1
|
Viúdez-Pareja C, Kreft E, García-Caballero M. Immunomodulatory properties of the lymphatic endothelium in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1235812. [PMID: 37744339 PMCID: PMC10512957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1235812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an intricate complex and dynamic structure composed of various cell types, including tumor, stromal and immune cells. Within this complex network, lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) play a crucial role in regulating immune responses and influencing tumor progression and metastatic dissemination to lymph node and distant organs. Interestingly, LECs possess unique immunomodulatory properties that can either promote or inhibit anti-tumor immune responses. In fact, tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis can facilitate tumor cell dissemination and metastasis supporting immunoevasion, but also, different molecular mechanisms involved in LEC-mediated anti-tumor immunity have been already described. In this context, the crosstalk between cancer cells, LECs and immune cells and how this communication can shape the immune landscape in the TME is gaining increased interest in recent years. In this review, we present a comprehensive and updated report about the immunomodulatory properties of the lymphatic endothelium within the TME, with special focus on primary tumors and tumor-draining lymph nodes. Furthermore, we outline emerging research investigating the potential therapeutic strategies targeting the lymphatic endothelium to enhance anti-tumor immune responses. Understanding the intricate mechanisms involved in LEC-mediated immune modulation in the TME opens up new possibilities for the development of innovative approaches to fight cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Viúdez-Pareja
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Andalucía Tech, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga)-Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ewa Kreft
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Andalucía Tech, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga)-Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | - Melissa García-Caballero
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Andalucía Tech, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga)-Plataforma BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Expression of Lymphatic Markers in the Berger's Space and Bursa Premacularis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042086. [PMID: 33669860 PMCID: PMC7923221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that the bursa premacularis (BPM), a peculiar vitreous structure located above the macula, contains numerous cells expressing markers of lymphatic endothelial cells, such as podoplanin and LYVE-1. Herein, we examined the expression of lymphatic markers in the Berger’s space (BS), BPM, and vitreous core (VC). BS, BPM, and VC specimens were selectively collected in macular hole and epiretinal membrane patients during vitrectomy and were then immunostained with antibodies for podoplanin, LYVE-1, and fibrillin-1 and -2. By visualization using triamcinolone acetonide, the BS was recognized as a sac-like structure with a septum located behind the lens as well as BPM. Those tissues adhered to the lens or retina in a circular manner by means of a ligament-like structure. Immunostaining showed intense expression of podoplanin and LYVE-1 in the BS. Both BS and BPM stained strongly positive for fibrillin-1 and -2. The VC was faintly stained with antibodies for those lymph-node markers. Our findings indicate that both BS and BPM possibly belong to the lymphatic system, such as lymph nodes, draining excess fluid and waste products into lymphatic vessels in the dura mater of the optic nerve and the ciliary body, respectively, via intravitreal canals.
Collapse
|
3
|
Study of lymph node vascular relationships of the inferior epigastric veins: The solve anatomical study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2020; 73:544-547. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
4
|
Lee AY, Körner H. The CCR6-CCL20 axis in humoral immunity and T-B cell immunobiology. Immunobiology 2019; 224:449-454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
5
|
Farnsworth RH, Karnezis T, Maciburko SJ, Mueller SN, Stacker SA. The Interplay Between Lymphatic Vessels and Chemokines. Front Immunol 2019; 10:518. [PMID: 31105685 PMCID: PMC6499173 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a family of small protein cytokines that act as chemoattractants to migrating cells, in particular those of the immune system. They are categorized functionally as either homeostatic, constitutively produced by tissues for basal levels of cell migration, or inflammatory, where they are generated in association with a pathological inflammatory response. While the extravasation of leukocytes via blood vessels is a key step in cells entering the tissues, the lymphatic vessels also serve as a conduit for cells that are recruited and localized through chemoattractant gradients. Furthermore, the growth and remodeling of lymphatic vessels in pathologies is influenced by chemokines and their receptors expressed by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in and around the pathological tissue. In this review we summarize the diverse role played by specific chemokines and their receptors in shaping the interaction of lymphatic vessels, immune cells, and other pathological cell types in physiology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rae H Farnsworth
- Tumor Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tara Karnezis
- Lymphatic and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon J Maciburko
