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Pineda-Cortel MRB, Del Rosario EH, Villaflores OB. Use of veterinary medicinal products in the Philippines: regulations, impact, challenges, and recommendations. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e33. [PMID: 38568834 PMCID: PMC10990910 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Agricultural production is a major driver of the Philippine economy. Mass production of animal products, such as livestock and poultry farming, is one of the most prominent players in the field. Filipino farmers use veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) when raising agricultural animals to improve animal growth and prevent diseases. Unfortunately, the extensive use of VMPs, particularly antibiotics, has been linked to drug resistance in animals, particularly antibiotics. Antimicrobial gene products produced in animals due to the prolonged use of VMPs can passed on to humans when they consume animal products. This paper reviews information on the use of VMPs in the Philippines, including the regulations, their impact, challenges, and potential recommendations. The Philippines has existing legislation regulating VMP use. Several agencies were tasked to regulate the use of VMPs, such as the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Health, and the Philippine National Action Plan. Unfortunately, there is a challenge to implementing these regulations, which affects consumers. The unregulated use of VMPs influences the transmission of antibiotic residues from animals to crops to humans. This challenge should be addressed, with more focus on stricter regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ruth B Pineda-Cortel
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Sampaloc, Manila 1008 Metro Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Sampaloc, Manila 1008 Metro Manila, Philippines.
| | - Elner H Del Rosario
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Sampaloc, Manila 1008 Metro Manila, Philippines
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Sampaloc, Manila 1008 Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Oliver B Villaflores
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Sampaloc, Manila 1008 Metro Manila, Philippines
- Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Sampaloc, Manila 1008 Metro Manila, Philippines
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Sampaloc, Manila 1008 Metro Manila, Philippines
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Ehsan B, Haque A, Qasim M, Ali A, Sarwar Y. High prevalence of extensively drug resistant and extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs) producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from Faisalabad, Pakistan. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:132. [PMID: 36959469 PMCID: PMC10036249 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are predominantly caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli). There is rapid increase in antimicrobial resistance in UTIs, also declared as a serious health threat by World Health Organization (WHO). Present study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance status with specific focus on ESBLs and carbapenemases in local uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolates. E. coli isolates were characterized from patients of all ages visiting diagnostic laboratories for urine examination. Demographic data was also recorded for each patient. Antibiograms were developed to observe antibiotic resistance in UPEC using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. Double Disc Synergy test (DDST) was used for phenotypic ESBL test. ESBLs and carbapenemases genes were detected in UPEC using PCR. The PCR results were confirmed by sequencing. The UPEC isolates under study exhibited 78%, 77%, 74%, 72% and 55% resistance against cefotaxime, amoxicillin, erythromycin, ceftriaxone and cefixime, respectively. Resistance against colistin and meropenem was observed in 64% and 34% isolates, respectively. Phenotypic DDST identified 48% isolates as ESBLs producers. Genotypic characterization identified 70%, 74.4% and 49% prevalence of CTXM-1, TEM-1 and CTXM-15 genes respectively. One isolate was observed exhibiting co-existence of all ESBL genes. TEM-1 + CTXM-1 and TEM-1 + CTXM-1 + CTXM-15 + OXA-1 gene patterns were dominant among ESBLs. For carbapenem-resistance, 14% isolates indicated the presence of KPC whereas GES and VIM was detected in 7% and 3.4% isolates, respectively. In conclusion, our results present a high prevalence of extensively drug resistant UPEC isolates with a considerable percentage of ESBL producers. These findings propose the need of continuous surveillance for antimicrobial resistance and targeted antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beenish Ehsan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asma Haque
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Ali
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Faisalabad & Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasra Sarwar
