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Liu X, Xu Y, Wang Y, Peng X, Jian J, Wang X, Wang T. Administration of methylprednisolone do not affect the spinal scar component of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39167368 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2024.2352929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of methylprednisolone (MP) on scar composition following spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN A total of 40 adult Sprague Dawley rats underwent right hemisection injuries to the spinal cord. INTERVENTIONS The rats were randomly divided into two groups: the vehicle group and the MP group. In the MP group, rats received intraperitoneal injections of MP at a dose of 30 mg/kg for 7 consecutive days, while the vehicle group received intraperitoneal injections of saline as a control. Weekly assessments of hindlimb performance in the rat models were conducted using the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan test (BBB) score and the horizontal ladder-walking test. Changes in scar components were identified through immunofluorescence staining, and an axonal regeneration assay was employed to evaluate regrowth under inhibitory conditions. RESULTS The administration of MP led to a significant improvement in BBB scores compared to the control group at 7 days post-injury, although this improvement was not consistent. Furthermore, rats in the MP group did not demonstrate progressive improvement in horizontal ladder walking. Notably, there were no significant changes in the content of scar components in the injured area following MP treatment, and the axon length of neurons treated with MP did not exhibit significant extension compared to the vehicle group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the administration of MP does not effectively enhance hindlimb motor function or promote neuronal axon growth within a scarred environment after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Institute of Base Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xu
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Peng
- Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory Zoology Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Jian
- Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory Zoology Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefang Wang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tinghua Wang
- Institute of Base Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory Zoology Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
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Li Z, Zhou T, Bao Z, Wu M, Mao Y. The Porous SilMA Hydrogel Scaffolds Carrying Dual-Sensitive Paclitaxel Nanoparticles Promote Neuronal Differentiation for Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024; 21:809-827. [PMID: 39004636 PMCID: PMC11286913 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-024-00659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the intricate pathological milieu post-spinal cord injury (SCI), neural stem cells (NSCs) frequently differentiate into astrocytes rather than neurons, significantly limiting nerve repair. Hence, the utilization of biocompatible hydrogel scaffolds in conjunction with exogenous factors to foster the differentiation of NSCs into neurons has the potential for SCI repair. METHODS In this study, we engineered a 3D-printed porous SilMA hydrogel scaffold (SM) supplemented with pH-/temperature-responsive paclitaxel nanoparticles (PTX-NPs). We analyzed the biocompatibility of a specific concentration of PTX-NPs and its effect on NSC differentiation. We also established an SCI model to explore the ability of composite scaffolds for in vivo nerve repair. RESULTS The physical adsorption of an optimal PTX-NPs dosage can simultaneously achieve pH/temperature-responsive release and commendable biocompatibility, primarily reflected in cell viability, morphology, and proliferation. An appropriate PTX-NPs concentration can steer NSC differentiation towards neurons over astrocytes, a phenomenon that is also efficacious in simulated injury settings. Immunoblotting analysis confirmed that PTX-NPs-induced NSC differentiation occurred via the MAPK/ERK signaling cascade. The repair of hemisected SCI in rats demonstrated that the composite scaffold augmented neuronal regeneration at the injury site, curtailed astrocyte and fibrotic scar production, and enhanced motor function recovery in rat hind limbs. CONCLUSION The scaffold's porous architecture serves as a cellular and drug carrier, providing a favorable microenvironment for nerve regeneration. These findings corroborate that this strategy amplifies neuronal expression within the injury milieu, significantly aiding in SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, 2600 Donghai Road, Bengbu, 233030, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233004, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233004, China
| | - Zhengqi Bao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233004, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233004, China.
| | - Yingji Mao
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, 2600 Donghai Road, Bengbu, 233030, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu, 233004, China.
- Anhui Engineering Research Center of Neural Regeneration Technology and Medical New Materials, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China.
