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Tew WY, Tan CS, Yan CS, Loh HW, Wang X, Wen X, Wei X, Yam MF. Mechanistic study on vasodilatory and antihypertensive effects of hesperetin: ex vivo and in vivo approaches. Hypertens Res 2024; 47:2416-2434. [PMID: 38914702 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-024-01652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Hesperetin is one of the prominent flavonoids found in citrus fruit. Several research studies have reported that hesperetin can promote vasodilation in vascular tissue by increasing the level of nitric oxide and cyclic nucleotides. However, these may not be the only pathway for hesperetin to exert its vasodilatory effect. In addition to vasodilation, hesperetin has been found to carry an antihypertensive effect through intraperitoneal injection, although no study has comprehensively investigated the antihypertensive effect of hesperetin through oral administration. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the possible mechanism pathways involved in hesperetin-induced vasodilation and investigated its antihypertensive effects on hypertensive rats' model via oral administration. The ex vivo experimental findings showed that the NO/sGC/cGMP signalling pathway was involved in hesperetin-mediated vasodilation. Moreover, hesperetin activated the AC/cAMP/PKA pathway through PGI2 and activated the β2-adrenergic receptor. Hesperetin can act as a voltage-gated potassium channel (KV) and ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) opener. The intracellular calcium in vascular smooth muscle was reduced by hesperetin through blocking the voltage-operated calcium channels (VOCC) and inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3R). In the in vivo assessment, hesperetin shows a significant decrease in Spontaneously Hypertensive rats' blood pressure following 21 days of oral treatment. The sub-chronic toxicity assessment demonstrated that hesperetin exhibited no deleterious effects on the body weights, clinical biochemistry and haematological profile of Sprague-Dawley rats. This study implies that hesperetin holds promise as a potential medication for hypertension treatment, devoid of undesirable side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yin Tew
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Shangjie, Minhou, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Chu Shan Tan
- Material Characterization and Inorganic Spectroscopy, Perkin Elmer Sdn. Bhd., #2.01. Level 2, Wisma Academy, Lot 4A, Jalan 19/1, 46300, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chong Seng Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Hui Wei Loh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Xuye Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Xu Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Shangjie, Minhou, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Xu Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Shangjie, Minhou, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Mun Fei Yam
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Shangjie, Minhou, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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Demirel S. Vasorelaxant effects of biochemical constituents of various medicinal plants and their benefits in diabetes. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:1122-1141. [PMID: 38983824 PMCID: PMC11229960 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i6.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial function plays a pivotal role in cardiovascular health, and dysfunction in this context diminishes vasorelaxation concomitant with endothelial activity. The nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway, prostacyclin-cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway, inhibition of phosphodiesterase, and the opening of potassium channels, coupled with the reduction of calcium levels in the cell, constitute critical mechanisms governing vasorelaxation. Cardiovascular disease stands as a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality among individuals with diabetes, with adults afflicted by diabetes exhibiting a heightened cardiovascular risk compared to their non-diabetic counterparts. A plethora of medicinal plants, characterized by potent pharmacological effects and minimal side effects, holds promise in addressing these concerns. In this review, we delineate various medicinal plants and their respective biochemical constituents, showcasing concurrent vasorelaxant and anti-diabetic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadettin Demirel
- Medicine School, Physiology Department, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Türkiye
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Tew WY, Tan CS, Yan CS, Loh HW, Wen X, Wei X, Yam MF. Evaluation of vasodilatory effect and antihypertensive effect of chrysin through in vitro and sub-chronic in vivo study. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114020. [PMID: 36469968 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysin, a bioflavonoid belonging to the flavone, occurs naturally in plants such as the passionflower, honey and propolis. Few studies have demonstrated that chrysin can promote vasorelaxant activities in rats' aorta and mesenteric arteries. To date, no research has explored the signalling system routes that chrysin may utilise to produce its vasorelaxant action. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanisms involved in chrysin-induced vasorelaxant in rats' aortic rings and assess the antihypertensive effect of chrysin in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The findings revealed that chrysin utilised both endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent mechanisms. The presence of L-NAME (endothelial NO synthase inhibitor), ODQ (sGC inhibitor), methylene blue (cGMP lowering agent), 4-AP (voltage-gated potassium channel inhibitor), atropine (muscarinic receptors inhibitor) and propranolol (β-adrenergic receptors inhibitor) significantly reduced the chrysin's vasorelaxant action. Furthermore, chrysin can reduce intracellular Ca2+ levels by limiting the extracellular intake of Ca2+ through voltage-operated calcium channels and blocking the intracellular release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via the IP3 receptor. These indicate that chrysin-induced vasorelaxants involved NO/sGC/cGMP signalling cascade, muscarinic and β-adrenergic receptors, also the potassium and calcium channels. Although chrysin had vasorelaxant effects in in vitro studies, the in vivo antihypertensive experiment discovered chrysin does not significantly reduce the blood pressure of SHRs following 21 days of oral treatment. This study proved that chrysin utilised multiple signalling pathways to produce its vasorelaxant effect in the thoracic aorta of rats; however, it had no antihypertensive effect on SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yin Tew
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Shangjie, Minhou, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chu Shan Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chong Seng Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hui Wei Loh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Xu Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Shangjie, Minhou, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China
| | - Xu Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Shangjie, Minhou, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China.
