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Mohammadi P, Nadri S, Abdanipour A, Mortazavi Y. Microchip encapsulation and microRNA-7 overexpression of trabecular meshwork mesenchymal stem/stromal cells improve motor function after spinal cord injury. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:1482-1494. [PMID: 37042544 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of stem cells and microencapsulation through microfluidic chips has shown more promising results in treating complex conditions, such as spinal cord injury (SCI), than traditional treatments. This study aimed to investigate the potency of neural differentiation and its therapeutic role in SCI animal model of trabecular meshwork mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (TMMSCs) via miR-7 overexpression and microchip-encapsulated. TMMSCs are transduced with miR-7 via a lentiviral vector (TMMSCs-miR-7[+]) and encapsulated in alginate-reduced graphene oxide (alginate-rGO) hydrogel via a microfluidic chip. Neuronal differentiation of transduced cells in hydrogel (3D) and tissue cultures plate (2D) was assessed by expressing specific mRNAs and proteins. Further evaluation is being carried out through 3D and 2D TMMSCs-miR-7(+ and -) transplantation into the rat contusion SCI model. TMMSCs-miR-7(+) encapsulated in the microfluidic chip (miR-7-3D) increased nestin, β-tubulin III, and MAP-2 expression compared with 2D culture. Moreover, miR-7-3D could improve locomotor behavior in contusion SCI rats, decrease cavity size, and increase myelination. Our results revealed that miR-7 and alginate-rGO hydrogel were involved in the neuronal differentiation of TMMSCs in a time-dependent manner. In addition, the microfluidic-encapsulated miR-7 overexpression TMMSCs represented a better survival and integration of the transplanted cells and the repair of SCI. Collectively, the combination of miR-7 overexpression and encapsulation of TMMSCs in hydrogels may represent a promising new treatment for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Samad Nadri
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdanipour
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Yousef Mortazavi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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2
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Mullis AS, Kaplan DL. Functional bioengineered tissue models of neurodegenerative diseases. Biomaterials 2023; 298:122143. [PMID: 37146365 PMCID: PMC10209845 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases remain poorly understood and no disease-modifying treatments exist despite decades of investigation. Predominant in vitro (e.g., 2D cell culture, organoids) and in vivo (e.g., mouse) models of these diseases are insufficient mimics of human brain tissue structure and function and of human neurodegenerative pathobiology, and have thus contributed to this collective translational failure. This has been a longstanding challenge in the field, and new strategies are required to address both fundamental and translational needs. Bioengineered tissue culture models constitute a class of promising alternatives, as they can overcome the low cell density, poor nutrient exchange, and long term culturability limitations of existing in vitro models. Further, they can reconstruct the structural, mechanical, and biochemical cues of native brain tissue, providing a better mimic of human brain tissues for in vitro pathobiological investigation and drug development. We discuss bioengineering techniques for the generation of these neurodegenerative tissue models, including biomaterials-, organoid-, and microfluidics-based approaches, and design considerations for their construction. To aid the development of the next generation of functional neurodegenerative disease models, we discuss approaches to incorporate greater cellular diversity and simulate aging processes within bioengineered brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Mullis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA; Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
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Kumar S, Kabat M, Basak S, Babiarz J, Berthiaume F, Grumet M. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Encapsulated Human Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells and a Method to Scale-Up Cell Encapsulation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121803. [PMID: 36551231 PMCID: PMC9775968 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) promote recovery in a wide range of animal models of injury and disease. They can act in vivo by differentiating and integrating into tissues, secreting factors that promote cell growth and control inflammation, and interacting directly with host effector cells. We focus here on MSC secreted factors by encapsulating the cells in alginate microspheres, which restrict cells from migrating out while allowing diffusion of factors including cytokines across the capsules. One week after intrathecal lumbar injection of human bone marrow MSC encapsulated in alginate (eMSC), rat IL-10 expression was upregulated in distant rat spinal cord injury sites. Detection of human IL-10 protein in rostrally derived cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indicated distribution of this human MSC-secreted cytokine throughout rat spinal cord CSF. Intraperitoneal (IP) injection of eMSC in a rat model for endotoxemia reduced serum levels of inflammatory cytokines within 5 h. Detection of human IL-6 in sera after injection of human eMSC indicates rapid systemic distribution of this human MSC-secreted cytokine. Despite proof of concept for eMSC in various disorders using animal models, translation of encapsulation technology has not been feasible primarily because methods for scale-up are not available. To scale-up production of eMSC, we developed a rapid, semi-continuous, capsule collection system coupled to an electrosprayer. This system can produce doses of encapsulated cells sufficient for use in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneel Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Maciej Kabat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sayantani Basak
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Joanne Babiarz
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Francois Berthiaume
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Martin Grumet
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-917-597-2597; Fax: +1-732-445-2063
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Zhou J, Wu Y, Tang Z, Zou K, Chen J, Lei Z, Wan X, Liu Y, Zhang H, Wang Y, Blesch A, Lei T, Liu S. Alginate hydrogel cross-linked by Ca2+ to promote spinal cord neural stem/progenitor cell differentiation and functional recovery after a spinal cord injury. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac057. [PMID: 36072264 PMCID: PMC9438746 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Alginate capillary hydrogels seeded with differentiated cells can fill the lesion cavity and promote axonal regeneration after grafting into the injured spinal cord. Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) can potentially repair the spinal cord; however, effects of alginate hydrogels (AHs) on NSPCs remain unknown. In this study, we fabricated AHs cross-linked by Ca2+ and seeded hydrogels with rat embryonic day 14 NSPCs. Immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy show that NSPCs survive, proliferate and differentiate into neurons in vitro within the capillaries. After transplantation into an acute T8 complete spinal cord transection site in adult rats, approximately one-third (38.3%) of grafted cells survive and differentiate into neurons (40.7%), astrocytes (26.6%) and oligodendrocytes (28.4%) at 8 weeks post-grafting. NSPCs promote the growth of host axons within the capillaries in a time-dependent manner. Host axons make synapse-like contacts with NSPC-derived neurons within the hydrogel channels, and graft-derived axons extend into the host white and gray matter making putative synapses. This is paralleled by improved electrophysiological conductivity across the lesion and partial hindlimb locomotor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Department of Neurosurgery, , Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yaqi Wu
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Department of Neurosurgery, , Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Tang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Department of Neurosurgery, , Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Kaipeng Zou
- Chongqing University Affiliated Jiangjin Hospital (Jiangjin Central Hospital) Department of Anus-intestines, , Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Juan Chen
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Department of Neurosurgery, , Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Zuowei Lei
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Department of Orthopedics, , Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xueyan Wan
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Department of Neurosurgery, , Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yanchao Liu
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Department of Neurosurgery, , Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Huaqiu Zhang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Department of Neurosurgery, , Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Department of Neurosurgery, , Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Armin Blesch
- University of California San Diego Department of Neurosciences, , LaJolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System , La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ting Lei
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Department of Neurosurgery, , Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Shengwen Liu
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Department of Neurosurgery, , Wuhan, P.R. China
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Jarrah R, Sammak SE, Onyedimma C, Ghaith AK, Moinuddin F, Bhandarkar AR, Siddiqui A, Madigan N, Bydon M. The Role of Alginate Hydrogels as a Potential Treatment Modality for Spinal Cord Injury: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Neurospine 2022; 19:272-280. [PMID: 35793929 PMCID: PMC9260541 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2244186.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To comprehensively characterize the utilization of alginate hydrogels as an alternative treatment modality for spinal cord injury (SCI).
Methods An extensive review of the published literature on studies using alginate hydrogels to treat SCI was performed. The review of the literature was performed using electronic databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, and OVID MEDLINE electronic databases. The keywords used were “alginate,” “spinal cord injury,” “biomaterial,” and “hydrogel.”
Results In the literature, we identified a total of 555 rat models that were treated with alginate scaffolds for regenerative biomarkers. Alginate hydrogels were found to be efficient and promising substrates for tissue engineering, drug delivery, neural regeneration, and cellbased therapies for SCI repair. With its ability to act as a pro-regenerative and antidegenerative agent, the alginate hydrogel has the potential to improve clinical outcomes.
