1
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Gamble MC, Williams BR, Singh N, Posa L, Freyberg Z, Logan RW, Puig S. Mu-opioid receptor and receptor tyrosine kinase crosstalk: Implications in mechanisms of opioid tolerance, reduced analgesia to neuropathic pain, dependence, and reward. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:1059089. [PMID: 36532632 PMCID: PMC9751598 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.1059089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of opioid misuse, opioids remain the frontline treatment regimen for severe pain. However, opioid safety is hampered by side-effects such as analgesic tolerance, reduced analgesia to neuropathic pain, physical dependence, or reward. These side effects promote development of opioid use disorders and ultimately cause overdose deaths due to opioid-induced respiratory depression. The intertwined nature of signaling via μ-opioid receptors (MOR), the primary target of prescription opioids, with signaling pathways responsible for opioid side-effects presents important challenges. Therefore, a critical objective is to uncouple cellular and molecular mechanisms that selectively modulate analgesia from those that mediate side-effects. One such mechanism could be the transactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) via MOR. Notably, MOR-mediated side-effects can be uncoupled from analgesia signaling via targeting RTK family receptors, highlighting physiological relevance of MOR-RTKs crosstalk. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge surrounding the basic pharmacology of RTKs and bidirectional regulation of MOR signaling, as well as how MOR-RTK signaling may modulate undesirable effects of chronic opioid use, including opioid analgesic tolerance, reduced analgesia to neuropathic pain, physical dependence, and reward. Further research is needed to better understand RTK-MOR transactivation signaling pathways, and to determine if RTKs are a plausible therapeutic target for mitigating opioid side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie C. Gamble
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Benjamin R. Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Navsharan Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Luca Posa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zachary Freyberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ryan W. Logan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stephanie Puig
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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2
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Tsivelekas KK, Evangelopoulos DS, Pallis D, Benetos IS, Papadakis SA, Vlamis J, Pneumaticos SG. Angiogenesis in Spinal Cord Injury: Progress and Treatment. Cureus 2022; 14:e25475. [PMID: 35800787 PMCID: PMC9246426 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) provokes the onset of an intricate pathological process. Initial primary injury ruptures local micro-neuro-vascularcomplex triggering the commencement of multi-factorial secondary sequences which exert significant influence on neurological deterioration progress. Stimulating by local ischemia, neovascularization pathways emerge to provide neuroprotection and improve functional recovery. Although angiogenetic processes are prompted, newly formed vascular system is frequently inadequate to distribute sufficient blood supply and improve axonal recovery. Several treatment interventions have been endeavored to achieve the optimal conditions in SCI microenvironment, enhancing angiogenesis and improve functional recovery. In this study we review the revascularization pathogenesis and importance within the secondary processes and condense the proangiogenic influence of several angiogenetic-targeted treatment interventions.
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3
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Mikhailova MM, Volobueva MN, Panteleyev AA. Mechanisms driving the initiation and direction of endothelial sprouting in organotypic co-culture of aorta and spinal cord tissues. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 39:679-687. [PMID: 33904209 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The resumption of blood supply in spinal cord (SC) after injury is a prerequisite of its recovery. To expose the mechanisms of damaged SC revascularization we have used an organotypic SC/aortic fragments (AF) co-culture where, as we showed previously, damaged SC tissue induces AF cell sprouting but repels them away. Supplementation of culture medium with exogenous VEGF-A165 redirects the migrating aortic endothelial cells towards SC tissue. This effect and the pattern of sFlt1 expression (a soluble form of VEGFR1) suggest that the low level of SC-secreted VEGF and the presence of sFlt1 in SC slices together prevent the migration of aortic CD31+ cells to the SC in the absence of exogenous VEGF. VEGF-A165 supplementation sequesters this inhibitory activity of sFlt1 by direct binding thus allowing CD31+ cell migration in to SC tissue. Proteome analysis has shown that migration/proliferation of CD31+ and αSMA+ aortic cells in neuronal culture medium used in our SC/AF model (which obstruct sprouting by itself) was resumed by combined action of several pro- (aFGF, bFGF, Osteopontin, TF, IGFBP2, SDF1) and anti-angiogenic (Endostatin/Collagen18) factors. The mutual influence of AF and SC tissues is a key factor balancing these factors and thus driving endothelial sprouting in SC injury zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya M Mikhailova
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Complex of NBICS-Technologies, Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria N Volobueva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Panteleyev
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Complex of NBICS-Technologies, Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Červenka J, Tylečková J, Kupcová Skalníková H, Vodičková Kepková K, Poliakh I, Valeková I, Pfeiferová L, Kolář M, Vaškovičová M, Pánková T, Vodička P. Proteomic Characterization of Human Neural Stem Cells and Their Secretome During in vitro Differentiation. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:612560. [PMID: 33584205 PMCID: PMC7876319 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.612560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapies represent a promising approach to slow down the progression of currently untreatable neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), as well as to support the reconstruction of functional neural circuits after spinal cord injuries. In such therapies, the grafted cells could either functionally integrate into the damaged tissue, partially replacing dead or damaged cells, modulate inflammatory reaction, reduce tissue damage, or support neuronal survival by secretion of cytokines, growth, and trophic factors. Comprehensive characterization of cells and their proliferative potential, differentiation status, and population purity before transplantation is crucial to preventing safety risks, e.g., a tumorous growth due to the proliferation of undifferentiated stem cells. We characterized changes in the proteome and secretome of human neural stem cells (NSCs) during their spontaneous (EGF/FGF2 withdrawal) differentiation and differentiation with trophic support by BDNF/GDNF supplementation. We used LC-MS/MS in SWATH-MS mode for global cellular proteome profiling and quantified almost three thousand cellular proteins. Our analysis identified substantial protein differences in the early stages of NSC differentiation with more than a third of all the proteins regulated (including known neuronal and NSC multipotency markers) and revealed that the BDNF/GDNF support affected more the later stages of the NSC differentiation. Among the pathways identified as activated during both spontaneous and BDNF/GDNF differentiation were the HIF-1 signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, and VEGF signaling pathway. Our follow-up secretome analysis using Luminex multiplex immunoassay revealed significant changes in the secretion of VEGF and IL-6 during NSC differentiation. Our results further demonstrated an increased expression of neuropilin-1 as well as catenin β-1, both known to participate in the regulation of VEGF signaling, and showed that VEGF-A isoform 121 (VEGF121), in particular, induces proliferation and supports survival of differentiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Červenka
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Research Center PIGMOD, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czechia.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiřina Tylečková
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Research Center PIGMOD, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czechia
| | - Helena Kupcová Skalníková
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Research Center PIGMOD, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Vodičková Kepková
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Research Center PIGMOD, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czechia
| | - Ievgeniia Poliakh
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Research Center PIGMOD, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czechia.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ivona Valeková
- Laboratory of Cell Regeneration and Plasticity, Research Center PIGMOD, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czechia
| | - Lucie Pfeiferová
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Informatics and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michal Kolář
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michaela Vaškovičová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Laboratory of DNA Integrity, Research Center PIGMOD, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czechia
| | - Tereza Pánková
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Research Center PIGMOD, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czechia.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Vodička
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Research Center PIGMOD, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czechia
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5
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Boraiah V, Modgil S, Sharma K, Podder V, Sivapuram MS, Miranpuri GS, Anand A, Goni V. Altered Expression of Heat Shock Protein-27 and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 after Acute Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2019; 10:452-458. [PMID: 31595117 PMCID: PMC6779554 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1697683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to serious complications involving primary trauma and progressive loss due to inflammation, local ischemia, or infection. Despite a worldwide annual incidence of 15 to 40 cases per million, methylprednisolone is the only treatment available to alleviate neurologic dysfunction; therefore, research is currently focused on identifying novel targets by biochemical and molecular studies.
