL, Nik Nabil WN, Wu R, Lu Y, Liu H, Xi ZC, Xu HX. Safrana l Prevents Prostate Cancer Recurrence by Blocking the Re-activation of Quiescent Cancer Cells via Downregulation of S-Phase Kinase-Associated Protein 2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:598620. [PMID: 33392189 PMCID: PMC7772204 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.598620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The re-proliferation of quiescent cancer cells is considered to be the primary contributor to prostate cancer (Pca) recurrence and progression. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of safranal, a monoterpene aldehyde isolated from Crocus sativus (saffron), on the re-proliferation of quiescent Pca cells in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that safranal efficiently blocked the re-activation of quiescent Pca cells by downregulating the G0/G1 cell cycle regulatory proteins CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, and phospho-Rb at Ser807/811 and elevating the levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p21 and p27. Further investigation on the underlying mechanisms revealed that safranal suppressed the mRNA and protein expression levels of Skp2, possibly through the deregulation of the transcriptional activity of two major transcriptional factors, E2F1 and NF-κB subunits. Moreover, safranal inhibited AKT phosphorylation at Ser473 and deregulated both canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathways. Safranal suppressed the tumor growth of quiescent Pca cell xenografts in vivo. Furthermore, safranal-treated tumor tissues exhibited a reduction in Skp2, E2F1, NF-κB p65, p-IκBα (Ser32), c-MYC, p-Rb (Ser807), CDK4, CDK6, and CDK2 and an elevation of p27 and p21 protein levels. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that safranal suppresses cell cycle re-entry of quiescent Pca cells in vitro and in vivo plausibly by repressing the transcriptional activity of two major transcriptional activators of Skp2, namely, E2F1 and NF-κB, through the downregulation of AKT phosphorylation and NF-κB signaling pathways, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Ling Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wan Najbah Nik Nabil
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Pharmaceutical Services Program, Ministry of Health, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Rong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Hospital Management Office, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Xi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Das PK, Zahan T, Abdur Rakib M, Khanam JA, Pillai S, Islam F. Natural Compounds Targeting Cancer Stem Cells: A Promising Resource for Chemotherapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 19:1796-1808. [PMID: 31272363 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190704111714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are the subpopulation of cancer cells which are directly involved in drug resistance, metastases to distant organ and cancer recurrence. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted through various electronic databases including, Pubmed, Scopus, Google scholar using the keywords "cancer stem cells" and "natural compounds" in the present study. Articles published between 1999 and 2019 were reviewed. All the expositions concerning CSCs associated cancer pathogenesis and therapy resistance, as well as targeting these properties of CSCs by natural compounds were selected for the current study. RESULTS Natural compounds have always been thought as a rich source of biologically active principles, which target aberrantly activated signaling pathways and other modalities of CSCs, while tethering painful side effects commonly involved in the first-line and second-line chemo-radiotherapies. In this review, we have described the key signaling pathways activated in CSCs to maintain their survival and highlighted how natural compounds interrupt these signaling pathways to minimize therapy resistance, pathogenesis and cancer recurrence properties of CSCs, thereby providing useful strategies to treat cancer or aid in cancer therapy improvement. Like normal stem cells, CSCs rely on different signaling pathways and other properties for their maintenance. Therefore, the success of cancer treatment depends on the development of proper anti-neoplastic drugs capable of intercepting those signaling pathways as well as other properties of CSCs in order to eradicate this evasive subpopulation of cancer cells. CONCLUSION Compounds of natural origin might act as an outstanding source to design novel therapies against cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plabon K Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Tasnim Zahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdur Rakib
