Mangosteen Extract Prevents Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice by Suppressing NF-κB Activation and Inflammation

Garcinone C attenuates RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and oxidative stress by activating Nrf2/HO-1 and inhibiting the NF-kB signaling pathway

Osteoporosis is the result of osteoclast formation exceeding osteoblast production, and current osteoporosis treatments targeting excessive osteoclast bone resorption have serious adverse effects. There is a need to fully understand the mechanisms of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, identify new drug targets, and find better drugs to treat osteoporosis. Gar C (Gar C) is a major naturally occurring phytochemical isolated from mangosteen, and is a derivative of the naturally occurring phenolic antioxidant lutein. We used an OP mouse model established by ovariectomy (OVX). We found that treatment with Gar C significantly increased bone mineral density and significantly decreased the expression of TRAP, NFATC1 and CTSK relative to untreated OP mice. We found that Garcinone C could disrupt osteoclast activation and resorption functions by inhibiting RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation as well as inhibiting the formation of multinucleated osteoclasts. Immunoblotting showed that Gar C downregulated the expression of osteoclast-related proteins. In addition, Gar C significantly inhibited RANKL-induced ROS production and affected NF-κB activity by inhibiting phosphorylation Formylation of P65 and phosphorylation and degradation of ikba. These data suggest that Gar C significantly reduced OVX-induced osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and oxidative stress in bone tissue. Mechanistically, this effect was associated with inhibition of the ROS-mediated NF-κB pathway.

Garcinia mangostana and α-Mangostin Revive Ulcerative Colitis-Modified Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Profiles in Mice

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Ulcerative colitis (UC) is inflammation of the large intestine with ulceration but can also cause extraintestinal manifestations (EIM) by damaging surrounding organs such as the liver. <i>Garcinia mangostana</i> (GM) pericarp and α-mangostin (MGS) have been reported to have anti-inflammatory activity. This study evaluated the effects of GM pericarp extract and MGS on the expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes as an EIM of UC. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Male ICR mice were orally administered GM pericarp extract (40, 200 and 1000 mg/kg/day), MGS (30 mg/kg/day) or sulfasalazine (SUL) (100 mg/kg/day) daily for 7 days. On days 4-7, UC was induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS 40 kDa, 6 g/kg/day). Profiles of CYP mRNA expression were determined by RT/qPCR. Alkoxyresorufin <i>O</i>-dealkylation (including ethoxy-, methoxy-, pentoxy- and benzyloxy-resorufin), aniline hydroxylation and erythromycin <i>N</i>-demethylation CYP responsive activities were also examined. <b>Results:</b> The DSS-induced UC mice showed suppressed expression<i> </i>of <i>Cyp1a1</i>, <i>Cyp1a2</i>, <i>Cyp2b9/10</i>, <i>Cyp2e1</i>, <i>Cyp2c29</i>, <i>Cyp2d9</i>, <i>Cyp3a11</i> and <i>Cyp3a13</i> mRNAs. The GM pericarp extract and MGS restored expression of all investigated CYPs and their responsive enzyme activities in DSS-induced UC mice to levels comparable to the control and parallel to the effects of the anti-inflammatory control SUL. <b>Conclusion:</b> The GM is a promising therapy to restore UC-modified hepatic CYP profiles.

Garcinia mangostana extract and curcumin ameliorate oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia in high fat diet-induced obese Wistar albino rats

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) and Curcuma longa independently and synergistically in modulating oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia commonly observed in high-fat diet-induced obesity in rodent models. Male albino Wistar rats were divided into eight experimental groups, fed on a normal diet or high-fat diet (HFD), then given mangosteen extract (400 mg /kg /day) and/or curcumin (80 mg/kg /day) for 6 weeks. Oxidative stress markers, glucose, and lipid fractions were measured in the sera. Mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) induced a remarkable decrease in BMI (from 0.86 to 0.81 gm/cm²), while curcuma either alone or in combination was more effective, as treated rats recorded BMIs of 0.78 and 0.79 gm/cm², respectively. Regarding the antioxidant effects, MPE induced a significant increase of GSH in obese rats (123.86 ± 15.53 μg/ml vs 288.72 ± 121.37 μg/ml). As anti-atherogenic agents MPE demonstrate significant effect recorded higher level of HDL-C in treated animals, but ineefective as anti-dyslipidemic agent. Curcumin was more effective in reducing LDL-C levels in obese rats. Both extracts effectively reduced blood glucose. The present study demonstrated that MPE and curcumin were independently and synergistically effective in treating obesity-induced atherogenesis.