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Tan Z, Xiao L, Ma J, Shi K, Liu J, Feng F, Xie P, Dai Y, Yuan Q, Wu W, Rong L, He L. Integrating hydrogels manipulate ECM deposition after spinal cord injury for specific neural reconnections via neuronal relays. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado9120. [PMID: 38959311 PMCID: PMC11221524 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado9120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
A bioinspired hydrogel composed of hyaluronic acid-graft-dopamine (HADA) and a designer peptide HGF-(RADA)4-DGDRGDS (HRR) was presented to enhance tissue integration following spinal cord injury (SCI). The HADA/HRR hydrogel manipulated the infiltration of PDGFRβ+ cells in a parallel pattern, transforming dense scars into an aligned fibrous substrate that guided axonal regrowth. Further incorporation of NT3 and curcumin promoted axonal regrowth and survival of interneurons at lesion borders, which served as relays for establishing heterogeneous axon connections in a target-specific manner. Notable improvements in motor, sensory, and bladder functions resulted in rats with complete spinal cord transection. The HADA/HRR + NT3/Cur hydrogel promoted V2a neuron accumulation in ventral spinal cord, facilitating the recovery of locomotor function. Meanwhile, the establishment of heterogeneous neural connections across the hemisected lesion of canines was documented in a target-specific manner via neuronal relays, significantly improving motor functions. Therefore, biomaterials can inspire beneficial biological activities for SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Tan
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Longyou Xiao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Junwu Ma
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Kaixi Shi
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jialin Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Pengfei Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yu Dai
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Qiuju Yuan
- Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wutian Wu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Re-Stem Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Suzhou 215129, China
| | - Limin Rong
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Liumin He
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
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Liu L, Huang Y, Zheng Y, Liao Y, Ma S, Wang Q. ScnML models single-cell transcriptome to predict spinal cord neuronal cell status. Front Genet 2024; 15:1413484. [PMID: 38894722 PMCID: PMC11183327 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1413484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Injuries to the spinal cord nervous system often result in permanent loss of sensory, motor, and autonomic functions. Accurately identifying the cellular state of spinal cord nerves is extremely important and could facilitate the development of new therapeutic and rehabilitative strategies. Existing experimental techniques for identifying the development of spinal cord nerves are both labor-intensive and costly. In this study, we developed a machine learning predictor, ScnML, for predicting subpopulations of spinal cord nerve cells as well as identifying marker genes. The prediction performance of ScnML was evaluated on the training dataset with an accuracy of 94.33%. Based on XGBoost, ScnML on the test dataset achieved 94.08% 94.24%, 94.26%, and 94.24% accuracies with precision, recall, and F1-measure scores, respectively. Importantly, ScnML identified new significant genes through model interpretation and biological landscape analysis. ScnML can be a powerful tool for predicting the status of spinal cord neuronal cells, revealing potential specific biomarkers quickly and efficiently, and providing crucial insights for precision medicine and rehabilitation recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Liu
- School of Recreation and Community Sport, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxuan Huang
- Department of Neuroscience in the Behavioral Sciences, Duke University and Duke Kunshan University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Zheng
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Luqiao, China
| | - Yihan Liao
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Luqiao, China
| | - Siyuan Ma
- School of Recreation and Community Sport, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Huang J, Hu X, Chen Z, Ouyang F, Li J, Hu Y, Zhao Y, Wang J, Yao F, Jing J, Cheng L. Fascin-1 limits myosin activity in microglia to control mechanical characterization of the injured spinal cord. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:88. [PMID: 38600569 PMCID: PMC11005239 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical softening of the glial scar region regulates axonal regeneration to impede neurological recovery in central nervous system (CNS) injury. Microglia, a crucial cellular component of the glial scar, facilitate neuronal survival and neurological recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the critical mechanical characterization of injured spinal cord that harmonizes neuroprotective function of microglia remains poorly understood. METHODS Spinal cord tissue stiffness was assessed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in a mouse model of crush injury. Pharmacological depletion of microglia using PLX5622 was used to explore the effect of microglia on mechanical characterization. Conditional knockout of Fascin-1 in microglia (Fascin-1 CKO) alone or in combination with inhibition of myosin activity was performed to delve into relevant mechanisms of microglia regulating mechanical signal. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to evaluate the related protein levels, inflammatory cells, and neuron survival after SCI. The Basso mouse scale score was calculated to assess functional recovery. RESULTS Spinal cord tissue significantly softens after SCI. Microglia depletion or Fascin-1 knockout in microglia limits tissue softening and alters mechanical characterization, which leads to increased tissue pathology and impaired functional recovery. Mechanistically, Fascin-1 inhibits myosin activation to promote microglial migration and control mechanical characterization after SCI. CONCLUSIONS We reveal that Fascin-1 limits myosin activity to regulate mechanical characterization after SCI, and this mechanical signal should be considered in future approaches for the treatment of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xuyang Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Zeqiang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Fangru Ouyang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jianjian Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yixue Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yuanzhe Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Fei Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Juehua Jing
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