Conclusion The emerging developments of alginate hydrogels as treatment modalities may support current and future tissue regenerative strategies for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Jarrah
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Neuro-informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sally El Sammak
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Neuro-informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chiduziem Onyedimma
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Neuro-informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Abdul Karim Ghaith
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Neuro-informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - F.M. Moinuddin
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Neuro-informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Archis R. Bhandarkar
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Neuro-informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ahad Siddiqui
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Mohamad Bydon
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Neuro-informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Corresponding Author Mohamad Bydon Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Kumar H. Commentary on "The Role of Alginate Hydrogels as a Potential Treatment Modality for Spinal Cord Injury: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature". Neurospine 2022; 19:281-282. [PMID: 35793930 PMCID: PMC9260539 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2244490.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, India
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7
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Cell transplantation to repair the injured spinal cord. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 166:79-158. [PMID: 36424097 PMCID: PMC10008620 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rosiak P, Latanska I, Paul P, Sujka W, Kolesinska B. Modification of Alginates to Modulate Their Physic-Chemical Properties and Obtain Biomaterials with Different Functional Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:7264. [PMID: 34885846 PMCID: PMC8659150 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Modified alginates have a wide range of applications, including in the manufacture of dressings and scaffolds used for regenerative medicine, in systems for selective drug delivery, and as hydrogel materials. This literature review discusses the methods used to modify alginates and obtain materials with new or improved functional properties. It discusses the diverse biological and functional activity of alginates. It presents methods of modification that utilize both natural and synthetic peptides, and describes their influence on the biological properties of the alginates. The success of functionalization depends on the reaction conditions being sufficient to guarantee the desired transformations and provide modified alginates with new desirable properties, but mild enough to prevent degradation of the alginates. This review is a literature description of efficient methods of alginate functionalization using biologically active ligands. Particular attention was paid to methods of alginate functionalization with peptides, because the combination of the properties of alginates and peptides leads to the obtaining of conjugates with properties resulting from both components as well as a completely new, different functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rosiak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (P.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Ilona Latanska
- Tricomed S.A., Swietojanska 5/9, 93-493 Lodz, Poland; (I.L.); (W.S.)
| | - Paulina Paul
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (P.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Witold Sujka
- Tricomed S.A., Swietojanska 5/9, 93-493 Lodz, Poland; (I.L.); (W.S.)
| | - Beata Kolesinska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (P.R.); (P.P.)
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Maity C, Das N. Alginate-Based Smart Materials and Their Application: Recent Advances and Perspectives. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 380:3. [PMID: 34812965 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nature produces materials using available molecular building blocks following a bottom-up approach. These materials are formed with great precision and flexibility in a controlled manner. This approach offers the inspiration for manufacturing new artificial materials and devices. Synthetic artificial materials can find many important applications ranging from personalized therapeutics to solutions for environmental problems. Among these materials, responsive synthetic materials are capable of changing their structure and/or properties in response to external stimuli, and hence are termed "smart" materials. Herein, this review focuses on alginate-based smart materials and their stimuli-responsive preparation, fragmentation, and applications in diverse fields from drug delivery and tissue engineering to water purification and environmental remediation. In the first part of this report, we review stimuli-induced preparation of alginate-based materials. Stimuli-triggered decomposition of alginate materials in a controlled fashion is documented in the second part, followed by the application of smart alginate materials in diverse fields. Because of their biocompatibility, easy accessibility, and simple techniques of material formation, alginates can provide solutions for several present and future problems of humankind. However, new research is needed for novel alginate-based materials with new functionalities and well-defined properties for targeted applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Maity
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Science (SAS), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| | - Nikita Das
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Science (SAS), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
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Jahandideh A, Noori H, Rahimi B, Hamblin MR, Behroozi Z, Ramezani M, Ramezani F. Alginate scaffolds improve functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2021; 48:1711-1721. [PMID: 34363487 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-021-01760-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the use of alginate for the repair of the damaged spinal cord was investigated. METHODS After an extensive search of databases including MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE and Web of Science, an initial screening was performed based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The full text of related articles was reviewed and data mining was performed. Data were analyzed by calculating the mean of ratios between treated and untreated groups using STATA software. Subgroup analysis was also performed due to heterogeneity. Articles were subjected to quality control and PRISMA guidelines were followed. RESULTS Twelve studies and 17 experiments were included in the study. After SCI, alginate hydrogel had a moderate effect on motor function recovery (SMD = 0.64; 95% CI 0.28-1.00; p < 0.0001) and alginate scaffolds loaded with drugs, growth factors, or cells on the SCI group compared with untreated SCI animals showed has a strong effect in the treatment of SCI (SMD = 2.82; 95% CI 1.49-4.145; p < 0.0001). Treatment with drug/cell in combination with alginate was more strongly significant compared to the groups treated with drug/cell alone (SMD = 4.55; 95% CI 1.42-7.69; p < 0.0001). Alginate alone or in combination therapy when used as an implant, had a more significant effect than injection. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that alginate is an efficient scaffold for functional recovery and even a much better scaffold for drug/cell delivery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Jahandideh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Noori
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Rahimi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Zahra Behroozi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Ramezani
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Eftekhari BS, Eskandari M, Janmey PA, Samadikuchaksaraei A, Gholipourmalekabadi M. Conductive chitosan/polyaniline hydrogel with cell-imprinted topography as a potential substrate for neural priming of adipose derived stem cells. RSC Adv 2021; 11:15795-15807. [PMID: 35481217 PMCID: PMC9029165 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00413a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biophysical characteristics of engineered scaffolds such as topography and electroconductivity have shown potentially beneficial effects on stem cell morphology, proliferation, and differentiation toward neural cells. In this study, we fabricated a conductive hydrogel made from chitosan (CS) and polyaniline (PANI) with induced PC12 cell surface topography using a cell imprinting technique to provide both topographical properties and conductivity in a platform. The engineered hydrogel's potential for neural priming of rat adipose-derived stem cells (rADSCs) was determined in vitro. The biomechanical analysis revealed that the electrical conductivity, stiffness, and hydrophobicity of flat (F) and cell-imprinted (CI) substrates increased with increased PANI content in the CS/PANI scaffold. The conductive substrates exhibited a lower degradation rate compared to non-conductive substrates. According to data obtained from F-actin staining and AFM micrographs, both CI(CS) and CI(CS-PANI) substrates induced the morphology of rADSCs from their irregular shape (on flat substrates) into the elongated and bipolar shape of the neuronal-like PC12 cells. Immunostaining analysis revealed that both CI(CS) and CI (CS-PANI) significantly upregulated the expression of GFAP and MAP2, two neural precursor-specific genes, in rADSCs compared with flat substrates. Although the results reveal that both cell-imprinted topography and electrical conductivity affect the neural lineage differentiation, some data demonstrate that the topography effects of the cell-imprinted surface have a more critical role than electrical conductivity on neural priming of ADSCs. The current study provides new insight into the engineering of scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Sadat Eftekhari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology 424 Hafez Ave Tehran 15875-4413 Iran +98 21 6454 23 62.,Department of Physiology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania 1010 Vagelos Research Laboratories, 3340 Smith Walk Philadelphia PA 19104-6383 USA +1 215 573 6815 +1 215 573 7380
| | - Mahnaz Eskandari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology 424 Hafez Ave Tehran 15875-4413 Iran +98 21 6454 23 62
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania 1010 Vagelos Research Laboratories, 3340 Smith Walk Philadelphia PA 19104-6383 USA +1 215 573 6815 +1 215 573 7380
