1
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Jun JH, Kim JS, Palomera LF, Jo DG. Dysregulation of histone deacetylases in ocular diseases. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:20-39. [PMID: 38151648 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Ocular diseases are a growing global concern and have a significant impact on the quality of life. Cataracts, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy are the most prevalent ocular diseases. Their prevalence and the global market size are also increasing. However, the available pharmacotherapy is currently limited. These diseases share common pathophysiological features, including neovascularization, inflammation, and/or neurodegeneration. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a class of enzymes that catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from lysine residues of histone and nonhistone proteins. HDACs are crucial for regulating various cellular processes, such as gene expression, protein stability, localization, and function. They have also been studied in various research fields, including cancer, inflammatory diseases, neurological disorders, and vascular diseases. Our study aimed to investigate the relationship between HDACs and ocular diseases, to identify a new strategy for pharmacotherapy. This review article explores the role of HDACs in ocular diseases, specifically focusing on diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and retinopathy of prematurity, as well as optic nerve disorders, such as glaucoma and optic neuropathy. Additionally, we explore the interplay between HDACs and key regulators of fibrosis and angiogenesis, such as TGF-β and VEGF, highlighting the potential of targeting HDAC as novel therapeutic strategies for ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Jun
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, CKD Research Institute, Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Co., Yongin, 16995, Korea
| | - Jun-Sik Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Leon F Palomera
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Korea.
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
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2
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Miller AL, James RE, Harvey AR, Trifunović D, Carvalho LS. The role of epigenetic changes in the pathology and treatment of inherited retinal diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1224078. [PMID: 37601102 PMCID: PMC10436478 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1224078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of the cellular changes that occur in degenerating photoreceptors of people with inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) has been a focus for many research teams, leading to numerous theories on how these changes affect the cell death process. What is clearly emerging from these studies is that there are common denominators across multiple models of IRD, regardless of the underlying genetic mutation. These common markers could open avenues for broad neuroprotective therapeutics to prevent photoreceptor loss and preserve functional vision. In recent years, the role of epigenetic modifications contributing to the pathology of IRDs has been a particular point of interest, due to many studies noting changes in these epigenetic modifications, which coincide with photoreceptor cell death. This review will discuss the two broad categories of epigenetic changes, DNA methylation and histone modifications, that have received particular attention in IRD models. We will review the altered epigenetic regulatory events that are believed to contribute to cell death in IRDs and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie L. Miller
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Retinal Genomics and Therapy Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Rebekah E. James
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Retinal Genomics and Therapy Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Alan R. Harvey
- Retinal Genomics and Therapy Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Dragana Trifunović
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Tubingen University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Livia S. Carvalho
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Retinal Genomics and Therapy Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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3
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Inhibition of Epigenetic Modifiers LSD1 and HDAC1 Blocks Rod Photoreceptor Death in Mouse Models of Retinitis Pigmentosa. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6775-6792. [PMID: 34193554 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3102-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifiers are increasingly being investigated as potential therapeutics to modify and overcome disease phenotypes. Diseases of the nervous system present a particular problem as neurons are postmitotic and demonstrate relatively stable gene expression patterns and chromatin organization. We have explored the ability of epigenetic modifiers to prevent degeneration of rod photoreceptors in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa (RP), using rd10 mice of both sexes. The histone modification eraser enzymes lysine demethylase 1 (LSD1) and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) are known to have dramatic effects on the development of rod photoreceptors. In the RP mouse model, inhibitors of these enzymes blocked rod degeneration, preserved vision, and affected the expression of multiple genes including maintenance of rod-specific transcripts and downregulation of those involved in inflammation, gliosis, and cell death. The neuroprotective activity of LSD1 inhibitors includes two pathways. First, through targeting histone modifications, they increase accessibility of chromatin and upregulate neuroprotective genes, such as from the Wnt pathway. We propose that this process is going in rod photoreceptors. Second, through nonhistone targets, they inhibit transcription of inflammatory genes and inflammation. This process is going in microglia, and lack of inflammation keeps rod photoreceptors alive.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Retinal degenerations are a leading cause of vision loss. RP is genetically very heterogeneous, and the multiple pathways leading to cell death are one reason for the slow progress in identifying suitable treatments for patients. Here we demonstrate that inhibition of LSD1and HDAC1 in a mouse model of RP leads to preservation of rod photoreceptors and visual function, retaining of expression of rod-specific genes, and with decreased inflammation, cell death, and Müller cell gliosis. We propose that these epigenetic inhibitors cause more open and accessible chromatin, allowing expression of neuroprotective genes. A second mechanism that allows rod photoreceptor survival is suppression of inflammation by epigenetic inhibitors in microglia. Manipulation of epigenetic modifiers is a new strategy to fight neurodegeneration in RP.