- Lymphatic and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, O'Brien Institute Department, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven A Stacker
- Tumor Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Roth TL, Gray EE, Chen H, Rodda LB, Liang Y, Ventura P, Villeda S, Crocker PR, Cyster JG. Migratory and adhesive cues controlling innate-like lymphocyte surveillance of the pathogen-exposed surface of the lymph node. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27487469 PMCID: PMC5017864 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) contain innate-like lymphocytes that survey the subcapsular sinus (SCS) and associated macrophages for pathogen entry. The factors promoting this surveillance behavior have not been defined. Here, we report that IL7RhiCcr6+ lymphocytes in mouse LNs rapidly produce IL17 upon bacterial and fungal challenge. We show that these innate-like lymphocytes are mostly LN resident. Ccr6 is required for their accumulation near the SCS and for efficient IL17 induction. Migration into the SCS intrinsically requires S1pr1, whereas movement from the sinus into the parenchyma involves the integrin LFA1 and its ligand ICAM1. CD169, a sialic acid-binding lectin, helps retain the cells within the sinus, preventing their loss in lymph flow. These findings establish a role for Ccr6 in augmenting innate-like lymphocyte responses to lymph-borne pathogens, and they define requirements for cell movement between parenchyma and SCS in what we speculate is a program of immune surveillance that helps achieve LN barrier immunity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18156.001 The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and a vital part of our immune system. Amongst other things, the lymphatic system carries microbes that have entered the body – for example via to a cut or mosquito bite – to small, oval-shaped organs called lymph nodes. The lymph nodes are packed with immune cells that can be activated to help fight off infections, however certain microbes actually replicate inside the lymph nodes themselves. Lymph nodes protect themselves from these infections by having some pre-armed immune cells that are ready to respond rapidly as soon as an invading microbe is detected. These cells, referred to as innate-like lymphocytes, position themselves at the exposed surfaces of the lymph node – the locations where microbes are most likely to enter the organ. However, it was not known which cues caused these immune cells to assemble and remain at these locations. Zhang et al. now reveal that a signaling molecule called CCL20 attracts the innate-like lymphocytes to the lymph node’s exposed surfaces, while a protein known as CD169 helps to securely attach the innate-like lymphocytes in place. Further experiments then confirmed that positioning the innate-like lymphocytes at this location made mice more able to fight off the disease-causing bacterium Staphyloccus aureus. Unexpectedly, Zhang et al. also found that innate-like lymphocytes can move from the surfaces of lymph node through to the underlying tissue. This unusual migratory behavior might allow the lymphocytes to search a larger area for the infectious microbes, though further studies are needed to test this hypothesis. Future studies are also likely to focus on elucidating how the innate-like lymphocytes recognize different types of invaders, and how their activity keeps the lymph nodes healthy. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18156.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Theodore L Roth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Elizabeth E Gray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Hsin Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Lauren B Rodda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Yin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Patrick Ventura
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Saul Villeda
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Paul R Crocker
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.,College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lerner TR, de Souza Carvalho-Wodarz C, Repnik U, Russell MR, Borel S, Diedrich CR, Rohde M, Wainwright H, Collinson LM, Wilkinson RJ, Griffiths G, Gutierrez MG. Lymphatic endothelial cells are a replicative niche for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1093-108. [PMID: 26901813 PMCID: PMC4767353 DOI: 10.1172/jci83379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In extrapulmonary tuberculosis, the most common site of infection is within the lymphatic system, and there is growing recognition that lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are involved in immune function. Here, we identified LECs, which line the lymphatic vessels, as a niche for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lymph nodes of patients with tuberculosis. In cultured primary human LECs (hLECs), we determined that M. tuberculosis replicates both in the cytosol and within autophagosomes, but the bacteria failed to replicate when the virulence locus RD1 was deleted. Activation by IFN-γ induced a cell-autonomous response in hLECs via autophagy and NO production that restricted M. tuberculosis growth. Thus, depending on the activation status of LECs, autophagy can both promote and restrict replication. Together, these findings reveal a previously unrecognized role for hLECs and autophagy in tuberculosis pathogenesis and suggest that hLECs are a potential niche for M. tuberculosis that allows establishment of persistent infection in lymph nodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Lerner
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristiane de Souza Carvalho-Wodarz