| | | | - Mazaher Gholipourmalekabadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Muheremu A, Shu L, Liang J, Aili A, Jiang K. Sustained delivery of neurotrophic factors to treat spinal cord injury. Transl Neurosci 2021; 12:494-511. [PMID: 34900347 PMCID: PMC8633588 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2020-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that results in tremendous physical and psychological harm and a series of socioeconomic problems. Although neurons in the spinal cord need neurotrophic factors for their survival and development to reestablish their connections with their original targets, endogenous neurotrophic factors are scarce and the sustainable delivery of exogeneous neurotrophic factors is challenging. The widely studied neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, nerve growth factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor have a relatively short cycle that is not sufficient enough for functionally significant neural regeneration after SCI. In the past decades, scholars have tried a variety of cellular and viral vehicles as well as tissue engineering scaffolds to safely and sustainably deliver those necessary neurotrophic factors to the injury site, and achieved satisfactory neural repair and functional recovery on many occasions. Here, we review the neurotrophic factors that have been used in trials to treat SCI, and vehicles that were commonly used for their sustained delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikeremujiang Muheremu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 39 Wuxing Nan Rd, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 86830001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Shu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 86830001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 39, Wuxing Nan Rd, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 86830001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abudunaibi Aili
- Department of Spine Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 39 Wuxing Nan Rd, Tianshan District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 86830001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 86830001, People’s Republic of China
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Alginate Sulfate Substrates Control Growth Factor Binding and Growth of Primary Neurons: Toward Engineered 3D Neural Networks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e2000047. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Motor and sensitive recovery after injection of a physically cross-linked PNIPAAm-g-PEG hydrogel in rat hemisectioned spinal cord. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 107:110354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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15
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Madhusudanan P, Raju G, Shankarappa S. Hydrogel systems and their role in neural tissue engineering. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20190505. [PMID: 31910776 PMCID: PMC7014813 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural tissue engineering (NTE) is a rapidly progressing field that promises to address several serious neurological conditions that are currently difficult to treat. Selecting the right scaffolding material to promote neural and non-neural cell differentiation as well as axonal growth is essential for the overall design strategy for NTE. Among the varieties of scaffolds, hydrogels have proved to be excellent candidates for culturing and differentiating cells of neural origin. Considering the intrinsic resistance of the nervous system against regeneration, hydrogels have been abundantly used in applications that involve the release of neurotrophic factors, antagonists of neural growth inhibitors and other neural growth-promoting agents. Recent developments in the field include the utilization of encapsulating hydrogels in neural cell therapy for providing localized trophic support and shielding neural cells from immune activity. In this review, we categorize and discuss the various hydrogel-based strategies that have been examined for neural-specific applications and also highlight their strengths and weaknesses. We also discuss future prospects and challenges ahead for the utilization of hydrogels in NTE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sahadev Shankarappa
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India
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16
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Gao S, Guo X, Zhao S, Jin Y, Zhou F, Yuan P, Cao L, Wang J, Qiu Y, Sun C, Kang Z, Gao F, Xu W, Hu X, Yang D, Qin Y, Ning K, Shaw PJ, Zhong G, Cheng L, Zhu H, Gao Z, Chen X, Xu J. Differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into neuron/motoneuron-like cells for cell replacement therapy of spinal cord injury. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:597. [PMID: 31395857 PMCID: PMC6687731 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) are increasingly presumed to be a prospective stem cell source for cell replacement therapy in various degenerative and/or traumatic diseases. The potential of trans-differentiating hADSCs into motor neuron cells indisputably provides an alternative way for spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment. In the present study, a stepwise and efficient hADSC trans-differentiation protocol with retinoic acid (RA), sonic hedgehog (SHH), and neurotrophic factors were developed. With this protocol hADSCs could be converted into electrophysiologically active motoneuron-like cells (hADSC-MNs), which expressed both a cohort of pan neuronal markers and motor neuron specific markers. Moreover, after being primed for neuronal differentiation with RA/SHH, hADSCs were transplanted into SCI mouse model and they survived, migrated, and integrated into injured site and led to partial functional recovery of SCI mice. When ablating the transplanted hADSC-MNs harboring HSV-TK-mCherry overexpression system with antivirial Ganciclovir (GCV), functional relapse was detected by motor-evoked potential (MEP) and BMS assays, implying that transplanted hADSC-MNs participated in rebuilding the neural circuits, which was further confirmed by retrograde neuronal tracing system (WGA). GFP-labeled hADSC-MNs were subjected to whole-cell patch-clamp recording in acute spinal cord slice preparation and both action potentials and synaptic activities were recorded, which further confirmed that those pre-conditioned hADSCs indeed became functionally active neurons in vivo. As well, transplanted hADSC-MNs largely prevented the formation of injury-induced cavities and exerted obvious immune-suppression effect as revealed by preventing astrocyte reactivation and favoring the secretion of a spectrum of anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Our work suggests that hADSCs can be readily transformed into MNs in vitro, and stay viable in spinal cord of the SCI mouse and exert multi-therapeutic effects by rebuilding the broken circuitry and optimizing the microenvironment through immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Gao
- East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Xuanxuan Guo
- East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Simeng Zhao
- iHuman Institute, Shanghai Science and Technology University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yinpeng Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, JinShan, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Tongji hospital affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Limei Cao
- Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jian Wang
- East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Chenxi Sun
- East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Zhanrong Kang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Fengjuan Gao
- Zhoupu hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Tongji hospital affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Tongji hospital affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Danjing Yang
- East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Ying Qin
- East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Ke Ning
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Guisheng Zhong
- iHuman Institute, Shanghai Science and Technology University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Liming Cheng
- Tongji hospital affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China.
| | - Hongwen Zhu
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300211, China. .,BOE Technology Group Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100176, China.
| | - Zhengliang Gao
- Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xu Chen
- Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Jun Xu
- East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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17
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Karaoz E, Tepekoy F, Yilmaz I, Subasi C, Kabatas S. Reduction of Inflammation and Enhancement of Motility after Pancreatic Islet Derived Stem Cell Transplantation Following Spinal Cord Injury. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2019; 62:153-165. [PMID: 30840970 PMCID: PMC6411578 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2018.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a very serious health problem, usually caused by a trauma and accompanied by elevated levels of inflammation indicators. Stem cell-based therapy is promising some valuable strategies for its functional recovery. Nestin-positive progenitor and/or stem cells (SC) isolated from pancreatic islets (PI) show mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) characteristics. For this reason, we aimed to analyze the effects of rat pancreatic islet derived stem cell (rPI-SC) delivery on functional recovery, as well as the levels of inflammation factors following SCI.
Methods rPI-SCs were isolated, cultured and their MSC characteristics were determined through flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analysis. The experimental rat population was divided into three groups : 1) laminectomy & trauma, 2) laminectomy & trauma & phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and 3) laminectomy+trauma+SCs. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) labelled rPI-SCs were transplanted into the injured rat spinal cord. Their motilities were evaluated with Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) Score. After 4-weeks, spinal cord sections were analyzed for GFP labeled SCs and stained for vimentin, S100β, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 2’,3’-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and proinflammatory (interleukin [IL]-6, transforming growth factor [TGF]-β, macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]-2, myeloperoxidase [MPO]) and anti-inflammatory (IL-1 receptor antagonis) factors.
Results rPI-SCs were revealed to display MSC characteristics and express neural and glial cell markers including BDNF, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), fibronectin, microtubule associated protein-2a,b (MAP2a,b), β3-tubulin and nestin as well as antiinflammatory prostaglandin E2 receptor, EP3. The BBB scores showed significant motor recovery in group 3. GFP-labelled cells were localized on the injury site. In addition, decreased proinflammatory factor levels and increased intensity of anti-inflammatory factors were determined.