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Jahan A Khanam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Suja Pillai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Chandimali N, Koh H, Kim J, Lee J, Park YH, Sun HN, Kwon T. BRM270 targets cancer stem cells and augments chemo-sensitivity in cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:103. [PMID: 32831922 PMCID: PMC7439126 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, a number of studies have demonstrated the resistance of cancer cells to conventional drugs and have recognized this as a major challenge in cancer therapy. While attempting to understand the underlying mechanisms of chemoresistance, several studies have suggested that the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in tumors is one of the major pathways contributing toward resistance. Chemoresistance leads to cancer treatment failure and worsens the prognosis of patients. Natural herbal compounds are gaining attention as an alternative treatment strategy for cancer. These compounds may be effective against chemoresistant cells either alone or synergistically alongside conventional drugs, sensitizing cancer cells and enhancing the therapeutic efficacy. BRM270 is a natural compound made from seven herbal plant (Saururus chinensis, Citrus unshiu Markovich, Aloe vera, Arnebia euchroma, Portulaca oleracea, Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina and Scutellaria bacicalensis) extracts used in Asian traditional medicine and has the potential to target CSCs. Several studies have demonstrated the positive effects of BRM270 against chemoresistant cancer and its synergy alongside existing cancer drugs, including paclitaxel and gefitinib. These effects have been observed against various cancer types, including resistant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), glioblastoma, multi-drug resistant osteosarcoma, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer and hepatocarcinoma. The present review discusses the effects of BRM270 treatment against CSC-associated chemoresistance in common types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisansala Chandimali
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyebin Koh
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.,Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju-Si, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihwan Kim
- Korean Convergence Medicine Centre, 100 years Oriental Medical Clinic, Seoul 04783, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaihyung Lee
- Epigenetics Drug Discovery Centre, Haeam Convalescence Hospital, Gyeonggi 12458, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Ho Park
- Evidence-based Medicine Centre, Park Yang Ho BRM Institute, Seoul 07163, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu-Nan Sun
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Taeho Kwon
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeonbuk 56216, Republic of Korea
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5
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Wang WH, Shen CY, Chien YC, Chang WS, Tsai CW, Lin YH, Hwang JJ. Validation of Enhancing Effects of Curcumin on Radiotherapy with F98/ FGT Glioblastoma-Bearing Rat Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124385. [PMID: 32575632 PMCID: PMC7352749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive brain tumor with low survival rate, is difficult to be cured by neurosurgery or radiotherapy. Mounting evidence has reported the anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of curcumin on several types of cancer in preclinical studies and clinical trials. To our knowledge, there is no platform or system that could be used to effectively and real-timely evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of curcumin for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). In this study, we constructed a lentivirus vector with triple-reporter genes (Fluc/GFP/tk) and transduced into rat F98 glioblastoma cells to establish an orthotopic F98/FGT glioma-bearing rat model. In the model, the therapeutic efficacies for curcumin alone, radiation alone, and their combination were evaluated via noninvasive bioluminescent imaging and overall survival measurements. At the cell level, curcumin is capable of causing a G2/M cell cycle arrest and sensitizing the F98 cells to radiation. In animal model, curcumin synergistically enhances the effects of radiotherapy on suppressing the growth of both transplanted glioma cells and in situ brain tumors, and extending the overall survival periods longer than those of curcumin alone and radiation alone treatments. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that curcumin may serve as a novel radiosensitizer to combine with radiotherapy using the triple-reporter F98/FGT animal model for effective and simultaneous evaluation of therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsun Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiology, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 821, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yu Shen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; or
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chien
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, I-Shou University, Jiaosu Village, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Jiaosu Village, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shin Chang
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (W.-S.C.); (C.-W.T.)
| | - Chia-Wen Tsai
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (W.-S.C.); (C.-W.T.)
| | - Yi-Hsien Lin
- Division of Radiotherapy, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, No. 45, Cheng Hsin St, Beitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.L.); (J.-J.H.); Tel.: +88-622-826-4400 (ext. 5750) (Y.-H.L.); +88-642-473-9595 (ext. 32138) (J.-J.H.); Fax: +88-622-826-4524 (Y.-H.L.); +88-642-324-8186 (J.-J.H.)
| | - Jeng-Jong Hwang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.L.); (J.-J.H.); Tel.: +88-622-826-4400 (ext. 5750) (Y.-H.L.); +88-642-473-9595 (ext. 32138) (J.-J.H.); Fax: +88-622-826-4524 (Y.-H.L.); +88-642-324-8186 (J.-J.H.)
