Symptom Relief and Palliative Care during the Last Week of Life among Patients with Heart Failure: A National Register Study

Heart failure and the cost of dying: must the ferryman always be paid?

BACKGROUND

Provision of palliative care in chronic heart failure (CHF) can support complex decision-making, significantly improve quality of life and may lower healthcare costs.

AIMS

To examine whether healthcare costs differed in terminal admissions according to the adoption of a palliative approach.

DESIGN

Retrospective review of medical records and costing data for all admissions resulting in death from CHF (July 2011 to December 2019), analysed as two groups (2011-2016 and 2016-2019) because of background changes in costings.

SETTING

Admissions with CHF resulting in death in an Australian tertiary referral centre.

RESULTS

The cohort (n = 439) were elderly (median age 83.7 years, interquartile range (IQR) = 77.6-88.7 years) and mostly men (54.9%). Half (230, 52.4%) were referred to a specialist palliative care team, whereas over a third (172, 39.2%) received a palliative approach. Receiving a palliative approach was associated with a nonstatistically significant lower admission cost (AU$12 710 vs AU$15 978; P = 0.19) between 2011 and 2016 (n = 101, 38.8%) and a significantly lower cost (AU$11 319 vs AU$15 978; P < 0.01) between 2016 and 2019 (n = 71, 39.7%). Intensive care admission resulted in the single greatest additional cost at AU$14 624 (IQR = AU$4130-AU$44 197) (n = 48, 2011-2016). Median terminal admission cost was lower for patients with comfort goals of care (P < 0.01), without life-sustaining interventions (P < 0.01) or who received a palliative approach (P < 0.01). Referral to inpatient specialist palliative care or receiving a palliative approach resulted in comparable admission costings (AU$11 621 [IQR = AU$4705-AU$32 457] and AU$11 466 [IQR = AU$4973-AU$25 614]).

CONCLUSION

A palliative approach in terminal CHF admission may improve quality at the end of life and decrease costs associated with care.

The Role of Palliative Care in Cardiovascular Disease

The American Heart Association has recommended that palliative care be integrated into the care of all patients with advanced cardiac illnesses. Notwithstanding, the number of patients receiving specialist palliative intervention worldwide remains extremely small. This review examines the nature of palliative care and what is known about its delivery to patients with cardiac illness. Most of the published literature on the subject concern advanced heart failure; however, some data also exist regarding patients with heart transplantation, pulmonary hypertension, valvular disease, congenital heart disease, indwelling devices, mechanical circulatory support, and advanced coronary disease. In addition, outcome data, certification requirements, workforce challenges, barriers to implementation, and a potential caveat about palliative care will also be examined. Further work is required regarding appropriate means of implementation, quality control, and timing of intervention.

Deactivation of implantable defibrillators at the end of life - A register-based study of ICD-deactivation at home and the impact of palliative care

BACKGROUND

The Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) is a well-established life-saving therapy for heart failure patients, but due to the risk for unnecessary shocks, deactivation of ICD:s is recommended at the end of life. We aimed to identify i) how many people with HF and an ICD who died in Sweden in 2018 received Specialized Palliative Care (SPC), ii) of those dying outside of hospital, the proportion with deactivated ICDs prior to death for the group as a whole and by SPC access.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We analyzed data from i) the Swedish ICD and Pacemaker Registry to find all who died with an ICD in Sweden in 2018, ii) the Swedish Register of Palliative Care and, iii) the Swedish Causes of Death Certificate Register to find those who died outside of hospital. Clinical records were obtained to assess if ICDs were deactivated before death. Descriptive statistics, t-tests and chi-squared tests were applied. 46/406 (11%) of those who died with an ICD in Sweden in 2018 had SPC access, of whom 50% also had cancer. 86/164 (52%) ICDs were deactivated prior to death in people dying outside of hospital; higher in those accessing SPC (36/46, (78%) SPC access versus 151/360, (42%) no SPC access; p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Half of those with HF and an ICD dying outside of hospital had ICD deactivation prior to death. Those accessing SPC were more likely to have their ICD deactivated but few received SPC, without a comorbid cancer diagnosis.

