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Wang XX, Li GS, Wang KH, Hu XS, Hu Y. Positive effect of microvascular proliferation on functional recovery in experimental cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1254600. [PMID: 38510463 PMCID: PMC10951064 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1254600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM), the most common cause of spinal cord dysfunction globally, is a degenerative disease that results in non-violent, gradual, and long-lasting compression of the cervical spinal cord. The objective of this study was to investigate whether microvascular proliferation could positively affect neural function recovery in experimental cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). Methods A total of 60 male adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) were randomly divided into four groups: Control (CON), Compression (COM), Angiostasis (AS), and Angiogenesis (A G),with 15 rats in each group. Rats in the AS group received SU5416 to inhibit angiogenesis, while rats in the AG group received Deferoxamine (DFO) to promote angiogenesis. Motor and sensory functions were assessed using the Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) scale and somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) examination. Neuropathological degeneration was evaluated by the number of neurons, Nissl bodies (NB), and the de-myelination of white matter detected by Hematoxylin & Eosin(HE), Toluidine Blue (TB), and Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was used to observe the Neurovascular Unit (NVU). Results Rats in the CON group exhibited normal locomotor function with full BBB score, normal SEP latency and amplitude. Among the other three groups, the AG group had the highest BBB score and the shortest SEP latency, while the AS group had the lowest BBB score and the most prolonged SEP latency. The SEP amplitude showed an opposite performance to the latency. Compared to the COM and AS groups, the AG group demonstrated significant neuronal restoration in gray matter and axonal remyelination in white matter. DFO promoted microvascular proliferation, especially in gray matter, and improved the survival of neuroglial cells. In contrast, SU-5416 inhibited the viability of neuroglial cells by reducing micro vessels. Conclusion The microvascular status was closely related to NVU remodeling an-d functional recovery. Therefore, proliferation of micro vessels contributed to function -al recovery in experimental CSM, which may be associated with NVU remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-xiang Wang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Guang-sheng Li
- Department of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kang-heng Wang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao-song Hu
- Department of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Orthopedics Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Orthopedics Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Kim HW, Yong H, Shea GKH. Blood-spinal cord barrier disruption in degenerative cervical myelopathy. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:68. [PMID: 37743487 PMCID: PMC10519090 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is the most prevalent cause of spinal cord dysfunction in the aging population. Significant neurological deficits may result from a delayed diagnosis as well as inadequate neurological recovery following surgical decompression. Here, we review the pathophysiology of DCM with an emphasis on how blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption is a critical yet neglected pathological feature affecting prognosis. In patients suffering from DCM, compromise of the BSCB is evidenced by elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to serum protein ratios and abnormal contrast-enhancement upon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In animal model correlates, there is histological evidence of increased extravasation of tissue dyes and serum contents, and pathological changes to the neurovascular unit. BSCB dysfunction is the likely culprit for ischemia-reperfusion injury following surgical decompression, which can result in devastating neurological sequelae. As there are currently no therapeutic approaches specifically targeting BSCB reconstitution, we conclude the review by discussing potential interventions harnessed for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Kim
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, LKS Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hu Yong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, LKS Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Graham Ka Hon Shea
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, LKS Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Du Y, Cai X. Therapeutic potential of natural compounds from herbs and nutraceuticals in spinal cord injury: Regulation of the mTOR signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114905. [PMID: 37207430 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disease in which the spinal cord is subjected to various external forces that cause it to burst, shift, or, in severe cases, injure the spinal tissue, resulting in nerve injury. SCI includes not only acute primary injury but also delayed and persistent spinal tissue injury (i.e., secondary injury). The pathological changes post-SCI are complex, and effective clinical treatment strategies are lacking. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) coordinates the growth and metabolism of eukaryotic cells in response to various nutrients and growth factors. The mTOR signaling pathway has multiple roles in the pathogenesis of SCI. There is evidence for the beneficial effects of natural compounds and nutraceuticals that regulate the mTOR signaling pathways in a variety of diseases. Therefore, the effects of natural compounds on the pathogenesis of SCI were evaluated by a comprehensive review using electronic databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Medline, combined with our expertise in neuropathology. In particular, we reviewed the pathogenesis of SCI, including the importance of secondary nerve injury after the primary mechanical injury, the roles of the mTOR signaling pathways, and the beneficial effects and mechanisms of natural compounds that regulate the mTOR signaling pathway on pathological changes post-SCI, including effects on inflammation, neuronal apoptosis, autophagy, nerve regeneration, and other pathways. This recent research highlights the value of natural compounds in regulating the mTOR pathway, providing a basis for developing novel therapeutic strategies for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xue Cai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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4