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Jiang M, Chen M, Liu N. Interactions between Schwann cell and extracellular matrix in peripheral nerve regeneration. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1372168. [PMID: 38651098 PMCID: PMC11034552 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1372168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries, caused by various reasons, often lead to severe sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunction or permanent disability, posing a challenging problem in regenerative medicine. Autologous nerve transplantation has been the gold standard in traditional treatments but faces numerous limitations and risk factors, such as donor area denervation, increased surgical complications, and diameter or nerve bundle mismatches. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex molecular network synthesized and released into the extracellular space by cells residing in tissues or organs. Its main components include collagen, proteoglycans/glycosaminoglycans, elastin, laminin, fibronectin, etc., providing structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells, crucial for cell survival and growth. Schwann cells, as the primary glial cells in the peripheral nervous system, play various important roles. Schwann cell transplantation is considered the gold standard in cell therapy for peripheral nerve injuries, making ECM derived from Schwann cells one of the most suitable biomaterials for peripheral nerve repair. To better understand the mechanisms of Schwann cells and the ECM in peripheral nerve regeneration and their optimal application, this review provides an overview of their roles in peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maorong Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Muyang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Nana Liu
- School of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Guo J, Yang T, Zhang W, Yu K, Xu X, Li W, Song L, Gu X, Cao R, Cui S. Inhibition of CD44 suppresses the formation of fibrotic scar after spinal cord injury via the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. iScience 2024; 27:108935. [PMID: 38323002 PMCID: PMC10846335 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic scar is one of the main impediments to axon regeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI). In this study, we found that CD44 was upregulated during the formation of fibrotic scar, and blocking CD44 by IM7 caused downregulation of fibrosis-related extracellular matrix proteins at both 2 and 12 weeks post-spinal cord injury. More Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA)-traced corticospinal tract axons crossed the scar area and extended into the distal region after IM7 administration. A recovery of motor and sensory function was observed based on Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) scores and tail-flick test. In vitro experiments revealed that inhibiting CD44 and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway decreased the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of fibroblasts induced by the inflammatory supernatant. Collectively, these findings highlight the critical role of CD44 and its downstream JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in fibrotic scar formation, suggesting a potential therapeutic target for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Guo
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
- Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
| | - Tuo Yang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
- Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
| | - Weizhong Zhang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
- Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
| | - Kaiming Yu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
- Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
| | - Xiong Xu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
- Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
| | - Weizhen Li
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
- Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
| | - Lili Song
- Department of Hand & Microsurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Rangjuan Cao
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
- Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
| | - Shusen Cui
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
- Key Laboratory of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
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Wang S, Cheng L. The role of apoptosis in spinal cord injury: a bibliometric analysis from 1994 to 2023. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1334092. [PMID: 38293650 PMCID: PMC10825042 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1334092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptosis after spinal cord injury (SCI) plays a pivotal role in the secondary injury mechanisms, which cause the ultimate neurologic insults. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of apoptosis in SCI allows for improved glial and neuronal survival via the administrations of anti-apoptotic biomarkers. The knowledge structure, development trends, and research hotspots of apoptosis and SCI have not yet been systematically investigated. Methods Articles and reviews on apoptosis and SCI, published from 1st January 1994 to 1st Oct 2023, were retrieved from the Web of Science™. Bibliometrix in R was used to evaluate annual publications, countries, affiliations, authors, sources, documents, key words, and hot topics. Results A total of 3,359 publications in accordance with the criterions were obtained, which exhibited an ascending trend in annual publications. The most productive countries were the USA and China. Journal of Neurotrauma was the most impactive journal; Wenzhou Medical University was the most prolific affiliation; Cuzzocrea S was the most productive and influential author. "Apoptosis," "spinal-cord-injury," "expression," "activation," and "functional recovery" were the most frequent key words. Additionally, "transplantation," "mesenchymal stemness-cells," "therapies," "activation," "regeneration," "repair," "autophagy," "exosomes," "nlrp3 inflammasome," "neuroinflammation," and "knockdown" were the latest emerging key words, which may inform the hottest themes. Conclusions Apoptosis after SCI may cause the ultimate neurological damages. Development of novel treatments for secondary SCI mainly depends on a better understanding of apoptosis-related mechanisms in molecular and cellular levels. Such therapeutic interventions involve the application of anti-apoptotic agents, free radical scavengers, as well as anti-inflammatory drugs, which can be targeted to inhibit core events in cellular and molecular injury cascades pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqiao Wang
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spinal and Spinal Cord Injury, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Muraleedharan Saraswathy V, Zhou L, Mokalled MH. Single-cell analysis of innate spinal cord regeneration identifies intersecting modes of neuronal repair. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.19.541505. [PMID: 37292638 PMCID: PMC10245778 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.19.541505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Adult zebrafish have an innate ability to recover from severe spinal cord injury. Here, we report a comprehensive single nuclear RNA sequencing atlas that spans 6 weeks of regeneration. We identify cooperative roles for adult neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity during spinal cord repair. Neurogenesis of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons restores the excitatory/inhibitory balance after injury. In addition, transient populations of injury-responsive neurons (iNeurons) show elevated plasticity between 1 and 3 weeks post-injury. Using cross-species transcriptomics and CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, we found iNeurons are injury-surviving neurons that share transcriptional similarities with a rare population of spontaneously plastic mouse neurons. iNeurons are required for functional recovery and employ vesicular trafficking as an essential mechanism that underlies neuronal plasticity. This study provides a comprehensive resource of the cells and mechanisms that direct spinal cord regeneration and establishes zebrafish as a model of plasticity-driven neural repair.