Purpose
Here, we investigated the expression of various molecular markers at the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein level at day 0 and day 30 post-SCI.
Methods
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to determine the expression of CASPASE-3 and heat shock protein-27 (HSP-27) in serum samples. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to determine the level of mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1), VEGFR-2, HSP-27, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and CASPASE-3.
Results
HSP-27 expression at day 30, as compared with day 0, showed significant downregulation. In contrast, there was elevated expression of MCP-1. ELISA analysis showed no significant change in the expression of CASPASE-3 or HSP-27.
Conclusion
There may be possible opposing role of HSP-27 and MCP-1 governing SCI. Their association can be studied by designing in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyasagar Boraiah
- Department of Orthopaedics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shweta Modgil
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.,Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kaushal Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.,Centre for System Biology and Bioinformatics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vivek Podder
- Department of General Medicine, Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Narketpally, Telangana, India
| | - Madhava Sai Sivapuram
- Department of General Medicine, Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, Chinna Avutapalli, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Gurwattan S Miranpuri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Akshay Anand
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vijay Goni
- Department of Orthopaedics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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6
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Svobodova B, Kloudova A, Ruzicka J, Kajtmanova L, Navratil L, Sedlacek R, Suchy T, Jhanwar-Uniyal M, Jendelova P, Machova Urdzikova L. The effect of 808 nm and 905 nm wavelength light on recovery after spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7660. [PMID: 31113985 PMCID: PMC6529518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of a Multiwave Locked System laser (with a simultaneous 808 nm continuous emission and 905 nm pulse emission) on the spinal cord after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. The functional recovery was measured by locomotor tests (BBB, Beam walking, MotoRater) and a sensitivity test (Plantar test). The locomotor tests showed a significant improvement of the locomotor functions of the rats after laser treatment from the first week following lesioning, compared to the controls. The laser treatment significantly diminished thermal hyperalgesia after SCI as measured by the Plantar test. The atrophy of the soleus muscle was reduced in the laser treated rats. The histopathological investigation showed a positive effect of the laser therapy on white and gray matter sparing. Our data suggests an upregulation of M2 macrophages in laser treated animals by the increasing number of double labeled CD68+/CD206+ cells in the cranial and central parts of the lesion, compared to the control animals. A shift in microglial/macrophage polarization was confirmed by gene expression analysis by significant mRNA downregulation of Cd86 (marker of inflammatory M1), and non-significant upregulation of Arg1 (marker of M2). These results demonstrated that the combination of 808 nm and 905 nm wavelength light is a promising non-invasive therapy for improving functional recovery and tissue sparing after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Svobodova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Kloudova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Ruzicka
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Leos Navratil
- Department of Health Care Disciplines and Population Protection, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Sedlacek
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Mechanics, Biomechanics and Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Suchy
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Mechanics, Biomechanics and Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Pavla Jendelova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic. .,2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucia Machova Urdzikova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic. .,2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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7
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Wang L, Shi Q, Dai J, Gu Y, Feng Y, Chen L. Increased vascularization promotes functional recovery in the transected spinal cord rats by implanted vascular endothelial growth factor-targeting collagen scaffold. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1024-1034. [PMID: 28786500 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is global health concern. The effective strategies for SCI are relevant to the improvement on nerve regeneration microenvironment. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important cytokine for inducing angiogenesis and accelerating nerve system function recovery from injury. We proposed that VEGF could improve nerve regeneration in SCI. However, an uncontrolled delivery system target to injury site not only decreases the therapeutic efficacy but also increases the risk of tumor information. We implanted collagen scaffold (CS) targeted with a constructed protein, collagen-binding VEGF (CBD-VEGF), to bridge transected spine cord gap in a rat transected SCI model. Functional and histological examinations were conducted to assess the repair capacity of the delivery system CS/CBD-VEGF. The results indicated that the implantation of CS/CBD-VEGF into the model rats improved the survival rate and exerted beneficial effect on functional recovery. The controlled intervention improved the microenvironment, guided axon growth, and promoted neovascularization at the injury site. Therefore, the delivery system with stable binding of VEGF potentially provides a better therapeutic option for SCI. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1024-1034, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P.R. China
| | - Qin Shi
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Beijing, 100000, P.R. China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P.R. China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P.R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P.R. China
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8
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Zeng Y, Han H, Tang B, Chen J, Mao D, Xiong M. Transplantation of Recombinant Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)189-Neural Stem Cells Downregulates Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and Improves Motor Outcome in Spinal Cord Injury. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:1089-1096. [PMID: 29466323 PMCID: PMC5829538 DOI: 10.12659/msm.905264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes a rapid loss of motor neurons, leading to weakness and paralysis. Transplantation of neural stem cells is known to restore the neuronal activity but is inefficient due to limited regenerative capability and low rate of survival. There has been an emphasis on the use of growth factors along with neural stem cells (NSCs) to enhance the neuronal recovery. Transplantation of recombinant NSCs with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) might promote neuronal repair. This effect might be attributed to the reduced transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) expression following transplantation. Material/Methods NSCs were cultured from the embryos of Sprague-Dawley rats (E12.5). Four group of rats (n=10, each) were subjected to SCI and allowed to recover for 1 week. Recombinant VEGF-NSCs, normal NSCs and PBS were intrathecally administered to the rats. VEGF and TRPV-1 expression at mRNA and protein level was evaluated. ELISA was performed to determine the release of neurotrophic factors after the transplantation. Motor neurons and axons were counted and the motor behavioral outcome was assessed using the rota-rod test. Results VEGF-NSC transgene transplantation resulted in an enhanced neuronal repair and motor behavioral outcome compared to the normal NSCs transplanted group. VEGF-NSCs increased the release of neurotrophic factors and reduced the expression of TRPV1. Conclusions Recombinant VEGF-NSCs transplantation following SCI is more efficacious compared to normal NSC transplantation. This might also be related to a reduced pain in the process of recovery due to reduced TRPV1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongfeng Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Heng Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongfeng Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Bing Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongfeng Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongfeng Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Dan Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongfeng Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Min Xiong
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongfeng Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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9
