1
|
Dulmovits BM, Taha DK. Neonatal perspective on central lymphatic disorders. Semin Pediatr Surg 2024; 33:151424. [PMID: 38830311 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2024.151424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Lymphatic disorders presenting in the first year of life are difficult to identify and manage given the broad range of underlying etiologies. Neonatal lymphatic disease arising from congenital or acquired conditions results in the abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid in the pleura (chylothorax), peritoneum (chylous ascites) and skin (edema/anasarca). There is also increasing recognition of lymphatic losses through the intestine resulting in protein-losing enteropathy (PLE). While the incidence of lymphatic disorders in neonates is unclear, advances in genetic testing and lymphatic imaging are improving our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. Despite these advancements, medical management of neonatal lymphatic disorders remains challenging and variable among clinicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Dulmovits
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dalal K Taha
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Davis MJ, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Kim HJ, Li M, Remedi M, Nichols CG. Lymphatic contractile dysfunction in mouse models of Cantú Syndrome with K ATP channel gain-of-function. FUNCTION 2023; 4:zqad017. [PMID: 37214333 PMCID: PMC10194823 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cantú Syndrome (CS) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by gain-of-function (GoF) mutations in the Kir6.1 and SUR2 subunits of KATP channels. KATP overactivity results in a chronic reduction in arterial tone and hypotension, leading to other systemic cardiovascular complications. However, the underlying mechanism of lymphedema, developed by >50% of CS patients, is unknown. We investigated whether lymphatic contractile dysfunction occurs in mice expressing CS mutations in Kir6.1 (Kir6.1[V65M]) or SUR2 (SUR2[A478V], SUR2[R1154Q]). Pressure myograph tests of contractile function of popliteal lymphatic vessels over the physiological pressure range revealed significantly impaired contractile strength and reduced frequency of spontaneous contractions at all pressures in heterozygous Kir6.1[V65M] vessels, compared to control littermates. Contractile dysfunction of intact popliteal lymphatics in vivo was confirmed using near-infrared fluorescence microscopy. Homozygous SUR2[A478V] vessels exhibited profound contractile dysfunction ex vivo, but heterozygous SUR2[A478V] vessels showed essentially normal contractile function. However, further investigation of vessels from all three GoF mouse strains revealed significant disruption in contraction wave entrainment, decreased conduction speed and distance, multiple pacemaker sites, and reversing wave direction. Tests of 2-valve lymphatic vessels forced to pump against an adverse pressure gradient revealed that all CS-associated genotypes were essentially incapable of pumping under an imposed outflow load. Our results show that varying degrees of lymphatic contractile dysfunction occur in proportion to the degree of molecular GoF in Kir6.1 or SUR2. This is the first example of lymphatic contractile dysfunction caused by a smooth muscle ion channel mutation and potentially explains the susceptibility of CS patients to lymphedema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia MO 65212, USA
| | | | - Hae Jin Kim
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia MO 65212, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia MO 65212, USA
| | - Maria Remedi
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Colin G Nichols
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jablon KL, Akerstrom VL, Li M, Braun SE, Norton CE, Castorena-Gonzalez JA. Isolation and short-term culturing of primary lymphatic endothelial cells from collecting lymphatics: A techniques study. Microcirculation 2023; 30:e12778. [PMID: 35879879 PMCID: PMC9873843 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an experimental method for routine isolation and short-term culture of primary lymphatic endothelial cells from specific collecting vessels. METHODS Lymphatic endothelial cell tubes (LECTs) were isolated from micro-dissected collecting vessels. LECTs were allowed to attach and grow for ~3 weeks before being passaged. Non-purified cultures were partially characterized by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR at passages 1-2. RESULTS The method was validated in cultures of primary lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) from male and female mice. After 1 or 2 passages, >60% of the LECs maintained expression of Prox1. Expression of 22 different genes was assessed using RT-PCR. Prox1, Vegfr3, eNos, Cdh5, Pecam1, Cx43, Cx37, and Cx47, among others, were expressed in these short-term cultured LECs, while Myh11, Cnn1, Desmin, and Cd11b were not detected. Prox1 expression, as determined by western blotting, was similar in cultured LECs from age-matched male and female mice. Confocal imaging of intracellular calcium in cultures of primary LECs from Cdh5-GCaMP8 mice demonstrated that a functional phenotype was maintained, similar to lymphatic endothelial cells in freshly isolated vessels. CONCLUSIONS This method provides an innovative tool for routine isolation and study of primary LECs from specific collecting lymphatic vessels from any mouse, and in fact, from other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L. Jablon
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Victoria L. Akerstrom
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Stephen E. Braun
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Charles E. Norton