| | - Mun Fei Yam
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Shangjie, Minhou, Fuzhou 350122, Fujian, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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Ajebli M, Eddouks M. Phytotherapy of Hypertension: An Updated Overview. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 20:812-839. [PMID: 31880255 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666191227104648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disorders are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the globe. Hypertension is the main risk factor that contributes to the development of many diseases. The use of herbal therapies, medicinal plants and their derivatives for the remedy and management of hypertension is well-recognized and popular among a wide part of the world population. METHODS The aim of the current review was to collect, treat, and critically analyze the published research studies relative to experimental and clinical investigations which have studied the blood pressure lowering abilities of medicinal plant derivatives in the last decade. This review was organized into three principal axes; the first axis was attributed to the in vivo and in vitro experimental studies; the second treated the clinical trials; while, the last one is devoted to analyze the mechanisms of action underlying the therapeutic antihypertensive effectiveness of phytochemicals. RESULTS Different types of extracts and isolated molecules obtained from a large variety of species demonstrated their efficiency in improving the increase of blood pressure either experimentally or clinically. Medicinal species such as garlic (Allium sativum), celery (Apium graveolens), Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) and Ginseng (Panax) are among the most common and therapeutically used plant derivatives for controlling hypertension while Asteraceae, Apiaceae and Rosaceae are among the botanical families which were frequently studied in the last decade. Isolated compounds such as allicin and apigenin have received more interest in this field. Recent evidence from clinical trials suggests that a wide variety of herbal preparations and plant extracts or natural isolated compounds have a favorable therapeutic impact on blood flow. Interestingly, phytochemicals can either act directly on blood vessels via a vasorelaxant effect involving a variety of signaling cascades or indirectly through inhibiting or stimulating diversity of systems such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), renin-angiotensin system (RAS) or the diuretic activity. Hence, based on the findings of the present review medicinal plant derivatives could be used as preventive and curative agents in the case of cardiovascular disorders, particularly hypertension and could play a promoting function for the discovery of new antihypertensive agents. CONCLUSION The analysis of the published data shows that a great effort remains to be done to investigate the medicinal plants cited as antihypertensive through published ethnopharmacological surveys. The analysis of the literature in this field shows the lack of standardization at the level of experimental study methods as well as the need to study purified molecules. Moreover, the mechanistic studies when they exist remain in the whole partial. On the other hand, few advanced clinical studies have been conducted. Finally, the determination of the efficacy/safety ratio remains absent in almost all studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ajebli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia, Team of Endocrine Physiology and Pharmacology, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, BP 509, Boutalamine 52000, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Eddouks
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia, Team of Endocrine Physiology and Pharmacology, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, BP 509, Boutalamine 52000, Errachidia, Morocco
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Xia C, Liu Y, Yao H, Zhu W, Ding J, Jin J. Causality assessment of skyfruit-induced liver injury using the updated RUCAM: a case report and review of the literature. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520917569. [PMID: 32293220 PMCID: PMC7160776 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520917569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In many Asian countries, herbs are used to treat disease. However, herbs also
have adverse effects. Herb-induced liver injury has become a serious public
health problem requiring urgent attention. The seeds of Swietenia
macrophylla, a member of the family Polygonaceae, are often called
skyfruit. We recently encountered a case of liver injury caused by skyfruit. The
patient suffered from hepatocellular injury. We applied the updated Roussel
Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) and the results indicated a highly
probable relationship with skyfruit (total score 10). Moreover, we summarize
another six cases of skyfruit-induced liver injury from the literature. The aim
of our report is to help clinicians become more aware of the potential
hepatotoxic effects of skyfruit and to accurately describe the clinical and