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Chierzi S, Kacerovsky JB, Fok AHK, Lahaie S, Shibi Rosen A, Farmer WT, Murai KK. Astrocytes Transplanted during Early Postnatal Development Integrate, Mature, and Survive Long Term in Mouse Cortex. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1509-1529. [PMID: 36669885 PMCID: PMC10008063 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0544-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have complex structural, molecular, and physiological properties and form specialized microenvironments that support circuit-specific functions in the CNS. To better understand how astrocytes acquire their unique features, we transplanted immature mouse cortical astrocytes into the developing cortex of male and female mice and assessed their integration, maturation, and survival. Within days, transplanted astrocytes developed morphologies and acquired territories and tiling behavior typical of cortical astrocytes. At 35-47 d post-transplantation, astrocytes appeared morphologically mature and expressed levels of EAAT2/GLT1 similar to nontransplanted astrocytes. Transplanted astrocytes also supported excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) presynaptic terminals within their territories, and displayed normal Ca2+ events. Transplanted astrocytes showed initially reduced expression of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) at endfeet and elevated expression of EAAT1/GLAST, with both proteins showing normalized expression by 110 d and one year post-transplantation, respectively. To understand how specific brain regions support astrocytic integration and maturation, we transplanted cortical astrocytes into the developing cerebellum. Cortical astrocytes interlaced with Bergmann glia (BG) in the cerebellar molecular layer to establish discrete territories. However, transplanted astrocytes retained many cortical astrocytic features including higher levels of EAAT2/GLT1, lower levels of EAAT1/GLAST, and the absence of expression of the AMPAR subunit GluA1. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that immature cortical astrocytes integrate, mature, and survive (more than one year) following transplantation and retain cortical astrocytic properties. Astrocytic transplantation can be useful for investigating cell-autonomous (intrinsic) and non-cell-autonomous (environmental) mechanisms contributing to astrocytic development/diversity, and for determining the optimal timing for transplanting astrocytes for cellular delivery or replacement in regenerative medicine.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The mechanisms that enable astrocytes to acquire diverse molecular and structural properties remain to be better understood. In this study, we systematically analyzed the properties of cortical astrocytes following their transplantation to the early postnatal brain. We found that immature cortical astrocytes transplanted into cerebral cortex during early postnatal mouse development integrate and establish normal astrocytic properties, and show long-term survival in vivo (more than one year). In contrast, transplanted cortical astrocytes display reduced or altered ability to integrate into the more mature cerebral cortex or developing cerebellum, respectively. This study demonstrates the developmental potential of transplanted cortical astrocytes and provides an approach to tease apart cell-autonomous (intrinsic) and non-cell-autonomous (environmental) mechanisms that determine the structural, molecular, and physiological phenotype of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Chierzi
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - J Benjamin Kacerovsky
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Albert H K Fok
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Sylvie Lahaie
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Arielle Shibi Rosen
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - W Todd Farmer
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Keith K Murai
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
- Quantitative Life Sciences Graduate Program, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7, Canada
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Roolfs L, Hubertus V, Spinnen J, Shopperly LK, Fehlings MG, Vajkoczy P. Therapeutic Approaches Targeting Vascular Repair After Experimental Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Neurospine 2022; 19:961-975. [PMID: 36597633 PMCID: PMC9816606 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2244624.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts the spinal cord vasculature resulting in ischemia, amplification of the secondary injury cascade and exacerbation of neural tissue loss. Restoring functional integrity of the microvasculature to prevent neural loss and to promote neural repair is an important challenge and opportunity in SCI research. Herein, we summarize the course of vascular injury and repair following SCI and give a comprehensive overview of current experimental therapeutic approaches targeting spinal cord microvasculature to diminish ischemia and thereby facilitate neural repair and regeneration. A systematic review of the published literature on therapeutic approaches to promote vascular repair after experimental SCI was performed using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) standards. The MEDLINE databases PubMed, Embase, and OVID MEDLINE were searched using the keywords "spinal cord injury," "angiogenesis," "angiogenesis inducing agents," "tissue engineering," and "rodent subjects." A total of 111 studies were identified through the search. Five main therapeutic approaches to diminish hypoxia-ischemia and promote vascular repair were identified as (1) the application of angiogenic factors, (2) genetic engineering, (3) physical stimulation, (4) cell transplantation, and (5) biomaterials carrying various factor delivery. There are different therapeutic approaches with the potential to diminish hypoxia-ischemia and promote vascular repair after experimental SCI. Of note, combinatorial approaches using implanted biomaterials and angiogenic factor delivery appear promising for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Roolfs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa Hubertus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Spinnen
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lennard K. Shopperly
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Neurosurgery and Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,Corresponding Author Peter Vajkoczy Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Tsivelekas KK, Evangelopoulos DS, Pallis D, Benetos IS, Papadakis SA, Vlamis J, Pneumaticos SG. Angiogenesis in Spinal Cord Injury: Progress and Treatment. Cureus 2022; 14:e25475. [PMID: 35800787 PMCID: PMC9246426 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) provokes the onset of an intricate pathological process. Initial primary injury ruptures local micro-neuro-vascularcomplex triggering the commencement of multi-factorial secondary sequences which exert significant influence on neurological deterioration progress. Stimulating by local ischemia, neovascularization pathways emerge to provide neuroprotection and improve functional recovery. Although angiogenetic processes are prompted, newly formed vascular system is frequently inadequate to distribute sufficient blood supply and improve axonal recovery. Several treatment interventions have been endeavored to achieve the optimal conditions in SCI microenvironment, enhancing angiogenesis and improve functional recovery. In this study we review the revascularization pathogenesis and importance within the secondary processes and condense the proangiogenic influence of several angiogenetic-targeted treatment interventions.