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhong J, Yang HC, Shelton EL, Matsusaka T, Clark AJ, Yermalitsky V, Mashhadi Z, May-Zhang LS, Linton MF, Fogo AB, Kirabo A, Davies SS, Kon V. Dicarbonyl-modified lipoproteins contribute to proteinuric kidney injury. JCI Insight 2022; 7:161878. [PMID: 36125905 PMCID: PMC9675465 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein modification by reactive dicarbonyls, including isolevuglandin (IsoLG), produces dysfunctional particles. Kidneys participate in lipoprotein metabolism, including tubular uptake. However, the process beyond the proximal tubule is unclear, as is the effect of kidney injury on this pathway. We found that patients and animals with proteinuric injury have increased urinary apolipoprotein AI (apoAI), IsoLG, and IsoLG adduct enrichment of the urinary apoAI fraction compared with other proteins. Proteinuric mice, induced by podocyte-specific injury, showed more tubular absorption of IsoLG-apoAI and increased expression of lipoprotein transporters in proximal tubular cells compared with uninjured animals. Renal lymph reflects composition of the interstitial compartment and showed increased apoAI and IsoLG in proteinuric animals, supporting a tubular cell-interstitium-lymph pathway for renal handling of lipoproteins. IsoLG-modified apoAI was not only a marker of renal injury but also directly damaged renal cells. IsoLG-apoAI increased inflammatory cytokines in cultured tubular epithelial cells (TECs), activated lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), and caused greater contractility of renal lymphatic vessels than unmodified apoAI. In vivo, inhibition of IsoLG by a dicarbonyl scavenger reduced both albuminuria and urinary apoAI and decreased TEC and LEC injury, lymphangiogenesis, and interstitial fibrosis. Our results indicate that IsoLG-modified apoAI is, to our knowledge, a novel pathogenic mediator and therapeutic target in kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics and,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hai-Chun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics and,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Zahra Mashhadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology
| | | | | | - Agnes B. Fogo
- Department of Pediatrics and,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Medicine, and
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology,,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sean S. Davies
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Russell PS, Hucklesby JJW, Hong J, Cao E, Trevaskis NL, Angel CE, Windsor JA, Phillips ARJ. Vmeasur: A software package for experimental and clinical measurement of mesenteric lymphatic contractile function over an extended vessel length. Microcirculation 2022; 29:e12748. [PMID: 35092129 PMCID: PMC9787391 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Conventionally, in vivo mesenteric lymphatic contractile function is measured using a high magnification transmission microscope (field of view 0.3-1.5 mm), which precludes visualization of extended lengths of vessels embedded in mesenteric fat. Existing software is not optimized for imaging at a low magnification using a contrast agent. We aimed to develop a simple and clinically transferable method for in situ visualization, image analysis, and quantitative assessment of mesenteric lymphatic contractile function over an extended area. METHODS Subserosal injection of various blue dyes was taken up by mesenteric lymphatics and visualized under a stereomicroscope (25×), allowing for video recording of 1.4 × 1.1 cm of intact mesentery. A new R package ("vmeasur") that combines multiple high-performance image analyses into a single workflow was developed. The edges of each vessel were determined by applying an automated threshold to each frame (with real-time manual verification). The vessel width at every point in each frame was plotted to provide contractile parameters over time and along the lymphatic vessel length. RESULTS Contractile parameters and their differences along the length of the vessel were accurately calculated in a rodent model. In a human mesenteric lymphatic, the algorithm was also able to measure changes in diameter over length. CONCLUSION This software offers a low cost, rapid, and accessible method to measure lymphatic contractile function over a wide area, showing differences in contractility along the length of a vessel. Because the presence of mesenteric fat has less of an impact on imaging, due to the use of an exogenous contrast agent, there is potential for clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. Russell
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism LaboratorySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand,Department of SurgeryFaculty of Medical and Health SciencesSurgical and Translational Research CentreUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - James J. W. Hucklesby
- Human Cellular Immunology GroupSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand,Department of Molecular Medicine and PathologyFaculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Jiwon Hong
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism LaboratorySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand,Department of SurgeryFaculty of Medical and Health SciencesSurgical and Translational Research CentreUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Enyuan Cao
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and DynamicsMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Natalie L. Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and DynamicsMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Catherine E. Angel
- Human Cellular Immunology GroupSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - John A. Windsor
- Department of SurgeryFaculty of Medical and Health SciencesSurgical and Translational Research CentreUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Anthony R. J. Phillips