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Alvino VV, Fernández-Jiménez R, Rodriguez-Arabaolaza I, Slater S, Mangialardi G, Avolio E, Spencer H, Culliford L, Hassan S, Sueiro Ballesteros L, Herman A, Ayaon-Albarrán A, Galán-Arriola C, Sánchez-González J, Hennessey H, Delmege C, Ascione R, Emanueli C, Angelini GD, Ibanez B, Madeddu P. Transplantation of Allogeneic Pericytes Improves Myocardial Vascularization and Reduces Interstitial Fibrosis in a Swine Model of Reperfused Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.006727. [PMID: 29358198 PMCID: PMC5850145 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplantation of adventitial pericytes (APCs) promotes cardiac repair in murine models of myocardial infarction. The aim of present study was to confirm the benefit of APC therapy in a large animal model. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a blind, randomized, placebo-controlled APC therapy trial in a swine model of reperfused myocardial infarction. A first study used human APCs (hAPCs) from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A second study used allogeneic swine APCs (sAPCs). Primary end points were (1) ejection fraction as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and (2) myocardial vascularization and fibrosis as determined by immunohistochemistry. Transplantation of hAPCs reduced fibrosis but failed to improve the other efficacy end points. Incompatibility of the xenogeneic model was suggested by the occurrence of a cytotoxic response following in vitro challenge of hAPCs with swine spleen lymphocytes and the failure to retrieve hAPCs in transplanted hearts. We next considered sAPCs as an alternative. Flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, and functional/cytotoxic assays indicate that sAPCs are a surrogate of hAPCs. Transplantation of allogeneic sAPCs benefited capillary density and fibrosis but did not improve cardiac magnetic resonance imaging indices of contractility. Transplanted cells were detected in the border zone. CONCLUSIONS Immunologic barriers limit the applicability of a xenogeneic swine model to assess hAPC efficacy. On the other hand, we newly show that transplantation of allogeneic sAPCs is feasible, safe, and immunologically acceptable. The approach induces proangiogenic and antifibrotic benefits, though these effects were not enough to result in functional improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Fernández-Jiménez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Sadie Slater
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Mangialardi
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Avolio
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Spencer
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Culliford
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sakinah Hassan
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew Herman
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Ayaon-Albarrán
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Adult Cardiac Surgery Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Galán-Arriola
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Helena Hennessey
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Delmege
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Raimondo Ascione
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Costanza Emanueli
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Gianni Davide Angelini
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Borja Ibanez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain .,IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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10
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Li J, Chen S, Zhao Z, Luo Y, Hou Y, Li H, He L, Zhou L, Wu W. Effect of VEGF on Inflammatory Regulation, Neural Survival, and Functional Improvement in Rats following a Complete Spinal Cord Transection. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:381. [PMID: 29238292 PMCID: PMC5712574 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After complete transection of the thoracic spinal segment, neonatal rats exhibit spontaneous locomotor recovery of hindlimbs, but this recovery is not found in adult rats after similar injury. The potential mechanism related to the difference in recovery of neonatal and adult rats remains unknown. In this study, 342 animals were analyzed. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level in spinal segments below injury sites was significantly higher in postnatal day 1 rats (P1) compared with 28-day-old adult rats (P28) following a complete T9 transection. VEGF administration in P28 rats with T9 transection significantly improved the functional recovery; by contrast, treatment with VEGF receptor inhibitors in P1 rats with T9 transection slowed down the spontaneous functional recovery. Results showed more neurons reduced in the lumbar spinal cord and worse local neural network reorganization below injury sites in P28 rats than those in P1 rats. Transynaptic tracing with pseudorabies virus and double immunofluorescence analysis indicated that VEGF treatment in P28 rats alleviated the reduced number of neurons and improved their network reorganization. VEGF inhibition in neonates resulted in high neuronal death rate and deteriorated network reorganization. In in vivo studies, T9 transection induced less increase in the number of microglia in the spinal cord in P1 animals than P28 animals. VEGF treatment reduced the increase in microglial cells in P28 animals. VEGF administration in cultured spinal motoneurons prevented lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuronal death and facilitated neurite growth. Western blots of the samples of lumbar spinal cord after spinal transection and cultured spinal motoneurons showed a lower level of Erk1/2 phosphorylation after the injury or LPS induction compared with that in the control. The phosphorylation level increased after VEGF treatment. In conclusion, VEGF is a critical mediator involved in functional recovery after spinal transection and can be considered a potential target for clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Shuangxi Chen
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhikai Zhao
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunhao Luo
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhui Hou
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Anatomy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Liumin He
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Libing Zhou
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wutian Wu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Anatomy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Re-Stem Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
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11
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Dey S, Bose S, Kumar S, Rathore R, Mathur R, Jain S. Extremely low frequency magnetic field protects injured spinal cord from the microglia- and iron-induced tissue damage. Electromagn Biol Med 2017; 36:330-340. [PMID: 29140736 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2017.1389750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is insult to the spinal cord, which results in loss of sensory and motor function below the level of injury. SCI results in both immediate mechanical damage and secondary tissue degeneration. Following traumatic insult, activated microglia release proinflammatory cytokines and excess iron due to hemorrhage, initiating oxidative stress that contributes to secondary degeneration. Literature suggests that benefits are visible with the reduction in concentration of iron and activated microglia in SCI. Magnetic field attenuates oxidative stress and promotes axonal regeneration in vitro and in vivo. The present study demonstrates the potential of extremely low frequency magnetic field to attenuate microglia- and iron-induced secondary injury in SCI rats. Complete transection of the spinal cord (T13 level) was performed in male Wistar rats and subsequently exposed to magnetic field (50 Hz,17.96 µT) for 2 h daily for 8 weeks. At the end of the study period, spinal cords were dissected to quantify microglia, macrophage, iron content and study the architecture of lesion site. A significant improvement in locomotion was observed in rats of the SCI + MF group as compared to those in the SCI group. Histology, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry revealed significant reduction in lesion volume, microglia, macrophage, collagen tissue and iron content, whereas, a significantly higher vascular endothelial growth factor expression around the epicenter of the lesion in SCI + MF group as compared to SCI group. These novel findings suggest that exposure to ELF-MF reduces lesion volume, inflammation and iron content in addition to facilitation of angiogenesis following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumil Dey
- a Department of Physiology , All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - Samrat Bose
- a Department of Physiology , All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - Suneel Kumar
- a Department of Physiology , All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - Ravinder Rathore
- b Department of Microbiology , All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - Rashmi Mathur
- c Department of Physiology , NDMC Medical College and Hindurao Hospital , New Delhi , India
| | - Suman Jain
- a Department of Physiology , All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
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12