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Beliard B, Ahmanna C, Tiran E, Kanté K, Deffieux T, Tanter M, Nothias F, Soares S, Pezet S. Ultrafast Doppler imaging and ultrasound localization microscopy reveal the complexity of vascular rearrangement in chronic spinal lesion. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6574. [PMID: 35449222 PMCID: PMC9023600 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to severe damage to the microvascular network. The process of spontaneous repair is accompanied by formation of new blood vessels; their functionality, however, presumably very important for functional recovery, has never been clearly established, as most studies so far used fixed tissues. Here, combining ultrafast Doppler imaging and ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) on the same animals, we proceeded at a detailed analysis of structural and functional vascular alterations associated with the establishment of chronic SCI, both at macroscopic and microscopic scales. Using a standardized animal model of SCI, our results demonstrate striking hemodynamic alterations in several subparts of the spinal cord: a reduced blood velocity in the lesion site, and an asymmetrical hypoperfusion caudal but not rostral to the lesion. In addition, the worsening of many evaluated parameters at later time points suggests that the neoformed vascular network is not yet fully operational, and reveals ULM as an efficient in vivo readout for spinal cord vascular alterations. Finally, we show statistical correlations between the diverse biomarkers of vascular dysfunction and SCI severity. The imaging modality developed here will allow evaluating recovery of vascular function over time in pre-clinical models of SCI. Also, used on SCI patients in combination with other quantitative markers of neural tissue damage, it may help classifying lesion severity and predict possible treatment outcomes in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Beliard
- Institute of Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm U1273, ESPCI PSL Paris, CNRS UMR8361, PSL Research University - Paris, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Chaimae Ahmanna
- Neuroscience Paris Seine NPS, CNRS UMR8246, INSERM U1130, UM119, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine IBPS, Sorbonne Université Sciences, Campus UPMC, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Tiran
- Institute of Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm U1273, ESPCI PSL Paris, CNRS UMR8361, PSL Research University - Paris, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Kadia Kanté
- Neuroscience Paris Seine NPS, CNRS UMR8246, INSERM U1130, UM119, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine IBPS, Sorbonne Université Sciences, Campus UPMC, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Deffieux
- Institute of Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm U1273, ESPCI PSL Paris, CNRS UMR8361, PSL Research University - Paris, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Mickael Tanter
- Institute of Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm U1273, ESPCI PSL Paris, CNRS UMR8361, PSL Research University - Paris, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Fatiha Nothias
- Neuroscience Paris Seine NPS, CNRS UMR8246, INSERM U1130, UM119, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine IBPS, Sorbonne Université Sciences, Campus UPMC, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sylvia Soares
- Neuroscience Paris Seine NPS, CNRS UMR8246, INSERM U1130, UM119, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine IBPS, Sorbonne Université Sciences, Campus UPMC, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Sophie Pezet
- Institute of Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm U1273, ESPCI PSL Paris, CNRS UMR8361, PSL Research University - Paris, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.
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Cheng P, Liao HY, Zhang HH. The role of Wnt/mTOR signaling in spinal cord injury. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2022; 25:101760. [PMID: 35070684 PMCID: PMC8762069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2022.101760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is the most common disabling spinal injury, a complex pathologic process that can eventually lead to severe neurological dysfunction. The Wnt/mTOR signaling pathway is a pervasive signaling cascade that regulates a wide range of physiological processes during embryonic development, from stem cell pluripotency to cell fate. Numerous studies have reported that Wnt/mTOR signaling pathway plays an important role in neural development, synaptogenesis, neuron growth, differentiation and survival after the central nervous system (CNS) is damaged. Wnt/mTOR also plays an important role in regulating various pathophysiological processes after spinal cord injury (SCI). After SCI, Wnt/mTOR signal regulates the physiological and pathological processes of neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation, neuronal axon regeneration, neuroinflammation and pain through multiple pathways. Due to the characteristics of the Wnt signal in SCI make it a potential therapeutic target of SCI. In this paper, the characteristics of Wnt/mTOR signal, the role of Wnt/mTOR pathway on SCI and related mechanisms are reviewed, and some unsolved problems are discussed. It is hoped to provide reference value for the research field of the role of Wnt/mTOR pathway in SCI, and provide a theoretical basis for biological therapy of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, LanZhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Hai-Yang Liao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, 342800, PR China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, LanZhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
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Ding Y, Chen Q. mTOR pathway: A potential therapeutic target for spinal cord injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112430. [PMID: 34800780 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is the most common disabling spinal injury, and the complex pathological process can eventually lead to severe neurological dysfunction. Many studies have reported that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays an important role in synaptogenesis, neuron growth, differentiation, and survival after central nervous system injury. It is also involved in various traumatic and central nervous system diseases, including traumatic brain injury, neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cerebral apoplexy. mTOR has also been reported to play an important regulatory role in various pathophysiological processes following SCI. Activation of mTOR signals after SCI can regulate physiological and pathological processes, such as proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells, regeneration of nerve axons, neuroinflammation, and glial scar formation, through various pathways. Inhibition of mTOR activity has been confirmed to promote repair in SCI. At present, many studies have reported that Chinese herbal medicine can inhibit the SCI-activated mTOR pathway to improve the microenvironment and promote nerve repair after SCI. Due to the role of the mTOR pathway in SCI, it may be a potential therapeutic target for SCI. This review is focused on the pathophysiological process of SCI, characteristics of the mTOR pathway, role of the mTOR pathway in SCI, role of inhibition of mTOR on SCI, and role and significance of inhibition of mTOR by related Chinese herbal medicine inhibitors in SCI. In addition, the review discusses the deficiencies and solutions to mTOR and SCI research shortcomings. This study hopes to provide reference for mTOR and SCI research and a theoretical basis for SCI biotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou 342800, PR China; The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou 342800, PR China.