Palliative Care in Heart Failure: An Integrative Review of Nurse Practice

Introduction: Because it is a chronic disease of progressive evolution, heart failure requires nursing attitudes and practices that are articulated with palliative care, implemented in an interdisciplinary team along with patients and their families. Objective: Identifying nurses' attitudes and practices in palliative care in cardiology. Method: Integrative literature review. The searches were carried out in the following bases: Google Scholar, Virtual Health Library, LILACS, SciELO, Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Scopus; through the terms Palliative Care AND Cardiology AND Nursing. Results: We identified 1298 studies published in the last five years, 14 of which have been selected for the scope of this review. Nurse attitudes and practices were characterized as: approach to symptom control; promotion of comfort and well-being; integrality of care and family orientation; effective communication among patients, family members and nursing team; timely evaluation for palliative care. Most of the studies included in this review have evidence level 2C (n = 7) and 2B (n = 4). Therefore, the results can be interpreted as reliable. Conclusions: This study makes important contributions to the practice of nurses in palliative care for heart failure. Based on the evidence collected, nurses can develop actions with the nursing team and with the interdisciplinary team related to direct patient and family care, as well as professional training. However, the field lacks studies showing the practices and actions implemented by the nursing team.

The Palliative Approach and Terminal Heart Failure Admissions - Are We Getting it Right?

BACKGROUND

Chronic heart failure has a high mortality and early provision of palliative care supports complex decision-making and improves quality of life.

AIM

To explore whether and when a palliative approach was adopted during the last 12 months of life in patients who experienced an in-hospital death from heart failure.

DESIGN

Retrospective medical record review of all deaths from chronic heart failure (January 2010 to December 2019).

PARTICIPANTS

Admissions with chronic heart failure resulting in death were analysed from an Australian tertiary referral centre.

RESULTS

The cohort (n=517) were elderly (median age 83.8 years IQR=77.6-88.7) and male (55.1%). Common comorbidities were ischaemic heart disease (n=293 56.7%) and atrial fibrillation (n=289 55.9%). Life sustaining interventions occurred in 97 (18.8%) patients. In 31 (6.0%) patients referral to specialist palliative care occurred prior to, and in 263 (50.9%) during, the terminal admission. Opioids were prescribed to 440 (85.1%) patients. Comfort care was the documented goal in 158 patients (30.6%). A palliative approach was significantly associated with prior admission in the preceding 12 months (OR=1.5 95% CI=1.0-2.1 p<0.043), receiving outpatient care (OR=2.6 95% CI=1.6-4.1 p<0.01), and admissions in the latter half of the decade (OR=1.5 95% CI=1.0-2.0 p<0.038).

CONCLUSION

Despite greater adoption of a palliative approach in the terminal admission over the last decade, a significant proportion of patients receive palliative care late, just prior to death.

Sinais e sintomas de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca em cuidados paliativos: revisão de escopo

RESUMO Objetivo Mapear a produção de conhecimento acerca dos sinais e sintomas de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca em cuidados paliativos. Método Revisão de escopo conduzida de acordo com a metodologia JBI e com a redação guiada pelo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews Checklist. A busca foi realizada em setembro de 2021 por dois revisores independentes nas bases de dados referenciais e em portais de informação e de literatura cinzenta, utilizando majoritariamente os descritores “heart failure”, “signs and symptoms” e “palliative care”, com o operador booleano “and”, sem recorte temporal. Resultados Foram incluídos 34 artigos publicados entre 2001 e 2021, provenientes de revistas nacionais e internacionais, sendo 21 publicados nos Estados Unidos da América. Por meio desses artigos, foi possível mapear 93 sinais e sintomas, sendo que os mais frequentes foram dor, dispneia, fadiga, náusea e depressão. Conclusão Implicações para a prática esta revisão de escopo produziu um mapa da produção científica sobre os sinais e sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca em cuidados paliativos. O conhecimento dos sinais e sintomas auxilia os profissionais da saúde no desenvolvimento de técnicas e tecnologias para avaliar a severidade da insuficiência cardíaca, planejar intervenções paliativas e avaliar os seus resultados.

End-of-life discussions in residential care homes improves symptom control: a national register study

BACKGROUND

In Europe, residential care homes (RCHs) rather than hospitals are the most common care facilities for the older adult and the place where most deaths occur in this age group. There is a lack of knowledge regarding end-of-life (EOL) discussions and how they correlate with symptoms and symptom relief.