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Izmailov AA, Povysheva TV, Bashirov FV, Sokolov ME, Fadeev FO, Garifulin RR, Naroditsky BS, Logunov DY, Salafutdinov II, Chelyshev YA, Islamov RR, Lavrov IA. Spinal Cord Molecular and Cellular Changes Induced by Adenoviral Vector- and Cell-Mediated Triple Gene Therapy after Severe Contusion. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:813. [PMID: 29180963 PMCID: PMC5693893 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene therapy has been successful in treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) in several animal models, although it still remains unavailable for clinical practice. Surprisingly, regardless the fact that multiple reports showed motor recovery with gene therapy, little is known about molecular and cellular changes in the post-traumatic spinal cord following viral vector- or cell-mediated gene therapy. In this study we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy and changes in spinal cord after treatment with the genes encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), angiogenin (ANG), and neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) applied using both approaches. Therapeutic genes were used for viral vector- and cell-mediated gene therapy in two combinations: (1) VEGF+GDNF+NCAM and (2) VEGF+ANG+NCAM. For direct gene therapy adenoviral vectors based on serotype 5 (Ad5) were injected intrathecally and for cell-mediated gene delivery human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (UCB-MC) were simultaneously transduced with three Ad5 vectors and injected intrathecally 4 h after the SCI. The efficacy of both treatments was confirmed by improvement in behavioral (BBB) test. Molecular and cellular changes following post-traumatic recovery were evaluated with immunofluorescent staining using antibodies against the functional markers of motorneurons (Hsp27, synaptophysin, PSD95), astrocytes (GFAP, vimentin), oligodendrocytes (Olig2, NG2, Cx47) and microglial cells (Iba1). Our results suggest that both approaches with intrathecal delivery of therapeutic genes may support functional recovery of post-traumatic spinal cord via lowering the stress (down regulation of Hsp25) and enhancing the synaptic plasticity (up regulation of PSD95 and synaptophysin), supporting oligodendrocyte proliferation (up regulation of NG2) and myelination (up regulation of Olig2 and Cx47), modulating astrogliosis by reducing number of astrocytes (down regulation of GFAP and vimetin) and microglial cells (down regulation of Iba1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei A Izmailov
- Department of Biology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Farid V Bashirov
- Department of Biology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Mikhail E Sokolov
- Department of Biology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Filip O Fadeev
- Department of Biology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ravil R Garifulin
- Department of Biology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Boris S Naroditsky
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Y Logunov
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilnur I Salafutdinov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal (Volga Region) University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Yuri A Chelyshev
- Department of Biology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Rustem R Islamov
- Department of Biology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia.,Kazan Scientific Center, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Igor A Lavrov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal (Volga Region) University, Kazan, Russia.,Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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13
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Valentin-Kahan A, García-Tejedor GB, Robello C, Trujillo-Cenóz O, Russo RE, Alvarez-Valin F. Gene Expression Profiling in the Injured Spinal Cord of Trachemys scripta elegans: An Amniote with Self-Repair Capabilities. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:17. [PMID: 28223917 PMCID: PMC5293771 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Slider turtles are the only known amniotes with self-repair mechanisms of the spinal cord that lead to substantial functional recovery. Their strategic phylogenetic position makes them a relevant model to investigate the peculiar genetic programs that allow anatomical reconnection in some vertebrate groups but are absent in others. Here, we analyze the gene expression profile of the response to spinal cord injury (SCI) in the turtle Trachemys scripta elegans. We found that this response comprises more than 1000 genes affecting diverse functions: reaction to ischemic insult, extracellular matrix re-organization, cell proliferation and death, immune response, and inflammation. Genes related to synapses and cholesterol biosynthesis are down-regulated. The analysis of the evolutionary distribution of these genes shows that almost all are present in most vertebrates. Additionally, we failed to find genes that were exclusive of regenerating taxa. The comparison of expression patterns among species shows that the response to SCI in the turtle is more similar to that of mice and non-regenerative Xenopus than to Xenopus during its regenerative stage. This observation, along with the lack of conserved “regeneration genes” and the current accepted phylogenetic placement of turtles (sister group of crocodilians and birds), indicates that the ability of spinal cord self-repair of turtles does not represent the retention of an ancestral vertebrate character. Instead, our results suggest that turtles developed this capability from a non-regenerative ancestor (i.e., a lineage specific innovation) that was achieved by re-organizing gene expression patterns on an essentially non-regenerative genetic background. Among the genes activated by SCI exclusively in turtles, those related to anoxia tolerance, extracellular matrix remodeling, and axonal regrowth are good candidates to underlie functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Valentin-Kahan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela B García-Tejedor
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Robello
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de MontevideoMontevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la RepublicaMontevideo, Uruguay
| | - Omar Trujillo-Cenóz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Raúl E Russo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernando Alvarez-Valin
- Sección Biomatemática, Unidad de Genómica Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
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14
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Chen H, Li J, Liang S, Lin B, Peng Q, Zhao P, Cui J, Rao Y. Effect of hypoxia-inducible factor-1/vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway on spinal cord injury in rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:861-866. [PMID: 28450910 PMCID: PMC5403438 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), and to investigate the role of the HIF-1/VEGF signaling pathway following spinal cord injury (SCI). A total of 90 12-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following three groups: Sham group (operation without SCI); control group (SCI without ML228 treatment); and treatment group (SCI receiving ML228 treatment). ML228 was administered as it is an activator of HIF-1α. The control and treatment groups were subjected to spinal cord hemisection and motor activity was evaluated using the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scoring system. Expression of HIF-1α and VEGF in each injured spinal cord section was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Prior to SCI, there were no significant differences in the BBB score among the three groups (P>0.05). However, one day after the operation, the BBB score of the sham group was significantly higher than that of the other two groups (P<0.05) and the BBB scores of the control and treatment groups did not differ significantly (P>0.05). BBB scores 3 and 7 days following surgery were significantly higher in the sham group than the other two groups (P<0.05) and the BBB scores of the treatment group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). The expression of HIF-1α and VEGF proteins in all groups were measured 1, 3 and 7 days after the operation, and it was observed that their expression was higher in the treatment group than in the control group (P<0.05). Therefore, the results of the current study suggest that ML228 may effectively activate the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway to promote the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF proteins within the injured segment of the spinal cord, which promotes neural functional recovery following SCI in rats. Therefore, treatment with ML228 may be developed as a novel therapeutic strategy to treat SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan, Luoyang, Henan 471002, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan, Luoyang, Henan 471002, P.R. China
| | - Shuhan Liang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan, Luoyang, Henan 471002, P.R. China
| | - Bin Lin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan, Luoyang, Henan 471002, P.R. China
| | - Qi Peng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan, Luoyang, Henan 471002, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan, Luoyang, Henan 471002, P.R. China
| | - Jiawei Cui
- Department of Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan, Luoyang, Henan 471002, P.R. China
| | - Yaojian Rao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan, Luoyang, Henan 471002, P.R. China
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15