Conclusion Transplantation of PI-SCs might be an effective strategy to improve functional recovery following spinal cord trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Karaoz
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, İstinye University, İstanbul, Turkey.,Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research & Practice, İstinye University, İstanbul, Turkey.,Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research & Manufacturing (LivMedCell), İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Tepekoy
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, İstinye University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Irem Yilmaz
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research & Manufacturing (LivMedCell), İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Cansu Subasi
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research & Manufacturing (LivMedCell), İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Kabatas
- Neurosurgery Clinic, Gaziosmanpasa Taksim Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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18
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Min J, Kim JH, Choi KH, Yoon HH, Jeon SR. Is There Additive Therapeutic Effect When GCSF Combined with Adipose-Derived Stem Cell in a Rat Model of Acute Spinal Cord Injury? J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2017; 60:404-416. [PMID: 28689389 PMCID: PMC5544377 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2016.1010.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Functional and neural tissue recovery has been reported in many animal studies conducted with stem cells. However, the combined effect of cytokines and stem cells has not yet been adequately researched. Here, we analyzed the additive effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) on adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) infusion in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. Methods Four days after intrathecal infusion tubes implantation in Sprague-Dawley rats, SCI was induced with an infinite horizon impactor. In the Sham group (n=5), phosphate-buffered saline was injected 3, 7, and 14 days after SCI. GCSF, ADSCs, and ADSCs with GCSF were injected at the same time in the GCSF (n=8), ADSC (n=8), and ADSC+GCSF groups (n=7), respectively. Results The ADSC and ADSC+GCSF groups, but not the GCSF group, showed significantly higher Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scores than the Sham group during 8 weeks (p<0.01), but no significant difference between the ADSC and ADSC+GCSF groups. In the ladder rung test, all four groups were significantly different from each other, with the ADSC+GCSF group showing the best improvement (p<0.01). On immunofluorescent staining (GAP43, MAP2), western blotting (GAP43), and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (GAP43, nerve growth factor), the ADSC and ADSC+GCSF groups showed higher levels than the Sham and GCSF groups. Conclusion Our analyses suggest that the combination of GCSF and ADSCs infusions in acute SCI in the rat does not have a significant additive effect. Hence, when combination agents for SCI stem cell therapy are considered, molecules other than GCSF, or modifications to the methodology, should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joongkee Min
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Hyo Choi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Ho Yoon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Jeon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Mhanna R, Becher J, Schnabelrauch M, Reis RL, Pashkuleva I. Sulfated Alginate as a Mimic of Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans: Binding of Growth Factors and Effect on Stem Cell Behavior. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 1:e1700043. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rami Mhanna
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark 4806-909 Taipas Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering Program; American University of Beirut; Beirut 1107 2020 Lebanon
| | - Jana Becher
- INNOVENT e.V.; Biomaterials Department; Prüssingstraße 27 B D-07745 Jena Germany
| | | | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark 4806-909 Taipas Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Iva Pashkuleva
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark 4806-909 Taipas Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
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20
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Iyer NR, Wilems TS, Sakiyama-Elbert SE. Stem cells for spinal cord injury: Strategies to inform differentiation and transplantation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:245-259. [PMID: 27531038 PMCID: PMC5642909 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The complex pathology of spinal cord injury (SCI), involving a cascade of secondary events and the formation of inhibitory barriers, hampers regeneration across the lesion site and often results in irreversible loss of motor function. The limited regenerative capacity of endogenous cells after SCI has led to a focus on the development of cell therapies that can confer both neuroprotective and neuroregenerative benefits. Stem cells have emerged as a candidate cell source because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into a multitude of specialized cell types. While ethical and safety concerns impeded the use of stem cells in the past, advances in isolation and differentiation methods have largely mitigated these issues. A confluence of work in stem cell biology, genetics, and developmental neurobiology has informed the directed differentiation of specific spinal cell types. After transplantation, these stem cell-derived populations can replace lost cells, provide trophic support, remyelinate surviving axons, and form relay circuits that contribute to functional recovery. Further refinement of stem cell differentiation and transplantation methods, including combinatorial strategies that involve biomaterial scaffolds and drug delivery, is critical as stem cell-based treatments enter clinical trials. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 245-259. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha R Iyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton St., Stop C0800 BME 3.314, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Thomas S Wilems
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton St., Stop C0800 BME 3.314, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Shelly E Sakiyama-Elbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W Dean Keeton St., Stop C0800 BME 3.314, Austin, Texas 78712
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21
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Hodgetts SI, Harvey AR. Neurotrophic Factors Used to Treat Spinal Cord Injury. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 104:405-457. [PMID: 28215303 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The application of neurotrophic factors as a therapy to improve morphological and behavioral outcomes after experimental spinal cord injury (SCI) has been the focus of many studies. These studies vary markedly in the type of neurotrophic factor that is delivered, the mode of administration, and the location, timing, and duration of the treatment. Generally, the majority of studies have had significant success if neurotrophic factors are applied in or close to the lesion site during the acute or the subacute phase after SCI. Comparatively fewer studies have administered neurotrophic factors in order to directly target the somata of injured neurons. The mode of delivery varies between acute injection of recombinant proteins, subacute or chronic delivery using a variety of strategies including osmotic minipumps, cell-mediated delivery, delivery using polymer release vehicles or supporting bridges of some sort, or the use of gene therapy to modify neurons, glial cells, or precursor/stem cells. In this brief review, we summarize the state of play of many of the therapies using these factors, most of which have been undertaken in rodent models of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Hodgetts
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - A R Harvey
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
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22
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Oh SK, Choi KH, Yoo JY, Kim DY, Kim SJ, Jeon SR. A Phase III Clinical Trial Showing Limited Efficacy of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Neurosurgery 2016; 78:436-47; discussion 447. [PMID: 26891377 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000001056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In our previous report, 3 of 10 patients with spinal cord injury who were injected with autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) showed motor improvement in the upper extremities and in activities of daily living. OBJECTIVE To report on the results of a phase III clinical trial of autologous MSCs therapy. METHODS Patients were selected based on the following criteria: chronic American Spinal Injury Association B status patients who had more than 12 months of cervical injury, and no neurological changes during the recent 3 months of vigorous rehabilitation. We injected 1.6 × 10 autologous MSCs into the intramedullary area at the injured level and 3.2 × 10 autologous MSCs into the subdural space. Outcome data were collected over 6 months regarding neurological examination, magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion tensor imaging, and electrophysiological analyses. RESULTS Among the 16 patients, only 2 showed improvement in neurological status (unilateral right C8 segment from grade 1 to grade 3 in 1 patient and bilateral C6 from grade 3 to grade 4 and unilateral right C8 from grade 0 to grade 1 in 1 patient). Both patients with neurological improvement showed the appearance of continuity in the spinal cord tract by diffusion tensor imaging. There were no adverse effects associated with MSCs injection. CONCLUSION Single MSCs application to intramedullary and intradural space is safe, but has a very weak therapeutic effect compared with multiple MSCs injection. Further clinical trials to enhance the effect of MSCs injection are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Kyu Oh
- Departments of *Neurological Surgery,‡Rehabilitation Medicine, and§Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Oh SK, Jeon SR. Current Concept of Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury: A Review. Korean J Neurotrauma 2016; 12:40-46. [PMID: 27857906 PMCID: PMC5110917 DOI: 10.13004/kjnt.2016.12.2.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a catastrophic condition associated with significant neurological deficit, social, and financial burdens. Over the past decades, various treatments including medication, surgery, and rehabilitation therapy for SCI have been performed, but there were no definite treatment option to improve neurological function of patients with chronic SCI. Therefore, new treatment trials with stem cells have been studied to regenerate injured spinal cord. Among various types of stem cells, bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells is highly expected as candidates for the stem cell therapy. The result of the current research showed that direct intramedullary injection to the injured spinal cord site in subacute phase is most effective. Neurological examination, electrophysiologic studies, and magnetic resonance imaging are commonly used to assess the effectiveness of treatment. Diffusion tensor imaging visualizing white matter tract can be also alternative option to identify neuronal regeneration. Despite various challenging issues, stem cell therapy will open new perspectives for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Kyu Oh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Jeon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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24
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Morris R, Whishaw IQ. A Proposal for a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury Featuring the Rubrospinal Tract and its Contributions to Locomotion and Skilled Hand Movement. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:5. [PMID: 26858587 PMCID: PMC4728831 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury and repair is a dynamic field of research. The development of reliable animal models of traumatic spinal cord injury has been invaluable in providing a wealth of information regarding the pathological consequences and recovery potential of this condition. A number of injury models have been instrumental in the elaboration and the validation of therapeutic interventions aimed at reversing this once thought permanent condition. In general, the study of spinal cord injury and repair is made difficult by both its anatomical complexity and the complexity of the behavior it mediates. In this perspective paper, we suggest a new model for spinal cord investigation that simplifies problems related to both the functional and anatomical complexity of the spinal cord. We begin by reviewing and contrasting some of the most common animal models used for investigating spinal cord dysfunction. We then consider two widely used models of spinal deficit-recovery, one involving the corticospinal tracts (CTS) and the other the rubrospinal tract (RST). We argue that the simplicity of the function of the RST makes it a useful model for studying the cord and its functional repair. We also reflect on two obstacles that have hindered progress in the pre-clinical field, delaying translation to the clinical setup. The first is recovery of function without reconnection of the transected descending fibers and the second is the use of behavioral paradigms that are not under the control of the descending fiber pathway under scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Morris