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou 342800, PR China; The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou 342800, PR China.
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Zabarsky ZK, Dean GM, Luo TD, Marquez-Lara A, Jinnah AH, Van Dyke M, Smith TL. Keratin Biomaterials Improve Functional Recovery in a Rat Spinal Cord Injury Model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2021; 46:1055-1062. [PMID: 34398133 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000003993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Laboratory study using a rat T9 contusion model of spinal cord injury (SCI). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate which method of delivery of soluble keratin biomaterials would best support functional restoration through the macrophage polarization paradigm. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA SCI is a devastating neurologic event with complex pathophysiological mechanisms that currently has no cure. After injury, macrophages and resident microglia are key regulators of inflammation and tissue repair exhibiting phenotypic and functional plasticity. Keratin biomaterials have been demonstrated to influence macrophage polarization and promote the M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype that attenuates inflammatory responses. METHODS Anesthetized female Lewis rats were subjected to moderate T9 contusion SCI and randomly divided into: no therapy (control group), an intrathecally injected keratin group, and a keratin-soaked sponge group (n = 11 in all groups). Functional recovery assessments were obtained at 3- and 6-weeks post-injury (WPI) using gait analysis performed with the DigiGait Imaging System treadmill and at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days post-injury by the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale. Histology and immunohistochemistry of serial spinal cord sections were performed to assess injury severity and treatment efficacy. RESULTS Compared to control rats, applying keratin materials after injury improved functional recovery in certain gait parameters and overall trended toward significance in BBB scores; however, no significant differences were observed with tissue analysis between groups at 6 WPI. CONCLUSION Results suggest that keratin biomaterials support some locomotor functional recovery and may alter the acute inflammatory response by inducing macrophage polarization following SCI. This therapy warrants further investigation into treatment of SCI.Level of Evidence: N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary K Zabarsky
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Gabriella M Dean
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Tianyi David Luo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Alexander H Jinnah
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Mark Van Dyke
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Thomas L Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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Zhang F, Zhang N, Xu Q, Zhang L, Zhang C, Liu H, Yu Z, Zhou S, Feng G, Huang F. Decellularized nerve extracellular matrix/chitosan crosslinked by genipin to prepare a moldable nerve repair material. Cell Tissue Bank 2021; 22:419-430. [PMID: 34115245 PMCID: PMC8192270 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-020-09889-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Decellularized nerve extracellular matrix (NECM) composited with chitosan are moldable materials suitable for spinal cord repair. But the rapid biodegradation of the materials may interrupt neural tissue reconstruction in vivo. To improve the stability of the materials, the materials produced by NECM and chitosan hydrogels were crosslinked by genipine, glutaraldehyde or ultraviolet ray. Physicochemical property, degradation and biocompatibility of materials crosslinked by genipin, glutaraldehyde or ultraviolet ray were evaluated. The scaffold crosslinked by genipin possessed a porous structure, and the porosity ratio was 89.07 + 4.90%, the average diameter of pore was 85.32 + 5.34 μm. The crosslinked degree of the scaffold crosslinked by genipin and glutaraldehyde was 75.13 ± 4.87%, 71.25 ± 5.06% respectively; Uncrosslinked scaffold disintegrated when immerged in distilled water while the scaffold crosslinked by genipin and glutaraldehyde group retained their integrity. The scaffold crosslinked by genipin has better water absorption, water retention and anti-enzymatic hydrolysis ability than the other three groups. Cell cytotoxicity showed that the cytotoxicity of scaffold crosslinked by genipin was lower than that crosslinked by glutaraldehyde. The histocompatibility of scaffold crosslinked by genipin was also better than glutaraldehyde group. More cells grew well in the scaffold crosslinked by genipin when co-cultured with L929 cells. The decellularized nerve extracellular matrix/chitosan scaffold crosslinked by the genipin has good mechanical properties, micro structure and biocompatibility, which is an ideal scaffold for the spinal cord tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangsong Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- Department of Medical Imagine, Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Naili Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Xu
- Yantai Affiliated Hosptial of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264100, People's Republic of China
| | - Luping Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfu Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhai Yu
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoying Feng
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Yao C, Cao X, Yu B. Revascularization After Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Front Physiol 2021; 12:631500. [PMID: 33995118 PMCID: PMC8119644 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.631500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex pathological process. The initial mechanical damage is followed by a progressive secondary injury cascade. The injury ruptures the local microvasculature and disturbs blood-spinal cord barriers, exacerbating inflammation and tissue damage. Although endogenous angiogenesis is triggered, the new vessels are insufficient and often fail to function normally. Numerous blood vessel interventions, such as proangiogenic factor administration, gene modulation, cell transplantation, biomaterial implantation, and physical stimulation, have been applied as SCI treatments. Here, we briefly describe alterations and effects of the vascular system on local microenvironments after SCI. Therapies targeted at revascularization for SCI are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xuemin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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13