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4
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Razzaghi N, Fernandez-Gonzalez P, Mas-Sanchez A, Vila-Julià G, Perez JJ, Garriga P. Effect of Sodium Valproate on the Conformational Stability of the Visual G Protein-Coupled Receptor Rhodopsin. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26103032. [PMID: 34069614 PMCID: PMC8160834 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26103032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsin is the G protein-coupled receptor of rod photoreceptor cells that mediates vertebrate vision at low light intensities. Mutations in rhodopsin cause inherited retinal degenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa. Several therapeutic strategies have attempted to address and counteract the deleterious effect of rhodopsin mutations on the conformation and function of this photoreceptor protein, but none has been successful in efficiently preventing retinal degeneration in humans. These approaches include, among others, the use of small molecules, known as pharmacological chaperones, that bind to the receptor stabilizing its proper folded conformation. Valproic acid, in its sodium valproate form, has been used as an anticonvulsant in epileptic patients and in the treatment of several psychiatric disorders. More recently, this compound has been tested as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of retinal degeneration associated with retinitis pigmentosa caused by rhodopsin mutations. We now report on the effect of sodium valproate on the conformational stability of heterologously expressed wild-type rhodopsin and a rhodopsin mutant, I307N, which has been shown to be an appropriate model for studying retinal degeneration in mice. We found no sign of enhanced stability for the dark inactive conformation of the I307N mutant. Furthermore, the photoactivated conformation of the mutant appears to be destabilized by sodium valproate as indicated by a faster decay of its active conformation. Therefore, our results support a destabilizing effect of sodium valproate on rhodopsin I307N mutant associated with retinal degeneration. These findings, at the molecular level, agree with recent clinical studies reporting negative effects of sodium valproate on the visual function of retinitis pigmentosa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Razzaghi
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Edifici Gaia, Rambla de Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (N.R.); (P.F.-G.); (A.M.-S.)
| | - Pol Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Edifici Gaia, Rambla de Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (N.R.); (P.F.-G.); (A.M.-S.)
| | - Aina Mas-Sanchez
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Edifici Gaia, Rambla de Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (N.R.); (P.F.-G.); (A.M.-S.)
| | - Guillem Vila-Julià
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech., Avinguda Diagonal, 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.V.-J.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Juan Jesus Perez
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech., Avinguda Diagonal, 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.V.-J.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Pere Garriga
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Centre de Biotecnologia Molecular, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech, Edifici Gaia, Rambla de Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (N.R.); (P.F.-G.); (A.M.-S.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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HDAC inhibition ameliorates cone survival in retinitis pigmentosa mice. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:1317-1332. [PMID: 33159184 PMCID: PMC8026998 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00653-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cone photoreceptor cell death in inherited retinal diseases, such as Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP), leads to the loss of high acuity and color vision and, ultimately to blindness. In RP, a vast number of mutations perturb the structure and function of rod photoreceptors, while cones remain initially unaffected. Extensive rod loss in advanced stages of the disease triggers cone death by a mechanism that is still largely unknown. Here, we show that secondary cone cell death in animal models for RP is associated with increased activity of histone deacetylates (HDACs). A single intravitreal injection of an HDAC inhibitor at late stages of the disease, when the majority of rods have already degenerated, was sufficient to delay cone death and support long-term cone survival in two mouse models for RP, affected by mutations in the phosphodiesterase 6b gene. Moreover, the surviving cones remained light-sensitive, leading to an improvement in visual function. RNA-seq analysis of protected cones demonstrated that HDAC inhibition initiated multi-level protection via regulation of different pro-survival pathways, including MAPK, PI3K-Akt, and autophagy. This study suggests a unique opportunity for targeted pharmacological protection of secondary dying cones by HDAC inhibition and creates hope to maintain vision in RP patients even in advanced disease stages.
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6
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Suppression of Oxidative Stress as Potential Therapeutic Approach for Normal Tension Glaucoma. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090874. [PMID: 32947996 PMCID: PMC7554707 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease of the eye, which involves degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs): the output neurons of the retina to the brain, which with their axons comprise the optic nerve. Recent studies have shown the possible involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, especially in the subtype of normal tension glaucoma. Basic experiments utilizing rodent and primate models of glaucoma revealed that antioxidants protect RGCs under various pathological conditions including glutamate neurotoxicity and optic nerve injury. These results suggested that existing drugs and food factors may be useful for prevention and hence therapy of glaucoma. In this review, we highlight some therapeutic candidates, particularly those with antioxidant properties, and discuss the therapeutic potential of RGC protection by modulating gene expressions that prevent and ameliorate glaucoma.