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Faisalabad & Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Koskeroglu K, Barel M, Hizlisoy H, Yildirim Y. “Biofilm Formationand Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Water-borne Pathogens. Res Microbiol 2023:104056. [PMID: 37004897 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Water sources (surface water, drinking water, rivers, and ponds) are significant reservoirs for transmitting antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In addition, these waters are an important public health problem because they are suitable environments for transferring antibiotic resistance genes between bacterial species. Our study aimed to assess the prevalence of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing isolates in water samples, the susceptibility of the isolates to the specified antibiotics, the determination of biofilm ability, antibiotic resistance genes, and the molecular typing of the isolates. For this purpose, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) analyses were used. Out of 70 isolates, 15 (21%) were ESBL producing, and sent for the MALDI-TOF analysis, where Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Enterobacter bugandensis, Acinetobacter pittii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter junii, Pseudomonas oleovorans, and Enterobacter ludwigigii were identified. Moreover, colistin resistance genes (mcr1/2/6, mcr 4, mcr 5, mcr 3/7, and mcr 8), ESBL-encoding genes(blaSHV, blaTEM, and blaCTX-M) and carbapenemase genes (blaNDM, blaOXA-48, and blaKPC) using molecular analysis (PCR) were confirmed. The colistin resistance gene was detected at 80% (12/15) in the isolates obtained. The distribution of these isolates according to resistance genes was found as mcr 1/2/6 4 (20%), mcr3/7 3 (13%), and mcr 5 (40%). Additionally, the isolates harbored blaSHV(6.6%) and blaTEM (6.6%) genes. However, blaNDM, blaOXA-48, blaKPC, and blaCTX-M genes were not detected in any isolates. According to the Congo red agar method, seven (46.6%) isolates showed negative biofilm ability, and eight (53.3%) showed moderate biofilm ability. However, the microplate method detected weak biofilm in 53.3% of the isolates.In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the existence of multidrug-resistant bacteria that co-exist with mcr and ESBL genes in water sources. These bacteria can migrate to other environments and pose increasing threats to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kursat Koskeroglu
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Mukaddes Barel
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Harun Hizlisoy
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Yildirim
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Kayseri, Turkey
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Belotindos L, Villanueva M, Miguel J, Bwalya P, Harada T, Kawahara R, Nakajima C, Mingala C, Suzuki Y. Prevalence and Characterization of Quinolone-Resistance Determinants in Escherichia coli Isolated from Food-Producing Animals and Animal-Derived Food in the Philippines. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040413. [PMID: 33918946 PMCID: PMC8068814 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance to quinolones, which constitutes a threat to public health, has been increasing worldwide. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of quinolone-resistant determinants in Escherichia coli not susceptible to quinolones and isolated from food-producing animals and food derived from them, in the Philippines. A total of 791 E. coli strains were isolated in 56.4% of 601 beef, chicken, pork, egg, and milk samples, as well as environmental, cloacal, and rectal swab-collected samples from supermarkets, open markets, abattoirs, and poultry, swine, and buffalo farms. Using the disc diffusion method, it was determined that 78.6% and 55.4% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and multiple drugs, respectively. In 141 isolates not susceptible to quinolones, 115 (81.6%) harbored quinolone-resistant determinants and had mutations predominantly in the quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA and parC. Plasmid-mediated, quinolone resistance (PMQR) and Qnr family (qnrA1, qnrB4, and qnrS1) genes were detected in all isolates. Forty-eight sequence types were identified in isolates harboring mutations in QRDR and/or PMQR genes by multilocus sequence typing analysis. Moreover, 26 isolates harboring mutations in QRDR and/or PMQR genes belonged mostly to phylogroup B1 and Enteroaggregative E. coli. In conclusion, a high prevalence of E. coli was found in food-producing animals and products derived from them, which could potentially spread high-risk clones harboring quinolone-resistance determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Belotindos
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (L.B.); (P.B.); (C.N.)
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines; (M.V.); (C.M.)
| | - Marvin Villanueva
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines; (M.V.); (C.M.)
| | - Joel Miguel
- Livestock Biotechnology Center, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines;
| | - Precious Bwalya
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (L.B.); (P.B.); (C.N.)
| | - Tetsuya Harada
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka 537-0025, Japan; (R.K.); (T.H.)
| | - Ryuji Kawahara
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka 537-0025, Japan; (R.K.); (T.H.)
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (L.B.); (P.B.); (C.N.)
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Claro Mingala
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines; (M.V.); (C.M.)
- Livestock Biotechnology Center, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines;
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (L.B.); (P.B.); (C.N.)