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Holl D, Göritz C. Decoding fibrosis in the human central nervous system. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1415-C1420. [PMID: 37811731 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00243.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in human tissue analyses and animal models have revealed that fibrotic scarring is a common response to various lesions in the central nervous system (CNS). Perivascular cells within the brain or spinal cord give rise to stromal fibroblasts that form fibrotic scar tissue. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of fibrotic scar formation in different CNS lesions and evaluate published human single-cell gene expression datasets to gather information on perivascular cells. Specifically, we highlight the classification of pericytes and fibroblast subtypes and compare the marker expression of perivascular cells across different datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Holl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Göritz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Wallenberg Centre, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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11
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Li Y, Chen Y, Hu X, Ouyang F, Li J, Huang J, Ye J, Shan F, Luo Y, Yu S, Li Z, Yao F, Liu Y, Shi Y, Zheng M, Cheng L, Jing J. Fingolimod (FTY720) Hinders Interferon-γ-Mediated Fibrotic Scar Formation and Facilitates Neurological Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:2580-2595. [PMID: 36879472 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury (SCI), fibrotic scar inhibits axon regeneration and impairs neurological function recovery. It has been reported that T cell-derived interferon (IFN)-γ plays a pivotal role in promoting fibrotic scarring in neurodegenerative disease. However, the role of IFN-γ in fibrotic scar formation after SCI has not been declared. In this study, a spinal cord crush injury mouse was established. Western blot and immunofluorescence showed that IFN-γ was surrounded by fibroblasts at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days post-injury. Moreover, IFN-γ is mainly secreted by T cells after SCI. Further, in situ injection of IFN-γ into the normal spinal cord resulted in fibrotic scar formation and inflammation response at 7 days post-injection. After SCI, the intraperitoneal injection of fingolimod (FTY720), a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) modulator and W146, an S1PR1 antagonist, significantly reduced T cell infiltration, attenuating fibrotic scarring via inhibiting IFN-γ/IFN-γR pathway, while in situ injection of IFN-γ diminished the effect of FTY720 on reducing fibrotic scarring. FTY720 treatment inhibited inflammation, decreased lesion size, and promoted neuroprotection and neurological recovery after SCI. These findings demonstrate that the inhibition of T cell-derived IFN-γ by FTY720 suppressed fibrotic scarring and contributed to neurological recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiteng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yihao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xuyang Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fangru Ouyang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jianjian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jinxin Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jianan Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fangli Shan
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Scientific Research and Experiment Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shuisheng Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ziyu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fei Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yanchang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Meige Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Juehua Jing
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Orthopedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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12
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Liu G, Deng B, Huo L, Jiang S, Fan X, Mo Y, Ren J, Zhao Y, Xu L, Mu X. Temporal profiling and validation of oxidative stress-related genes in spinal cord injury. Brain Res Bull 2023; 205:110832. [PMID: 38042503 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI), yet its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we explored the OS phenotype in a rat model of SCI. Subsequently, comprehensive bioinformatic analyses were conducted on microarray data pertaining to SCI (GSE45006). Notably, KEGG enrichment analysis revealed a pronounced enrichment of pivotal pathways, namely MAPK, FoxO, Apoptosis, NF-κB, TNF, HIF-1, and Chemokine across distinct phases of SCI. Furthermore, GO enrichment analysis highlighted the significance of biological processes including response to hypoxia, response to decrease oxygen levels, response to reactive oxygen species, cellular response to oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species metabolic process, and regulation of neuron death in the context of OS following SCI. Notably, our study underscores the prominence of nine genes, namely Itgb1, Itgam, Fn1, Icam1, Cd44, Cxcr4, Ptprc, Tlr4, and Tlr2 as OS key genes in SCI, consistently expressed in both the acute phase (1, 3, 7 days) and sub-acute phase (14 days). Subsequently, the relative mRNA expression of these key genes in different time points (1, 3, 7, 14 days) post-SCI. Finally, leveraging the DsigDB database, we predicted ten potential compounds potentially targeting OS and facilitating the repair of SCI, thus providing novel insights into the mechanisms underlying OS and identifying potential therapeutic targets for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Bowen Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Luyao Huo
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shengyuan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiao Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yanjun Mo
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jingpei Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Xiaohong Mu
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China.
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13
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Ross BC, Kent RN, Saunders MN, Schwartz SR, Smiley BM, Hocevar SE, Chen SC, Xiao C, Williams LA, Anderson AJ, Cummings BJ, Baker BM, Shea LD. Building-Block Size Mediates Microporous Annealed Particle Hydrogel Tube Microenvironment Following Spinal Cord Injury. Adv Healthc Mater 2023:e2302498. [PMID: 37768019 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life-altering event, which often results in loss of sensory and motor function below the level of trauma. Biomaterial therapies have been widely investigated in SCI to promote directional regeneration but are often limited by their pre-constructed size and shape. Herein, the design parameters of microporous annealed particles (MAPs) are investigated with tubular geometries that conform to the injury and direct axons across the defect to support functional recovery. MAP tubes prepared from 20-, 40-, and 60-micron polyethylene glycol (PEG) beads are generated and implanted in a T9-10 murine hemisection model of SCI. Tubes attenuate glial and fibrotic scarring, increase innate immune cell density, and reduce inflammatory phenotypes in a bead size-dependent manner. Tubes composed of 60-micron beads increase the cell density of the chronic macrophage response, while neutrophil infiltration and phenotypes do not deviate from those seen in controls. At 8 weeks postinjury, implantation of tubes composed of 60-micron beads results in enhanced locomotor function, robust axonal ingrowth, and remyelination through both lumens and the inter-tube space. Collectively, these studies demonstrate the importance of bead size in MAP construction and highlight PEG tubes as a biomaterial therapy to promote regeneration and functional recovery in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Ross