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Yahata K, Kanno H, Ozawa H, Yamaya S, Tateda S, Ito K, Shimokawa H, Itoi E. Low-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy for promotion of vascular endothelial growth factor expression and angiogenesis and improvement of locomotor and sensory functions after spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg Spine 2016; 25:745-755. [PMID: 27367940 DOI: 10.3171/2016.4.spine15923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is widely used to treat various human diseases. Low-energy ESWT increases expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cultured endothelial cells. The VEGF stimulates not only endothelial cells to promote angiogenesis but also neural cells to induce neuroprotective effects. A previous study by these authors demonstrated that low-energy ESWT promoted expression of VEGF in damaged neural tissue and improved locomotor function after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the neuroprotective mechanisms in the injured spinal cord produced by low-energy ESWT are still unknown. In the present study, the authors investigated the cell specificity of VEGF expression in injured spinal cords and angiogenesis induced by low-energy ESWT. They also examined the neuroprotective effects of low-energy ESWT on cell death, axonal damage, and white matter sparing as well as the therapeutic effect for improvement of sensory function following SCI. METHODS Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the SCI group (SCI only) and SCI-SW group (low-energy ESWT applied after SCI). Thoracic SCI was produced using a New York University Impactor. Low-energy ESWT was applied to the injured spinal cord 3 times a week for 3 weeks after SCI. Locomotor function was evaluated using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan open-field locomotor score for 42 days after SCI. Mechanical and thermal allodynia in the hindpaw were evaluated for 42 days. Double staining for VEGF and various cell-type markers (NeuN, GFAP, and Olig2) was performed at Day 7; TUNEL staining was also performed at Day 7. Immunohistochemical staining for CD31, α-SMA, and 5-HT was performed on spinal cord sections taken 42 days after SCI. Luxol fast blue staining was performed at Day 42. RESULTS Low-energy ESWT significantly improved not only locomotion but also mechanical and thermal allodynia following SCI. In the double staining, expression of VEGF was observed in NeuN-, GFAP-, and Olig2-labeled cells. Low-energy ESWT significantly promoted CD31 and α-SMA expressions in the injured spinal cords. In addition, low-energy ESWT significantly reduced the TUNEL-positive cells in the injured spinal cords. Furthermore, the immunodensity of 5-HT-positive axons was significantly higher in the animals treated by low-energy ESWT. The areas of spared white matter were obviously larger in the SCI-SW group than in the SCI group, as indicated by Luxol fast blue staining. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggested that low-energy ESWT promotes VEGF expression in various neural cells and enhances angiogenesis in damaged neural tissue after SCI. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effect of VEGF induced by low-energy ESWT can suppress cell death and axonal damage and consequently improve locomotor and sensory functions after SCI. Thus, low-energy ESWT can be a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kenta Ito
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimokawa
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eiji Itoi
- Departments of 1 Orthopaedic Surgery and
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16
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Wang L, Jiang Y, Jiang Z, Han L. Effect of low-energy extracorporeal shock wave on vascular regeneration after spinal cord injury and the recovery of motor function. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:2189-98. [PMID: 27621630 PMCID: PMC5012600 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s82864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latest studies show that low-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) can upregulate levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF can ease nervous tissue harm after spinal cord injury (SCI). This study aims to explore whether low-energy ESWT can promote expression of VEGF, protect nervous tissue after SCI, and improve motor function. METHODS Ninety adult female rats were divided into the following groups: Group A (simple laminectomy), Group B (laminectomy and low-energy ESWT), Group C (spinal cord injury), and Group D (spinal cord injury and low-energy ESWT). Impinger was used to cause thoracic spinal cord injury. Low-energy ESWT was applied as treatment after injury three times a week, for 3 weeks. After SCI, the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scale was used to evaluate motor function over a period of 42 days at different time points. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was used to evaluate nerve tissue injury. Neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) staining was also used to evaluate loss of neurons. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of VEGF and its receptor fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (Flt-1). Immunostaining was used to evaluate VEGF protein expression level in myeloid tissue. RESULTS BBB scores of Groups A and B showed no significant result related to dyskinesia. HE and NeuN staining indicated that only using low-energy ESWT could not cause damage of nervous tissue in Group B. Recovery of motor function at 7, 35, and 42 days after SCI in Group D was better than that in Group C (P<0.05). Compared with Group C, number of NeuN-positive cells at 42 days after SCI increased significantly (P<0.05). The mRNA levels of VEGF and Flt-1 and VEGF expression at 7 days after SCI in Group D were significantly higher than those in Group C (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Low-energy ESWT promotes expression of VEGF, decreases secondary damage of nerve tissue, and improves recovery of motor function. It can be regarded as one mode of clinical routine adjunctive therapy for spinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhang Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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17
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Wang H, Wang Y, Li D, Liu Z, Zhao Z, Han D, Yuan Y, Bi J, Mei X. VEGF inhibits the inflammation in spinal cord injury through activation of autophagy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:453-8. [PMID: 26116774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a secreted mitogen associated with angiogenesis and re-vascularization of spinal cord injury (SCI). VEGF has long been thought to be a potent neurotrophic factor for the survival of spinal cord neuron. However, the neuroprotective mechanism of VEGF is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of VEGF on spinal cord injury and its mechanisms. Young male Wistar rats were subjected to SCI and then VEGF165 were injected directly into the lesion epicenter 24 h post injury. We detected Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scores and numbers of motor neuron via Nissl staining. The expressions of autophagy related protein Beclin1 and LC3B were determined by Western blot and RT-PCR. We also detected the contents of inflammation factors interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-10(IL-10) in LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) treated spinal neuron-glia co-culture by ELISA. We found that VEGF165 administration increased the BBB score and reduced the loss of motor neuron of rats induced by SCI. VEGF decreased the protein expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 and up-regulated the expressions of Beclin1 and LC3B of rats. In the in vitro study, VEGF165 decreased the levels of IL-1β, IL-10 and TNF-a in the medium of LPS treated spinal neuron-glia co-culture, which was partially blocked by 3-MA, the inhibitor of autophagy. In addition, VEGF165 up-regulate the expressions of Beclin1 and LC3B in co-culture cells. The results suggested that VEGF165 attenuated the spinal cord injury by inhibiting the inflammation and increasing the autophagy function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Yansong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Dingding Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Ziming Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Donghe Han
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Yajiang Yuan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Jing Bi
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou City, PR China.
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18
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Hu JZ, Long H, Wu TD, Zhou Y, Lu HB. The effect of estrogen-related receptor α on the regulation of angiogenesis after spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 2015; 290:570-80. [PMID: 25665753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-related receptor-α (ERRα) is an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that interacts with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) to stimulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and angiogenesis in a hypoxia-inducible factor-1α-independent pathway. Although it is not regulated by any natural ligand, the action of ERRα can be blocked by the synthetic molecule XCT790. In the present study, Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to a sham group, injury-saline group or injury-XCT90 group. A modified Allen's weight-drop method was applied to induce the acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) model in these rats, and an injection of XCT790 was administered every 24h, starting half an hour after the SCI contusion. Histological analyses revealed that XCT790 significantly aggravated tissue damage and decreased the number of ERRα-positive cells at 1, 3 and 7 days after SCI. Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses also indicated that XCT790 dramatically repressed the expression of ERRα, thus reducing the expression of VEGF and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) throughout the duration of the experiment, but the expression of PGC-1α was not affected. Immunofluorescence analyses indicated that vascular density and endothelial cell proliferation were decreased in the injury-XCT90 group compared with the injury-saline group. These results suggest that ERRα is involved in mediating angiogenesis after SCI in the rat traumatic SCI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - H Long
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - T-D Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Y Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - H-B Lu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Research Center of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, PR China.