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-011-706-7315; Fax: +81-0-706-7310
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Athanasakopoulou Z, Reinicke M, Diezel C, Sofia M, Chatzopoulos DC, Braun SD, Reissig A, Spyrou V, Monecke S, Ehricht R, Tsilipounidaki K, Giannakopoulos A, Petinaki E, Billinis C. Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Animals in Greece. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:389. [PMID: 33916633 PMCID: PMC8067336 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of multidrug resistant, extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae is increasing worldwide. The present study aimed to provide an overview of the multidrug resistance phenotype and genotype of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates of livestock and wild bird origin in Greece. Nineteen phenotypically confirmed ESBL-producing E. coli strains isolated from fecal samples of cattle (n = 7), pigs (n = 11) and a Eurasian magpie that presented resistance to at least one class of non β-lactam antibiotics, were selected and genotypically characterized. A DNA-microarray based assay was used, which allows the detection of various genes associated with antimicrobial resistance. All isolates harbored blaCTX-M-1/15, while blaTEM was co-detected in 13 of them. The AmpC gene blaMIR was additionally detected in one strain. Resistance genes were also reported for aminoglycosides in all 19 isolates, for quinolones in 6, for sulfonamides in 17, for trimethoprim in 14, and for macrolides in 8. The intI1 and/or tnpISEcp1 genes, associated with mobile genetic elements, were identified in all but two isolates. This report describes the first detection of multidrug resistance genes among ESBL-producing E. coli strains retrieved from feces of cattle, pigs, and a wild bird in Greece, underlining their dissemination in diverse ecosystems and emphasizing the need for a One-Health approach when addressing the issue of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Athanasakopoulou
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Martin Reinicke
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.R.); (C.D.); (S.D.B.); (A.R.); (S.M.); (R.E.)
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Celia Diezel
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.R.); (C.D.); (S.D.B.); (A.R.); (S.M.); (R.E.)
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marina Sofia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Dimitris C. Chatzopoulos
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Sascha D. Braun
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.R.); (C.D.); (S.D.B.); (A.R.); (S.M.); (R.E.)
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Annett Reissig
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.R.); (C.D.); (S.D.B.); (A.R.); (S.M.); (R.E.)
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Vassiliki Spyrou
- Faculty of Animal Science, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.R.); (C.D.); (S.D.B.); (A.R.); (S.M.); (R.E.)
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institut fuer Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Medizinische Fakultaet “Carl Gustav Carus”, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.R.); (C.D.); (S.D.B.); (A.R.); (S.M.); (R.E.)
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Alexios Giannakopoulos
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Efthymia Petinaki
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (K.T.); (E.P.)
| | - Charalambos Billinis
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.)
- Faculty of Public and Integrated Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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Kanokudom S, Assawakongkarat T, Akeda Y, Ratthawongjirakul P, Chuanchuen R, Chaichanawongsaroj N. Rapid detection of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli isolated from fresh pork meat and pig cecum samples using multiplex recombinase polymerase amplification and lateral flow strip analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248536. [PMID: 33720963 PMCID: PMC7959403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and dissemination of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli is a global health issue. Food-producing animals, including pigs, are significant reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which can be transmitted to humans. Thus, the rapid detection of ESBLs is required for efficient epidemiological control and treatment. In this study, multiplex recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) combined with a single-stranded tag hybridization chromatographic printed-array strip (STH-PAS), as a lateral flow strip assay (LFA), was established for the rapid and simultaneous detection of multiple bla genes in a single reaction. Visible blue lines, indicating the presence of the blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaOXA genes, were observed within 10 min by the naked eye. The limit of detection of all three genes was 2.5 ng/25 μL, and no cross-reactivity with seven commensal aerobic bacteria was observed. A total of 93.9% (92/98) and 96% (48/50) of the E. coli isolates from pork meat and fecal samples, respectively, expressed an ESBL-producing phenotype. Nucleotide sequencing of the PCR amplicons showed that blaCTX-M was the most prevalent type (91.3–95.83%), of which the main form was blaCTX-M-55. The sensitivity and specificity of the RPA-LFA were 99.2% and 100%, respectively, and were in almost perfect agreement (κ = 0.949–1.000) with the results from PCR sequencing. Thus, the RPA-LFA is a promising tool for rapid and equipment-free ESBL detection and may facilitate clinical diagnosis in human and veterinary medicine, as well as AMR monitoring and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitthichai Kanokudom
- Research Unit of Innovative Diagnosis of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thachaporn Assawakongkarat
- Research Unit of Innovative Diagnosis of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Panan Ratthawongjirakul