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Jisuikang Promotes the Repair of Spinal Cord Injury in Rats by Regulating NgR/RhoA/ROCK Signal Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:9542359. [PMID: 33354226 PMCID: PMC7735860 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9542359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Jisuikang (JSK) is an herbal formula composed of many kinds of traditional Chinese medicine, which has been proved to be effective in promoting the rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) after more than ten years of clinical application. However, the mechanisms of JSK promoting nerve regeneration are yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of JSK protecting neurons, specifically the regulation of NgR/RhoA/ROCK signal pathway. The motor function of rats was evaluated by the BBB score and inclined plate test, Golgi staining and transmission electron microscope were used to observe the microstructure of nerve tissue, and fluorescence double-labeling method was used to detect neuronal apoptosis. In this study, we found that JSK could improve the motor function of rats with SCI, protect the microstructure (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and dendritic spine) of neurons, and reduce the apoptosis rate of neurons in rats with SCI. In addition, JSK could inhibit the expression of Nogo receptor (NgR) in neurons and the NgR/RhoA/ROCK signal pathway in rats with SCI. These results indicated JSK could improve the motor function of rats with SCI by inhibiting the NgR/RhoA/ROCK signal pathway, which suggests the potential applicability of JSK as a nerve regeneration agent.
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14
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Repair strategies for traumatic spinal cord injury, with special emphasis on novel biomaterial-based approaches. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2020; 176:252-260. [PMID: 31982183 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2019.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As a part of the central nervous system (CNS), the adult mammalian spinal cord displays only very poor ability for self-repair in response to traumatic lesions, which mostly lead to more or less severe, life-long disability. While even adult CNS neurons have a certain plastic potential, their intrinsic regenerative capacity highly varies among different neuronal populations and in the end, regeneration is almost completely inhibited due to extrinsic factors such as glial scar and cystic cavity formation, excessive and persistent inflammation, presence of various inhibitory molecules, and absence of trophic support and of a growth-supportive extracellular matrix structure. In recent years, a number of experimental animal models have been developed to overcome these obstacles. Since all those studies based on a single approach have yielded only relatively modest functional recovery, it is now consensus that different therapeutic approaches will have to be combined to synergistically overcome the multiple barriers to CNS regeneration, especially in humans. In this review, we particularly emphasize the hope raised by the development of novel, implantable biomaterials that should favor the reconstruction of the damaged nervous tissue, and ultimately allow for functional recovery of sensorimotor functions. Since human spinal cord injury pathology depends on the vertebral level and the severity of the traumatic impact, and since the timing of application of the different therapeutic approaches appears very important, we argue that every case will necessitate individual evaluation, and specific adaptation of therapeutic strategies.
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15
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Recent advances in the therapeutic uses of chondroitinase ABC. Exp Neurol 2019; 321:113032. [PMID: 31398353 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many studies, using pre-clinical models of SCI, have demonstrated the efficacy of chondroitinase ABC as a treatment for spinal cord injury and this has been confirmed in laboratories worldwide and in several animal models. The aim of this review is report the current state of research in the field and to compare the relative efficacies of these new interventions to improve outcomes in both acute and chronic models of SCI. We also report new methods of chondroitinase delivery and the outcomes of two clinical trials using the enzyme to treat spinal cord injury in dogs and disc herniation in human patients. Recent studies have assessed the outcomes of combining chondroitinase with other strategies known to promote recovery following spinal cord injury and new approaches. Evidence is emerging that one of the most powerful combinations is that of chondroitinase with cell transplants. The particular benefits of each of the different cell types used for these transplant experiments are discussed. Combining chondroitinase with rehabilitation also improves outcomes. Gene therapy is an efficient method of enzyme delivery to the injured spinal cord and circumvents the issue of the enzyme's thermo-instability. Other methods of delivery, such as via nanoparticles or synthetic scaffolds, have shown promise; however, the outcomes from these experiments suggest that these methods of delivery require further optimization to achieve similar levels of efficacy to that obtained by a gene therapy approach. Pre-clinical models have also shown chondroitinase is efficacious in the treatment of other conditions, such as peripheral nerve injury, stroke, coronary reperfusion, Parkinson's disease and certain types of cancer. The wide range of conditions where the benefits of chondroitinase treatment have been demonstrated reflects the complex roles that chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (its substrate) play in health and disease and warrants the enzyme's further development as a therapy.