OBJECTIVE

The aim was to examine the correlation between EOL discussions and symptom occurrence, symptom relief and prescriptions or PRN drugs against symptoms for care home residents.

METHODS

All expected deaths at RCHs from 1 October 2015 to 31 December 2016 and registered in the Swedish Register of Palliative Care were included. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to compare the RCH residents, or their family members, who had received documented EOL discussions with a physician (the EOL discussion group) and the non-EOL discussion group.

RESULTS

The EOL discussion group (n=17 071) had a higher prevalence of pain, nausea, anxiety, death rattles and shortness of breath reported, compared with the non-EOL discussion group (n=4164). Those with symptoms were more often completely relieved and had more often been prescribed PRN drugs against that symptom in the EOL discussion group. All differences remained significant when adjusting for age, time living in unit and cause of death.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that EOL discussions are correlated with higher prevalence of symptoms, but also with better symptom relief and prescription of symptom drugs PRN when symptomatic. A possible explanation for this is that the EOL discussion can work as an opportunity to discuss symptoms and treatment for symptom relief.

Were Clinical Routines for Good End-of-Life Care Maintained in Hospitals and Nursing Homes During the First Three Months of the Outbreak of COVID-19? A National Register Study

CONTEXT

Although the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic might affect important clinical routines, few studies have focused on the maintenance of good quality in end-of-life care.

OBJECTIVES

The objective was to examine whether adherence to clinical routines for good end-of-life care differed for deaths because of COVID-19 compared with a reference cohort from 2019 and whether they differed between nursing homes and hospitals.

METHODS

Data about five items reflecting clinical routines for persons who died an expected death from COVID-19 during the first three months of the pandemic (March-May 2020) were collected from the Swedish Register of Palliative Care. The items were compared between the COVID-19 group and the reference cohort and between the nursing home and hospital COVID-19 deaths.

RESULTS

About 1316 expected deaths were identified in nursing homes and 685 in hospitals. Four of the five items differed for total COVID-19 group compared with the reference cohort: fewer were examined by a physician during the last days before death, pain and oral health were less likely to be assessed, and fewer had a specialized palliative care team consultation (P < 0.0001, respectively). Assessment of symptoms other than pain did not differ significantly. The five items differed between the nursing homes and hospitals in the COVID-19 group, most notably regarding the proportion of persons examined by a physician during the last days (nursing homes: 18%; hospitals: 100%).

CONCLUSION

This national register study shows that several clinical routines for end-of-life care did not meet the usual standards during the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden. Higher preparedness for and monitoring of end-of-life care quality should be integrated into future pandemic plans.

Palliative Care in Acute Heart Failure

Purpose of Review

Palliative care is increasingly acknowledged as beneficial in supporting patients and families affected by heart failure, but policy documents have generally focused on the chronic form of this disease. We examined palliative care provision for those with acute heart failure, based on the recently updated National Consensus Project Clinical Practice Guidelines for Quality Palliative Care.

Recent Findings

The commonest reason for hospitalization in those > 65 years, acute heart failure admissions delineate crisis points on the unpredictable disease trajectory. Palliative care is underutilized, often perceived as limited to end-of-life care rather than determined by regular systematic needs assessment. No dominant paradigm of palliative care provision has emerged from the nascent evidence base related to this clinical cohort, underscoring the need for further research.

Summary

Embedding palliative support as mainstream to heart failure care from the point of diagnosis may better ensure treatment strategies for those admitted with acute heart failure remain consistent with patients’ preferences and values.

Content validation of the symptom control outcome for heart failure patients in palliative care

OBJECTIVES

To estimate the content validity of the Symptom Control nursing outcome for heart failure patients in palliative care and to analyze the influence of experts' experience in the judgment of the relevance of indicators.

METHODS

A methodological study conducted in São Paulo in 2018, with an adaptation of Fehring's validation model. The relevance of the 11 outcome indicators was assessed by 19 experts by means of an electronically submitted survey. The influence of the experts' experience on judgment was analyzed by the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test and by Kendall's Tau correlation.

RESULTS

The indicators were considered pertinent; with 54.5% classified as critical. There was no association between the weighted means of the indicators and the experts' experience.