Multifunctional cellulosic nanofiber film with enhanced antimicrobial and anticancer properties by incorporation of ethanolic extract of Garcinia mangostana peel

Natural polymeric nanofibers-based materials for medical application is an intensive research area due to the unique features of natural polymeric nanofibers. Bacterial nanocellulose (BC) films containing various concentrations of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peel extract were prepared and evaluated as a multifunctional nanofiber film. The extract was absorbed into BC hydrogel and air dried to entrap the extract into nanofiber network. The resulting films contained about 3, 35, and 294 mg of total phenolic compounds and 2, 24, and 250 mg of α-mangostin per cm³ of the dried films. The film containing the highest phenolic compounds and α-mangostin performed the inhibitory effect to Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes, and Staphylococcus aureus. High anticancer activity against B16F10 melanoma and MCF-7 breast cancer cells having viabilities of 10 and 5%, respectively after 48 h were detected after the treatments with the film. However, the film had a low toxicity against normal fibroblast and keratinocyte cells with 41 and 99% viability, respectively. The research suggested that the prepared films were a multifunctional nanofiber films with antimicrobial and anticancer properties.

Prenylated xanthones from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) activate the AhR and Nrf2 pathways and protect intestinal barrier integrity in HT-29 cells

Xanthones from the tropical fruit mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) display anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. Here, we isolate and identify potential inducers of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways from mangosteen using a bioassay-guided strategy. Mangosteen fruit pericarp extracts were subjected to sequential solvent extractions, followed by chromatography coupled with NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometric analyses for identification and isolation of pure compounds. Isolation of active fractions led to seven prenylated xanthones that were identified and subsequently evaluated for bioactivity. In vitro luciferase reporter cellular assays using H1L6.1c3 (AhR induction) and HepG2-ARE (Nrf2 induction) were used to identify AhR and Nrf2 activators. All seven prenylated xanthones displayed AhR inducing activity, whereas only five xanthones activated Nrf2. Garcinone D (GarD) significantly upregulated AhR/Cyp1a1 and Nrf2/HO-1 protein expression and enhanced zonula occludens-1 and occludin protein levels in HT-29 cells. In addition, GarD inhibited oxidative stress-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by enhancing tight junction (TJ) proteins and inhibition of reactive oxygen species production. Inhibition of AhR by pretreating cells with an AhR antagonist revealed that the AhR pathway is required for the improved epithelial barrier functions of GarD. These results highlight a dual mechanism by GarD that confers protection against intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction.

Ethanolic Garcinia mangostana extract and α-mangostin improve dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis via the suppression of inflammatory and oxidative responses in ICR mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory disorder of the colon. Garcinia mangostana Linn. (GM) has been traditionally used for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The effects of GM and its bioactive constituent α-mangostin on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC in mice were investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Adult ICR mice (n = 63) were pretreated with ethanolic GM extract at 40, 200, and 1000 mg/kg/day (GM40, GM200, and GM1000), α-mangostin at 30 mg/kg/day, or sulfasalazine at 100 mg/kg/day (SA) for 7 consecutive days. On days 4-7, UC was induced in the mice by the oral administration of DSS (40 kDa, 6 g/kg/day), while control mice received distilled water. The UC disease activity index (DAI) and histological changes were recorded. The activities of myeloperoxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase, and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined. The mRNA expression of inflammatory related genes including proinflammatory cytokine Tnf-α, Toll-like receptor (Tlr-2), adhesion molecules (Icam-1 and Vcam-1), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (Mcp-1) were evaluated.

RESULTS

Treatment with GM or α-mangostin decreased the UC DAI and protected against colon shortening and spleen and kidney enlargement. GM and α-mangostin prevented histological damage, reduced mast cell infiltration in the colon, and decreased myeloperoxidase activity. GM and α-mangostin increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activity and decreased ROS, NO, and MDA production. GM downregulated mRNA expression of Tnf-α, Tlr-2, Icam-1, Vcam-1, and Mcp-1.

CONCLUSIONS

GM and α-mangostin attenuated the severity of DSS-induced UC via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Therefore, GM is a promising candidate for development into a novel therapeutic agent for UC.

Functional foods from the tropics to relieve chronic normobaric hypoxia

Functional foods with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are regarded as a complementary therapy to improve chronic diseases such as obesity and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Obesity is a chronic low-grade inflammatory state leading to organ damage with increased risk of common diseases including cardiovascular and metabolic disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, osteoarthritis and some cancers. IBD is a chronic intestinal inflammation categorised as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis depending on the location of inflammation. These inflammatory states are characterised by normobaric hypoxia in adipose and intestinal tissues, respectively. Tropical foods especially from Australia and South America are discussed in this review to show their potential in attenuation of these chronic diseases. The phytochemicals from these foods have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities to reduce chronic normobaric hypoxia in the tissues. These health benefits of the tropical foods are relevant not only for health economy but also in providing a global solution by improving the sustainability of their cultivation and assisting the local economies.