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Urska Repnik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew R.G. Russell
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Borel
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Collin R. Diedrich
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Helen Wainwright
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences and National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lucy M. Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Wilkinson
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maximiliano G. Gutierrez
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mizuno R, Isshiki M, Ono N, Nishimoto M, Fujita T. A High-Salt Diet Differentially Modulates Mechanical Activity of Afferent and Efferent Collecting Lymphatics in Murine Iliac Lymph Nodes. Lymphat Res Biol 2015; 13:85-92. [PMID: 26091404 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2014.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lymphatic system contributes to fluid homeostasis in various tissues. Recent evidence suggests that lymphangiogenesis induced by a high-salt diet (HSD) is associated with blood pressure regulation. Lymph nodes, located along lymphatic pathways, are not only important secondary lymphoid tissues for cancer metastasis, inflammation, and immune responses, but are also important for fluid homeostasis. Afferent lymphatics collect lymph from the pre-nodal area and efferent lymphatics drain lymph out of the lymph nodes. However, the difference in mechanical activity between afferent and efferent lymphatics and the effect of a HSD on these vessels have not been shown. METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in mechanical activity of isolated afferent and efferent lymphatics in normal salt diet (NSD) and 4-week HSD mice in response to increases in intraluminal pressures from 3 to 7 cmH2O were measured using video-microscopy. The higher intramural pressure equivalently decreased pumping activity of afferent and efferent lymphatics in NSD mice. A HSD suppressed the amplitude, ejection fraction, and stroke volume of afferent lymphatics, leading to marked reductions in pumping activity. In contrast, the pumping activities of efferent lymphatics were resistant to a HSD and were preserved by enhancing the contraction frequency. CONCLUSIONS A HSD differentially modulated the mechanical activity of afferent and efferent collecting lymphatics in murine iliac lymph nodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Risuke Mizuno
- 1 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan .,2 Department of Molecular Vascular Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Isshiki
- 3 Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ono
- 4 Department of Electronics and Control Engineering, Nagano National College of Technology , Nagano, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Nishimoto
- 5 Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Fujita
- 4 Department of Electronics and Control Engineering, Nagano National College of Technology , Nagano, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Berendam SJ, Fallert Junecko BA, Murphey-Corb MA, Fuller DH, Reinhart TA. Isolation, characterization, and functional analysis of ferret lymphatic endothelial cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 163:134-45. [PMID: 25540877 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic endothelium (LE) serves as a conduit for transport of immune cells and soluble antigens from peripheral tissues to draining lymph nodes (LNs), contributing to development of host immune responses and possibly dissemination of microbes. Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are major constituents of the lymphatic endothelium. These specialized cells could play important roles in initiation of host innate immune responses through sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including toll-like receptors (TLRs). LECs secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to create local inflammatory conditions for recruitment of naïve antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs) to sites of infection and/or vaccine administration. In this study, we examined the innate immune potential of primary LEC populations derived from multiple tissues of an animal model for human infectious diseases - the ferret. We generated a total of six primary LEC populations from lung, tracheal, and mesenteric LN tissues from three different ferrets. Standard RT-PCR characterization of these primary LECs showed that they varied in their expression of LEC markers. The ferret LECs were examined for their ability to respond to poly I:C (TLR3 and RIG-I ligand) and other known TLR ligands as measured by production of proinflammatory cytokine (IFNα, IL6, IL10, Mx1, and TNFα) and chemokine (CCL5, CCL20, and CXCL10) mRNAs using real time RT-PCR. Poly I:C exposure induced robust proinflammatory responses by all of the primary ferret LECs. Chemotaxis was performed to determine the functional activity of CCL20 produced by the primary lung LECs and showed that the LEC-derived CCL20 was abundant and functional. Taken together, our results continue to reveal the innate immune potential of primary LECs during pathogen-host interactions and expand our understanding of the roles LECs might play in health and disease in animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stella J Berendam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Beth A Fallert Junecko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Michael A Murphey-Corb
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Deborah H Fuller
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Todd A Reinhart