CONCLUSIONS

The indicators analyzed are relevant for the evaluation of the Symptom Control outcome in this group of patients. The experts' judgment was not influenced by their area of clinical experience or by their experience with the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC).

End-of-life care in patients with advanced heart failure

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

With an aging population with heart failure, there is a growing need for end-of-life care in this population, including a focus on symptom management and quality-of-life considerations.

RECENT FINDINGS

Targeted therapies focusing on symptom control and improving quality of life is the cornerstone of providing care in patients with heart failure near the end of life. Such therapies, including the use of inotropes for palliative purposes, have been shown to improve symptoms without an increase in mortality. In addition, recent evidence shows that implementing certain strategies in planning for end of life, including advance care planning and palliative care involvement, can significantly improve symptoms and quality of life, reduce hospitalizations, and ensure care respects patient values and preferences.

SUMMARY

Shifting focus from prolonging life to enhancing quality of life in heart failure patients approaching the end of life can be achieved by recognizing and managing end-stage heart failure-related symptoms, advanced care planning, and a multidisciplinary care approach.

Opioid underuse in terminal care of long-term care facility residents with pain and/or dyspnoea: A cross-sectional PACE-survey in six European countries

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Opioids relieve symptoms in terminal care. We studied opioid underuse in long-term care facilities, defined as residents without opioid prescription despite pain and/or dyspnoea, 3 days prior to death.

DESIGN AND SETTING

In a proportionally stratified randomly selected sample of long-term care facilities in six European Union countries, nurses and long-term care facility management completed structured after-death questionnaires within 3 months of residents' death.

MEASUREMENTS

Nurses assessed pain/dyspnoea with Comfort Assessment in Dying with Dementia scale and checked opioid prescription by chart review. We estimated opioid underuse per country and per symptom and calculated associations of opioid underuse by multilevel, multivariable analysis.

RESULTS

Nurses' response rate was 81.6%, 95.7% for managers. Of 901 deceased residents with pain/dyspnoea reported in the last week, 10.6% had dyspnoea, 34.4% had pain and 55.0% had both symptoms. Opioid underuse per country was 19.2% (95% confidence interval: 12.9-27.2) in the Netherlands, 25.2% (18.3-33.6) in Belgium, 29.3% (16.9-45.8) in England, 33.7% (26.2-42.2) in Finland, 64.6% (52.0-75.4) in Italy and 79.1% (71.2-85.3) in Poland (p < 0.001). Opioid underuse was 57.2% (33.0-78.4) for dyspnoea, 41.2% (95% confidence interval: 21.9-63.8) for pain and 37.4% (19.4-59.6) for both symptoms (p = 0.013). Odds of opioid underuse were lower (odds ratio: 0.33; 95% confidence interval: 0.20-0.54) when pain was assessed.

CONCLUSION

Opioid underuse differs between countries. Pain and dyspnoea should be formally assessed at the end-of-life and taken into account in physicians orders.

"I'd Have to Basically Be on My Deathbed": Heart Failure Patients' Perceptions of and Preferences for Palliative Care

Objectives: To identify patient perceptions of how and when palliative care (PC) could complement usual heart failure (HF) management. Background: Despite guidelines calling for the integration of PC into the management of HF, PC services remain underutilized by this population. Patient preferences regarding delivery of and triggers for PC are unknown. Setting/subjects: Individuals with New York Heart Association Class II-IV disease were recruited from inpatient and outpatient settings at an academic quaternary care hospital. Measurements: Participants completed semistructured interviews discussing perceptions, knowledge, and preferences regarding PC. They also addressed barriers and facilitators to PC delivery. Two investigators independently analyzed data using template analysis. Results: We interviewed 27 adults with HF (mean age 63, 85% white, 63% male, 30% Class II, 48% Class III, and 22% Class IV). Participants frequently conflated PC with hospice; once corrected, they expressed variable preferences for primary versus specialist services. Proponents of primary PC cited continuity in care, HF-specific expertise, convenience, and cost, whereas advocates for specialist care highlighted expertise in symptom management and caregiver support, reduced time constraints, and a comprehensive approach to care. Triggers for specialist PC focused on late-stage manifestations of disease such as loss of independence and absence of disease-directed therapies. Conclusions: Patients with HF demonstrated variable conceptions of PC and its relevance to their disease management. Although preferences for delivery model were based on a variety of logistical and relational factors, triggers for initiation remained focused on late-stage disease, suggesting that patients with HF may misconceive PC is an option of last resort.