Recent updates on metabolite composition and medicinal benefits of mangosteen plant

BACKGROUND

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit has a unique sweet-sour taste and is rich in beneficial compounds such as xanthones. Mangosteen originally been used in various folk medicines to treat diarrhea, wounds, and fever. More recently, it had been used as a major component in health supplement products for weight loss and for promoting general health. This is perhaps due to its known medicinal benefits, including as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation. Interestingly, publications related to mangosteen have surged in recent years, suggesting its popularity and usefulness in research laboratories. However, there are still no updated reviews (up to 2018) in this booming research area, particularly on its metabolite composition and medicinal benefits.

METHOD

In this review, we have covered recent articles within the years of 2016 to 2018 which focus on several aspects including the latest findings on the compound composition of mangosteen fruit as well as its medicinal usages.

RESULT

Mangosteen has been vastly used in medicinal areas including in anti-cancer, anti-microbial, and anti-diabetes treatments. Furthermore, we have also described the benefits of mangosteen extract in protecting various human organs such as liver, skin, joint, eye, neuron, bowel, and cardiovascular tissues against disorders and diseases.

CONCLUSION

All in all, this review describes the numerous manipulations of mangosteen extracted compounds in medicinal areas and highlights the current trend of its research. This will be important for future directed research and may allow researchers to tackle the next big challenge in mangosteen study: drug development and human applications.

Cytotoxicity and Toxicity Evaluation of Xanthone Crude Extract on Hypoxic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos

Xanthone is an organic compound mostly found in mangosteen pericarp and widely known for its anti-proliferating effect on cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated the effects of xanthone crude extract (XCE) and α-mangostin (α-MG) on normoxic and hypoxic human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells and their toxicity towards zebrafish embryos. XCE was isolated using a mixture of acetone and water (80:20) and verified via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Both XCE and α-MG showed higher anti-proliferation effects on normoxic HepG2 cells compared to the control drug, 5-fluorouracil (IC₅₀ = 50.23 ± 1.38, 8.39 ± 0.14, and 143.75 ± 15.31 μg/mL, respectively). In hypoxic conditions, HepG2 cells were two times less sensitive towards XCE compared to normoxic HepG2 cells (IC₅₀ = 109.38 ± 1.80 μg/mL) and three times less sensitive when treated with >500 μg/mL 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). A similar trend was seen with the α-MG treatment on hypoxic HepG2 cells (IC₅₀ = 10.11 ± 0.05 μg/mL) compared to normoxic HepG2 cells. However, at a concentration of 12.5 μg/mL, the α-MG treatment caused tail-bend deformities in surviving zebrafish embryos, while no malformation was observed when embryos were exposed to XCE and 5-FU treatments. Our study suggests that both XCE and α-MG are capable of inhibiting HepG2 cell proliferation during normoxic and hypoxic conditions, more effectively than 5-FU. However, XCE is the preferred option as no malformation was observed in surviving zebrafish embryos and it is more cost efficient than α-MG.

1,3,6,7-Tetrahydroxy-8-prenylxanthone ameliorates inflammatory responses resulting from the paracrine interaction of adipocytes and macrophages

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Chronic inflammation in adipose tissue is critical in the onset and development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue and pro-inflammatory polarization play key roles in adipose tissue inflammation. The fruit hull of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is used in traditional medicine to treat various inflammatory diseases. However, its role in regulating adipose tissue inflammation is unexplored. This study was designed to identify xanthones from G. mangostana, which could ameliorate adipose tissue inflammation.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Expressions of inducible NOS, cytokines, chemokines and components of the NF-κB and MAPKs pathways were evaluated using Western blotting, immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time PCR or ELISA. The migration of macrophages towards adipocytes was tested using Transwell experiments in vitro. A murine model of LPS-induced acute inflammation was used to examine effects of 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-8-prenylxanthone (TPX) on inflammatory responses in adipose tissue in vivo.

KEY RESULTS

From a series of xanthones isolated from G. mangostana, TPX was identified as a potent inhibitor of LPS-induced NO production and IL-6 secretion in RAW264.7 macrophages. TPX ameliorated LPS-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages, and TNF-α-mediated inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, through inhibiting MAPKs and NF-κB activation and promoting sirtuin 3 expression. TPX also blocked RAW264.7 macrophages migration towards 3T3-L1 adipocytes in co-cultures. Furthermore, TPX alleviated LPS-induced adipose tissue inflammation in vivo by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and preventing the pro-inflammatory polarization of macrophages.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Taken together, our results indicate that TPX disrupts the inflammatory responses between macrophages and adipocytes, and attenuates adipose tissue inflammation.

Long-term effects of lysine concentration on growth performance, intestinal microbiome, and metabolic profiles in a pig model

Lysine is a common limiting amino acid in human and animal diets and plays an important role in cell proliferation and metabolism.