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Zhou N, Zhao Y, Smith KV, Killikelly C, Stelzer E, Maercker A, Xi J, Helm PJ. Existential isolation and prolonged grief in bereaved people: The moderating role of culture. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023; 30:862-872. [PMID: 36861327 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Existential isolation refers to an individual's awareness of the unbridgeable gulf between oneself, other people and the world. This kind of isolation has been found to be higher in individuals with nonnormative experiences, such as racial or sexual minorities. Bereaved individuals may experience a stronger sense of existential isolation and feel that no one shares their feelings or perceptions. However, research on bereaved people's experiences of existential isolation and its effects on post-loss adaptation is scarce. This study aims to validate the German and Chinese versions of the Existential Isolation Scale, investigate cultural and gender differences in existential isolation and explore the associations between existential isolation and prolonged grief symptoms in German-speaking and Chinese bereaved individuals. METHODS A cross-sectional study with 267 Chinese and 158 German-speaking bereaved participants was conducted. The participants completed self-report questionnaires assessing existential isolation, prolonged grief symptoms, social networks, loneliness and social acknowledgement. RESULTS The results indicated that the German and Chinese versions of the Existential Isolation Scale demonstrated adequate validity and reliability. No cultural or gender differences (or their interaction) were found for existential isolation. Higher existential isolation was associated with elevated prolonged grief symptoms, which was further moderated by the cultural group. The relationship between existential isolation and prolonged grief symptoms was significant for the German-speaking bereaved people but not significant for those from China. CONCLUSION The findings highlight the role of existential isolation in the adaptation to bereavement and how different cultural backgrounds moderate the effect of existential isolation on post-loss reactions. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kirsten V Smith
- Centre for Anxiety Disorders and Trauma, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Clare Killikelly
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Eva Stelzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Andreas Maercker
- Department of Psychology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juzhe Xi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter J Helm
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Davidow JB, Zide BS, Levin LL, Biddle KD, Urizar JC, Donovan NJ. A Scoping Review of Interventions for Spousal Bereavement in Older Adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2022; 30:404-418. [PMID: 34493416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The loss of a spouse is a common and natural life event for older adults. Nearly one of four older bereaved spouses experience prolonged grief, impaired function or chronic depression. Mechanisms underlying these and other long-term health risks are not well understood. We conducted a scoping literature review to examine the interventions and outcomes that have been studied for late-life spousal bereavement to date. We identified 22 studies of group and individual-level interventions with most studies concerning grief processes within the first year. Nearly all studies evaluated emotional and psychological symptoms of loss and a small number evaluated the restoration of adaptive functioning. Four interventions addressed the treatment of complicated grief or grief with major depressive disorder. Qualitative studies explored themes of spirituality and mindfulness. There were 17 controlled studies, including 13 randomized controlled trials. Findings were eclectic, with evidence supporting mindfulness techniques in a group format for emotional and life satisfaction outcomes; an individual, function-based therapy addressing sleep to improve emotion and function; an individual, writing-based emotional expression therapy for short-term improvement in emotion and function; nortriptyline for the treatment of bereavement-related major depressive disorder; a group-based, complicated grief therapy for this condition; an internet-based CBT intervention for prolonged grief; and pharmacotherapy for cardiovascular changes during bereavement. These findings highlight the small literature of methodologically strong intervention studies addressing spousal bereavement in older adults and the need for greater exploration of relevant biological, social, cognitive and behavioral factors to improve short and long term health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie B Davidow
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry (JBD, BSZ, KDB, JCU, NJD), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (JBD, LLL, KDB, JCU, NJD), Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry (NJD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Benjamin S Zide
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry (JBD, BSZ, KDB, JCU, NJD), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Dartmouth College (BSZ), Hanover, NH
| | - Leonard L Levin
- Harvard Medical School (JBD, LLL, KDB, JCU, NJD), Boston, MA
| | - Kelsey D Biddle
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry (JBD, BSZ, KDB, JCU, NJD), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (JBD, LLL, KDB, JCU, NJD), Boston, MA
| | - Juan Carlos Urizar
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry (JBD, BSZ, KDB, JCU, NJD), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (JBD, LLL, KDB, JCU, NJD), Boston, MA
| | - Nancy J Donovan
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry (JBD, BSZ, KDB, JCU, NJD), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School (JBD, LLL, KDB, JCU, NJD), Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry (NJD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (NJD), Brigham and Women's Hospital, MA.