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7
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Zhao M, Tao Y, Peng GH. The Role of Histone Acetyltransferases and Histone Deacetylases in Photoreceptor Differentiation and Degeneration. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:1307-1314. [PMID: 32624685 PMCID: PMC7330661 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.43140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptors are critical components of the retina and play a role in the first step of the conversion of light to electrical signals. The differentiation and degeneration of photoreceptors are regulated by specific genes and proteins. With the development of epigenetic approaches, scientists have discovered that histone modifications, such as acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation, and phosphorylation, may modulate the processes of photoreceptor differentiation and degeneration. Histone acetylation is regulated by two opposing classes of enzymes, namely, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), which add and remove acetyl groups to and from target histones, respectively, causing changes in transcriptional activity. Herein, we review the effects of HATs and HDACs on the differentiation and degeneration of photoreceptors and discuss the underlying mechanisms of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhao
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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8
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Wang AL, Knight DK, Vu TTT, Mehta MC. Retinitis Pigmentosa: Review of Current Treatment. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2019; 59:263-280. [PMID: 30585930 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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9
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Mahalingam K, Chaurasia AK, Gowtham L, Gupta S, Somarajan BI, Velpandian T, Sihota R, Gupta V. Therapeutic potential of valproic acid in advanced glaucoma: A pilot study. Indian J Ophthalmol 2018; 66:1104-1108. [PMID: 30038151 PMCID: PMC6080453 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_108_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oral valproic acid (VPA) used as an anticonvulsant has been shown to improve contrast threshold sensitivities in patients receiving it on long-term. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of oral VPA in improving visual function in eyes with advanced stage glaucoma. Methods In this prospective randomized study, 31 patients (n = 31 eyes) with advanced stage glaucoma (with an intraocular pressure <16 mmHg) in at least one eye received oral VPA 500 mg once a day for 3 months and 33 patients (n = 33 eyes) continued on glaucoma therapy. Patients were followed up at 3 and 12 months (to evaluate the legacy effect of the drug). Blood VPA concentrations were measured at 3 months. Following parameters were assessed at baseline, 3 months and 12 months: log of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) visual acuity, mean deviation on visual fields, and multifocal electroretinogram (ERG). Results Median LogMar visual acuity in the VPA group improved from 0.3 at baseline to 0.18 and 0.18 at 3 and 12 months, respectively (P < 0.01). In comparison, the median visual acuity in control group at baseline was 0.18 and showed neither worsening nor improvement over 3 and 12 months (P = 0.56). The improvement in VPA group was significant compared to the control group (P < 0.01; Wilcoxon Signed-rank test). An improvement in one line was experienced in 11 out of 31 eyes in the VPA group compared to 1 out of 33 eyes among controls (P = 0.003). No significant improvement was noted in the mean deviation, and the multifocal ERG (Latency and amplitudes) in the VPA-treated patients. The average blood VPA concentration measured at 3 months of therapy was 26 ± 8.9 μg/ml (range 8-55 μg/ml) which is much lower than that achieved during anticonvulsant therapy. None of the patients complained of any adverse effects that required stopping VPA therapy. Conclusion A 3 months oral VPA therapy results in some improvement in visual acuity in a subgroup of eyes with advanced glaucoma and the effect was seen to persist 9 months after the drug was stopped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Mahalingam
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Abadh Kumar Chaurasia
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shikha Gupta
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bindu I Somarajan
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Thirumurthy Velpandian
- Department of Ocular Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramanjit Sihota
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Viney Gupta
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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10
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McMurtrey JJ, Tso MOM. A review of the immunologic findings observed in retinitis pigmentosa. Surv Ophthalmol 2018; 63:769-781. [PMID: 29551596 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most patients suffering from retinitis pigmentosa (RP) inherit the disorder; however, the immune-pathologic features associated with this disease have yet to be extensively studied. Six reports correlate antiretinal immune activity with vision deterioration in RP patients. Some of these patients have sporadic RP that occurs in excess of expected gene segregation during inheritance. The hypothesis that a primary immune-mediated disease process occurs in this sporadic group is supported by significant associations of RP with autoimmune endocrinopathies and other immune-related conditions or factors; however, no immunologic difference regarding RP family history is reported in the peripheral blood studies of RP patients. Twenty-one percent to 51% of RP patients display antiretinal antibodies, whereas 19-58% have antiretinal lymphocyte reactivity to retinal extract, and 60-85% have activated T cells. Mutations in animal models of RP have been shown to cause endoplasmic reticulum stress that may initiate immunopathology for genetic RP, but oxidative stress also encourages immune cytotoxicity. In addition, necrotic cell death is evident, which promotes inflammatory conditions. We review mechanisms and evidence for an occult inflammation in genetic RP and examine reports of efficacy in retarding RP progression with anti-inflammatory agents in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J McMurtrey
- The Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University and Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Mark O M Tso
- The Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University and Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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11