Consensus document and recommendations on palliative care in heart failure of the Heart Failure and Geriatric Cardiology Working Groups of the Spanish Society of Cardiology

Heart failure is a complex entity, with high morbidity and mortality. The clinical course and outcome are uncertain and difficult to predict. This document, instigated by the Heart Failure and Geriatric Cardiology Working Groups of the Spanish Society of Cardiology, addresses various aspects related to palliative care, where most cardiovascular disease will eventually converge. The document also establishes a consensus and a series of recommendations with the aim of recognizing and understanding the need to implement and progressively apply palliative care throughout the course of the disease, not only in the advanced stages, thus improving the care provided and quality of life. The purpose is to improve and adapt treatment to the needs and wishes of each patient, who must have adequate information and participate in decision-making.

Symptom relief during last week of life in neurological diseases

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to investigate symptom prevalence, symptom relief, and palliative care indicators during the last week of life, comparing them for patients with motor neuron disease (MND), central nervous system tumors (CNS tumor), and other neurological diseases (OND).

MATERIAL & METHODS

Data were obtained from the Swedish Register for Palliative Care, which documents care during the last week of life. Logistic regression was used to compare patients with MND (n = 419), CNS tumor (n = 799), and OND (n = 1,407) as the cause of death.

RESULTS

The most prevalent symptoms for all neurological disease groups were pain (52.7% to 72.2%) and rattles (58.1% to 65.6%). Compared to MND and OND, patients with CNS tumors were more likely to have totally relieved pain, shortness of breath, rattles, and anxiety. They were also more likely to have their pain assessed with a validated tool; to receive symptom treatment for anxiety, nausea, rattles, and pain; to have had family members receive end-of-life discussions; to have someone present at death; and to have had their family members offered bereavement support. Both patients with CNS tumor and MND were more likely than patients with OND to receive consultation with a pain unit and to have had end-of-life discussions.

CONCLUSIONS

The study reveals high symptom burden and differences in palliative care between the groups during the last week of life. There is a need for person-centered care planning based on a palliative approach, focused on improving symptom assessments, relief, and end-of-life conversations.

Experiences of symptoms and health service preferences among older people living with chronic diseases during the last year of life

BACKGROUND:

There is limited understanding of the symptoms that older people living with cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic kidney disease experience during the last year of life in Thailand, in addition to their health service preferences.

AIMS:

To survey the symptom experiences and health service preferences at the end of life of older people with chronic illnesses from the perspective of bereaved carers.

METHODS:

The study used a retrospective post-bereavement approach to collect quantitative data. Purposive sampling was used to select 76 bereaved relatives of older people living with chronic illnesses who had died in the previous 5 to10 months. Telephone interviews and a translated version of the Views of Informal Carers-Evaluation Services (VOICES) questionnaire were conducted. Data were analysed using the statistical package SPSS version 17.

FINDINGS:

The overall quality of care received by older people living with chronic diseases during the last three months of life was described as 'good' (36%). However, in comparing the quality of care from different settings, most of the subjects (63%) thought that the quality of care at home should be rated as 'poor'. During the last twelve months, 35% of the respondents rated pain and poor appetite as the main symptoms, while 25% described experiencing 'worry' related to being at the end of life. The severity of many symptoms increased during the last three months of life; 21% of carers recommended that pain caused the most suffering to their relatives at 'all times', when compared with other symptoms of end of life. Around 21-35% reported that their relatives 'sometimes' experienced worry, low mood, breathlessness and oedema. During the last three days of life, it was reported by 97% of respondents that their relatives spent all of their time in hospital, and no respondents reported that their relatives had died at home.

CONCLUSION:

The study indicates that older people living with chronic diseases in Thailand are less likely to access specialist palliative care and are more likely to have poor symptom control at the end of life. It indicates that health services may not be meeting patients' needs and that there was clearly insufficient healthcare provision at home for older people to help them to manage their symptoms such as pain and breathlessness.