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Robert N Kent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael N Saunders
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Samantha R Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Brooke M Smiley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sarah E Hocevar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, 204 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Shao-Chi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Chengchuan Xiao
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Laura A Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Aileen J Anderson
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Biological Sciences III, 2642, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, 845 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, 18124 Culver Dr # F, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Brian J Cummings
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Biological Sciences III, 2642, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, 845 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, 18124 Culver Dr # F, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Brendon M Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, 204 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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14
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Zeng X, Wei QS, Ye JC, Rao JH, Zheng MG, Ma YH, Peng LZ, Ding Y, Lai BQ, Li G, Cheng SX, Ling EA, Han I, Zeng YS. A biocompatible gelatin sponge scaffold confers robust tissue remodeling after spinal cord injury in a non-human primate model. Biomaterials 2023; 299:122161. [PMID: 37236138 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We previously constructed a three-dimensional gelatin sponge (3D-GS) scaffold as a delivery vehicle for therapeutic cells and trophic factors in the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI), and this study aimed to assess the biosafety and efficacy of the scaffold in a non-human primate SCI model. However, because it has only been tested in rodent and canine models, the biosafety and efficacy of the scaffold should ideally be assessed in a non-human primate SCI model before its use in the clinic. No adverse reactions were observed over 8 weeks following 3D-GS scaffold implantation into in a Macaca fascicularis with hemisected SCI. Scaffold implantation also did not add to neuroinflammatory or astroglial responses already present at the injured site, suggesting good biocompatibility. Notably, there was a significant reduction in α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA)-positive cells at the injury/implantation interface, leading to alleviation of fibrotic compression of the residual spinal cord tissue. The regenerating tissue in the scaffold showed numerous cells migrating into the implant secreting abundant extracellular matrix, resulting in a pro-regenerative microenvironment. Consequently, nerve fiber regeneration, myelination, vascularization, neurogenesis, and electrophysiological improvements were achieved. These results indicated that the 3D-GS scaffold had good histocompatibility and effectiveness in the structural repair of injured spinal cord tissue in a non-human primate and is suitable for use in the treatment of patients with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Lab of Stem Cell Biology and Innovative Research of Chinese Medicine; National Institute for Stem Cell Clinical Research, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine/The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qing-Shuai Wei
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ji-Chao Ye
- Department of Spine Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jun-Hua Rao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Mei-Guang Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yuan-Huan Ma
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li-Zhi Peng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bi-Qin Lai
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ge Li
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shi-Xiang Cheng
- Healthina Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (HAB-TEDA) and XinCheng Hospital of Tianjin University, Tianjin, 301999, China
| | - Eng-Ang Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Inbo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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15
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Achenbach P, Hillerbrand L, Gerardo-Nava JL, Dievernich A, Hodde D, Sechi AS, Dalton PD, Pich A, Weis J, Altinova H, Brook GA. Function Follows Form: Oriented Substrate Nanotopography Overrides Neurite-Repulsive Schwann Cell-Astrocyte Barrier Formation in an In Vitro Model of Glial Scarring. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:6337-6346. [PMID: 37459449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Schwann cell (SC) transplantation represents a promising therapeutic approach for traumatic spinal cord injury but is frustrated by barrier formation, preventing cell migration, and axonal regeneration at the interface between grafted SCs and reactive resident astrocytes (ACs). Although regenerating axons successfully extend into SC grafts, only a few cross the SC-AC interface to re-enter lesioned neuropil. To date, research has focused on identifying and modifying the molecular mechanisms underlying such scarring cell-cell interactions, while the influence of substrate topography remains largely unexplored. Using a recently modified cell confrontation assay to model SC-AC barrier formation in vitro, highly oriented poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibers were observed to reduce AC reactivity, induce extensive oriented intermingling between SCs and ACs, and ultimately enable substantial neurite outgrowth from the SC compartment into the AC territory. It is anticipated that these findings will have important implications for the future design of biomaterial-based scaffolds for nervous tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Achenbach
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura Hillerbrand
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - José L Gerardo-Nava
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Advanced Materials for Biomedicine (AMB), Institute of Applied Medical Engineering (AME), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Axel Dievernich
- FEG Textiltechnik Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH, 52070 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Hodde
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio S Sechi
- Department of Cell and Tumor Biology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Paul D Dalton
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Haktan Altinova
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gary A Brook
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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16