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales Australia Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian Q Whishaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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25
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Kumar S, Babiarz J, Basak S, Kim JH, Barminko J, Gray A, Mendapara P, Schloss R, Yarmush ML, Grumet M. Sizes and Sufficient Quantities of MSC Microspheres for Intrathecal Injection to Modulate Inflammation in Spinal Cord Injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 5. [PMID: 29545904 DOI: 10.1142/s179398441550004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Microencapsulation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in alginate facilitates cell delivery, localization and survival, and modulates inflammation in vivo. However, we found that delivery of the widely used ~0.5 mm diameter encapsulated MSC (eMSC) by intrathecal injection into spinal cord injury (SCI) rats was highly variable. Injections of smaller (~0.2 mm) diameter eMSC into the lumbar spine were much more reproducible and they increased the anti-inflammatory macrophage response around the SCI site. We now report that injection of small eMSC >2 cm caudal from the rat SCI improved locomotion and myelin preservation 8 weeks after rat SCI versus control injections. Because preparation of sufficient quantities of small eMSC for larger studies was not feasible and injection of the large eMSC is problematic, we have developed a procedure to prepare medium-sized eMSC (~0.35 mm diameter) that can be delivered more reproducibly into the lumbar rat spine. The number of MSC incorporated/capsule in the medium sized capsules was ~5-fold greater than that in small capsules and the total yield of eMSC was ~20-fold higher than that for the small capsules. Assays with all three sizes of eMSC capsules showed that they inhibited TNF-α secretion from activated macrophages in co-cultures, suggesting no major difference in their anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. The in vivo activity of the medium-sized eMSC was tested after injecting them into the lumbar spine 1 day after SCI. Histological analyses 1 week later showed that eMSC reduced levels of activated macrophages measured by IB4 staining and increased white matter sparing in similar regions adjacent to the SCI site. The combined results indicate that ~0.35 mm diameter eMSC reduced macrophage inflammation in regions where white matter was preserved during critical early phases after SCI. These techniques enable preparation of eMSC in sufficient quantities to perform pre-clinical SCI studies with much larger numbers of subjects that will provide functional analyses of several critical parameters in rodent models for CNS inflammatory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneel Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Joanne Babiarz
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Sayantani Basak
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Jae Hwan Kim
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeffrey Barminko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. The Mount Sinai Hospital, One Gustave L. Levy Place New York, NY 10029
| | - Andrea Gray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Parry Mendapara
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Rene Schloss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Martin Grumet
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers Stem Cell Research Center. Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854 USA
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26
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Khaing ZZ, Agrawal NK, Park JH, Xin S, Plumton GC, Lee KH, Huang YJ, Niemerski AL, Schmidt CE, Grau JW. Localized and sustained release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor from injectable hydrogel/microparticle composites fosters spinal learning after spinal cord injury. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:7560-7571. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01602b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogel allows for sustained delivery of growth factor resulting in spinal mediated learning after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zin Z. Khaing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Nikunj K. Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - James H. Park
- College of Medicine
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Shangjing Xin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | | | - Kuan H. Lee
- Department of Neurobiology
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Yung-Jen Huang
- Department of Psychology
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | | | | | - James W. Grau
- Department of Psychology
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
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27
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Biochemical Monitoring of Spinal Cord Injury by FT-IR Spectroscopy--Effects of Therapeutic Alginate Implant in Rat Models. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142660. [PMID: 26559822 PMCID: PMC4641584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces complex biochemical changes, which result in inhibition of nervous tissue regeneration abilities. In this study, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was applied to assess the outcomes of implants made of a novel type of non-functionalized soft calcium alginate hydrogel in a rat model of spinal cord hemisection (n = 28). Using FT-IR spectroscopic imaging, we evaluated the stability of the implants and the effects on morphology and biochemistry of the injured tissue one and six months after injury. A semi-quantitative evaluation of the distribution of lipids and collagen showed that alginate significantly reduced injury-induced demyelination of the contralateral white matter and fibrotic scarring in the chronic state after SCI. The spectral information enabled to detect and localize the alginate hydrogel at the lesion site and proved its long-term persistence in vivo. These findings demonstrate a positive impact of alginate hydrogel on recovery after SCI and prove FT-IR spectroscopic imaging as alternative method to evaluate and optimize future SCI repair strategies.
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28
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Siebert JR, Eade AM, Osterhout DJ. Biomaterial Approaches to Enhancing Neurorestoration after Spinal Cord Injury: Strategies for Overcoming Inherent Biological Obstacles. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:752572. [PMID: 26491685 PMCID: PMC4600545 DOI: 10.1155/2015/752572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
While advances in technology and medicine have improved both longevity and quality of life in patients living with a spinal cord injury, restoration of full motor function is not often achieved. This is due to the failure of repair and regeneration of neuronal connections in the spinal cord after injury. In this review, the complicated nature of spinal cord injury is described, noting the numerous cellular and molecular events that occur in the central nervous system following a traumatic lesion. In short, postinjury tissue changes create a complex and dynamic environment that is highly inhibitory to the process of neural regeneration. Strategies for repair are outlined with a particular focus on the important role of biomaterials in designing a therapeutic treatment that can overcome this inhibitory environment. The importance of considering the inherent biological response of the central nervous system to both injury and subsequent therapeutic interventions is highlighted as a key consideration for all attempts at improving functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Siebert
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Seton Hill, Greensburg, PA 15601, USA
| | - Amber M. Eade
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Seton Hill, Greensburg, PA 15601, USA
| | - Donna J. Osterhout
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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29
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Sugai K, Nishimura S, Kato-Negishi M, Onoe H, Iwanaga S, Toyama Y, Matsumoto M, Takeuchi S, Okano H, Nakamura M. Neural stem/progenitor cell-laden microfibers promote transplant survival in a mouse transected spinal cord injury model. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1826-38. [PMID: 26301451 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) into the lesioned spinal cord can promote functional recovery following incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) in animal models. However, this strategy is insufficient following complete SCI because of the gap at the lesion epicenter. To obtain functional recovery in a mouse model of complete SCI, this study uses a novel collagen-based microfiber as a scaffold for engrafted NS/PCs. We hypothesized that the NS/PC-microfiber combination would facilitate lesion closure as well as transplant survival in the transected spinal cord. NS/PCs were seeded inside the novel microfibers, where they maintained their capacity to differentiate and proliferate. After transplantation, the stumps of the transected spinal cord were successfully bridged by the NS/PC-laden microfibers. Moreover, the transplanted cells migrated into the host spinal cord and differentiated into three neural lineages (astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes). However, the NS/PC-laden scaffold could not achieve a neural connection between the rostral end of the injury and the intact caudal area of the spinal cord, nor could it achieve recovery of motor function. To obtain optimal functional recovery, a microfiber design with a modified composition may be useful. Furthermore, combinatorial therapy with rehabilitation and/or medications should also be considered for practical success of biomaterial/cell transplantation-based approaches to regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Sugai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soraya Nishimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Kato-Negishi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan.,Takeuchi Biohybrid Innovation Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Onoe
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan.,Takeuchi Biohybrid Innovation Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaroh Iwanaga
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan.,Takeuchi Biohybrid Innovation Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Toyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan.,Takeuchi Biohybrid Innovation Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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Harvey AR, Lovett SJ, Majda BT, Yoon JH, Wheeler LPG, Hodgetts SI. Neurotrophic factors for spinal cord repair: Which, where, how and when to apply, and for what period of time? Brain Res 2014; 1619:36-71. [PMID: 25451132 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A variety of neurotrophic factors have been used in attempts to improve morphological and behavioural outcomes after experimental spinal cord injury (SCI). Here we review many of these factors, their cellular targets, and their therapeutic impact on spinal cord repair in different, primarily rodent, models of SCI. A majority of studies report favourable outcomes but results are by no means consistent, thus a major aim of this review is to consider how best to apply neurotrophic factors after SCI to optimize their therapeutic potential. In addition to which factors are chosen, many variables need be considered when delivering trophic support, including where and when to apply a given factor or factors, how such factors are administered, at what dose, and for how long. Overall, the majority of studies have applied neurotrophic support in or close to the spinal cord lesion site, in the acute or sub-acute phase (0-14 days post-injury). Far fewer chronic SCI studies have been undertaken. In addition, comparatively fewer studies have administered neurotrophic factors directly to the cell bodies of injured neurons; yet in other instructive rodent models of CNS injury, for example optic nerve crush or transection, therapies are targeted directly at the injured neurons themselves, the retinal ganglion cells. The mode of delivery of neurotrophic factors is also an important variable, whether delivered by acute injection of recombinant proteins, sub-acute or chronic delivery using osmotic minipumps, cell-mediated delivery, delivery using polymer release vehicles or supporting bridges of some sort, or the use of gene therapy to modify neurons, glial cells or precursor/stem cells. Neurotrophic factors are often used in combination with cell or tissue grafts and/or other pharmacotherapeutic agents. Finally, the dose and time-course of delivery of trophic support should ideally be tailored to suit specific biological requirements, whether they relate to neuronal survival, axonal sparing/sprouting, or the long-distance regeneration of axons ending in a different mode of growth associated with terminal arborization and renewed synaptogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Harvey