Palliative Sedation for the Terminally Ill Patient

Palliative sedation (PS) is performed in the terminally ill patient to manage one or more refractory symptoms. Proportional PS, which means that drugs can be titrated to the minimum effective dose, is the form most widely used. From a quarter to a third of all terminally ill patients undergo PS, with a quarter of these requiring continuous deep sedation. The prevalence of PS varies according to the care setting and case mix. The most frequent refractory physical symptoms are delirium and dyspnea, but PS is also considered for existential suffering or psychological distress, which is an extremely difficult and delicate issue to deal with. Active consensus from the patient and advanced care planning is recommended for PS. The decision-making process concerning the continuation or withdrawal of other treatments is not the same as that used for PS. The practice differs totally from euthanasia in its intentions, procedures, and results. The most widely used drugs are midazolam and haloperidol for refractory delirium, but chlorpromazine and other neuroleptics are also effective. In conclusion, some patients experience refractory symptoms during the last hours or days of life and PS is a medical intervention aimed at managing this unbearable suffering. It does not have a detrimental effect on survival.

How We Should Assess the Delivery of End-Of-Life Care in General Practice? A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

The majority of end-of-life (EOL) care occurs in general practice. However, we still have little knowledge about how this care is delivered or how it can be assessed and supported.

AIM

(i) To review the existing evaluation tools used for assessment of the delivery of EOL care from the perspective of general practice; (ii) To describe how EOL care is provided in general practice; (iii) To identify major areas of concern in providing EOL care in this context.

DESIGN

A systematic review.

DATA SOURCES

Systematic searches of major electronic databases (Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL) from inception to 2017 were used to identify evaluation tools focusing on organizational structures/systems and process of end-of-life care from a general practice perspective.

RESULTS

A total of 43 studies representing nine evaluation tools were included. A relatively restricted focus and lack of validation were common limitations. Key general practitioner (GP) activities assessed by the evaluation tools were summarized and the main issues in current GP EOL care practice were identified.

CONCLUSIONS

The review of evaluation tools revealed that GPs are highly involved in management of patients at the EOL, but there are a range of issues relating to the delivery of care. An EOL care registration system integrated with electronic health records could provide an optimal approach to address the concerns about recall bias and time demands in retrospective analyses. Such a system should ideally capture the core GP activities and any major issues in care provision on a case-by-case basis.

Getting to the Heart of the Matter: A Regional Survey of Current Hospice Practices Caring for Patients With Heart Failure Receiving Advanced Therapies

Background:

No guidelines exist regarding care for patients with advanced heart failure (HF) receiving hospice care while continuing advanced HF therapies such as left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) or continuous inotropes.

Objective:

We surveyed hospice providers in our tristate region to determine hospice demographics, current practices for care of patients with advanced HF, and perceived challenges of providing advanced HF therapies.

Design:

Cross-sectional survey of hospice clinical and administrative leaders.

Results:

Forty-six respondents representing 23 hospices completed the survey. Over half (27/46) held leadership administrative roles, and most (37/46) had more than 5 years of hospice experience. Although lack of experience and cost were cited as primary barriers to providing inotrope therapy in home hospice, about half of respondents (24/46) said they would manage inotropes. All participants said their respective hospices accept patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators; over half (28/46) said they accept patients with LVADs into hospice care. Lack of experience with LVADs was the most frequently cited barrier. Most participants were interested in training and support by an advanced HF program to facilitate hospice care of patients receiving these advanced therapies. General access to hospice services for patients with HF at their organization was considered adequate by 30 of 46 participants. Most (32/46) reported that referrals are made too late.

Conclusions:

Hospice specialists reported widely varied practice experiences caring for patients with HF receiving advanced therapies, noted specific challenges for care of these patients, and expressed a desire for targeted HF education.

Palliative Care for Patients With Advanced Heart Disease

Over the past 2 decades, the discipline of palliative care has evolved and expanded such that it is now the standard of care for a variety of acute and chronic processes. Although there are recommendations encouraging incorporation of palliative care into the routine management of patients with chronic cardiac processes, such as congestive heart failure, implementation has been challenging, and nowhere more so than in the cardiac surgical population. However, as the boundaries of surgical care have expanded to include progressively more complex cases, increasing attention has been given to the integration of palliative care into their management. In this review article, the authors describe the existing evidence for palliative care team involvement in patients with non-operative and surgical cardiac diseases and examine future directions for growth in this field.