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Patani R, Hardingham GE, Liddelow SA. Functional roles of reactive astrocytes in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:395-409. [PMID: 37308616 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00822-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in uncovering the mechanisms that underlie neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disease, therapies that prevent neuronal loss remain elusive. Targeting of disease-defining markers in conditions such as Alzheimer disease (amyloid-β and tau) or Parkinson disease (α-synuclein) has been met with limited success, suggesting that these proteins do not act in isolation but form part of a pathological network. This network could involve phenotypic alteration of multiple cell types in the CNS, including astrocytes, which have a major neurosupportive, homeostatic role in the healthy CNS but adopt reactive states under acute or chronic adverse conditions. Transcriptomic studies in human patients and disease models have revealed the co-existence of many putative reactive sub-states of astrocytes. Inter-disease and even intra-disease heterogeneity of reactive astrocytic sub-states are well established, but the extent to which specific sub-states are shared across different diseases is unclear. In this Review, we highlight how single-cell and single-nuclei RNA sequencing and other 'omics' technologies can enable the functional characterization of defined reactive astrocyte states in various pathological scenarios. We provide an integrated perspective, advocating cross-modal validation of key findings to define functionally important sub-states of astrocytes and their triggers as tractable therapeutic targets with cross-disease relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickie Patani
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, Human Stem Cells and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Danilov CA, Thein TZ, Tahara SM, Schönthal AH, Chen TC. Intranasal Delivery of miR133b in a NEO100-Based Formulation Induces a Healing Response in Spinal Cord-Injured Mice. Cells 2023; 12:931. [PMID: 36980272 PMCID: PMC10047048 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite important advances in the pre-clinical animal studies investigating the neuroinhibitory microenvironment at the injury site, traumatic injury to the spinal cord remains a major problem with no concrete response. Here, we examined whether (1) intranasal (IN) administration of miR133b/Ago2 can reach the injury site and achieve a therapeutic effect and (2) NEO100-based formulation of miR133b/Ago2 can improve effectiveness. 24 h after a cervical contusion, C57BL6 female mice received IN delivery of miR133b/Ago2 or miR133b/Ago2/NEO100 for 3 days, one dose per day. The pharmacokinetics of miR133b in the spinal cord lesion was determined by RT-qPCR. The role of IN delivery of miR133b on motor function was assessed by the grip strength meter (GSM) and hanging tasks. The activity of miR133b at the lesion site was established by immunostaining of fibronectin 1 (FN1), a miR133b target. We found that IN delivery of miR133b/Ago2 (1) reaches the lesion scar and co-administration of miR133b with NEO100 facilitated the cellular uptake; (2) enhanced the motor function and addition of NEO100 potentiated this effect and (3) targeted FN1 expression at the lesion scar. Our results suggest a high efficacy of IN delivery of miR133b/Ago2 to the injured spinal cord that translates to improved healing with NEO100 further potentiating this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia A. Danilov
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (C.A.D.)
| | - Thu Zan Thein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (C.A.D.)
| | - Stanley M. Tahara
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Axel H. Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Thomas C. Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (C.A.D.)
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18
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Yifan H, Peng G, Tao Q, Bo C, Tao X, Jiang Y, Qian W, Zhenqi Y, Tao J, Jin F, Shujie Z, Wei Z, Jian C, Guoyong Y. Delayed inhibition of collagen deposition by targeting bone morphogenetic protein 1 promotes recovery after spinal cord injury. Matrix Biol 2023; 118:69-91. [PMID: 36918086 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Fibrotic scars appear after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are mainly composed of fibroblasts and excess extracellular matrix (ECM), including different types of collagen. The temporal and spatial distribution and role of excess collagens and ECM after SCI are not yet fully understood. Here, we identified that the procollagen type I C-terminal propeptide (PICP), a marker of collagen type I deposition, and bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1), a secreted procollagen c-proteinase (PCP) for type I collagen maturation, were significantly elevatedin cerebrospinal fluid of patients with SCI compared with healthy controls, and were associated with spinal cord compression and neurological symptoms. We revealed the deposition of type I collagen in the area damaged by SCI in mice and confirmed that BMP1 was the only expressed PCP and induced collagen deposition. Furthermore, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) can activate the expression of BMP1. However, inhibition of BMP1 at the acute phase eliminated fibrotic scars in the damaged area and inhibited activation and enrichment of astrocytes, which made the damage difficult to repair and increased hematoma. Unexpectedly, knockdown of Bmp1 by adeno-associated virus or the inhibition of BMP1 biological function by specific inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies at different time points after injury led to distinct therapeutic effects. Only delayed inhibition of BMP1 improved axonal regeneration and myelin repair at the subacute stage post-injury, and led to the recovery of motor function, suggesting that scarring had a dual effect. Early inhibition of the scarring was not conducive to limiting inflammation, while excessive scar formation inhibited the growth of axons. After SCI, the collagen deposition indicators increased in both human cerebrospinal fluid and mouse spinal cord. Therefore, suppression of BMP1 during the subacute phase improves nerve function after SCI and is a potential target for scar reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Yifan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Gao Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Qin Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Chu Bo
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Xu Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Wang Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Yang Zhenqi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Jiang Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Fan Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Zhao Shujie
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
| | - Zhou Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
| | - Chen Jian
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
| | - Yin Guoyong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Jiangsu Institute of Functional Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
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Current Advancements in Spinal Cord Injury Research—Glial Scar Formation and Neural Regeneration. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060853. [PMID: 36980193 PMCID: PMC10046908 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex tissue injury resulting in permanent and degenerating damage to the central nervous system (CNS). Detrimental cellular processes occur after SCI, including axonal degeneration, neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, reactive gliosis, and scar formation. The glial scar border forms to segregate the neural lesion and isolate spreading inflammation, reactive oxygen species, and excitotoxicity at the injury epicenter to preserve surrounding healthy tissue. The scar border is a physicochemical barrier composed of elongated astrocytes, fibroblasts, and microglia secreting chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, collogen, and the dense extra-cellular matrix. While this physiological response preserves viable neural tissue, it is also detrimental to regeneration. To overcome negative outcomes associated with scar formation, therapeutic strategies have been developed: the prevention of scar formation, the resolution of the developed scar, cell transplantation into the lesion, and endogenous cell reprogramming. This review focuses on cellular/molecular aspects of glial scar formation, and discusses advantages and disadvantages of strategies to promote regeneration after SCI.