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Sarah J Lovett
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Bernadette T Majda
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jun H Yoon
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lachlan P G Wheeler
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Stuart I Hodgetts
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Sandvig I, Karstensen K, Rokstad AM, Aachmann FL, Formo K, Sandvig A, Skjåk-Braek G, Strand BL. RGD-peptide modified alginate by a chemoenzymatic strategy for tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:896-906. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Sandvig
- MI Lab and Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Kristin Karstensen
- Department of Biotechnology, NOBIPOL; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Anne Mari Rokstad
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Central Norwegian Regional Health Authority; St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital; Trondheim Norway
| | - Finn Lillelund Aachmann
- Department of Biotechnology, NOBIPOL; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Kjetil Formo
- Department of Biotechnology, NOBIPOL; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Axel Sandvig
- MI Lab and Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Department of Neurosurgery; Umeå University Hospital; Umeå Sweden
| | - Gudmund Skjåk-Braek
- Department of Biotechnology, NOBIPOL; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Berit Løkensgard Strand
- Department of Biotechnology, NOBIPOL; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- Central Norwegian Regional Health Authority; St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital; Trondheim Norway
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32
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Emerich DF, Orive G, Thanos C, Tornoe J, Wahlberg LU. Encapsulated cell therapy for neurodegenerative diseases: from promise to product. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 67-68:131-41. [PMID: 23880505 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Delivering therapeutic molecules, including trophic factor proteins, across the blood brain barrier to the brain parenchyma to treat chronic neurodegenerative diseases remains one of the great challenges in biology. To be effective, delivery needs to occur in a long-term and stable manner at sufficient quantities directly to the target region in a manner that is selective but yet covers enough of the target site to be efficacious. One promising approach uses cellular implants that produce and deliver therapeutic molecules directly to the brain region of interest. Implanted cells can be precisely positioned into the desired region and can be protected from host immunological attack by encapsulating them and by surrounding them within an immunoisolatory, semipermeable capsule. In this approach, cells are enclosed within a semiporous capsule with a perm selective membrane barrier that admits oxygen and required nutrients and releases bioactive cell secretions while restricting passage of larger cytotoxic agents from the host immune defense system. Recent advances in human cell line development have increased the levels of secreted therapeutic molecules from encapsulated cells, and membrane extrusion techniques have led to the first ever clinical demonstrations of long-term survival and function of encapsulated cells in the brain parenchyma. As such, cell encapsulation is capable of providing a targeted, continuous, de novo synthesized source of very high levels of therapeutic molecules that can be distributed over significant portions of the brain.
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33
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Ziemlińska E, Kügler S, Schachner M, Wewiór I, Czarkowska-Bauch J, Skup M. Overexpression of BDNF increases excitability of the lumbar spinal network and leads to robust early locomotor recovery in completely spinalized rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88833. [PMID: 24551172 PMCID: PMC3925164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Strategies to induce recovery from lesions of the spinal cord have not fully resulted in clinical applications. This is a consequence of a number of impediments that axons encounter when trying to regrow beyond the lesion site, and that intraspinal rearrangements are subjected to. In the present study we evaluated (1) the possibility to improve locomotor recovery after complete transection of the spinal cord by means of an adeno-associated (AAV) viral vector expressing the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in lumbar spinal neurons caudal to the lesion site and (2) how the spinal cord transection and BDNF treatment affected neurotransmission in the segments caudal to the lesion site. BDNF overexpression resulted in clear increases in expression levels of molecules involved in glutamatergic (VGluT2) and GABAergic (GABA, GAD65, GAD67) neurotransmission in parallel with a reduction of the potassium-chloride co-transporter (KCC2) which contributes to an inhibitory neurotransmission. BDNF treated animals showed significant improvements in assisted locomotor performance, and performed locomotor movements with body weight support and plantar foot placement on a moving treadmill. These positive effects of BDNF local overexpression were detectable as early as two weeks after spinal cord transection and viral vector application and lasted for at least 7 weeks. Gradually increasing frequencies of clonic movements at the end of the experiment attenuated the quality of treadmill walking. These data indicate that BDNF has the potential to enhance the functionality of isolated lumbar circuits, but also that BDNF levels have to be tightly controlled to prevent hyperexcitability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Kügler
- Center of Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Iwona Wewiór
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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34
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Abstract
The consequence of numerous neurological disorders is the significant loss of neural cells, which further results in multilevel dysfunction or severe functional deficits. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is of tremendous importance for neural regeneration mediating ambivalent functions: ECM serves as a growth-promoting substrate for neurons but, on the other hand, is a major constituent of the inhibitory scar, which results from traumatic injuries of the central nervous system. Therefore, cell and tissue replacement strategies on the basis of ECM mimetics are very promising therapeutic interventions. Numerous synthetic and natural materials have proven effective both in vitro and in vivo. The closer a material's physicochemical and molecular properties are to the original extracellular matrix, the more promising its effectiveness may be. Relevant factors that need to be taken into account when designing such materials for neural repair relate to receptor-mediated cell-matrix interactions, which are dependent on chemical and mechanical sensing. This chapter outlines important characteristics of natural and synthetic ECM materials (scaffolds) and provides an overview of recent advances in design and application of ECM materials for neural regeneration, both in therapeutic applications and in basic biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Estrada
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical Center Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ayse Tekinay
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hans Werner Müller
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical Center Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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35
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Silva NA, Sousa N, Reis RL, Salgado AJ. From basics to clinical: a comprehensive review on spinal cord injury. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 114:25-57. [PMID: 24269804 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological disorder that affects thousands of individuals each year. Over the past decades an enormous progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular and cellular events generated by SCI, providing insights into crucial mechanisms that contribute to tissue damage and regenerative failure of injured neurons. Current treatment options for SCI include the use of high dose methylprednisolone, surgical interventions to stabilize and decompress the spinal cord, and rehabilitative care. Nonetheless, SCI is still a harmful condition for which there is yet no cure. Cellular, molecular, rehabilitative training and combinatorial therapies have shown promising results in animal models. Nevertheless, work remains to be done to ascertain whether any of these therapies can safely improve patient's condition after human SCI. This review provides an extensive overview of SCI research, as well as its clinical component. It starts covering areas from physiology and anatomy of the spinal cord, neuropathology of the SCI, current clinical options, neuronal plasticity after SCI, animal models and techniques to assess recovery, focusing the subsequent discussion on a variety of promising neuroprotective, cell-based and combinatorial therapeutic approaches that have recently moved, or are close, to clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno A Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909 Caldas das Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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des Rieux A, De Berdt P, Ansorena E, Ucakar B, Damien J, Schakman O, Audouard E, Bouzin C, Auhl D, Simón-Yarza T, Feron O, Blanco-Prieto MJ, Carmeliet P, Bailly C, Clotman F, Préat V. Vascular endothelial growth factor-loaded injectable hydrogel enhances plasticity in the injured spinal cord. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:2345-55. [PMID: 23946111 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-containing hydrogels that gelify in situ after injection into a traumatized spinal cord, could stimulate spinal cord regeneration. Injectable hydrogels composed of 0.5% Pronova UPMVG MVG alginate, supplemented or not with fibrinogen, were used. The addition of fibrinogen to alginate had no effect on cell proliferation in vitro but supported neurite growth ex vivo. When injected into a rat spinal cord in a hemisection model, alginate supplemented with fibrinogen was well tolerated. The release of VEGF that was incorporated into the hydrogel was influenced by the VEGF formulation [encapsulated in microspheres or in nanoparticles or in solution (free)]. A combination of free VEGF and VEGF-loaded nanoparticles was mixed with alginate:fibrinogen and injected into the lesion of the spinal cord. Four weeks post injection, angiogenesis and neurite growth were increased compared to hydrogel alone. The local delivery of VEGF by injectable alginate:fibrinogen-based hydrogel induced some plasticity in the injured spinal cord involving fiber growth into the lesion site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne des Rieux
- Pharmaceutics and Drug delivery Unit, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
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Ellingson BM, Salamon N, Holly LT. Advances in MR imaging for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2013; 24 Suppl 2:197-208. [PMID: 23917647 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-013-2915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To outline the pathogenesis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), the correlative abnormalities observed on standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the biological implications and current status of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and MR spectroscopy (MRS) as clinical tools, and future directions of MR technology in the management of CSM patients. METHODS A systematic review of the pathogenesis and current state-of-the-art in MR imaging technology for CSM was performed. RESULTS CSM is caused by progressive, degenerative, vertebral column abnormalities that result in spinal cord damage related to both primary mechanical and secondary biological injuries. The T2 signal change on conventional MRI is most commonly associated with neurological deficits, but tends not to be a sensitive predictor of recovery of function. DTI and MRS show altered microstructure and biochemistry that reflect patient-specific pathogenesis. CONCLUSION Advanced imaging techniques, including DTI and MRS, show higher sensitivity to microstructural and biochemical changes within the cord, and may aid in management of CSM patients.