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16
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Liu SM, Xiao ZF, Li X, Zhao YN, Wu XM, Han J, Chen B, Li JY, Fan CX, Xu B, Xue XY, Xue WW, Yang Y, Dai JW. Vascular endothelial growth factor activates neural stem cells through epidermal growth factor receptor signal after spinal cord injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 25:375-385. [PMID: 30155986 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mammalian spinal cord are activated in response to spinal cord injury (SCI); however, mechanisms modulating this process are not clear. Here, we noticed SCI elevated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and we aimed to validate the roles of VEGF in NSCs activation after SCI and investigated the related signals during the process. METHODS In vitro we detected whether VEGF promoted spinal cord NSCs proliferation and investigated the involved signals; In vivo, we injected VEGF into rat spinal cord to check the NSCs activation. RESULTS In vitro, VEGF triggered spinal cord NSCs proliferation and maintained self-renewal. Further investigations demonstrated VEGF transactivated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) through VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) to promote spinal cord NSCs proliferation. In vivo, we injected VEGF into spinal cord by laminectomy to confirm the roles of VEGF-VEGFR2-EGFR signals in NSCs activation. VEGF significantly elevated the number of activated NSCs and increased EGFR phosphorylation. In contrast, intraspinal injection of specific inhibitors targeting EGFR and VEGFR2 decreased NSCs activation after SCI. Our results demonstrate that VEGF-VEGFR2-EGFR axis is important for NSCs activation after SCI, providing new insights into the mechanisms of spinal cord NSCs activation postinjury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Nan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xian-Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Yin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cai-Xia Fan
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Bai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Wei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Wu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
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17
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Silva C, Oliveira K, Lavor M, Silva J, Rosado I, Taguchi T, Fukushima F, Caldeira F, Torres B, Milani P, Azevedo S, Motta G, Siano G, Goes A, Serakides R, Melo E. Benefícios da condroitinase abc associada a células-tronco mesenquimais na lesão espinhal aguda em ratos. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da condroitinase associada às células-tronco mesenquimais na lesão aguda da medula espinhal, utilizaram-se 50 ratos Lewis, distribuídos igualmente nos grupos: controle negativo (CN), tratamento com placebo (PLA), condroitinase (CDN), células-tronco mesenquimais (CTM) e condroitinase mais células-tronco mesenquimais (CDN+CTM). Todos os animais tiveram a medula espinhal exposta por laminectomia, e os grupos PLA, CDT, CTM e CDT+CTM sofreram também trauma medular compressivo. Após sete dias, procedeu-se à reexposição da medula espinhal, quando os grupos PLA e CTM receberam 4µL de líquido cefalorraquidiano artificial via intralesional, e os grupos CDT e CDT+CTM receberam o mesmo líquido contendo 2,2U de condroitinase. Após 14 dias da cirurgia inicial, todos os animais receberam 0,2mL de PBS via endovenosa, contudo, nos grupos CTM e CDT+CTM, esse líquido continha 1x106 CTM. Avaliou-se a capacidade motora até o 28o dia pós-trauma e, posteriormente, as medulas espinhais foram analisadas por RT-PCR, para quantificação da expressão gênica para BDNF, NT-3, VEGF, KDR e PECAM-1, e por imunoistoquímica, para detecção das células-tronco GFP injetadas (anti-GFP), quantificação dos neurônios (anti-NeuN) e da GFAP e vimentina, para avaliação da cicatriz glial. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas com o auxílio do Prism 5 for Windows, com o nível de significância de 5%. Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto à capacidade motora. O grupo CDT+CTM apresentou maior imunoexpressão de neurônios viáveis do que o placebo. No CTM, houve maior expressão dos fatores neurotróficos BDNF e VEGF. E no CDT, houve menor imunoexpressão de vimentina. Concluiu-se que a associação CDT+CTM favorece a viabilidade neuronal após o trauma, que o tratamento com CTM promove aumento na expressão dos fatores tróficos BDNF e VEGF e que o tratamento com condroitinase é efetivo na redução da cicatriz glial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J.F. Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - P.F. Milani
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - G.R. Motta
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - G.F. Siano
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A.M. Goes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - E.G. Melo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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18
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Beneficial Effects of Resveratrol-Mediated Inhibition of the mTOR Pathway in Spinal Cord Injury. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:7513748. [PMID: 29780409 PMCID: PMC5892236 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7513748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes a high rate of morbidity and disability. The clinical features of SCI are divided into acute, subacute, and chronic phases according to its pathophysiological events. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays an important role in cell death and inflammation in the acute phase and neuroregeneration in the subacute/chronic phases at different times. Resveratrol has the potential of regulating cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, and angiogenesis through the mTOR signaling pathway. Herein, we explicate the role of resveratrol in the repair of SCI through the inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway. The inhibition of the mTOR pathway by resveratrol has the potential of serving as a neuronal restorative mechanism following SCI.