- Research Unit of Innovative Diagnosis of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungtip Chuanchuen
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nuntaree Chaichanawongsaroj
- Research Unit of Innovative Diagnosis of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Genetic diversity, antimicrobial resistance and extended-spectrum β-lactamase type of Escherichia coli isolates from chicken, dog, pig and yak in Gansu and Qinghai Provinces, China. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 22:726-732. [PMID: 32659505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, the genetic diversity, phylogenetic grouping, antimicrobial resistance and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) types of Escherichia coli isolates from chickens, dogs, pigs and yaks in six prefectures of Gansu and Qinghai Provinces, China, were investigated. METHODS E. coli was isolated from diarrhoeic and healthy faecal samples. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), phylogenetic grouping, antimicrobial resistance and ESBL profiles were investigated. RESULTS A total of 142 MLST sequence types (STs) were identified from 400 E. coli isolates. eBURST clustering analysis resolved the 142 STs into 19 clonal complexes (CCs) and 67 singletons. PCR phylogenetic typing determined the isolation rate of potentially pathogenic B2/D group isolates among all E. coli to be 12.5% from healthy animal samples and 17.5% from diarrhoeic samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed 78 antimicrobial resistance patterns. E. coli resistance rates were highest to doxycycline, ampicillin and tetracycline, whereas polymyxin B and meropenem had the lowest resistance rates. All polymyxin B-resistant E. coli isolates were positive for the mcr-1 gene. A total of 62 ESBL-producing isolates were identified. The ESBL prevalence was 55.0% in diarrhoeic samplings and 5.6% in healthy animals. TEM (82.3%) was the predominant ESBL type, followed by CTM (43.5%) and SHV (19.4%). CONCLUSION E. coli isolates in the study area have a high diversity of genetic and antimicrobial resistance patterns but a relatively low isolation rate of potentially pathogenic phylogroups. However, the somewhat high isolation rate of multidrug-resistant E. coli, particularly ESBL-producing isolates, requires continual surveillance of E. coli from animals in these areas.
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Barroga TRM, Morales RG, Benigno CC, Castro SJM, Caniban MM, Cabullo MFB, Agunos A, de Balogh K, Dorado-Garcia A. Antimicrobials Used in Backyard and Commercial Poultry and Swine Farms in the Philippines: A Qualitative Pilot Study. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:329. [PMID: 32733922 PMCID: PMC7360799 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken and pork are the most frequently consumed meat products in the Philippines. Swine and poultry are reared in either commercial farms (CMf) or backyard farms (BYf); the latter production system is relatively common and essential to food security in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as the Philippines. Similar to resource-limited LMICs, antimicrobial use (AMU) surveillance has not yet been established; thus, AMU in food animals is a knowledge gap in understanding the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in zoonotic foodborne bacteria in the country. This qualitative AMU pilot study aims to describe the antimicrobial active ingredients (AAIs) used and associated AMU practices (e.g., source of AAIs and informed AMU decisions) by poultry and swine CMf and BYf in the Philippines. Ninety-three farms across four regions in the Philippines voluntarily provided AMU information as part of a larger biosecurity and good practices study. The percentage of farms using AAI over the total number of farms was the metric used to describe AMU. In total, there were 30 AAIs used (CMf: n =27 and BYf: n = 13); per farm, the number of AAIs used ranged from 1 to 7. The spectrum of AAIs was more diverse in swine (n = 24) compared to poultry (n = 18). Enrofloxacin was the most frequently reported AAI in poultry (33%) and swine (36%) farms. Respiratory diseases were the most frequently reported reason for AMU in both species. Between production systems, significant differences were observed in the percentage of farms using amoxicillin (27% CMf vs. 3% BYf), colistin (17% CMf vs. 3% BYf), and oxytetracycline (12% CMf vs. 39% BYf). In terms of AMU practices, of important concern was the over-the-counter access of AAIs at retail outlets and the limited veterinary oversight in BYf. Our data indicated that antimicrobials critically important for human medicine are frequently used in poultry and swine farms in the Philippines. This study can inform the development of guidelines for curbing AMR through prudent AMU and serves as a reference point for AMU surveillance capacity development in the Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Rose M Barroga
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-Philippine Component on the Global Efforts to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance Using One Health Approach (GCP/GLO/UK/710), Quezon City, Philippines.,Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Reildrin G Morales
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-Philippine Component on the Global Efforts to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance Using One Health Approach (GCP/GLO/UK/710), Quezon City, Philippines.,Department of Agriculture, National Meat Inspection Service, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Carolyn C Benigno
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office of Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Mardi M Caniban
- Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Maria Fe B Cabullo
- Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Agnes Agunos
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office of Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Katinka de Balogh
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office of Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand
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