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6
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Tang KY, Du SL, Wang QL, Zhang YF, Song HY. Traditional Chinese medicine targeting cancer stem cells as an alternative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2020; 18:196-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Sharifi-Rad J, Ozleyen A, Boyunegmez Tumer T, Oluwaseun Adetunji C, El Omari N, Balahbib A, Taheri Y, Bouyahya A, Martorell M, Martins N, Cho WC. Natural Products and Synthetic Analogs as a Source of Antitumor Drugs. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E679. [PMID: 31683894 PMCID: PMC6920853 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous disease and one of the major issues of health concern, especially for the public health system globally. Nature is a source of anticancer drugs with abundant pool of diverse chemicals and pharmacologically active compounds. In recent decade, some natural products and synthetic analogs have been investigated for the cancer treatment. This article presents the utilization of natural products as a source of antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61615-585, Iran.
| | - Adem Ozleyen
- Graduate Program of Biomolecular Sciences, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale 17020, Turkey.
| | - Tugba Boyunegmez Tumer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale 17020, Turkey.
| | - Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
- Applied Microbiology, Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Edo University, Iyamho, Edo State 300271, Nigeria.
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10100, Morocco.
| | - Abdelaali Balahbib
- Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10106, Morocco.
| | - Yasaman Taheri
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11369, Iran.
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10106, Morocco.
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile.
- Universidad de Concepción, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, Concepcion 4070386, Chile.
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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BRM270 Inhibits the Proliferation of CD44 Positive Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells via Downregulation of Sonic Hedgehog Signaling. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:8620469. [PMID: 31049070 PMCID: PMC6462339 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8620469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has a poor survival rate as compared to other types of cancer. Surface marker CD44 plays important role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell phenotype. Therefore, targeting CD44 positive pancreatic cancer cells might enhance therapies effectiveness. Our previous studies indicated the antitumorigenesis effect of BRM270 in osteosarcoma, lung cancer, and glioblastoma; however there is no evidence on BRM270 impacts on pancreatic cancer growth. In this study, we investigated the effect of BRM270 on the isolated CD44 positive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells (CD44+ PDAC). Results showed that CD44 positive cells undergo apoptosis induced by BRM270. Moreover, BRM270 also inhibits stemness and metastasis traits in CD44+ PDAC via Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway and SALL4 expression. In vivo study indicated that tumor growth derived from CD44+ PDAC was suppressed as daily uptake by BRM270 5 mg/kg. These data suggest the alternative approach in antipancreatic tumorigenesis via herbal plants extract and selectively targeting CD44+ PDAC cells in tumor.
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9
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The Molecular Mechanisms of Plant-Derived Compounds Targeting Brain Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020395. [PMID: 29385679 PMCID: PMC5855617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and malignant forms of brain tumors. Despite recent advances in operative and postoperative treatments, it is almost impossible to perform complete resection of these tumors owing to their invasive and diffuse nature. Several natural plant-derived products, however, have been demonstrated to have promising therapeutic effects, such that they may serve as resources for anticancer drug discovery. The therapeutic effects of one such plant product, n-butylidenephthalide (BP), are wide-ranging in nature, including impacts on cancer cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and cancer cell senescence. The compound also exhibits a relatively high level of penetration through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Taken together, its actions have been shown to have anti-proliferative, anti-chemoresistance, anti-invasion, anti-migration, and anti-dissemination effects against GBM. In addition, a local drug delivery system for the subcutaneous and intracranial implantation of BP wafers that significantly reduce tumor size in xenograft models, as well as orthotopic and spontaneous brain tumors in animal models, has been developed. Isochaihulactone (ICL), another kind of plant product, possesses a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including impacts on cancer cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, as well as anti-proliferative and anti-chemoresistance effects. Furthermore, these actions have been specifically shown to have cancer-fighting effects on GBM. In short, the results of various studies reviewed herein have provided substantial evidence indicating that BP and ICH are promising novel anticancer compounds with good potential for clinical applications.
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