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Sakiyama-Elbert S, Johnson PJ, Hodgetts SI, Plant GW, Harvey AR. Scaffolds to promote spinal cord regeneration. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 109:575-94. [PMID: 23098738 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52137-8.00036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Substantial research effort in the spinal cord injury (SCI) field is directed towards reduction of secondary injury changes and enhancement of tissue sparing. However, pathway repair after complete transections, large lesions, or after chronic injury may require the implantation of some form of oriented bridging structure to restore tissue continuity across a trauma zone. These matrices or scaffolds should be biocompatible and create an environment that facilitates tissue growth and vascularization, and allow axons to regenerate through and beyond the implant in order to reconnect with "normal" tissue distal to the injury. The myelination of regrown axons is another important requirement. In this chapter, we describe recent advances in biomaterial technology designed to provide a terrain for regenerating axons to grow across the site of injury and/or create an environment for endogenous repair. Many different types of scaffold are under investigation; they can be biodegradable or nondegradable, natural or synthetic. Scaffolds can be designed to incorporate immobilized signaling molecules and/or used as devices for controlled release of therapeutic agents, including growth factors. These bridging structures can also be infiltrated with specific cell types deemed suitable for spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sakiyama-Elbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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39
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Ansorena E, De Berdt P, Ucakar B, Simón-Yarza T, Jacobs D, Schakman O, Jankovski A, Deumens R, Blanco-Prieto MJ, Préat V, des Rieux A. Injectable alginate hydrogel loaded with GDNF promotes functional recovery in a hemisection model of spinal cord injury. Int J Pharm 2013; 455:148-58. [PMID: 23916821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that local delivery of GDNF in spinal cord lesion via an injectable alginate hydrogel gelifying in situ would support spinal cord plasticity and functional recovery. The GDNF release from the hydrogel was slowed by GDNF encapsulation in microspheres compared to non-formulated GDNF (free GDNF). When injected in a rat spinal cord hemisection model, more neurofilaments were observed in the lesion when the rats were treated with free GDNF-loaded hydrogels. More growing neurites were detected in the tissues surrounding the lesion when the animals were treated with GDNF microsphere-loaded hydrogels. Intense GFAP (astrocytes), low βIII tubulin (neural cells) and RECA-1 (endothelial cells) stainings were observed for non-treated lesions while GDNF-treated spinal cords presented less GFAP staining and more endothelial and nerve fiber infiltration in the lesion site. The animals treated with free GDNF-loaded hydrogel presented superior functional recovery compared with the animals treated with the GDNF microsphere-loaded hydrogels and non-treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ansorena
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Pharmaceutics and Drug delivery Unit, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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40
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Grous LC, Vernengo J, Jin Y, Himes BT, Shumsky JS, Fischer I, Lowman A. Implications of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) with codissolved brain-derived neurotrophic factor injectable scaffold on motor function recovery rate following cervical dorsolateral funiculotomy in the rat. J Neurosurg Spine 2013; 18:641-52. [PMID: 23581453 DOI: 10.3171/2013.3.spine12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT In a follow-up study to their prior work, the authors evaluated a novel delivery system for a previously established treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI), based on a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), lightly cross-linked with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) injectable scaffold. The primary aim of this work was to assess the recovery of both spontaneous and skilled forelimb function following a cervical dorsolateral funiculotomy in the rat. This injury ablates the rubrospinal tract (RST) but spares the dorsal and ventral corticospinal tract and can severely impair reaching and grasping abilities. METHODS Animals received an implant of either PNIPAAm-g-PEG or PNIPAAm-g-PEG + brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The single-pellet reach-to-grasp task and the staircase-reaching task were used to assess skilled motor function associated with reaching and grasping abilities, and the cylinder task was used to assess spontaneous motor function, both before and after injury. RESULTS Because BDNF can stimulate regenerating RST axons, the authors showed that animals receiving an implant of PNIPAAm-g-PEG with codissolved BDNF had an increased recovery rate of fine motor function when compared with a control group (PNIPAAm-g-PEG only) on both a staircase-reaching task at 4 and 8 weeks post-SCI and on a single-pellet reach-to-grasp task at 5 weeks post-SCI. In addition, spontaneous motor function, as measured in the cylinder test, recovered to preinjury values in animals receiving PNIPAAm-g-PEG + BDNF. Fluorescence immunochemistry indicated the presence of both regenerating axons and BDA-labeled fibers growing up to or within the host-graft interface in animals receiving PNIPAAm-g-PEG + BDNF. CONCLUSIONS Based on their results, the authors suggest that BDNF delivered by the scaffold promoted the growth of RST axons into the lesion, which may have contributed in part to the increased recovery rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Conova Grous
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Hodgetts SI, Simmons PJ, Plant GW. Human Mesenchymal Precursor Cells (Stro-1+) from Spinal Cord Injury Patients Improve Functional Recovery and Tissue Sparing in an Acute Spinal Cord Injury Rat Model. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:393-412. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x656081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the potential of purified (Stro-1+) human mesenchymal precursor cells (hMPCs) to repair the injured spinal cord (SC) after transplantation into T-cell-deficient athymic RNU nude rats following acute moderate contusive spinal cord injury (SCI). hMPCs were isolated from the bone marrow (BM) stroma of SCI patients and transplanted as a suspension graft in medium [with or without immunosuppression using cyclosporin A (CsA)]. Extensive anatomical analysis shows statistically significant improvement in functional recovery, tissue sparing, and cyst reduction. We provide quantitative assessment of supraspinal projections in combination with functional outcomes. hMPC-transplanted animals consistently achieved mean BBB scores of 15 at 8 weeks postinjury. Quantitative histological staining revealed that graft-recipient animals possessed more intact spinal tissue and reduced cyst formation than controls. Fluorogold (FG) retrograde tracing revealed sparing/regeneration of supraspinal and local propriospinal axonal pathways, but no statistical differences were observed compared to controls. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed increased serotonergic (5-HT) and sensory (CGRP) axonal growth within and surrounding transplanted donor hMPCs 2 weeks posttransplantation, but no evidence of hMPC transdifferentiation was seen. Although hMPCs initially survive at 2 weeks posttransplantation, their numbers were dramatically reduced and no cells were detected at 8 weeks posttransplantation using retroviral/lentiviral GFP labeling and a human nuclear antigen (HNA) antibody. Additional immunosuppression with CsA did not improve hMPC survival or their ability to promote tissue sparing or functional recovery. We propose Stro-1+-selected hMPCs provide (i) a reproducible source for stem cell transplantation for SC therapy and (ii) a positive host microenvironment resulting in the promotion of tissue sparing/repair that subsequently improves behavioral outcomes after SCI. Our results provide a new candidate for consideration as a stem cell therapy for the repair of traumatic CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart I. Hodgetts
- Eileen Bond Spinal Cord Research Laboratory, School of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Paul J. Simmons
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Giles W. Plant
- Eileen Bond Spinal Cord Research Laboratory, School of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