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Yu H, Lin B, He Y, Zhang W, Xu Y. Batroxobin protects against spinal cord injury in rats by promoting the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor to reduce apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:1631-1638. [PMID: 26136870 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The host response to spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to an ischemic environment that can induce cell death. Therapeutic interventions using neurotrophic factors have focused on the prevention of such reactions in order to reduce this cell death. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic and vascular permeability factor. We hypothesized in this study that batroxobin would exhibit protective effects following SCI by promoting the expression of VEGF to reduce the levels of apoptosis in a rat model of SCI. Ninety adult female Sprague Dawley rats were divided randomly into sham injury (group I), SCI (group II) and batroxobin treatment (group III) groups. The Basso-Bettie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores, number of apoptotic cells and expression of VEGF were assessed at 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 28 days post-injury. The BBB scores were significantly improved in group III compared with those in group II between days 5 and 28 post-injury (P<0.05). At each time-point subsequent to the injury, the number of apoptotic cells in group III was reduced compared with that in group II. Compared with group II, treatment with batroxobin significantly increased the expression of VEGF from day 3 until 2 weeks post-SCI (P<0.05), while no significant difference was observed at day 28. These data suggest that batroxobin has multiple beneficial effects on SCI, indicating a potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The 175th Hospital of the PLA, Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The 175th Hospital of the PLA, Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, P.R. China
| | - Yongzhi He
- Department of Orthopedics, The 175th Hospital of the PLA, Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The 175th Hospital of the PLA, Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The 175th Hospital of the PLA, Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, Fujian 363000, P.R. China
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Yamaya S, Ozawa H, Kanno H, Kishimoto KN, Sekiguchi A, Tateda S, Yahata K, Ito K, Shimokawa H, Itoi E. Low-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy promotes vascular endothelial growth factor expression and improves locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg 2014; 121:1514-25. [DOI: 10.3171/2014.8.jns132562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Object
Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is widely used for the clinical treatment of various human diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that low-energy ESWT upregulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and promotes angiogenesis and functional recovery in myocardial infarction and peripheral artery disease. Many previous reports suggested that VEGF produces a neuroprotective effect to reduce secondary neural tissue damage after spinal cord injury (SCI). The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether lowenergy ESWT promotes VEGF expression and neuroprotection and improves locomotor recovery after SCI.
Methods
Sixty adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham group (laminectomy only), sham-SW group (low-energy ESWT applied after laminectomy), SCI group (SCI only), and SCI-SW group (low-energy ESWT applied after SCI). Thoracic spinal cord contusion injury was inflicted using an impactor. Low-energy ESWT was applied to the injured spinal cord 3 times a week for 3 weeks. Locomotor function was evaluated using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) Scale (open field locomotor score) at different time points over 42 days after SCI. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to assess neural tissue damage in the spinal cord. Neuronal loss was investigated by immunostaining for NeuN. The mRNA expressions of VEGF and its receptor, Flt-1, in the spinal cord were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunostaining for VEGF was performed to evaluate VEGF protein expression in the spinal cord.
Results
In both the sham and sham-SW groups, no animals showed locomotor impairment on BBB scoring. Histological analysis of H & E and NeuN stainings in the sham-SW group confirmed that no neural tissue damage was induced by the low-energy ESWT. Importantly, animals in the SCI-SW group demonstrated significantly better locomotor improvement than those in the SCI group at 7, 35, and 42 days after injury (p < 0.05). The number of NeuN-positive cells in the SCI-SW group was significantly higher than that in the SCI group at 42 days after injury (p < 0.05). In addition, mRNA expressions of VEGF and Flt-1 were significantly increased in the SCI-SW group compared with the SCI group at 7 days after injury (p < 0.05). The expression of VEGF protein in the SCI-SW group was significantly higher than that in the SCI group at 7 days (p < 0.01).
Conclusions
The present study showed that low-energy ESWT significantly increased expressions of VEGF and Flt-1 in the spinal cord without any detrimental effect. Furthermore, it significantly reduced neuronal loss in damaged neural tissue and improved locomotor function after SCI. These results suggested that low-energy ESWT enhances the neuroprotective effect of VEGF in reducing secondary injury and leads to better locomotor recovery following SCI. This study provides the first evidence that low-energy ESWT can be a safe and promising therapeutic strategy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kenta Ito
- 2Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimokawa
- 2Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eiji Itoi
- 1Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and
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Mecollari V, Nieuwenhuis B, Verhaagen J. A perspective on the role of class III semaphorin signaling in central nervous system trauma. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:328. [PMID: 25386118 PMCID: PMC4209881 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury of the central nervous system (CNS) has severe impact on the patients’ quality of life and initiates many molecular and cellular changes at the site of insult. Traumatic CNS injury results in direct damage of the axons of CNS neurons, loss of myelin sheaths, destruction of the surrounding vascular architecture and initiation of an immune response. Class III semaphorins (SEMA3s) are present in the neural scar and influence a wide range of molecules and cell types in and surrounding the injured tissue. SEMA3s and their receptors, neuropilins (NRPs) and plexins (PLXNs) were initially studied because of their involvement in repulsive axon guidance. To date, SEMA3 signaling is recognized to be of crucial importance for re-vascularization, the immune response and remyelination. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss how SEMA3s modulate these processes that are all crucial components of the tissue response to injury. Most of the functions for SEMA3s are achieved through their binding partners NRPs, which are also co-receptors for a variety of other molecules implicated in the above processes. The most notable ligands are members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and the transforming growth factor family. Therefore, a second aim is to highlight the overlapping or competing signaling pathways that are mediated through NRPs in the same processes. In conclusion, we show that the role of SEMA3s goes beyond inhibiting axonal regeneration, since they are also critical modulators of re-vascularization, the immune response and re-myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasil Mecollari
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bart Nieuwenhuis
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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22
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Hulse RP, Beazley-Long N, Hua J, Kennedy H, Prager J, Bevan H, Qiu Y, Fernandes ES, Gammons MV, Ballmer-Hofer K, Gittenberger de Groot AC, Churchill AJ, Harper SJ, Brain SD, Bates DO, Donaldson LF. Regulation of alternative VEGF-A mRNA splicing is a therapeutic target for analgesia. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 71:245-59. [PMID: 25151644 PMCID: PMC4194316 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is best known as a key regulator of the formation of new blood vessels. Neutralization of VEGF-A with anti-VEGF therapy e.g. bevacizumab, can be painful, and this is hypothesized to result from a loss of VEGF-A-mediated neuroprotection. The multiple vegf-a gene products consist of two alternatively spliced families, typified by VEGF-A165a and VEGF-A165b (both contain 165 amino acids), both of which are neuroprotective. Under pathological conditions, such as in inflammation and cancer, the pro-angiogenic VEGF-A165a is upregulated and predominates over the VEGF-A165b isoform. We show here that in rats and mice VEGF-A165a and VEGF-A165b have opposing effects on pain, and that blocking the proximal splicing event – leading to the preferential expression of VEGF-A165b over VEGF165a – prevents pain in vivo. VEGF-A165a sensitizes peripheral nociceptive neurons through actions on VEGFR2 and a TRPV1-dependent mechanism, thus enhancing nociceptive signaling. VEGF-A165b blocks the effect of VEGF-A165a. After nerve injury, the endogenous balance of VEGF-A isoforms switches to greater expression of VEGF-Axxxa compared to VEGF-Axxxb, through an SRPK1-dependent pre-mRNA splicing mechanism. Pharmacological inhibition of SRPK1 after traumatic nerve injury selectively reduced VEGF-Axxxa expression and reversed associated neuropathic pain. Exogenous VEGF-A165b also ameliorated neuropathic pain. We conclude that the relative levels of alternatively spliced VEGF-A isoforms are critical for pain modulation under both normal conditions and in sensory neuropathy. Altering VEGF-Axxxa/VEGF-Axxxb balance by targeting alternative RNA splicing may be a new analgesic strategy. The different vegf-a splice variants, VEGF-A165a and VEGF-A165b have pro- and anti-nociceptive actions respectively. Pro-nociceptive actions of VEGF-A165a are dependent on TRPV1. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing underpins peripheral sensitization by VEGF-A isoforms in normal and neuropathic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Hulse
- Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG2 7UH, UK
| | - N Beazley-Long
- Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; School of Life Sciences, The Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG2 7UH, UK
| | - J Hua
- Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - H Kennedy
- Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - J Prager
- Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - H Bevan
- Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Y Qiu
- Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | - M V Gammons
- Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | | | - A J Churchill
- Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LX, UK
| | - S J Harper
- Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - S D Brain
- King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - D O Bates
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG2 7UH, UK.