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Trifunović D, Arango-Gonzalez B, Comitato A, Barth M, Del Amo EM, Kulkarni M, Sahaboglu A, Hauck SM, Urtti A, Arsenijevic Y, Ueffing M, Marigo V, Paquet-Durand F. HDAC inhibition in the cpfl1 mouse protects degenerating cone photoreceptors in vivo. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 25:4462-4472. [PMID: 28172811 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cone photoreceptor cell death as it occurs in certain hereditary retinal diseases is devastating, with the affected patients suffering from a loss of accurate and colour vision. Regrettably, these hereditary cone diseases are still untreatable to date. Thus, the identification of substances able to block or restrain cone cell death is of primary importance. We studied the neuroprotective effects of a histone deacetylase inhibitor, Trichostatin A (TSA), in a mouse model of inherited, primary cone degeneration (cpfl1). We show that HDAC inhibition protects cpfl1 cones in vitro, in retinal explant cultures. More importantly, in vivo, a single intravitreal TSA injection significantly increased cone survival for up to 16 days post-injection. In addition, the abnormal, incomplete cone migration pattern in the cpfl1 retina was significantly improved by HDAC inhibition. These findings suggest a crucial role for HDAC activity in primary cone degeneration and highlight a new avenue for future therapy developments for cone dystrophies and retinal diseases associated with impaired cone migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Trifunović
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Antonella Comitato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Melanie Barth
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Eva M Del Amo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Manoj Kulkarni
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ayse Sahaboglu
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yvan Arsenijevic
- Unit of Gene Therapy & Stem Cell Biology, Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules Gonin, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Valeria Marigo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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12
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Trifunović D, Petridou E, Comitato A, Marigo V, Ueffing M, Paquet-Durand F. Primary Rod and Cone Degeneration Is Prevented by HDAC Inhibition. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1074:367-373. [PMID: 29721965 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75402-4_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Photoreceptor cell death in inherited retinal degeneration is accompanied by over-activation of histone deacetylases (HDAC). Excessive HDAC activity is found both in primary rod degeneration (such as in the rd10 mouse) and in primary cone death, including the cone photoreceptor function loss 1 (cpfl1) mouse. We evaluated the potential of pharmacological HDAC inhibition to prevent photoreceptor degeneration in primary rod and cone degeneration. We show that a single in vivo treatment of cpfl1 mice with the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) resulted in a significant protection of cpfl1 mutant cones. Similarly, HDAC inhibition with the clinically approved HDAC inhibitor vorinostat (SAHA) resulted in a significant improvement of rod survival in rd10 retinal explant cultures. Altogether, these results highlight the feasibility of targeted neuroprotection in vivo and create hope to maintain vision in patients suffering from both rod and cone dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Trifunović
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Eleni Petridou
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Antonella Comitato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Valeria Marigo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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13
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Athanasiou D, Aguila M, Bellingham J, Li W, McCulley C, Reeves PJ, Cheetham ME. The molecular and cellular basis of rhodopsin retinitis pigmentosa reveals potential strategies for therapy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 62:1-23. [PMID: 29042326 PMCID: PMC5779616 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inherited mutations in the rod visual pigment, rhodopsin, cause the degenerative blinding condition, retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Over 150 different mutations in rhodopsin have been identified and, collectively, they are the most common cause of autosomal dominant RP (adRP). Mutations in rhodopsin are also associated with dominant congenital stationary night blindness (adCSNB) and, less frequently, recessive RP (arRP). Recessive RP is usually associated with loss of rhodopsin function, whereas the dominant conditions are a consequence of gain of function and/or dominant negative activity. The in-depth characterisation of many rhodopsin mutations has revealed that there are distinct consequences on the protein structure and function associated with different mutations. Here we categorise rhodopsin mutations into seven discrete classes; with defects ranging from misfolding and disruption of proteostasis, through mislocalisation and disrupted intracellular traffic to instability and altered function. Rhodopsin adRP offers a unique paradigm to understand how disturbances in photoreceptor homeostasis can lead to neuronal cell death. Furthermore, a wide range of therapies have been tested in rhodopsin RP, from gene therapy and gene editing to pharmacological interventions. The understanding of the disease mechanisms associated with rhodopsin RP and the development of targeted therapies offer the potential of treatment for this currently untreatable neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica Aguila
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - James Bellingham
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Wenwen Li
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Caroline McCulley
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Philip J Reeves
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK.
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Valproic Acid Inhibits Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial (hRPE) Cell Proliferation Via a P38 MAPK Signaling Mechanism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1074:447-455. [PMID: 29721975 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75402-4_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) has been reported to inhibit cancer cell growth and has therapeutic use in retinal diseases. However, the mechanism of this action remains unclear. In order to explore this mechanism, primary human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cell cultures were established. Cell viability was assessed by the trypan blue exclusion method (T), and the cell proliferation was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation (3H-thy). P38 synthesis was quantitated by using 14C-methionine-labeled P38 (14C-P38) by using P38-specific antibody. SB203580 (SB), a selective inhibitor of p38 MAPK, was also used to test the specificity of P38 stimulation. Antinuclear staining (NS) studies were performed by DAPI. Statistical significance was established by student's t-test. We observed that VPA (1 mM) inhibited 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS)-stimulated cell proliferation (1.75 ± 0.37 vs. 3.25 ± 0.68 cells per 1 μl ± SEM, p < 0.05, n = 4). VPA also stimulated 14C-P38 synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. SB (30 μM) inhibited VPA (4 mM)-stimulated 14C-P38 synthesis (197.74 ± 41.17 vs. 425.89 ± 59.17, CPM ± SEM, p < 0.05, n = 4) and increased hRPE cell proliferation (1.79 ± 0.45 vs. 4.93 ± 1.12 cells per 1 μl ± SEM, p < 0.05, n = 4); NS demonstrated VPA-induced cell damage. We conclude that VPA inhibits hRPE cell growth via P38 MAP mechanism and may be of therapeutic value in treating or preventing proliferative eye diseases.