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Park SM, Angel CE, McIntosh JD, Mansell CM, Chen CJJ, Cebon J, Dunbar PR. Mapping the distinctive populations of lymphatic endothelial cells in different zones of human lymph nodes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94781. [PMID: 24733110 PMCID: PMC3986404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic sinuses in human lymph nodes (LNs) are crucial to LN function yet their structure remains poorly defined. Much of our current knowledge of lymphatic sinuses derives from rodent models, however human LNs differ substantially in their sinus structure, most notably due to the presence of trabeculae and trabecular lymphatic sinuses that rodent LNs lack. Lymphatic sinuses are bounded and traversed by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). A better understanding of LECs in human LNs is likely to improve our understanding of the regulation of cell trafficking within LNs, now an important therapeutic target, as well as disease processes that involve lymphatic sinuses. We therefore sought to map all the LECs within human LNs using multicolor immunofluorescence microscopy to visualize the distribution of a range of putative markers. PROX1 was the only marker that uniquely identified the LECs lining and traversing all the sinuses in human LNs. In contrast, LYVE1 and STAB2 were only expressed by LECs in the paracortical and medullary sinuses in the vast majority of LNs studied, whilst the subcapsular and trabecular sinuses lacked these molecules. These data highlight the existence of at least two distinctive populations of LECs within human LNs. Of the other LEC markers, we confirmed VEGFR3 was not specific for LECs, and CD144 and CD31 stained both LECs and blood vascular endothelial cells (BECs); in contrast, CD59 and CD105 stained BECs but not LECs. We also showed that antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the sinuses could be clearly distinguished from LECs by their expression of CD169, and their lack of expression of PROX1 and STAB2, or endothelial markers such as CD144. However, both LECs and sinus APCs were stained with DCN46, an antibody commonly used to detect CD209.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saem Mul Park
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Catherine E. Angel
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Julie D. McIntosh
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Claudia M. Mansell
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chun-Jen J. Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jonathon Cebon
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - P. Rod Dunbar
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Choi YK, Fallert Junecko BA, Klamar CR, Reinhart TA. Characterization of cells expressing lymphatic marker LYVE-1 in macaque large intestine during simian immunodeficiency virus infection identifies a large population of nonvascular LYVE-1(+)/DC-SIGN(+) cells. Lymphat Res Biol 2013; 11:26-34. [PMID: 23531182 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2012.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract LYVE-1 is a marker expressed by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) that line the lymphatic endothelium. Through studies designed to examine potential changes in expression of LYVE-1 in cynomolgus macaque colon tissues during the course of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, we discovered that LYVE-1 was expressed by heterogenous populations of cells. As revealed by in situ hybridization (ISH), LYVE-1 mRNA levels in colon were decreased in macaques with AIDS compared with acutely infected or uninfected macaques. In the submucosal layer of the colon, approximately half of the LYVE-1-expressing cells co-expressed the dendritic cell (DC) marker, DC-SIGN/CD209, and this percentage did not change appreciably during infection. Subsets of cells expressing LYVE-1 also co-expressed macrophage markers, such as CD68 and the macrophage mannose receptor (MMR)/CD206, in both the colon and lymph nodes. LECs, DCs, and macrophages that co-expressed LYVE-1 were observed in colon and lymph node from uninfected, healthy animals as well as in tissues with SIV-driven inflammation. These findings provide further definition of the phenotypic overlap between LECs and antigen presenting cells, reveal the heterogeneity within the population of cells expressing the lymphatic marker LYVE-1, and show that SIV modulates this population of cells in a mucosal surface across which the virus is acquired.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Kyu Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Qin S, Fallert Junecko BA, Trichel AM, Tarwater PM, Murphey-Corb MA, Kirschner DE, Reinhart TA. Simian immunodeficiency virus infection alters chemokine networks in lung tissues of cynomolgus macaques: association with Pneumocystis carinii infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:1274-85. [PMID: 20671263 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Infection by HIV-1 frequently leads to pulmonary complications, including alterations to local immune environments. To better understand these alterations, we have examined in detail the patterns and levels of expression of chemokine, cytokine, and chemokine receptor mRNAs in lung tissues from 16 uninfected or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/DeltaB670 infected cynomolgus macaques at different stages of infection. Among the most up-regulated immune genes were interferon (IFN)-gamma, IFN-gamma-inducible CXCR3 ligands, and CCR5 ligands, as well as the cognate chemokine receptors. These changes were greatest in animals with clear Pneumocystis carinii coinfection. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed monocytes/macrophages to be the predominant type of cell infiltrating into lung tissues and serving as the major cellular source of chemokines. To explore the causes of chemokine alterations, we treated macaque lung cells with IFN-gamma, lipopolysaccharide, Poly(I:C), and P. carinii in vitro, and results revealed that these stimuli can induce the expression of CXCR3 ligand and/or CCR5 ligand mRNAs. Taken together, these studies provide a comprehensive definition of the chemokine networks available to modulate cellular recruitment to lung tissues during SIV infection and implicate both cytokines (IFN-gamma) and pathogens (SIV and P. carinii) as contributors to increased expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 reprogramming of CD4+ T-cell migration provides a mechanism for lymphadenopathy. J Virol 2009; 83:5765-72. [PMID: 19297493 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00130-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is associated with decreases in peripheral CD4(+) T cells and development of lymphadenopathy. The precise mechanisms by which HIV-1 induces these changes have not been elucidated. T-cell trafficking through lymphoid tissues is facilitated by CCL21-mediated entry and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-mediated egress. Having previously determined that HIV-1 envelop glycoprotein, gp120, directly alters T-cell migration, we investigated whether gp120 without HIV-1 infection could influence the responses of CD4(+) T cells to the signals involved in T-cell trafficking through lymph tissue. Incubation of normal human T cells with gp120 for 1 h resulted in reprogramming of CD4 T-cell migratory responses by increasing sensitivity to CCL20 and CCL21 and complete inhibition of migration to S1P. Incubation of human T cells with gp120 prior to injection into NOD.CB17-Prkdc(scid)/J mice resulted in increases in lymph node accumulation of CD4(+) T cells, with reciprocal decreases in blood and spleen compared to T cells not exposed to gp120. The effects of gp120 required CD4 signaling mediated through p56(lck). These findings suggest that gp120 alone can alter CD4(+) influx and efflux from lymph nodes in a fashion consistent with the development of lymphopenia and lymphadenopathy.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Chemokines are small chemoattractant cytokines involved in homeostatic and inflammatory immune cell migration. These small proteins have multiple functional properties that extend beyond their most recognized role in controlling cellular migration. The complex immunobiology of chemokines, coupled with the use of subsets of chemokine receptors as HIV-1 and SIV entry co-receptors, suggests that these immunomodulators could play important roles in the pathogenesis associated with infection by HIV-1 or SIV. This review provides an overview of the effects of pathogenic infection on chemokine expression in the SIV/macaque model system, and outlines potential mechanisms by which changes in these expression profiles could contribute to development of disease. Key challenges faced in studying chemokine function in vivo and new opportunities for further study and development of therapeutic interventions are discussed. Continued growth in our understanding of the effects of pathogenic SIV infection on chemokine expression and function and the continuing development of chemokine receptor targeted therapeutics will provide the tools and the systems necessary for future studies of the roles of chemokines in HIV-1 pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Reinhart
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang XF, Yin Y, Wang H. VASCULAR INFLAMMATION AND ATHEROGENESIS ARE ACTIVATED VIA RECEPTORS FOR PAMPs AND SUPPRESSED BY REGULATORY T CELLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:125-142. [PMID: 19578482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddstr.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in identifying the risk factors and elucidating atherosclerotic pathology, atherosclerosis remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized society. These risk factors independently or synergistically lead to chronic vascular inflammation, which is an essential requirement for the progression of atherosclerosis in patients. However, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenic link between the risk factors and atherosclerotic inflammation remain poorly defined. Significant progress has been made in two major areas, which are determination of the roles of the receptors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in initiation of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis, and characterization of the roles of regulatory T cells in suppression of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. In this review, we focus on three related issues: (1) examining the recent progress in endothelial cell pathology, inflammation and their roles in atherosclerosis; (2) analyzing the roles of the receptors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in initiation of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis; and (3) analyzing the advances in our understanding of suppression of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis by regulatory T cells. Continuous improvement of our understanding of the risk factors involved in initiation and promotion of artherogenesis, will lead to the development of novel therapeutics for ischemic stroke and cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pegu A, Qin S, Fallert Junecko BA, Nisato RE, Pepper MS, Reinhart TA. Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells Express Multiple Functional TLRs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:3399-405. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.3399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|