| | - L F Donaldson
- Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; School of Life Sciences, The Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG2 7UH, UK.
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23
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Effect of VEGF and CX43 on the promotion of neurological recovery by hyperbaric oxygen treatment in spinal cord-injured rats. Spine J 2014; 14:119-27. [PMID: 24183749 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious health issue that may result in high health care costs, with additional social and psychological burdens. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment has been found to be beneficial for neurological recovery; however, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be characterized. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of HBO treatment in SCI by measuring the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Connexin43 (CX43) in the injured spinal cord tissue. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING An experiment animal study of rats undergoing SCI and HBO treatment. METHODS The spinal cord injury model was established in rats, which were randomly divided into the following four groups: (1) the sham-operated group (SH), (2) the sham-operated and hyperbaric oxygen treatment group (SH+HBO), (3) the spinal cord injury group (SCI), and (4) the spinal cord injury and hyperbaric oxygen treatment group (SCI+HBO). For groups of SH+HBO and SCI+HBO, the animals received 1 hour of HBO at 2.0 ATA in 100% O2 twice per day for 3 days and then daily for the following days consecutively after surgery. After operation, neurological assessments were performed, the spinal cord tissue samples were harvested for histopathological evaluation, Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS The Basso-Bettie-Bresnahan scores were significantly improved in the SCI+HBO group compared with the SCI group on the postoperative 7th and 14th days. The histology scores were significantly decreased by HBO treatment compared with that in the SCI group on the postoperative 3rd, 7th, and 14th days. Western blot analysis and real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that the expression level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the SCI+HBO group was significantly increased compared with the SCI group. The protein expression level of CX43 and its mRNA level in the SCI+HBO group were significantly decreased on the postoperative 3rd and 7th days, whereas its expression was significantly increased by HBO treatment on the postoperative 14th day compared with the SCI group. CONCLUSIONS HBO treatment improved neurological recovery when applied after SCI. The expression level changes of VEGF and CX43 may contribute to the further understanding on the molecular mechanisms of HBO treatment on SCI.
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Chen CH, Huang SY, Chen NF, Feng CW, Hung HC, Sung CS, Jean YH, Wen ZH, Chen WF. Intrathecal granulocyte colony-stimulating factor modulate glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor A expression in glial cells after experimental spinal cord ischemia. Neuroscience 2013; 242:39-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kundi S, Bicknell R, Ahmed Z. The role of angiogenic and wound-healing factors after spinal cord injury in mammals. Neurosci Res 2013; 76:1-9. [PMID: 23562792 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) are permanently paralysed and anaesthetic below the lesion. This morbidity is attributed to the deposition of a dense scar at the injury site, the cellular components of which secrete axon growth inhibitory ligands that prevent severed axons reconnecting with denervated targets. Another complication of SCI is wound cavitation where a fluid filled cyst forms in the peri-lesion neuropil, enlarging over the first few months after injury and causes secondary axonal damage. Wound healing after SCI is accompanied by angiogenesis, which is regulated by angiogenic proteins, produced in response to oxygen deprivation. Necrosis in and about the SCI lesion sites may be suppressed by promoting angiogenesis and the resulting neuropil protection will enhance recovery after SCI. This review addresses the use of angiogenic/wound-healing related proteins including vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, angiopoietin-1, angiopoietin-2 and transforming growth factor-β to moderate necrosis and axon sparing after SCI, providing a conducive environment for growth essential to functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Kundi
- Neurotrauma and Neurodegeneration, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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26
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Long HQ, Li GS, Hu Y, Wen CY, Xie WH. HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway may play a dual role in secondary pathogenesis of cervical myelopathy. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:82-4. [PMID: 22546754 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is one of the most common spinal cord disorders affecting the elderly. Yet the exact pathophysiology of CSM remains unclear. Vascular response to initial mechanical compression and associated ischemia may involve in secondary pathophysiology. Chronic compressive lesions to cervical cord resulting in lack of perfusion have established considerable evidences to support ischemia as an important pathogenesis both in patients and animal models, a similarity as that of acute spinal cord injury (SCI). In hypoxic condition following SCI, the up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is consistent with increasing hypoxia induced factor-1α (HIF-1α) in acute periods. HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway is thought to play a dual role following SCI. In one hand, VEGF was demonstrated to be correlated with angiogenesis (protecting vascular endothelial cells, increasing blood vessel density and improving regional blood flow), neurogenesis (antiapoptotic, neurotrophic, attenuate axonal degradation), and locomotor ability improvement. In other hand, some studies revealed that VEGF have limited therapeutic effect, even exacerbate the secondary damage following SCI. VEGF administrations in acute or subacute periods result in elevation of blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) permeability even last for chronic course. BSCB permeability elevation initiates a secondary cascade of events involving excitotoxicity, infiltration of leukocytes and tissue edema. With comprehensive understanding of temporal and spatial of HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway, development of therapeutic strategies to promote new vessel growth while minimize the deleterious effects of VEGF-induced microvascular permeability, and thereby improve neurologic function, seems to be feasible and promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Qing Long
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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27
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Dynamic changes of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-1 in association with circulating endothelial progenitor cells after severe traumatic brain injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 70:1480-4. [PMID: 21817986 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31821ac9e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) can promote angiogenesis and vascular stability after brain injury. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) also play a crucial role in neovascularization and tissue repair after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We sought to compare the expression of VEGF and Ang-1 in serum and the circulating EPCs in patients after severe TBI with that of healthy control subjects. METHODS We obtained peripheral blood and serum samples from 21 patients with severe TBI and 11 healthy control subjects. EPCs in blood samples from severe TBI patients and healthy controls were quantified by flow cytometry 1 day, 4 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days after severe TBI. VEGF and Ang-1 were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay at the same time points. RESULTS Compared with control subjects, circulating EPCs in patients with severe TBI decreased 4 days (p < 0.05), but increased 7 days and 14 days (p < 0.05) after TBI. VEGF increased significantly during the follow-up period (p < 0.05). Ang-1 increased gradually and reached peak at 7 days and 14 days after TBI. The circulating EPCs were significantly correlated with VEGF and Ang-1 at 7 days and 14 days after severe TBI. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the increased VEGF and Ang-1 are closely related to increase in circulating EPCs in response to severe TBI, which may be needed for vascular repairs after severe TBI.