laboratory characteristics of skyfruit-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Xia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanning Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihong Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiexia Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Shao YM, Zhang Y, Yin X, Qin TT, Jin QL, Wen XY. Herb-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis associated with Xiang-tian-guo (Swietenia macrophylla seeds): A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24045. [PMID: 33466156 PMCID: PMC7808451 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has a relatively low incidence, whereas the incidence of herb-induced liver injury (HILI) is still under investigation. As a special type of DILI, the diagnosis of drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis presents a persistent challenge, because this condition has partial characteristics of both DILI and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), such as a certain history of medication use and histology that similar is to AIH. Thus, the differential diagnosis between DILI and AIH can be confusing. PATIENT CONCERNS A 67-year-old woman taking xiang-tian-guo for 6 months was admitted to our hospital with a complaint of experiencing jaundice for 2 weeks. DIAGNOSIS A liver biopsy exhibited interface inflammation, foam cells, and "rosette" -like hepatocytes. She was diagnosed with herb-induced liver injury (hepatocellular and acute), a RUCAM score of 7 (probable), a severity for grade 4 liver injury, and accompanied autoimmune-like changes. INTERVENTIONS The patient was instructed to cease the administration of suspicious drugs. The patient also received liver protection and albumin transfusion. OUTCOMES After 25 days of hospitalization, the patients aminotransferase levels returned to normal. No recurrence was observed after the administration of the treatments and a close follow-up. LESSONS We must to be vigilant about the safety of xiang-tian-guo as a herbal medicine. When faced with the difficulty of distinguishing between AIH and DILI, long-term follow-up observations for recurrence can aid clinicians in making a judgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ming Shao
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Xin Yin
- Center for Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting-Ting Qin
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Qing-Long Jin
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Xiao-Yu Wen
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University
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Antihypertensive effects of allicin on spontaneously hypertensive rats via vasorelaxation and hydrogen sulfide mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 128:110240. [PMID: 32480217 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allicin, the principle active constituent in garlic, has been reported to have antihypertensive effects on drug-induced hypertension or renal hypertension in rats, but reports on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) are rare. Allicin is comprised of a variety of sulfur-containing compounds, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been shown to have specific vasomotor effects. We therefore hypothesize that allicin may exert a vasorelaxant activity by inducing H2S production, and this eventually result in a reduction in blood pressure in SHRs. METHODS The in vivo antihypertensive effect of allicin was assessed using a tail-cuff method on SHRs. The in vitro vasorelaxant effect and in-depth mechanisms of allicin were explored on rat mesenteric arterial rings (RMARs) isolated from SD rats. RESULTS In the in vivo study, administration of allicin (7 mg/kg and 14 mg/kg, 4 weeks, i.g) dramatically decreased the blood pressure in SHRs, which was also shown to be attenuated by H2S synthase inhibitor (PAG, 32 mg/kg, i.g). In in vitro studies, allicin (2.50-15.77 mM) produced a concentration-dependent vasorelaxation on RMARs, which was obviously reduced by preincubation with PAG. The removal of endothelium led to a decline in allicin's vasorelaxation, which was almost completely mitigated when treatment was followed with PAG. Inhibitors of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PGI2) pathways separately suppressed the vasorelaxation induced by allicin to a certain degree. When the RMARs incubated with PAG were treated with or without the above inhibitors in separate groups, the relaxations caused by allicin were almost identical under both these conditions. Moreover, allicin treatment increased cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels (downstream products of NO and PGI2 pathways), which was decreased by PAG. Additionally, allicin increased the acetylcholine-induced endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) -mediated relaxation, which was unaffected by PAG. CONCLUSION Allicin exhibits a potent antihypertensive effect through vasodilatory properties and H2S mechanisms. Moreover, the vasodilation of allicin is partially dependent on endothelium. The endothelium-dependent vasodilation of allicin is mediated by the NO-sGC-cGMP, PGI2-AC-cAMP and EDHF pathways, of which H2S participates in the first two but not the third one. The endothelium independent vasodilation can be predominantly attributed to H2S production.