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19
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Pan Q, Guo Y, Kong F. Poly(glycerol sebacate) combined with chondroitinase ABC promotes spinal cord repair in rats. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:1770-1777. [PMID: 28901688 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery; Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force; Urumqi 830091 China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology; Shanghai Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force; Shanghai 201103 China
| | - Fanyong Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai 200437 China
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20
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Chedly J, Soares S, Montembault A, von Boxberg Y, Veron-Ravaille M, Mouffle C, Benassy MN, Taxi J, David L, Nothias F. Physical chitosan microhydrogels as scaffolds for spinal cord injury restoration and axon regeneration. Biomaterials 2017; 138:91-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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21
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DePaul MA, Lin CY, Silver J, Lee YS. Combinatory repair strategy to promote axon regeneration and functional recovery after chronic spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9018. [PMID: 28827771 PMCID: PMC5567101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eight weeks post contusive spinal cord injury, we built a peripheral nerve graft bridge (PNG) through the cystic cavity and treated the graft/host interface with acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and chondroitinase ABC (ChABC). This combinatorial strategy remarkably enhanced integration between host astrocytes and graft Schwann cells, allowing for robust growth, especially of catecholaminergic axons, through the graft and back into the distal spinal cord. In the absence of aFGF+ChABC fewer catecholaminergic axons entered the graft, no axons exited, and Schwann cells and astrocytes failed to integrate. In sharp contrast with the acutely bridge-repaired cord, in the chronically repaired cord only low levels of serotonergic axons regenerated into the graft, with no evidence of re-entry back into the spinal cord. The failure of axons to regenerate was strongly correlated with a dramatic increase of SOCS3 expression. While regeneration was more limited overall than at acute stages, our combinatorial strategy in the chronically injured animals prevented a decline in locomotor behavior and bladder physiology outcomes associated with an invasive repair strategy. These results indicate that PNG+aFGF+ChABC treatment of the chronically contused spinal cord can provide a permissive substrate for the regeneration of certain neuronal populations that retain a growth potential over time, and lead to functional improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A DePaul
- Case Western Reserve Univ., Dept. of Neurosciences, 10900 Euclid Ave., SOM E654, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ching-Yi Lin
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Jerry Silver
- Case Western Reserve Univ., Dept. of Neurosciences, 10900 Euclid Ave., SOM E654, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yu-Shang Lee
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA.
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22
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Shijo T, Warita H, Suzuki N, Kitajima Y, Ikeda K, Akiyama T, Ono H, Mitsuzawa S, Nishiyama A, Izumi R, Aoki M. Aberrant astrocytic expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan receptors in a rat model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:222-233. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Shijo
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Hitoshi Warita
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Naoki Suzuki
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Yasuo Kitajima
- Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Kensuke Ikeda
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Tetsuya Akiyama
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Hiroya Ono
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Shio Mitsuzawa
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Ayumi Nishiyama
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Rumiko Izumi
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Department of Neurology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
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23
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Guo Y, Klüppel M, Tang H, Tan S, Zhang P, Chen Z. Lentivirus-mediated transfection of chondroitinase ABC gene without the bacterial leader sequence enables long-term secretion of functional chondroitinase ABC in human bone marrow stromal cells. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:893-900. [PMID: 26910777 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the feasibility of secretion of functional chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), a bacterial enzyme that promotes axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury, from human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs). RESULTS A lentiviral-expression vector, Lenti6.3-ChABC-3F, carrying the ChABC-3F gene without the bacterial leader sequence (aa 1-24) was constructed. Transfection of these Lenti6.3-ChABC-3F lentivirus led to stable expression in and secrection of ChABC proteins from hBMSCs for at least ten passages in culture in vitro, which was demonstrated by QRT-PCR, immunostaining, western blotting and ELISA. Moreover, the secreted ChABC proteins exhibited similar functional activity as the commercially-available ChABC. CONCLUSIONS The lentivirus-mediated transfection of chondroitinase ABC gene without the bacterial leader sequence induced substantial long-term secretion of functional ChABC in hBMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Michael Klüppel
- Department of Pediatrics, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Key Clinic Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tan
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peidong Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern, Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhou Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Key Clinic Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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24
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Lee SH, Kim Y, Rhew D, Kuk M, Kim M, Kim WH, Kweon OK. Effect of the combination of mesenchymal stromal cells and chondroitinase ABC on chronic spinal cord injury. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:1374-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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25