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Sundberg LM, Herrera JJ, Narayana PA. Effect of vascular endothelial growth factor treatment in experimental traumatic spinal cord injury: in vivo longitudinal assessment. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:565-78. [PMID: 21299336 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is thought to provide neuroprotection to the traumatically injured spinal cord. We examined whether supplementing the injured environment with VEGF(165) via direct intraspinal injection into the lesion epicenter during the acute phase of spinal cord injury (SCI) results in improved outcome. The effect of treatment was investigated using longitudinal multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), neurobehavioral assays, and end-point immunohistochemistry. We observed on MRI that rats treated with VEGF(165) after SCI had increased tissue sparing compared to vehicle-treated animals at the earlier time points. However, these favorable effects were not maintained into the chronic phase. Histology revealed that VEGF(165) treatment resulted in increased oligodendrogenesis and/or white matter sparing, and therefore may eventually lead to improved functional outcome. The increase in spared tissue as demonstrated by MRI, coupled with the possible remyelination and increased neurosensory sensitivity, suggests that VEGF(165) treatment may play a role in promoting plasticity in the sensory pathways following SCI. However, VEGF-treated animals also demonstrated an increased incidence of persistent allodynia, as indicated on the von Frey filament test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Sundberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Nesic O, Sundberg LM, Herrera JJ, Mokkapati VUL, Lee J, Narayana PA. Vascular endothelial growth factor and spinal cord injury pain. J Neurotrauma 2011; 27:1793-803. [PMID: 20698758 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A mRNA was previously identified as one of the significantly upregulated transcripts in spinal cord injured tissue from adult rats that developed allodynia. To characterize the role of VEGF-A in the development of pain in spinal cord injury (SCI), we analyzed mechanical allodynia in SCI rats that were treated with either vehicle, VEGF-A isoform 165 (VEGF(165)), or neutralizing VEGF(165)-specific antibody. We have observed that exogenous administration of VEGF(165) increased both the number of SCI rats that develop persistent mechanical allodynia, and the level of hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli. Our analysis identified excessive and aberrant growth of myelinated axons in dorsal horns and dorsal columns of chronically injured spinal cords as possible mechanisms for both SCI pain and VEGF(165)-induced amplification of SCI pain, suggesting that elevated endogenous VEGF(165) may have a role in the development of allodynia after SCI. However, the neutralizing VEGF(165) antibody showed no effect on allodynia or axonal sprouting after SCI. It is possible that another endogenous VEGF isoform activates the same signaling pathway as the exogenously-administered 165 isoform and contributes to SCI pain. Our transcriptional analysis revealed that endogenous VEGF(188) is likely to be the isoform involved in the development of allodynia after SCI. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to suggest a possible link between VEGF, nonspecific sprouting of myelinated axons, and mechanical allodynia following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Nesic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1072, USA.
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30
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Herrera JJ, Sundberg LM, Zentilin L, Giacca M, Narayana PA. Sustained expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-1 improves blood-spinal cord barrier integrity and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:2067-76. [PMID: 20799882 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in immediate disruption of the spinal vascular network, triggering an ischemic environment and initiating secondary degeneration. Promoting angiogenesis and vascular stability through the induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), respectively, provides a possible therapeutic approach in treating SCI. We examined whether supplementing the injured environment with these two factors, which are significantly reduced following injury, has an effect on lesion size and functional outcome. Sustained delivery of both VEGF(165) and Ang-1 was realized using viral vectors based on the adeno-associated virus (AAV), which were injected directly into the lesion epicenter immediately after injury. Our results indicate that the combined treatment with VEGF and Ang-1 resulted in both reduced hyperintense lesion volume and vascular stabilization, as determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Western blot analysis indicated that the viral vector expression was maintained into the chronic phase of injury, and that the use of the AAV vectors did not exacerbate infiltration of microglia into the lesion epicenter. The combined treatment with AAV-VEGF and AAV-Ang-1 improved locomotor recovery in the chronic phase of injury. These results indicate that combining angiogenesis with vascular stabilization may have potential therapeutic applications following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Herrera
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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31
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Sundberg LM, Herrera JJ, Narayana PA. In vivo longitudinal MRI and behavioral studies in experimental spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:1753-67. [PMID: 20649481 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive in vivo longitudinal studies that include multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a battery of behavioral assays to assess functional outcome were performed at multiple time points up to 56 days post-traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) in rodents. The MRI studies included high-resolution structural imaging for lesion volumetry, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) for probing the white matter integrity. The behavioral assays included open-field locomotion, grid walking, inclined plane, computerized activity box performance, and von Frey filament tests. Additionally, end-point histology was assessed for correlation with both the MRI and behavioral data. The temporal patterns of the lesions were documented on structural MRI. DTI studies showed significant changes in white matter that is proximal to the injury epicenter and persisted to day 56. White matter in regions up to 1 cm away from the injury epicenter that appeared normal on conventional MRI also exhibited changes that were indicative of tissue damage, suggesting that DTI is a more sensitive measure of the evolving injury. Correlations between DTI and histology after SCI could not be firmly established, suggesting that injury causes complex pathological changes in multiple tissue components that affect the DTI measures. Histological evidence confirmed a significant decrease in myelin and oligodendrocyte presence 56 days post-SCI. Multiple assays to evaluate aspects of functional recovery correlated with histology and DTI measures, suggesting that damage to specific white matter tracts can be assessed and tracked longitudinally after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Sundberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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32
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van Neerven S, Joosten EA, Brook GA, Lambert CA, Mey J, Weis J, Marcus MA, Steinbusch HW, van Kleef M, Patijn J, Deumens R. Repetitive Intrathecal VEGF165 Treatment Has Limited Therapeutic Effects after Spinal Cord Injury in the Rat. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:1781-91. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sabien van Neerven
- Department of Anesthesiology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology II, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elbert A.J. Joosten
- Department of Anesthesiology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gary A. Brook
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Charles A. Lambert
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Jörg Mey
- Institute of Biology II, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco A. Marcus
- Department of Anesthesiology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry W. Steinbusch
- Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Kleef
- Department of Anesthesiology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Patijn
- Department of Anesthesiology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Deumens
- Department of Anesthesiology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht, The Netherlands
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