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism LaboratorySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand,Department of SurgeryFaculty of Medical and Health SciencesSurgical and Translational Research CentreUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Si H, Yin C, Wang W, Davies P, Sanchez E, Suntravat M, Zawieja D, Cromer W. Effect of the snake venom component crotamine on lymphatic endothelial cell responses and lymph transport. Microcirculation 2022; 30:e12775. [PMID: 35689804 PMCID: PMC9850291 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathology of snake envenomation is closely tied to the severity of edema in the tissue surrounding the area of the bite. Elucidating the mechanisms that promote the development of such severe edema is critical to a better understanding of how to treat this life-threatening injury. We focused on one of the most abundant venom components in North American viper venom, crotamine, and the effects it has on the cells and function of the lymphatic system. METHODS We used RT-PCR to identify the location and relative abundance of crotamine's cellular targets (Kvα channels) within the tissues and cells of the lymphatic system. We used calcium flux, nitrate production, and cell morphometry to determine the effects of crotamine on lymphatic endothelial cells. We used tracer transport, node morphometry, and node deposition to determine the effects of crotamine on lymph transport in vivo. RESULTS We found that genes that encode targets of crotamine are highly present in lymphatic tissues and cells and that there is a differential distribution of those genes that correlates with phasic contractile activity. We found that crotamine potentiates calcium flux in human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells in response to stimulation with histamine and sheer stress (but not alone) and that it alters the production of nitric oxide in response to shear as well as changes the level of F-actin polymerization of those same cells. Crotamine alters lymphatic transport of large molecular weight tracers to local lymph nodes and is deposited within the node mostly in the immediate subcapsular region. CONCLUSION This evidence suggests that snake venom components may have an impact on the function of the lymphatic system. This needs to be studied in greater detail as there are numerous venom components that may have effects on aspects of the lymphatic system. This would not only provide basic information on the pathobiology of snakebite but also provide targets for improved therapeutics to treat snakebite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiang Si
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center
| | - Chunhiu Yin
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center
| | - Peter Davies
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology
| | - Elda Sanchez
- National Natural Toxins Research Center, Texas A&M Kingsville
| | | | - David Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center
| | - Walter Cromer
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Scallan JP, Bouta EM, Rahimi H, Kenney HM, Ritchlin CT, Davis MJ, Schwarz EM. Ex vivo Demonstration of Functional Deficiencies in Popliteal Lymphatic Vessels From TNF-Transgenic Mice With Inflammatory Arthritis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:745096. [PMID: 34646163 PMCID: PMC8503619 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.745096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies demonstrated lymphangiogenesis and expansion of draining lymph nodes during chronic inflammatory arthritis, and lymphatic dysfunction associated with collapse of draining lymph nodes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and TNF-transgenic (TNF-Tg) mice experiencing arthritic flare. As the intrinsic differences between lymphatic vessels afferent to healthy, expanding, and collapsed draining lymph nodes are unknown, we characterized the ex vivo behavior of popliteal lymphatic vessels (PLVs) from WT and TNF-Tg mice. We also interrogated the mechanisms of lymphatic dysfunction through inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Methods: Popliteal lymph nodes (PLNs) in TNF-Tg mice were phenotyped as Expanding or Collapsed by in vivo ultrasound and age-matched to WT littermate controls. The PLVs were harvested and cannulated for ex vivo functional analysis over a relatively wide range of hydrostatic pressures (0.5-10 cmH2O) to quantify the end diastolic diameter (EDD), tone, amplitude (AMP), ejection fraction (EF), contraction frequency (FREQ), and fractional pump flow (FPF) with or without NOS inhibitors Data were analyzed using repeated measures two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's post hoc test. Results: Real time videos of the cannulated PLVs demonstrated the predicted phenotypes of robust vs. weak contractions of the WT vs. TNF-Tg PLV, respectively. Quantitative analyses confirmed that TNF-Tg PLVs had significantly decreased AMP, EF, and FPF vs. WT (p < 0.05). EF and FPF were recovered by NOS inhibition, while the reduction in AMP was NOS independent. No differences in EDD, tone, or FREQ were observed between WT and TNF-Tg PLVs, nor between Expanding vs. Collapsed PLVs. Conclusion: These findings support the concept that chronic inflammatory arthritis leads to NOS dependent and independent draining lymphatic vessel dysfunction that exacerbates disease, and may trigger arthritic flare due to decreased egress of inflammatory cells and soluble factors from affected joints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Scallan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Echoe M. Bouta
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Homaira Rahimi
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - H. Mark Kenney
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Christopher T. Ritchlin
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Rochester, NY, United States