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Tew WY, Tan CS, Asmawi MZ, Yam MF. Underlying mechanism of vasorelaxant effect exerted by 3,5,7,2',4'-pentahydroxyflavone in rats aortic ring. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 880:173123. [PMID: 32335091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Morin (3,5,7,2',4'-pentahydroxyflavone) is a yellow coloured natural flavonoid found in plants of the Moraceae family. This favonoid is easily sources from readily available fruits, vegetables and eve certain beverages. Among the sources that was identified, it is clear that morin is most abundantly found in almond, old fustic, Indian guava, and Osage orange. Multiple studies have suggested that morin has multiple therapeutic actions and possess potential to be a functional potent drug. Previous studies demonstrated that morin is capable of resolving deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertension and possess strong vasorelaxant properties. However, the exact mechanisms remains unknown. Therefore, this study is designed to investigate the in vitro mechanism of morin-induced vasorelaxant effects. The underlying mechanisms of morin's vasorelaxant activities were evaluated on thoracic aortic rings isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats. Results from the study demonstrated morin causing vasodilatory reaction in phenylephrine and potassium chloride pre-contracted endothelium-intact aortic rings with the effect being significantly affected in endothelium-denuded aortic rings. Pre-incubation of the aortic rings with ODQ (selective cGMP-independent sGC inhibitor), indomethacin (nonselective COX inhibitor), L-NAME (endothelial nitric oxide inhibitor), propranolol (β2-adrenegic receptors blocker), and atropine (muscarinic receptors blocker) significantly reduced the vasorelaxant effect of morin. It was also found to be able to reduce the intracellular calcium level by blocking VOCC and calcium intake from the extracellular environment and the intracellular release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The present study showed that the vasorelaxant effect of morin potentially involves the NO/sGC, muscarinic receptors, β2-adrenegic receptors, and calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yin Tew
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Chu Shan Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zaini Asmawi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Mun Fei Yam
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Qiuyang Road, Shangjie, Minhou, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China.
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Effects of Two Fractions of Swietenia macrophylla and Catechin on Muscle Damage Induced by BothropsVenom and PLA₂. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11010040. [PMID: 30646591 PMCID: PMC6356255 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant natural products can attenuate the myonecrosis caused by Bothrops snake venom and their phospholipases A₂ (PLA₂). In this study, we evaluated the effects of two fractions (F4 and F6) from Swietenia macrophylla and purified catechin on the muscle damage caused by a myotoxic PLA₂ from Colombian Bothrops asper venom (BaColPLA₂) in mice and by Bothrops marmoratus venom from Brazil in mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscle (PND) preparations in vitro. Male mice were injected with PLA₂ (50 µg) in the absence or presence of F4, F6, and catechin, in the gastrocnemius muscle and then killed 3, 7, 14, and 28 h later for histopathological analysis of myonecrosis, leukocyte infiltration, and the presence of collagen. Fractions F4 and F6 (500 µg) and catechin (90 µg) significantly reduced the extent of necrosis at all-time intervals. These two fractions and catechin also attenuated the leukocyte infiltration on day 3, as did catechin on day 14. There was medium-to-moderate collagen deposition in all groups up to day 7, but greater deposition on days 14 and 28 in the presence of F6 and catechin. Bothrops marmoratus venom (100 µg/mL) caused slight (~25%) muscle facilitation after 10 minutes and weak neuromuscular blockade (~64% decrease in contractile activity after a 120-minute incubation). Pre-incubation of venom with F4 or F6 abolished the facilitation, whereas catechin, which was itself facilitatory, did not. All three fractions attenuated the venom-induced decrease in muscle contractions. These findings indicate that fractions and catechin from S. macrophylla can reduce the muscle damage caused by Bothrops venom and PLA₂. These fractions or their components could be useful for treating venom-induced local damage.
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