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Totan Y, Güler E, Yüce A, Dervişogulları MS. The adverse effects of valproic acid on visual functions in the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017; 65:984-988. [PMID: 29044065 PMCID: PMC5678336 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_978_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of valproic acid (VPA) treatment in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods: A total of 48 eyes of 24 patients (13 males, 11 females) with RP prescribed VPA were included. The length of VPA treatment was 6–12 months (mean 9.4 months). Parameters evaluated were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR]), visual field analyses (VFAs) with Humprey automated perimetry, multifocal electroretinography (ERG) with Roland-RETI scan, and VPA side effects. Results: Mean age was 34.3 ± 10.3 years (range 18–56 years). Fifteen of the patients (30 eyes) had two ERG and VFA tracings, allowing comparison between baseline and follow-up (range 6–12 months). Mean BCVA before and after VPA therapy was 0.36 ± 0.38 and 0.36 ± 0.37 logMAR, respectively (P = 0.32). Quantitative perimetric indices including mean deviation and pattern standard deviation were not significantly changed after VPA therapy (P > 0.05). P1 amplitudes (in terms of nV/deg2 and mV) of ERG waves were significantly decreased in the rings 1, 3, and 4 after VPA therapy (P < 0.05). Regarding the N1 amplitudes, the only significant decrease was observed in area 1 (P = 0.03). In addition, N1 latency was significantly increased in area 3 after VPA therapy (P = 0.04). Conclusions: VPA therapy did not have any significant benefit on BCVA and VFA. In addition, it may be associated with decline in some ERG parameters. Therefore, physicians should avoid prescribing VPA for RP until its safety and efficacy are appropriately evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emre Güler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medipol University Medical School, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Aslıhan Yüce
- Department of Ophthalmology, Başkent University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
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Iftikhar M, Kherani S, Kaur R, Lemus M, Nefalar A, Usmani B, Junaid N, Campochiaro PA, Scholl HPN, Shah SM. Progression of Retinitis Pigmentosa as Measured on Microperimetry: The PREP-1 Study. Ophthalmol Retina 2017; 2:502-507. [PMID: 31047333 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate yearly progression of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) using microperimetry (MP) performed on Nidek MP1 (NAVIS Software v1.7; Nidek Technologies, Padova, Italy). DESIGN Retrospective longitudinal study. PARTICIPANTS RP patients with consecutive MP tests (using the same test settings). METHODS Data were collected as part of the Photoreceptor Cell Death in Retinitis Pigmentosa Retrospective (PREP-1) study. Visual acuity, fixation stability, mean sensitivity, and regional sensitivity were assessed at baseline and at yearly follow-up appointments. Regional sensitivity was calculated based on 2 methods. Method 1 involved topographical division into central macula (CM) and paracentral macula (PM). Method 2 involved functional division into the edge of scotoma (ES) and the seeing retina (SR). Linear mixed-effects models were used to assess the annual rate of change for each parameter, adjusted for disease duration. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Annual rate of change of visual acuity, fixation stability, and retinal sensitivities (mean sensitivity and regional sensitivities using methods 1 and 2). RESULTS In total, 75 eyes of 39 patients (median age, 56 y; males, 57%) with a follow-up period ranging from 1 to 4 years were reviewed. Visual acuity at baseline was positively correlated with all retinal sensitivity parameters, most strongly with CM sensitivity (r = 0.545, P < 0.001). There was no change in visual acuity (P = 0.075) or fixation stability (P = 0.371) per year. All retinal sensitivity parameters had a significant decline per year (P < 0.001), with a decline of 0.4 decibel (dB) for mean sensitivity, 0.6 dB for CM, 0.3 dB for PM, 1.3 dB for ES, and 1.1 dB for SR. Method 2 identified the greatest number of cases, with a significant decline in regional sensitivity. CONCLUSION MP can detect significant changes in regional sensitivity over a 1-year period in patients with RP, even as visual acuity and fixation remain stable. An individualized approach to analyzing retinal sensitivity derived from MP may offer a useful outcome measure for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Iftikhar
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Saleema Kherani
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marili Lemus
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - April Nefalar
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bushra Usmani
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nadia Junaid
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter A Campochiaro
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hendrik P N Scholl
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Syed M Shah
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Dias MF, Joo K, Kemp JA, Fialho SL, da Silva Cunha A, Woo SJ, Kwon YJ. Molecular genetics and emerging therapies for retinitis pigmentosa: Basic research and clinical perspectives. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 63:107-131. [PMID: 29097191 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is a hereditary retinopathy that affects about 2.5 million people worldwide. It is characterized with progressive loss of rods and cones and causes severe visual dysfunction and eventual blindness in bilateral eyes. In addition to more than 3000 genetic mutations from about 70 genes, a wide genetic overlap with other types of retinal dystrophies has been reported with RP. This diversity of genetic pathophysiology makes treatment extremely challenging. Although therapeutic attempts have been made using various pharmacologic agents (neurotrophic factors, antioxidants, and anti-apoptotic agents), most are not targeted to the fundamental cause of RP, and their clinical efficacy has not been clearly proven. Current therapies for RP in ongoing or completed clinical trials include gene therapy, cell therapy, and retinal prostheses. Gene therapy, a strategy to correct the genetic defects using viral or non-viral vectors, has the potential to achieve definitive treatment by replacing or silencing a causative gene. Among many clinical trials of gene therapy for hereditary retinal diseases, a phase 3 clinical trial of voretigene neparvovec (AAV2-hRPE65v2, Luxturna) recently showed significant efficacy for RPE65-mediated inherited retinal dystrophy including Leber congenital amaurosis and RP. It is about to be approved as the first ocular gene therapy biologic product. Despite current limitations such as limited target genes and indicated patients, modest efficacy, and the invasive administration method, development in gene editing technology and novel gene delivery carriers make gene therapy a promising therapeutic modality for RP and other hereditary retinal dystrophies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina França Dias