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Michael J. Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Edward M. Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, MI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Russell PS, Hong J, Trevaskis NL, Windsor JA, Martin ND, Phillips ARJ. Lymphatic Contractile Function: A Comprehensive Review of Drug Effects and Potential Clinical Application. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2437-2457. [PMID: 34415332 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lymphatic system and the cardiovascular system work together to maintain body fluid homeostasis. Despite that, the lymphatic system has been relatively neglected as a potential drug target and a source of adverse effects from cardiovascular drugs. Like the heart, the lymphatic vessels undergo phasic contractions to promote lymph flow against a pressure gradient. Dysfunction or failure of the lymphatic pump results in fluid imbalance and tissue oedema. While this can due to drug effects, it is also a feature of breast cancer-associated lymphoedema, chronic venous insufficiency, congestive heart failure and acute systemic inflammation. There are currently no specific drug treatments for lymphatic pump dysfunction in clinical use despite the wealth of data from pre-clinical studies. AIM To identify (1) drugs with direct effects on lymphatic tonic and phasic contractions with potential for clinical application, and (2) drugs in current clinical use that have a positive or negative side effect on lymphatic function. METHODS We comprehensively reviewed all studies that tested the direct effect of a drug on the contractile function of lymphatic vessels. RESULTS Of the 208 drugs identified from 193 studies, about a quarter had only stimulatory effects on lymphatic tone, contraction frequency and/or contraction amplitude. Of FDA-approved drugs, there were 14 that increased lymphatic phasic contractile function. The most frequently used class of drug with inhibitory effects on lymphatic pump function were the calcium channels blockers. CONCLUSION This review highlights the opportunity for specific drug treatments of lymphatic dysfunction in various disease states and for avoiding adverse drug effects on lymphatic contractile function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Russell
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jiwon Hong
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natalie L Trevaskis
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John A Windsor
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Niels D Martin
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony R J Phillips
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Geng X, Ho YC, Srinivasan RS. Biochemical and mechanical signals in the lymphatic vasculature. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5903-5923. [PMID: 34240226 PMCID: PMC11072415 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vasculature is an integral part of the cardiovascular system where it maintains interstitial fluid balance. Additionally, lymphatic vasculature regulates lipid assimilation and inflammatory response. Lymphatic vasculature is composed of lymphatic capillaries, collecting lymphatic vessels and valves that function in synergy to absorb and transport fluid against gravitational and pressure gradients. Defects in lymphatic vessels or valves leads to fluid accumulation in tissues (lymphedema), chylous ascites, chylothorax, metabolic disorders and inflammation. The past three decades of research has identified numerous molecules that are necessary for the stepwise development of lymphatic vasculature. However, approaches to treat lymphatic disorders are still limited to massages and compression bandages. Hence, better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate lymphatic vascular development and function is urgently needed to develop efficient therapies. Recent research has linked mechanical signals such as shear stress and matrix stiffness with biochemical pathways that regulate lymphatic vessel growth, patterning and maturation and valve formation. The goal of this review article is to highlight these innovative developments and speculate on unanswered questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73013, USA
| | - Yen-Chun Ho
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73013, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73013, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hammel JH, Cook SR, Belanger MC, Munson JM, Pompano RR. Modeling Immunity In Vitro: Slices, Chips, and Engineered Tissues. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2021; 23:461-491. [PMID: 33872520 PMCID: PMC8277680 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082420-124920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Modeling immunity in vitro has the potential to be a powerful tool for investigating fundamental biological questions, informing therapeutics and vaccines, and providing new insight into disease progression. There are two major elements to immunity that are necessary to model: primary immune tissues and peripheral tissues with immune components. Here, we systematically review progress made along three strategies to modeling immunity: ex vivo cultures, which preserve native tissue structure; microfluidic devices, which constitute a versatile approach to providing physiologically relevant fluid flow and environmental control; and engineered tissues, which provide precise control of the 3D microenvironment and biophysical cues. While many models focus on disease modeling, more primary immune tissue models are necessary to advance the field. Moving forward, we anticipate that the expansion of patient-specific models may inform why immunity varies from patient to patient and allow for the rapid comprehension and treatment of emerging diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Hammel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA;
| | - Sophie R Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Maura C Belanger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Jennifer M Munson
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, USA;
| | - Rebecca R Pompano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA;