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DePaul MA, Lin CY, Silver J, Lee YS. Peripheral Nerve Transplantation Combined with Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Chondroitinase Induces Regeneration and Improves Urinary Function in Complete Spinal Cord Transected Adult Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139335. [PMID: 26426529 PMCID: PMC4591338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of lower urinary tract (LUT) control is a ubiquitous consequence of a complete spinal cord injury, attributed to a lack of regeneration of supraspinal pathways controlling the bladder. Previous work in our lab has utilized a combinatorial therapy of peripheral nerve autografts (PNG), acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), and chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) to treat a complete T8 spinal cord transection in the adult rat, resulting in supraspinal control of bladder function. In the present study we extended these findings by examining the use of the combinatorial PNG+aFGF+ChABC treatment in a T8 transected mouse model, which more closely models human urinary deficits following spinal cord injury. Cystometry analysis and external urethral sphincter electromyograms reveal that treatment with PNG+aFGF+ChABC reduced bladder weight, improved bladder and external urethral sphincter histology, and significantly enhanced LUT function, resulting in more efficient voiding. Treated mice's injured spinal cord also showed a reduction in collagen scaring, and regeneration of serotonergic and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive axons across the lesion and into the distal spinal cord. Regeneration of serotonin axons correlated with LUT recovery. These results suggest that our mouse model of LUT dysfunction recapitulates the results found in the rat model and may be used to further investigate genetic contributions to regeneration failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A. DePaul
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ching-Yi Lin
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yu-Shang Lee
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cheng CH, Lin CT, Lee MJ, Tsai MJ, Huang WH, Huang MC, Lin YL, Chen CJ, Huang WC, Cheng H. Local Delivery of High-Dose Chondroitinase ABC in the Sub-Acute Stage Promotes Axonal Outgrowth and Functional Recovery after Complete Spinal Cord Transection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138705. [PMID: 26393921 PMCID: PMC4579094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are glial scar-associated molecules considered axonal regeneration inhibitors and can be digested by chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) to promote axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI). We previously demonstrated that intrathecal delivery of low-dose ChABC (1 U) in the acute stage of SCI promoted axonal regrowth and functional recovery. In this study, high-dose ChABC (50 U) introduced via intrathecal delivery induced subarachnoid hemorrhage and death within 48 h. However, most SCI patients are treated in the sub-acute or chronic stages, when the dense glial scar has formed and is minimally digested by intrathecal delivery of ChABC at the injury site. The present study investigated whether intraparenchymal delivery of ChABC in the sub-acute stage of complete spinal cord transection would promote axonal outgrowth and improve functional recovery. We observed no functional recovery following the low-dose ChABC (1 U or 5 U) treatments. Furthermore, animals treated with high-dose ChABC (50 U or 100 U) showed decreased CSPGs levels. The extent and area of the lesion were also dramatically decreased after ChABC treatment. The outgrowth of the regenerating axons was significantly increased, and some partially crossed the lesion site in the ChABC-treated groups. In addition, retrograde Fluoro-Gold (FG) labeling showed that the outgrowing axons could cross the lesion site and reach several brain stem nuclei involved in sensory and motor functions. The Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) open field locomotor scores revealed that the ChABC treatment significantly improved functional recovery compared to the control group at eight weeks after treatment. Our study demonstrates that high-dose ChABC treatment in the sub-acute stage of SCI effectively improves glial scar digestion by reducing the lesion size and increasing axonal regrowth to the related functional nuclei, which promotes locomotor recovery. Thus, our results will aid in the treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Hsun Cheng
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Te Lin
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Jen Lee
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - May-Jywan Tsai
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chao Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lo Lin
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jung Chen
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Huang
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Neural Regeneration, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Henrich Cheng
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Neural Regeneration, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ohtake Y, Li S. Molecular mechanisms of scar-sourced axon growth inhibitors. Brain Res 2014; 1619:22-35. [PMID: 25192646 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Astrogliosis is a defense response of the CNS to minimize primary damage and to repair injured tissues, but it ultimately generates harmful effects by upregulating inhibitory molecules to suppress neuronal elongation and forming potent barriers to axon regeneration. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are highly expressed by reactive scars and are potent contributors to the non-permissive environment in mature CNS. Surmounting strong inhibition by CSPG-rich scar is an important therapeutic goal for achieving functional recovery after CNS injuries. Currently, enzymatic digestion of CSPGs with locally applied chondroitinase ABC is the main in vivo approach to overcome scar inhibition, but several disadvantages may prevent using this bacterial enzyme as a therapeutic option for patients. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying CSPG function may facilitate development of new effective therapies to overcome scar-mediated inhibition. Previous studies support that CSPGs act by non-specifically hindering the binding of matrix molecules to their cell surface receptors through steric interactions, but two members of the leukocyte common antigen related (LAR) phosphatase subfamily, protein tyrosine phosphatase σ and LAR, are functional receptors that bind CSPGs with high affinity and mediate CSPG inhibition. CSPGs may also act by binding two receptors for myelin-associated growth inhibitors, Nogo receptors 1 and 3. Thus, CSPGs inhibit axon growth through multiple mechanisms, making them especially potent and difficult therapeutic targets. Identification of CSPG receptors is not only important for understanding the scar-mediated growth suppression, but also for developing novel and selective therapies to promote axon sprouting and/or regeneration after CNS injuries. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ohtake
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500N. Broad Street, Philadelphia 19140, PA, USA
| | - Shuxin Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500N. Broad Street, Philadelphia 19140, PA, USA.
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