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kwangsic Joo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jessica A Kemp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Silvia Ligório Fialho
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Se Joon Woo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Kenny J, Forsythe E, Beales P, Bacchelli C. Toward personalized medicine in Bardet–Biedl syndrome. Per Med 2017; 14:447-456. [DOI: 10.2217/pme-2017-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Personalized medicine is becoming routine in the treatment of common diseases such as cancer, but has lagged behind in the field of rare diseases. It is currently in the early stages for the treatment of Bardet–Biedl syndrome. Advances in the understanding of ciliary biology and diagnostic techniques have opened up the prospect of treating BBS in a patient-specific manner. Owing to their structure and function, cilia provide an attractive therapeutic target and genetic therapies are being explored in ciliopathy treatment. Promising avenues include gene therapy, gene editing techniques and splice-correcting and read-through therapies. Targeted drug design has been successful in the treatment of genetic disease and research is underway in the discovery of known and novel drugs to treat Bardet–Biedl syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kenny
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guildford St, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Elizabeth Forsythe
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guildford St, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Philip Beales
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guildford St, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Chiara Bacchelli
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guildford St, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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19
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Jones MK, Lu B, Girman S, Wang S. Cell-based therapeutic strategies for replacement and preservation in retinal degenerative diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 58:1-27. [PMID: 28111323 PMCID: PMC5441967 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapeutics offer diverse options for treating retinal degenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP). AMD is characterized by both genetic and environmental risks factors, whereas RP is mainly a monogenic disorder. Though treatments exist for some patients with neovascular AMD, a majority of retinal degenerative patients have no effective therapeutics, thus indicating a need for universal therapies to target diverse patient populations. Two main cell-based mechanistic approaches are being tested in clinical trials. Replacement therapies utilize cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells to supplant lost or defective host RPE cells. These cells are similar in morphology and function to native RPE cells and can potentially supplant the responsibilities of RPE in vivo. Preservation therapies utilize supportive cells to aid in visual function and photoreceptor preservation partially by neurotrophic mechanisms. The goal of preservation strategies is to halt or slow the progression of disease and maintain remaining visual function. A number of clinical trials are testing the safety of replacement and preservation cell therapies in patients; however, measures of efficacy will need to be further evaluated. In addition, a number of prevailing concerns with regards to the immune-related response, longevity, and functionality of the grafted cells will need to be addressed in future trials. This review will summarize the current status of cell-based preclinical and clinical studies with a focus on replacement and preservation strategies and the obstacles that remain regarding these types of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Jones
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Bin Lu
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Sergey Girman
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Shaomei Wang
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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20
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Combined transplantation of human mesenchymal stem cells and human retinal progenitor cells into the subretinal space of RCS rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:199. [PMID: 28298640 PMCID: PMC5428026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00241-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is one of hereditary retinal diseases characterized by the loss of photoreceptors. Cell transplantation has been clinically applied to treat RP patients. Human retinal progenitor cells (HRPCs) and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HBMSCs) are the two commonly and practically used stem cells for transplantation. Since combined transplantation could be a promising way to integrate the advantages of both stem cell types, we transplanted HRPCs and HBMSCs into the subretinal space (SRS) of Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats. We report that HRPCs/HBMSCs combined transplantation maintains the electroretinogram results much better than HRPCs or HBMSCs single transplantations. The thickness of outer nuclear layer also presented a better outcome in the combined transplantation. Importantly, grafted cells in the combination migrated better, both longitudinally and latitudinally, than single transplantation. The photoreceptor differentiation of grafted cells in the retina of RCS rats receiving combined transplantation also showed a higher ratio than single transplantation. Finally, activation of microglia and the gliosis of Müller cells were more effectively suppressed in combined transplantation, indicating better immunomodulatory and anti-gliosis effects. Taken together, combining the transplantation of HRPCs and HBMSCs is a more effective strategy in stem cell-based therapy for retinal degenerative diseases.