- Carter Immunology Center and UVA Cancer Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhong J, Yang HC, Yermalitsky V, Shelton EL, Otsuka T, Wiese CB, May-Zhang LS, Banan B, Abumrad N, Huang J, Cavnar AB, Kirabo A, Yancey PG, Fogo AB, Vickers KC, Linton MF, Davies SS, Kon V. Kidney injury-mediated disruption of intestinal lymphatics involves dicarbonyl-modified lipoproteins. Kidney Int 2021; 100:585-596. [PMID: 34102217 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Kidney disease affects intestinal structure and function. Although intestinal lymphatics are central in absorption and remodeling of dietary and synthesized lipids/lipoproteins, little is known about how kidney injury impacts the intestinal lymphatic network, or lipoproteins transported therein. To study this, we used puromycin aminoglycoside-treated rats and NEP25 transgenic mice to show that proteinuric injury expanded the intestinal lymphatic network, activated lymphatic endothelial cells and increased mesenteric lymph flow. The lymph was found to contain increased levels of cytokines, immune cells, and isolevuglandin (a highly reactive dicarbonyl) and to have a greater output of apolipoprotein AI. Plasma levels of cytokines and isolevuglandin were not changed. However, isolevuglandin was also increased in the ileum of proteinuric animals, and intestinal epithelial cells exposed to myeloperoxidase produced more isolevuglandin. Apolipoprotein AI modified by isolevuglandin directly increased lymphatic vessel contractions, activated lymphatic endothelial cells, and enhanced the secretion of the lymphangiogenic promoter vascular endothelial growth factor-C by macrophages. Inhibition of isolevuglandin synthesis by a carbonyl scavenger reduced intestinal isolevuglandin adduct level and lymphangiogenesis. Thus, our data reveal a novel mediator, isolevuglandin modified apolipoprotein AI, and uncover intestinal lymphatic network structure and activity as a new pathway in the crosstalk between kidney and intestine that may contribute to the adverse impact of kidney disease on other organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hai-Chun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| | - Valery Yermalitsky
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elaine L Shelton
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tadashi Otsuka
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carrie B Wiese
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Linda S May-Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Babak Banan
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Naji Abumrad
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jiansheng Huang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ashley B Cavnar
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Patricia G Yancey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Agnes B Fogo
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kasey C Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - MacRae F Linton
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sean S Davies
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Valentina Kon
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Polomska AK, Proulx ST. Imaging technology of the lymphatic system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:294-311. [PMID: 32891679 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system plays critical roles in tissue fluid homeostasis and immunity and has been implicated in the development of many different pathologies, ranging from lymphedema, the spread of cancer to chronic inflammation. In this review, we first summarize the state-of-the-art of lymphatic imaging in the clinic and the advantages and disadvantages of these existing techniques. We then detail recent progress on imaging technology, including advancements in tracer design and injection methods, that have allowed visualization of lymphatic vessels with excellent spatial and temporal resolution in preclinical models. Finally, we describe the different approaches to quantifying lymphatic function that are being developed and discuss some emerging topics for lymphatic imaging in the clinic. Continued advancements in lymphatic imaging technology will be critical for the optimization of diagnostic methods for lymphatic disorders and the evaluation of novel therapies targeting the lymphatic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Polomska
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Steven T Proulx
- University of Bern, Theodor Kocher Institute, Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Li M, Davis MJ. Effects of Elevated Downstream Pressure and the Role of Smooth Muscle Cell Coupling through Connexin45 on Lymphatic Pacemaking. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101424. [PMID: 33050046 PMCID: PMC7600536 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels rely on spontaneous lymphatic muscle cell (LMC) contractions and one-way intraluminal valves to efficiently pump lymph and return it into the bloodstream. Intraluminal pressure is known to regulate the contractile function of lymphatics, with pressure elevation leading to increased contraction frequency and decreased amplitude. Contractions are normally initiated by a dominant pacemaker and are highly entrained among strongly coupled LMCs. Previously, we found that connexin45 is the major connexin isoform mediating LMC-LMC electrical coupling. Lymphatics from mice lacking smooth muscle connexin45 display uncoordinated, impaired contractions. Here, we utilized this connexin45-deficient model, pressure myography, and recently developed, novel analytical tools to assess the effects of elevated downstream pressure on the number, location, and frequency of lymphatic pacemakers. Our results show that, in vessels from healthy controls, an increase in downstream pressure resulted in the recruitment/development of new pacemakers and increased contractile frequency while a dominant pacemaker continued to be observed. In contrast, vessels from connexin45-deficient mice displayed significantly more pacemakers, but none were dominant; this worsened with elevated downstream pressure. These results suggest a potential protective mechanism through which the lymphatic vasculature adapts to transient increases in downstream pressure, but which may not be sustained in scenarios with chronic elevated downstream pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A. Castorena-Gonzalez
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (J.A.C.-G.); (M.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (J.A.C.-G.); (M.L.)
