1
|
de Nóbrega T, da Silva M, Rampani E, Curi R, Bazotte R. Tolerability of glutamine supplementation in older adults: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Braz J Med Biol Res 2024; 57:e13468. [PMID: 38808890 PMCID: PMC11136481 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2024e13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In this double-blind placebo-controlled randomized investigation, we assessed the tolerability of glutamine in older adults recruited from three daycare centers. The relevance of studying glutamine supplementation in elderly patients lies in its potential to provide a well-tolerated intervention. Glutamine, a crucial amino acid, plays a vital role in various physiological processes, including immune function and protein synthesis. Understanding its impact on older adults is essential, given the potential implications for their health and well-being. Participants received a daily dose of 12.4 g of oral effervescent glutamine (EGln group) or maltodextrin (placebo group) for 60 days. Fifteen patients from each group completed the study. The mean ages were 77.0±9.1 and 79.0±6.9 years for the EGln and placebo groups, respectively. We evaluated body mass index, aminogram, hemogram, plasma levels of glucose, prealbumin, albumin, urea, creatinine, uric acid, C-reactive protein, vitamin D, calcium, sodium, potassium, and the plasma activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Notably, we quantified a broad array of inflammatory markers and growth factors providing a holistic understanding of the potential effects of glutamine supplementation. The results demonstrated that oral glutamine did not induce significant changes in any evaluated parameters, and no adverse effects were reported. This finding suggested that the dosage of glutamine used in this study was well-tolerated and safe. This information contributes to the broader understanding of glutamine supplementation, emphasizing its safety and supporting its potential as a viable intervention for maintaining health in aging individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T.C.M. de Nóbrega
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M.A.R.C.P. da Silva
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - E.M. Rampani
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - R. Curi
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Seção de Produção de Imunobiológicos, Centro Bioindustrial, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R.B. Bazotte
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Martins LG, Fregonesi N, Bazotte RB, Visentainer JEL, Tasic L. Metabolite variations in the sera of HIV+ patients after an oral administration of effervescent glutamine and in comparison to non-HIV individuals by NMR. Mol Omics 2023; 19:27-34. [PMID: 36172788 DOI: 10.1039/d2mo00097k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
It was demonstrated that effervescent glutamine supplementation in HIV+ individuals treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) increased CD4+ T lymphocytes, decreased inflammation biomarkers, and brought health benefits. This pilot study aimed to explore serum metabolite variations in the HIV+ group under ART after 30 days of supplementation with glutamine, and in comparison to the matched HIV- group. The group of HIV+ showed lower levels of choline, creatine, pyruvate, glutamate, lysine, and tyrosine when compared to the HIV- group. Glucose, lipids, lactate, glutamine, phenylalanine, threonine, and phenylalanine/tyrosine were higher in HIV+ patients under long ART. Serum metabolome variations were shown to be consistent with the health improvements observed in the HIV+ group after effervescent glutamine supplementation, which might aid in ART in HIV+ individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Gelain Martins
- UNICAMP, Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, P. O. Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Natália Fregonesi
- UNICAMP, Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, P. O. Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Ljubica Tasic
- UNICAMP, Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, P. O. Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Formulation and in vivo study of the solid effervescent system as a new strategy for oral glutamine delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
4
|
Host cell glutamine metabolism as a potential antiviral target. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:305-325. [PMID: 33480424 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A virus minimally contains a nucleic acid genome packaged by a protein coat. The genome and capsid together are known as the nucleocapsid, which has an envelope containing a lipid bilayer (mainly phospholipids) originating from host cell membranes. The viral envelope has transmembrane proteins that are usually glycoproteins. The proteins in the envelope bind to host cell receptors, promoting membrane fusion and viral entry into the cell. Virus-infected host cells exhibit marked increases in glutamine utilization and metabolism. Glutamine metabolism generates ATP and precursors for the synthesis of macromolecules to assemble progeny viruses. Some compounds derived from glutamine are used in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines. These latter compounds are precursors for the synthesis of nucleotides. Inhibitors of glutamine transport and metabolism are potential candidate antiviral drugs. Glutamine is also an essential nutrient for the functions of leukocytes (lymphocyte, macrophage, and neutrophil), including those in virus-infected patients. The increased glutamine requirement for immune cell functions occurs concomitantly with the high glutamine utilization by host cells in virus-infected patients. The development of antiviral drugs that target glutamine metabolism must then be specifically directed at virus-infected host cells to avoid negative effects on immune functions. Therefore, the aim of this review was to describe the landscape of cellular glutamine metabolism to search for potential candidates to inhibit glutamine transport or glutamine metabolism.
Collapse
|
5
|
Aydin H, Engin A, Keleş S, Ertemur Z, Hekim N. Glutamine depletion in patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. J Med Virol 2020; 92:2983-2991. [PMID: 32281664 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral disease. There is not enough knowledge about plasma amino acid levels in CCHF. Therefore, we investigated plasma amino acid levels in patients with CCHF and the association between the levels of these amino acids and disease severity. The plasma amino acid levels (including glutamate [Glu], aspartate [Asp], glutamine [Gln], asparagine [Asn] and gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA]) in CCHF patients and controls were measured by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Plasma levels of Gln were lower while Asp, Glu, and GABA levels were higher in patients. In fatal CCHF patients, we found the plasma level of Asn was increased whereas the plasma level of GABA was decreased. This study is the first in the literature to evaluate the plasma Gln, Glu, Asn, Asp, and GABA levels in CCHF patients. We found that the plasma Gln levels were significantly lower in CCHF patients while Asp, Glu, and GABA levels were elevated. Considering that these amino acids are important for immune cells, the plasma amino acid levels of CCHF patients may contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of disease and it can be important for supportive treatment of CCHF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Aydin
- Department of Biochemistry, Sivas Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Aynur Engin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sivas Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Sami Keleş
- Ahenk Medical Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Ertemur
- Department of Biochemistry, Sivas Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Nezih Hekim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Biruni University, School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Godoy G, Masetto Antunes M, Raffaini Covas Pereira da Silva MA, de Lima Fernandes I, Vergílio Visentainer J, Laguila Visentainer JE, Curi R, Barbosa Bazotte R. Decreased Docosahexaenoic Acid Levels in Serum of HIV Carrier Patients. J Med Food 2020; 24:670-673. [PMID: 33001714 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to measure serum fatty acids (FAs) composition in HIV carrier patients and compare it with non-HIV carrier patients. The FAs composition was measured by gas chromatography as follows: four saturated FAs myristic acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), and docosanoic acid (22:0); four monounsaturated FAs 7-hexadecenoic acid (16:1 n-9), palmitoleic acid (16:1 n-7), oleic acid (18:1 n-9), and vaccenic acid (18:1 n-7); and three polyunsaturated FAs linoleic acid (18:2 n-6), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3 n-6), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3). We reported herein lower (P < .05) DHA concentration (by 40%) in the serum of HIV carrier patients than in non-HIV carrier patients. This FA has a pivotal role as a precursor of anti-inflammatory molecules with beneficial effects on metabolism, cardiovascular system, and immunological system. Even though most clinical studies reported beneficial effects of DHA supplementation in HIV carrier patients, this issue remains under debate. Further investigations then require to fully clarify the role of DHA in preventing or alleviating the comorbidities associated with HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Godoy
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Marina Masetto Antunes
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Rui Curi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil.,Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Barbosa Bazotte
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|