- Stanford Partnership for Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Stanford Institute for Neuro-Innovation and Translational Neurosciences and Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Acarregui A, Murua A, Pedraz JL, Orive G, Hernández RM. A Perspective on Bioactive Cell Microencapsulation. BioDrugs 2012; 26:283-301. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03261887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zhang W, Zhao S, Rao W, Snyder J, Choi JK, Wang J, Khan IA, Saleh NB, Mohler PJ, Yu J, Hund TJ, Tang C, He X. A Novel Core-Shell Microcapsule for Encapsulation and 3D Culture of Embryonic Stem Cells. J Mater Chem B 2012; 2013:1002-1009. [PMID: 23505611 DOI: 10.1039/c2tb00058j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the preparation of a novel microcapsule of ~ 100 μm with a liquid (as compared to solid-like alginate hydrogel) core and an alginate-chitosan-alginate (ACA) shell for encapsulation and culture of embryonic stem (ES) cells in the miniaturized 3D space of the liquid core. Murine R1 ES cells cultured in the microcapsules were found to survive (> 90%) well and proliferate to form either a single aggregate of pluripotent cells or embryoid body (EB) of more differentiated cells in each microcapsule within 7 days, dependent on the culture medium used. This novel microcapsule technology allows massive production of the cell aggregates or EBs of uniform size and controllable pluripotency, which is important for the practical application of stem cell based therapy. Moreover, the semipermeable ACA shell was found to significantly reduce immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding to the encapsulated cells by up to 8.2 times, compared to non-encapsulated cardiac fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, and ES cells. This reduction should minimize inflammatory and immune responses induced damage to the cells implanted in vivo becasue IgG binding is an important first step of the undesired host responses. Therefore, the ACA microcapsule with selective shell permeability should be of importance to advance the emerging cell-based medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujie Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA ; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA ; Biomolecular Engineering Program, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA
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Joosten EAJ. Biodegradable biomatrices and bridging the injured spinal cord: the corticospinal tract as a proof of principle. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:375-95. [PMID: 22411698 PMCID: PMC3375422 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Important advances in the development of smart biodegradable implants for axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury have recently been reported. These advances are evaluated in this review with special emphasis on the regeneration of the corticospinal tract. The corticospinal tract is often considered the ultimate challenge in demonstrating whether a repair strategy has been successful in the regeneration of the injured mammalian spinal cord. The extensive know-how of factors and cells involved in the development of the corticospinal tract, and the advances made in material science and tissue engineering technology, have provided the foundations for the optimization of the biomatrices needed for repair. Based on the findings summarized in this review, the future development of smart biodegradable bridges for CST regrowth and regeneration in the injured spinal cord is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elbert A J Joosten
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management and Research Center, Maastricht University Medical Hospital, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Khaing ZZ, Geissler SA, Jiang S, Milman BD, Aguilar SV, Schmidt CE, Schallert T. Assessing Forelimb Function after Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: Novel Forelimb Tasks Predict Lesion Severity and Recovery. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:488-98. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zin Z. Khaing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Sydney A. Geissler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Brian D. Milman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Sandra V. Aguilar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Christine E. Schmidt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Timothy Schallert
- The Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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Spatial characterization of the motor neuron columns supplying the rat forelimb. Neuroscience 2012; 200:19-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Gene therapy, neurotrophic factors and spinal cord regeneration. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 109:563-74. [PMID: 23098737 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52137-8.00035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in understanding the mechanisms that limit axon regeneration in the adult mammalian central nervous system and in addressing some of the obstacles for axon growth. Despite this progress numerous challenges remain to achieve regeneration of a large number of axons sufficient to mediate functional improvement. Given the complexity of injury-induced changes in axon, cell body, and parenchyma surrounding a spinal cord lesion, it seems likely that multiple factors both intrinsic and extrinsic to injured neurons have to be addressed to augment axon regeneration and useful reorganization of spared circuitry. Neurotrophic factors have been shown to be one potent means to increase the number and range of regenerating axons, to guide regenerating axons across a lesion site, and to augment regenerative cell body responses to injury. In this chapter we will review the potential and current limitations of neurotrophic factors and gene therapy, in combination with cellular transplants, for axon regeneration and sprouting in the injured spinal cord.
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Heiligenstein S, Cucchiarini M, Laschke MW, Bohle RM, Kohn D, Menger MD, Madry H. Evaluation of nonbiomedical and biomedical grade alginates for the transplantation of genetically modified articular chondrocytes to cartilage defects in a large animal model in vivo. J Gene Med 2011; 13:230-42. [PMID: 21449036 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically modified chondrocytes embedded in alginate improve cartilage repair in experimental models, and alginates are clinically used for articular chondrocyte transplantation. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the alginate system allows for sustained transgene expression in cartilage defects in a preclinical large animal model in vivo. METHODS Primary cultures of ovine articular chondrocytes were transfected with the Photinus pyralis luc or the Escherichia coli lacZ genes in monolayer culture in vitro using eight different nonviral compounds. Optimally transfected chondrocytes were encapsulated in spheres composed of nonbiomedical or biomedical grade alginates for evaluation of luciferase expression, cell numbers and viabilities in vitro. Transfected chondrocytes encapsulated in spheres comprised of the different alginates were then implanted into osteochondral defects in the knee joints of sheep to examine the profiles of transgene expression in vivo. RESULTS Ovine articular chondrocytes were efficiently transfected with FuGENE 6. Transgene expression was detectable after encapsulation in the alginates over 21 days in vitro. Transplantation of genetically modified chondrocytes to cartilage defects in vivo resulted in maximal transgene expression on day 1 after transfection, with a decrease by day 21, the longest time point evaluated. Remarkably, the reduction in luciferase activity was less pronounced when biomedical grade alginates were employed, compared to nonbiomedical grade alginates, suggesting that such alginates might be better suited to support elevated transgene expression after transplantation of genetically modified chondrocytes. CONCLUSIONS This approach may be of value to study the effects of potential therapeutic genes upon cartilage repair in a clinically relevant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Heiligenstein
- Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
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Morris R, Tosolini AP, Goldstein JD, Whishaw IQ. Impaired arpeggio movement in skilled reaching by rubrospinal tract lesions in the rat: a behavioral/anatomical fractionation. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:2439-51. [PMID: 21612320 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury damaging the rubrospinal tract (RST) interferes with skilled forelimb movement, but identification of the precise role of the RST in this behavior is impeded by the difficulty of surgically isolating the RST from other pathways running within the lateral funiculus (LF). The present study used a skilled reaching task and a behavioral/anatomical dissection method to identify the contribution of the RST to skilled forelimb movement. Rats were trained on the skilled reaching task and subjected to lesions of the LF. Based on histological evaluation, the animals were assigned to large, medium, or small LF lesion size groups. End point and arm/hand/digit movements were subsequently identified for each group. Success was impaired in all groups, but the impairment was not related to lesion size. Frame-by-frame qualitative analysis of the video recordings revealed that large LF lesions abolished the elements of digits close, digits open, arpeggio, grasp, supination 2, and release. Medium LF lesions interfered with a subset of the movement elements that were shown to be affected by the large LF lesions, namely arpeggio and grasp. Only the arpeggio movement was compromised after small LF lesions. The results show that not only does the LF contribute to skilled reaching, but because the RST was likely to have been damaged in all lesion groups, the RST is more involved in hand rotation than in digit use. The results are discussed in relation to the fiber tracts that are likely to be damaged in the different LF lesion groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Morris
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Francis NL, Shanbhag MS, Fischer I, Wheatley MA. Influence of alginate cross-linking method on neurite response to microencapsulated neurotrophin-producing fibroblasts. J Microencapsul 2011; 28:353-62. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2011.569765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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