| | - Michael J. Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (J.A.C.-G.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(573)-884-5181
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mathematical Modelling of the Structure and Function of the Lymphatic System. MATHEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/math8091467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents current knowledge about the structure and function of the lymphatic system. Mathematical models of lymph flow in the single lymphangion, the series of lymphangions, the lymph nodes, and the whole lymphatic system are considered. The main results and further perspectives are discussed.
Collapse
|
15
|
Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Srinivasan RS, King PD, Simon AM, Davis MJ. Simplified method to quantify valve back-leak uncovers severe mesenteric lymphatic valve dysfunction in mice deficient in connexins 43 and 37. J Physiol 2020; 598:2297-2310. [PMID: 32267537 PMCID: PMC8170716 DOI: 10.1113/jp279472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Lymphatic valve defects are one of the major causes of lymph transport dysfunction; however, there are no accessible methods for quantitatively assessing valve function. This report describes a novel technique for quantifying lymphatic valve back-leak. Postnatal endothelial-specific deletion of connexin 43 (Cx43) in connexin 37 null (Cx37-/- ) mice results in rapid regression of valve leaflets and severe valve dysfunction. This method can also be used for assessing the function of venous and lymphatic valves from various species, including humans. ABSTRACT The lymphatic system relies on robust, spontaneous contractions of collecting lymphatic vessels and one-way secondary lymphatic valves to efficiently move lymph forward. Secondary valves prevent reflux and allow for the generation of propulsive pressure during each contraction cycle. Lymphatic valve defects are one of the major causes of lymph transport dysfunction. Genetic mutations in multiple genes have been associated with the development of primary lymphoedema in humans; and many of the same mutations in mice result in valve defects that subsequently lead to chylous ascites or chylothorax. At present the only experimental technique for the quantitative assessment of lymphatic valve function utilizes the servo-null micropressure system, which is highly accurate and precise, but relatively inaccessible and difficult to use. We developed a novel, simplified alternative method for quantifying valve function and determining the degree of pressure back-leak through an intact valve in pressurized, single-valve segments of isolated lymphatic vessels. With this diameter-based method, the competence of each lymphatic valve is challenged over a physiological range of pressures (e.g. 0.5-10cmH2 O) and pressure back-leak is extrapolated from calibrated, pressure-driven changes in diameter upstream from the valve. Using mesenteric lymphatic vessels from C57BL/6J, Ub-CreERT2 ;Rasa1fx/fx , Foxc2Cre/+ , Lyve1-Cre;Cx43fx/fx , and Prox1-CreERT2 ;Cx43fx/fx ;Cx37-/- mice, we tested our method on lymphatic valves displaying a wide range of dysfunction, from fully competent to completely incompetent. Our results were validated by simultaneous direct measurement of pressure back-leak using a servo-null micropressure system. Our diameter-based technique can be used to quantify valve function in isolated lymphatic valves from a variety of species. This method also revealed that haplodeficiency in Foxc2 (Foxc2Cre/+ ) is not sufficient to cause significant valve dysfunction; however, postnatal endothelial-specific deletion of Cx43 in Cx37-/- mice results in rapid regression of valve leaflets and severe valve dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Castorena-Gonzalez
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Philip D King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Davis MJ, Kim HJ, Zawieja SD, Castorena-Gonzalez JA, Gui P, Li M, Saunders BT, Zinselmeyer BH, Randolph GJ, Remedi MS, Nichols CG. Kir6.1-dependent K ATP channels in lymphatic smooth muscle and vessel dysfunction in mice with Kir6.1 gain-of-function. J Physiol 2020; 598:3107-3127. [PMID: 32372450 DOI: 10.1113/jp279612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Spontaneous contractions are essential for normal lymph transport and these contractions are exquisitely sensitive to the KATP channel activator pinacidil. KATP channel Kir6.1 and SUR2B subunits are expressed in mouse lymphatic smooth muscle (LSM) and form functional KATP channels as verified by electrophysiological techniques. Global deletion of Kir6.1 or SUR2 subunits results in severely impaired lymphatic contractile responses to pinacidil. Smooth muscle-specific expression of Kir6.1 gain-of-function mutant (GoF) subunits results in profound lymphatic contractile dysfunction and LSM hyperpolarization that is partially rescued by the KATP inhibitor glibenclamide. In contrast, lymphatic endothelial-specific expression of Kir6.1 GoF has essentially no effect on lymphatic contractile function. The high sensitivity of LSM to KATP channel GoF offers an explanation for the lymphoedema observed in patients with Cantú syndrome, a disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations in genes encoding Kir6.1 or SUR2, and suggests that glibenclamide may be an appropriate therapeutic agent. ABSTRACT This study aimed to understand the functional expression of KATP channel subunits in distinct lymphatic cell types, and assess the consequences of altered KATP channel activity on