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Marchena M, Villarejo-Zori B, Zaldivar-Diez J, Palomo V, Gil C, Hernández-Sánchez C, Martínez A, de la Rosa EJ. Small molecules targeting glycogen synthase kinase 3 as potential drug candidates for the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:522-526. [PMID: 28114834 PMCID: PMC6009897 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1265522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited retinal dystrophy that courses with progressive degeneration of retinal tissue and loss of vision. Currently, RP is an unpreventable, incurable condition. We propose glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) inhibitors as potential leads for retinal cell neuroprotection, since the retina is also a part of the central nervous system and GSK-3 inhibitors are potent neuroprotectant agents. Using a chemical genetic approach, diverse small molecules with different potency and binding mode to GSK-3 have been used to validate and confirm GSK-3 as a pharmacological target for RP. Moreover, this medicinal chemistry approach has provided new leads for the future disease-modifying treatment of RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Marchena
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Beatriz Villarejo-Zori
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Josefa Zaldivar-Diez
- b Department of Chemical and Physical Biology , Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Valle Palomo
- b Department of Chemical and Physical Biology , Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Carmen Gil
- b Department of Chemical and Physical Biology , Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Catalina Hernández-Sánchez
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana Martínez
- b Department of Chemical and Physical Biology , Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Enrique J de la Rosa
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
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Targeting Oxidative Stress for Treatment of Glaucoma and Optic Neuritis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2817252. [PMID: 28270908 PMCID: PMC5320364 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2817252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease of the eye and it is one of the leading causes of blindness. Glaucoma is characterized by progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, namely, the optic nerve, usually associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Current glaucoma therapies target reduction of IOP, but since RGC death is the cause of irreversible vision loss, neuroprotection may be an effective strategy for glaucoma treatment. One of the risk factors for glaucoma is increased oxidative stress, and drugs with antioxidative properties including valproic acid and spermidine, as well as inhibition of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, an enzyme that is involved in oxidative stress, have been reported to prevent glaucomatous retinal degeneration in mouse models of glaucoma. Optic neuritis is a demyelinating inflammation of the optic nerve that presents with visual impairment and it is commonly associated with multiple sclerosis, a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although steroids are commonly used for treatment of optic neuritis, reduction of oxidative stress by approaches such as gene therapy is effective in ameliorating optic nerve demyelination in preclinical studies. In this review, we discuss oxidative stress as a therapeutic target for glaucoma and optic neuritis.
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Chen Y, Brooks MJ, Gieser L, Swaroop A, Palczewski K. Transcriptome profiling of NIH3T3 cell lines expressing opsin and the P23H opsin mutant identifies candidate drugs for the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa. Pharmacol Res 2016; 115:1-13. [PMID: 27838510 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells are commonly employed in screening assays to identify active compounds that could potentially affect the progression of different human diseases including retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a class of inherited diseases causing retinal degeneration with compromised vision. Using transcriptome analysis, we compared NIH3T3 cells expressing wildtype (WT) rod opsin with a retinal disease-causing single P23H mutation. Surprisingly, heterologous expression of WT opsin in NIH3T3 cells caused more than a 2-fold change in 783 out of 16,888 protein coding transcripts. The perturbed genes encoded extracellular matrix proteins, growth factors, cytoskeleton proteins, glycoproteins and metalloproteases involved in cell adhesion, morphology and migration. A different set of 347 transcripts was either up- or down-regulated when the P23H mutant opsin was expressed suggesting an altered molecular perturbation compared to WT opsin. Transcriptome perturbations elicited by drug candidates aimed at mitigating the effects of the mutant protein revealed that different drugs targeted distinct molecular pathways that resulted in a similar phenotype selected by a cell-based high-throughput screen. Thus, transcriptome profiling can provide essential information about the therapeutic potential of a candidate drug to restore normal gene expression in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Matthew J Brooks
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory (N-NRL), National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Linn Gieser
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory (N-NRL), National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory (N-NRL), National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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Ourique GM, Saccol EM, Pês TS, Glanzner WG, Schiefelbein SH, Woehl VM, Baldisserotto B, Pavanato MA, Gonçalves PB, Barreto KP. Protective effect of vitamin E on sperm motility and oxidative stress in valproic acid treated rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 95:159-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Iraha S, Hirami Y, Ota S, Sunagawa GA, Mandai M, Tanihara H, Takahashi M, Kurimoto Y. Efficacy of valproic acid for retinitis pigmentosa patients: a pilot study. Clin Ophthalmol 2016; 10:1375-84. [PMID: 27536054 PMCID: PMC4975153 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s109995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of valproic acid (VPA) use in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Patients and methods This was a prospective, interventional, noncomparative case study. In total, 29 eyes from 29 patients with RP whose best-corrected visual acuities (BCVAs) in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) ranged from 1.0 to 0.16 with visual fields (VFs) of ≤10° (measured using Goldmann perimeter with I4) were recruited. The patients received oral supplementation with 400 mg of VPA daily for 6 months and were followed for an additional 6 months. BCVAs, VFs (measured with the Humphrey field analyzer central 10-2 program), and subjective questionnaires were examined before, during, and after the cessation of VPA supplementation. Results The changes in BCVA and VF showed statistically significant differences during the internal use of VPA, compared with after cessation (P=0.001). With VPA intake, BCVA in logMAR significantly improved from baseline to 6 months (P=0.006). The mean deviation value of the VF significantly improved from baseline to 1 month (P=0.001), 3 months (P=0.004), and 6 months (P=0.004). These efficacies, however, were reversed to the baseline levels after the cessation of VPA intake. There were no significant relations between the mean blood VPA concentrations of each patient and the changes in BCVA and VF. During the internal use of VPA, 15 of 29 patients answered “easier to see”, whereas blurred vision was registered in 21 of 29 patients on cessation. No systemic drug-related adverse events were observed. Conclusion While in use, oral intake of VPA indicated a short-term benefit to patients with RP. It is necessary to examine the effect of a longer VPA supplementation in a controlled study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Iraha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation Hospital; Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital; Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe; Application Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Hirami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation Hospital; Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital
| | - Sachiko Ota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation Hospital; Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital
| | - Genshiro A Sunagawa
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe
| | - Michiko Mandai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation Hospital; Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital; Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe
| | - Hidenobu Tanihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation Hospital; Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital; Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe; Application Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - Yasuo Kurimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation Hospital; Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital
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Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa is the most common form of hereditary retinal degeneration causing blindness. Great progress has been made in the identification of the causative genes. Gene diagnosis will soon become an affordable routine clinical test because of the wide application of next-generation sequencing. Gene-based therapy provides hope for curing the disease. Investigation into the molecular pathways from mutation to rod cell death may reveal targets for developing new treatment. Related progress with existing systematic review is briefly summarized so that readers may find the relevant references for in-depth reading. Future trends in the study of retinitis pigmentosa are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjiong Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Lobo GP, Au A, Kiser PD, Hagstrom SA. Involvement of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in TULP1 Induced Retinal Degeneration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151806. [PMID: 26987071 PMCID: PMC4795779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal disorders (IRDs) result in severe visual impairments in children and adults. A challenge in the field of retinal degenerations is identifying mechanisms of photoreceptor cell death related to specific genetic mutations. Mutations in the gene TULP1 have been associated with two forms of IRDs, early-onset retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA). TULP1 is a cytoplasmic, membrane-associated protein shown to be involved in transportation of newly synthesized proteins destined for the outer segment compartment of photoreceptor cells; however, how mutant TULP1 causes cell death is not understood. In this study, we provide evidence that common missense mutations in TULP1 express as misfolded protein products that accumulate within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causing prolonged ER stress. In an effort to maintain protein homeostasis, photoreceptor cells then activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) complex. Our results indicate that the two major apoptotic arms of the UPR pathway, PERK and IRE1, are activated. Additionally, we show that retinas expressing mutant TULP1 significantly upregulate the expression of CHOP, a UPR signaling protein promoting apoptosis, and undergo photoreceptor cell death. Our study demonstrates that the ER-UPR, a known mechanism of apoptosis secondary to an overwhelming accumulation of misfolded protein, is involved in photoreceptor degeneration caused by missense mutations in TULP1. These observations suggest that modulating the UPR pathways might be a strategy for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn P. Lobo
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, United States of America
| | - Adrian Au
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, United States of America
| | - Philip D. Kiser
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, United States of America
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, United States of America
| | - Stephanie A. Hagstrom
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials on Safety and Efficacy of Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Treatments for Retinitis Pigmentosa. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:737053. [PMID: 26339504 PMCID: PMC4539114 DOI: 10.1155/2015/737053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims. Several treatments have been proposed to slow down progression of Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a hereditary retinal degenerative condition leading to severe visual impairment. The aim of this study is to systematically review data from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating safety and efficacy of medical interventions for the treatment of RP. Methods. Randomized clinical trials on medical treatments for syndromic and nonsyndromic RP published up to December 2014 were included in the review. Visual acuity, visual field, electroretinogram, and adverse events were used as outcome measures. Results. The 19 RCTs included in this systematic review included trials on hyperbaric oxygen delivery, topical brimonidine tartrate, vitamins, docosahexaenoic acid, gangliosides, lutein, oral nilvadipine, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and valproic acid. All treatments proved safe but did not show significant benefit on visual function. Long term supplementation with vitamin A showed a significantly slower decline rate in electroretinogram amplitude. Conclusions. Although all medical treatments for RP appear safe, evidence emerging from RCTs is limited since they do not present comparable results suitable for quantitative statistical analysis. The limited number of RCTs, the poor clinical results, and the heterogeneity among studies negatively influence the strength of recommendations for the long term management of RP patients.
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Guadagni V, Novelli E, Piano I, Gargini C, Strettoi E. Pharmacological approaches to retinitis pigmentosa: A laboratory perspective. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 48:62-81. [PMID: 26113212 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Retinal photoreceptors are highly specialized and performing neurons. Their cellular architecture is exquisitely designed to host a high concentration of molecules involved in light capture, phototransduction, electric and chemical signaling, membrane and molecular turnover, light and dark adaption, network activities etc. Such high efficiency and molecular complexity require a great metabolic demand, altogether conferring to photoreceptors particular susceptibility to external and internal insults, whose occurrence usually precipitate into degeneration of these cells and blindness. In Retinitis Pigmentosa, an impressive number of mutations in genes expressed in the retina and coding for a large varieties of proteins leads to the progressive death of photoreceptors and blindness. Recent advances in molecular tools have greatly facilitated the identification of the underlying genetics and molecular bases of RP leading to the successful implementation of gene therapy for some types of mutations, with visual restoration in human patients. Yet, genetic heterogeneity of RP makes mutation-independent approaches highly desirable, although many obstacles pave the way to general strategies for treating this complex disease, which remains orphan. The review will focus on treatments for RP based on pharmacological tools, choosing, among the many ongoing studies, approaches which rely on strong experimental evidence or rationale. For perspective treatments, new concepts are foreseen to emerge from basic studies elucidating the pathways connecting the primary mutations to photoreceptor death, possibly revealing common molecular targets for drug intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Guadagni
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Area della Ricerca, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Novelli
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Area della Ricerca, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Piano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Enrica Strettoi
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Area della Ricerca, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Mantelli F, Sacchetti M, Scuderi G, Lambiase A. A closer look at nerve growth factor: from biology to clinical trials in ophthalmology. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2015.1006196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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