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Park T, Hegadoren K, Workun B. Working at the Intersection of Palliative End-of-Life and Mental Health Care: Provider Perspectives. J Palliat Care 2020; 37:183-189. [PMID: 32808560 DOI: 10.1177/0825859720951360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Palliative, end-of-life care (PEOLC) providers are poorly resourced in addressing the needs of patients with mental health challenges, and the dying experiences of this cohort-particularly those with a comorbid, chronic and persistent mental illness (CPMI)-are poorly documented. We sought to explore the experiences of PEOLC providers with regard to caring for patients with mental health challenges, and gather insights into ways of improving accessibility and quality of PEOLC for these patients. METHOD Twenty providers of PEOLC, from different disciplines, took part in semi structured interviews. The data were coded and analyzed using a reflexive, inductive-deductive process of thematic analysis. RESULTS The most prominent issues pertained to assessment of patients and differential diagnosis of CPMI, and preparedness of caregivers to deliver mental health interventions, given the isolation of palliative care from other agencies. Among the assets mentioned, informal relationships with frontline caregivers were seen as the main support structure, rather than the formal policies and procedures of the practice settings. Strategies to improve mental health care in PEOLC centered on holistic roles and interventions benefiting the entire palliative population, illustrating the participants saw little point in compartmentalizing mental illness, whether diagnosed or not. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS Continuity of care and personal advocacy can significantly improve quality of life for end-of-life patients with mental health challenges, but bureaucracy and disciplinary siloing tend to isolate these patients and their caregivers. Improved interdisciplinary connectivity and innovative, hybridized roles encompassing palliation and psychiatry are 2 strategies to address this disconnect, as well as enhanced training in core mental health care competencies for PEOLC providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Park
- Faculty of Nursing, 3158University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Kathy Hegadoren
- Faculty of Nursing, 3158University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Harrop E, Morgan F, Longo M, Semedo L, Fitzgibbon J, Pickett S, Scott H, Seddon K, Sivell S, Nelson A, Byrne A. The impacts and effectiveness of support for people bereaved through advanced illness: A systematic review and thematic synthesis. Palliat Med 2020; 34:871-888. [PMID: 32419630 PMCID: PMC7341024 DOI: 10.1177/0269216320920533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bereavement support is a key component of palliative care, with different types of support recommended according to need. Previous reviews have typically focused on specialised interventions and have not considered more generic forms of support, drawing on different research methodologies. AIM To review the quantitative and qualitative evidence on the effectiveness and impact of interventions and services providing support for adults bereaved through advanced illness. DESIGN A mixed-methods systematic review was conducted, with narrative synthesis of quantitative results and thematic synthesis of qualitative results. The review protocol is published in PROSPERO ( www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero , CRD42016043530). DATA SOURCES The databases MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Social Policy and Practice were searched from 1990 to March 2019. Studies were included which reported evaluation results of bereavement interventions, following screening by two independent researchers. Study quality was assessed using GATE checklists. RESULTS A total of 31 studies were included, reporting on bereavement support groups, psychological and counselling interventions and a mix of other forms of support. Improvements in study outcomes were commonly reported, but the quality of the quantitative evidence was generally poor or mixed. Three main impacts were identified in the qualitative evidence, which also varied in quality: 'loss and grief resolution', 'sense of mastery and moving ahead' and 'social support'. CONCLUSION Conclusions on effectiveness are limited by small sample sizes and heterogeneity in study populations, models of care and outcomes. The qualitative evidence suggests several cross-cutting benefits and helps explain the impact mechanisms and contextual factors that are integral to the support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Harrop
- Marie Curie Research Centre, Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fiona Morgan
- Marie Curie Research Centre and SURE, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mirella Longo
- Marie Curie Research Centre, Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lenira Semedo
- Marie Curie Research Centre, Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jim Fitzgibbon
- Marie Curie Research Centre, Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sara Pickett
- Swansea Centre for Health Economics, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Hannah Scott
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kathy Seddon
- Marie Curie Research Centre, Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephanie Sivell
- Marie Curie Research Centre, Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Annmarie Nelson
- Marie Curie Research Centre, Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anthony Byrne
- Marie Curie Research Centre, Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Kühnel MB, Marchioro L, Deffner V, Bausewein C, Seidl H, Siebert S, Fegg M. How short is too short? A randomised controlled trial evaluating short-term existential behavioural therapy for informal caregivers of palliative patients. Palliat Med 2020; 34:806-816. [PMID: 32348699 PMCID: PMC7243077 DOI: 10.1177/0269216320911595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Informal caregivers of palliative patients show higher levels of depression and distress compared with the general population. Fegg's (2013) existential behavioural therapy was shortened to two individual 1-h sessions (short-term existential behavioural therapy). AIM Testing the effectiveness of sEBT on psychological symptoms of informal caregivers in comparison with active control. DESIGN Randomised controlled trial. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Informal caregivers of palliative in-patients. METHODS The primary outcome was depression; secondary outcomes were anxiety, subjective distress and minor mental disorders, positive and negative affect, satisfaction with life, quality of life and direct health care costs. General linear mixed models allow several measurements per participant and change over time. Reasons for declining the intervention were investigated by Rosenstock's Health Belief Model. RESULTS Overall inclusion rate was 41.0%. Data of 157 caregivers were available (63.1% females; mean age: 54.6 years, standard deviation (SD): 14.1); 127 participants were included in the main analysis. Participation in sEBT or active control was not significantly associated with post-treatment depression. Outcomes showed prevailingly significant association with time of investigation. Self-efficacy, scepticism of benefit of the intervention, belief of better coping alone and support by family and friends were significant factors in declining participation in the randomised controlled trial. CONCLUSION Inclusion rate was tripled compared with a previously evaluated longer EBT group intervention. By shortening the intervention, inclusion rate was traded for effectiveness and the intervention could not impact caregivers' psychological state. Early integration of sEBT and combination of individual and group setting and further study of the optimal length for caregiver interventions are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina B Kühnel
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Munich University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Linda Marchioro
- Statistical Consulting Unit (StaBLab), Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Veronika Deffner
- Statistical Consulting Unit (StaBLab), Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Bausewein
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Munich University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hildegard Seidl
- Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Quality Management and Gender Medicine, München Klinik, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Siebert
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Munich University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Fegg
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Munich University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Jaffray L, Bridgman H, Stephens M, Skinner T. Evaluating the effects of mindfulness-based interventions for informal palliative caregivers: A systematic literature review. Palliat Med 2016; 30:117-31. [PMID: 26281853 DOI: 10.1177/0269216315600331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need to identify proactive, evidence-based interventions to support informal palliative caregivers. Mindfulness-based interventions, evidenced in the literature as providing physical and mental health benefits for diverse populations, may have application in the setting of palliative caregiving. AIM To describe, evaluate and synthesise the peer-reviewed literature on the effects of mindfulness-based interventions for informal palliative caregivers. DESIGN A Systematic Literature Review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta Analyses guidelines and a Narrative synthesis. DATA SOURCES The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and EMBASE databases, searched from inception to February 2014 and references of included studies. RESULTS A total of 13 articles, reporting 10 studies (n = 432 participants) were included. All studies were conducted in the last 5 years. Dementia caregivers were the most frequently researched population (n = 7). Results suggest that mindfulness-based interventions are feasible and acceptable to offer to informal palliative caregivers and may provide benefit, particularly in terms of reducing depression and caregiver burden and increasing quality of life. However, effects were not as robust as findings in the wider mindfulness intervention literature. CONCLUSION This is the first systematic literature review on this topic. Results suggest both feasibility and potential benefit. Further qualitative research is required to explore the outcomes identified by informal caregivers themselves as the reduced magnitude of effect may suggest that we are not measuring the right outcomes in this context. This would inform more sensitive outcome measures for future intervention studies and guide the development and application of mindfulness-based models in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Jaffray
- Rural Clinical School, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Burnie, TAS, Australia
| | - Heather Bridgman
- Centre for Rural Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of Tasmania, Burnie, TAS, Australia
| | - Miranda Stephens
- Rural Clinical School, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Burnie, TAS, Australia
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Existential behavioral therapy for informal caregivers of palliative patients: Barriers and promoters of support utilization. Palliat Support Care 2014; 13:757-66. [DOI: 10.1017/s1478951514000546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjective:Several interventions have been developed during recent years to support informal caregivers of palliative patients. However, these trials reported low enrollment rates. Employing a newly developed group intervention, existential behavioral therapy (EBT), one study reported that only 13.6% of approached informal caregivers participated. The purpose of our present study was to identify the reasons for this low enrollment rate in order to improve future support designs.Method:All participants in the EBT trial (intervention vs. standard-care control group) as well as those who declined participation during a 4-month recruitment period were studied prospectively over 12 months. Andersen's behavioral model of healthcare service use was employed to identify group differences between acceptors and decliners: predisposing (age, gender, education, family status, relationship), enabling (social support, distance to hospital, caring vs. bereaved), and need factors (psychological distress, quality of life) were evaluated in a binary-logistic model.Results:Some 94 decliners were compared to 160 EBT participants (n = 81 intervention, n = 79 control). Caregivers who took part were significantly more distressed and suffered from a lower quality of life compared to decliners. Not only these need factors but also predisposing (age <55 years) and enabling (use of social/professional support, familiarity with caregiving institution) factors were associated with EBT utilization. At the 12-month follow-up, EBT intervention participants reported greater quality of life improvements than decliners or controls (p = 0.05). While all groups had mean anxiety scores below the cutoff at 12-month follow-up, decliners showed better improvement in anxiety compared to EBT participants (intervention p = 0.04, controls p = 0.03).Significance of results:On average, decliners are less burdened: they may be more resilient, may have better coping strategies, or already have a sufficient support network in place. Screening caregivers with regard to their experienced quality of life and targeting those in need, especially younger caregivers with low levels of quality of life, may help to allocate resources more appropriately.
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