lymphatic pump function. KATP channel subunits Kir6.1 and SUR2B were expressed in mouse lymphatic muscle by PCR, but only Kir6.1 was expressed in lymphatic endothelium. Spontaneous contractions of popliteal lymphatics from wild-type (WT) (C57BL/6J) mice, assessed by pressure myography, were very sensitive to inhibition by the SUR2-specific KATP channel activator pinacidil, which hyperpolarized both mouse and human lymphatic smooth muscle (LSM). In vessels from mice with deletion of Kir6.1 (Kir6.1-/- ) or SUR2 (SUR2[STOP]) subunits, contractile parameters were not significantly different from those of WT vessels, suggesting that basal KATP channel activity in LSM is not an essential component of the lymphatic pacemaker, and does not exert a strong influence over contractile strength. However, these vessels were >100-fold less sensitive than WT vessels to pinacidil. Smooth muscle-specific expression of a Kir6.1 gain-of-function (GoF) subunit resulted in severely impaired lymphatic contractions and hyperpolarized LSM. Membrane potential and contractile activity was partially restored by the KATP channel inhibitor glibenclamide. In contrast, lymphatic endothelium-specific expression of Kir6.1 GoF subunits had negligible effects on lymphatic contraction frequency or amplitude. Our results demonstrate a high sensitivity of lymphatic contractility to KATP channel activators through activation of Kir6.1/SUR2-dependent channels in LSM. In addition, they offer an explanation for the lymphoedema observed in patients with Cantú syndrome, a disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations in genes encoding Kir6.1/SUR2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Hae Jin Kim
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Scott D Zawieja
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Jorge A Castorena-Gonzalez
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Peichun Gui
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Brian T Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Maria S Remedi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Colin G Nichols
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nelson TS, Nepiyushchikh Z, Hooks JST, Razavi MS, Lewis T, Clement CC, Thoresen M, Cribb MT, Ross MK, Gleason RL, Santambrogio L, Peroni JF, Dixon JB. Lymphatic remodelling in response to lymphatic injury in the hind limbs of sheep. Nat Biomed Eng 2019; 4:649-661. [PMID: 31873209 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Contractile activity in the lymphatic vasculature is essential for maintaining fluid balance within organs and tissues. However, the mechanisms by which collecting lymphatics adapt to changes in fluid load and how these adaptations influence lymphatic contractile activity are unknown. Here we report a model of lymphatic injury based on the ligation of one of two parallel lymphatic vessels in the hind limb of sheep and the evaluation of structural and functional changes in the intact, remodelling lymphatic vessel over a 42-day period. We show that the remodelled lymphatic vessel displayed increasing intrinsic contractile frequency, force generation and vessel compliance, as well as decreasing flow-mediated contractile inhibition via the enzyme endothelial nitric oxide synthase. A computational model of a chain of lymphatic contractile segments incorporating these adaptations predicted increases in the flow-generation capacity of the remodelled vessel at the expense of normal mitochondrial function and elevated oxidative stress within the lymphatic muscle. Our findings may inform interventions for mitigating lymphatic muscle fatigue in patients with dysfunctional lymphatics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler S Nelson
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhanna Nepiyushchikh
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joshua S T Hooks
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mohammad S Razavi
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tristan Lewis
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Cristina C Clement
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Merrilee Thoresen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Matthew T Cribb
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mindy K Ross
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rudolph L Gleason
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John F Peroni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J Brandon Dixon
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature, which accompanies the blood vasculature in most organs, is indispensable in the maintenance of tissue fluid homeostasis, immune cell trafficking, and nutritional lipid uptake and transport, as well as in reverse cholesterol transport. In this Review, we discuss the physiological role of the lymphatic system in the heart in the maintenance of cardiac health and describe alterations in lymphatic structure and function that occur in cardiovascular pathology, including atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. We also briefly discuss the role that immune cells might have in the regulation of lymphatic growth (lymphangiogenesis) and function. Finally, we provide examples of how the cardiac lymphatics can be targeted therapeutically to restore lymphatic drainage in the heart to limit myocardial oedema and chronic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebba Brakenhielm
- Normandy University, UniRouen, INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) UMR1096 (EnVI Laboratory), FHU REMOD-VHF, Rouen, France.