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Sun X, Liu H, Tan Z, Hou Y, Pang M, Chen S, Xiao L, Yuan Q, Liu B, Rong L, He L. Remodeling Microenvironment for Endogenous Repair through Precise Modulation of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans Following Spinal Cord Injury. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205012. [PMID: 36398653 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The fluid-filled cystic cavity sealed by a dense scar developed following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) has been a major obstacle to neural regeneration and functional recovery. Here the transected lesion is bridged using a functional self-assembling peptide (F-SAP) hydrogel loaded with membrane-permeable intracellular sigma peptide (ISP) and intracellular LAR peptide (ILP), targeted at perturbing chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) inhibitory signaling. As compared to F-SAP hydrogel loaded with chondroitinase ABC, the F-SAP+ISP/ILP promotes a beneficial anti-inflammatory response via manipulation of microglia/macrophages infiltration and assembly of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules into fibrotic matrix rather than scarring tissues. The remodeled ECM creates a permissive environment that supports axon regrowth and the formation of synaptic connections with neurons derived from endogenous neural stem cells. The remodeled networks contribute to functional recovery, as demonstrated by improved hind limb movements and electrophysiological properties. This work proposes a unique mechanism that ECM remodeling induced by CSPG-manipulation-based anti-inflammation can construct a permissive environment for neural regeneration, and shed light on the advancement of manipulation of cascading cellular and molecular events potential for endogenous repair of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Haiqian Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zan Tan
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yuhui Hou
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Mao Pang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Shengfeng Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Longyou Xiao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Qiuju Yuan
- Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Limin Rong
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Liumin He
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
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Li Z, Zhao T, Ding J, Gu H, Wang Q, Wang Y, Zhang D, Gao C. A reactive oxygen species-responsive hydrogel encapsulated with bone marrow derived stem cells promotes repair and regeneration of spinal cord injury. Bioact Mater 2023; 19:550-568. [PMID: 35600969 PMCID: PMC9108756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an overwhelming and incurable disabling event accompanied by complicated inflammation-related pathological processes, such as excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the infiltrated inflammatory immune cells and released to the extracellular microenvironment, leading to the widespread apoptosis of the neuron cells, glial and oligodendroctyes. In this study, a thioketal-containing and ROS-scavenging hydrogel was prepared for encapsulation of the bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), which promoted the neurogenesis and axon regeneration by scavenging the overproduced ROS and re-building a regenerative microenvironment. The hydrogel could effectively encapsulate BMSCs, and played a remarkable neuroprotective role in vivo by reducing the production of endogenous ROS, attenuating ROS-mediated oxidative damage and downregulating the inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), resulting in a reduced cell apoptosis in the spinal cord tissue. The BMSCs-encapsulated ROS-scavenging hydrogel also reduced the scar formation, and improved the neurogenesis of the spinal cord tissue, and thus distinctly enhanced the motor functional recovery of SCI rats. Our work provides a combinational strategy against ROS-mediated oxidative stress, with potential applications not only in SCI, but also in other central nervous system diseases with similar pathological conditions.
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Astrocyte-derived sEVs alleviate fibrosis and promote functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Cao XM, Li SL, Cao YQ, Lv YH, Wang YX, Yu B, Yao C. A comparative analysis of differentially expressed genes in rostral and caudal regions after spinal cord injury in rats. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2267-2271. [PMID: 35259848 PMCID: PMC9083160 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.336874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial mechanical damage of a spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers a progressive secondary injury cascade, which is a complicated process integrating multiple systems and cells. It is crucial to explore the molecular and biological process alterations that occur after SCI for therapy development. The differences between the rostral and caudal regions around an SCI lesion have received little attention. Here, we analyzed the differentially expressed genes between rostral and caudal sites after injury to determine the biological processes in these two segments after SCI. We identified a set of differentially expressed genes, including Col3a1, Col1a1, Dcn, Fn1, Kcnk3, and Nrg1, between rostral and caudal regions at different time points following SCI. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that these genes were involved in response to mechanical stimulus, blood vessel development, and brain development. We then chose Col3a1, Col1a1, Dcn, Fn1, Kcnk3, and Nrg1 for quantitative real-time PCR and Fn1 for immunostaining validation. Our results indicate alterations in different biological events enriched in the rostral and caudal lesion areas, providing new insights into the pathology of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Min Cao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sheng-Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Qi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ye-Hua Lv