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zawieja SD, Castorena JA, Gui P, Li M, Bulley SA, Jaggar JH, Rock JR, Davis MJ. Ano1 mediates pressure-sensitive contraction frequency changes in mouse lymphatic collecting vessels. J Gen Physiol 2019; 151:532-554. [PMID: 30862712 PMCID: PMC6445586 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic collecting vessels exhibit spontaneous contractions with a pressure-dependent contraction frequency. The initiation of contraction has been proposed to be mediated by the activity of a Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (CaCC). Here, we show that the canonical CaCC Anoctamin 1 (Ano1, TMEM16a) plays an important role in lymphatic smooth muscle pacemaking. We find that isolated murine lymphatic muscle cells express Ano1, and demonstrate functional CaCC currents that can be inhibited by the Ano1 inhibitor benzbromarone. These currents are absent in lymphatic muscle cells from Cre transgenic mouse lines targeted for Ano1 genetic deletion in smooth muscle. We additionally show that loss of functional Ano1 in murine inguinal-axillary lymphatic vessels, whether through genetic manipulation or pharmacological inhibition, results in an impairment of the pressure-frequency relationship that is attributable to a hyperpolarized resting membrane potential and a significantly depressed diastolic depolarization rate preceding each action potential. These changes are accompanied by alterations in action potential shape and duration, and a reduced duration but increased amplitude of the action potential-induced global "Ca2+ flashes" that precede lymphatic contractions. These findings suggest that an excitatory Cl- current provided by Ano1 is critical for mediating the pressure-sensitive contractile response and is a major component of the murine lymphatic action potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Zawieja
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Jorge A Castorena
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Peichun Gui
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Simon A Bulley
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Jonathan H Jaggar
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Jason R Rock
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Contraction of collecting lymphatics: organization of pressure-dependent rate for multiple lymphangions. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2018; 17:1513-1532. [PMID: 29948540 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-018-1042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The paper describes the extension of a previously developed model of pressure-dependent contraction rate to the case of multiple lymphangions. Mechanical factors are key modulators of active lymphatic pumping. As part of the evolution of our lumped-parameter model to match experimental findings, we have designed an algorithm whereby the time until the next contraction depends on lymphangion transmural pressure in the contraction just completed. The functional dependence of frequency on pressure is quantitatively matched to isobaric contraction experiments on isolated lymphatic segments. When each of several lymphangions is given this ability, a scheme for their coordination must be instituted to match the observed synchronization. Accordingly, and in line with an experiment on an isolated lymphatic vessel segment in which we measured contraction sequence and conduction delay, we took the fundamental principle to be that local timing can be overridden by signals to initiate contraction that start in adjacent lymphangions, conducted with a short delay. The scheme leads to retrograde conduction when the lymphangion chain is pumping against an adverse pressure difference, but antegrade conduction when contractions occur with no or a favourable pressure difference. Abolition of these conducted signals leads to chaotic variation of cycle-mean flow-rate from the chain, diastolic duration in each lymphangion, and inter-lymphangion delays. Chaotic rhythm is also seen under other circumstances. Because the model responds to increasing adverse pressure difference by increasing the repetition rate of contractions, it maintains time-average output flow-rate better than one with fixed repetition rate.
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Lymphatic contractile dysfunction has been identified in several diseases, including lymphedema, yet a detailed molecular understanding of lymphatic muscle physiology has remained elusive. With the advent of genetic methods to manipulate gene expression in mice, a set of new tools became available for the investigation and visualization of the lymphatic vasculature. To gain insight into the molecular regulators of lymphatic contractile function, regulated primarily by the muscle cell layer encircling lymphatic collecting vessels, ex vivo approaches to allow control of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures and flow have been invaluable, complementing in vivo methods. While the original ex vivo techniques were developed for lymphatic vessels from large animals, and later adapted to rat vessels, here we describe modifications that enable the study of isolated, pressurized murine lymphatic collecting vessels. These methods, used in combination with transgenic mice, can be a powerful tool to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of lymphatic function.
Collapse
|