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ya-Xian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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Hu J, Shangguan J, Askar P, Xu J, Sun H, Zhou S, Zhu C, Su W, Gu Y. Decellularization alters the unfavorable regenerative adverse microenvironment of the injured spinal cord to support neurite outgrowth. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:934. [PMID: 36172103 PMCID: PMC9511201 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-3969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Acellular tissue has been transplanted into the injury site as an external microenvironment to intervene with imbalance microenvironment that occurs after spinal cord injury (SCI) and stimulating axonal regeneration, although the mechanism is unclear. Given decellularization is the key means to obtain acellular tissues, we speculated changes in the internal components of tissue caused by decellularization may be the key reason why acellular tissues affect remodeling of the microenvironment. Methods Complete spinal cord crush in a mouse model was established, and the dynamic of extracellular matrix (ECM) expression and distribution during SCI was studied with immunohistochemistry (IHC). Normal spinal cord (NSC) and 14-day injury spinal cord (ISC) were obtained to prepare the decellularized NSC (DNSC) and decellularized ISC (DISC) through a well-designed decellularization method, and the decellularization effects were evaluated by residual DNA content determination, hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E), and IHC. Rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were co-cultured with NSC, ISC, DNSC, and DISC to evaluate their effect on neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which decellularized tissue promotes axonal growth were explored with proteomics analysis of the protein components and function of 14-day ISC and DISC. Results We found the expression of the four main ECM components (collagen type I and IV, fibronectin, and laminin) gradually increased with the progression of SCI compared to NSC, peaking at 14 days of injury then slightly decreasing at 21 days, and the distribution of the four ECM proteins in the ISC also changed dynamically. H&E staining, residual DNA content determination, and IHC showed decellularization removed cellular components and preserved an intact ECM. The results of co-cultured DRG with NSCs, ISCs, DNSCs, and DISCs showed DNSCs and DISCs had a stronger ability in supporting neurite outgrowth than NSC and ISC. We found through proteomics that decellularization could remove proteins associated with inflammatory responses, scarring, and other pathological factors, while completely retaining the ECM proteins. Conclusions Taken together, our findings demonstrate decellularization can optimize the imbalanced microenvironment after SCI by removing components that inhibit spinal cord regeneration, providing a theoretical basis for clinical application of acellular tissue transplantation to repair SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jianghong Shangguan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Parizat Askar
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jinghui Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hualin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Songlin Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Changlai Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wenfeng Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yun Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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25
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Spatiotemporal dynamics of the cellular components involved in glial scar formation following spinal cord injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Fibrotic Scar in CNS Injuries: From the Cellular Origins of Fibroblasts to the Molecular Processes of Fibrotic Scar Formation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152371. [PMID: 35954214 PMCID: PMC9367779 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) trauma activates a persistent repair response that leads to fibrotic scar formation within the lesion. This scarring is similar to other organ fibrosis in many ways; however, the unique features of the CNS differentiate it from other organs. In this review, we discuss fibrotic scar formation in CNS trauma, including the cellular origins of fibroblasts, the mechanism of fibrotic scar formation following an injury, as well as the implication of the fibrotic scar in CNS tissue remodeling and regeneration. While discussing the shared features of CNS fibrotic scar and fibrosis outside the CNS, we highlight their differences and discuss therapeutic targets that may enhance regeneration in the CNS.
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Xu Y, He X, Wang Y, Jian J, Peng X, Zhou L, Kang Y, Wang T. 5-Fluorouracil reduces the fibrotic scar via inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase 9 and stabilizing microtubules after spinal cord injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:2011-2023. [PMID: 35918897 PMCID: PMC9627390 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Fibrotic scars composed of a dense extracellular matrix are the major obstacles for axonal regeneration. Previous studies have reported that antitumor drugs promote neurofunctional recovery. METHODS We investigated the effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a classical antitumor drug with a high therapeutic index, on fibrotic scar formation, axonal regeneration, and functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). RESULTS 5-FU administration after hemisection SCI improved hind limb sensorimotor function of the ipsilateral hind paws. 5-FU application also significantly reduced the fibrotic scar formation labeled with aggrecan and fibronectin-positive components, Iba1+ /CD11b+ macrophages/microglia, vimentin, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (NG2/CSPG4), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ)+ pericytes. Moreover, 5-FU treatment promoted stromal cells apoptosis and inhibited fibroblast proliferation and migration by abrogating the polarity of these cells and reducing matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression and promoted axonal growth of spinal neurons via the neuron-specific protein doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1). Therefore, 5-FU administration impedes the formation of fibrotic scars and promotes axonal regeneration to further restore sensorimotor function after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Units of West ChinaChinese Academy of Medical SciencesChengduChina,Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiuying He
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Units of West ChinaChinese Academy of Medical SciencesChengduChina,Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Units of West ChinaChinese Academy of Medical SciencesChengduChina
| | - Jiao Jian
- Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory Zoology DepartmentKunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Xia Peng
- Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory Zoology DepartmentKunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Lie Zhou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Biomedical Engineering Research CenterKunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Yi Kang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina,National‐Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Tinghua Wang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Units of West ChinaChinese Academy of Medical SciencesChengduChina,Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory Zoology DepartmentKunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina,National‐Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Li Z, Yu S, Liu Y, Hu X, Li Y, Xiao Z, Chen Y, Tian D, Xu X, Cheng L, Zheng M, Jing J. SU16f inhibits fibrotic scar formation and facilitates axon regeneration and locomotor function recovery after spinal cord injury by blocking the PDGFRβ pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:95. [PMID: 35429978 PMCID: PMC9013464 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excessively deposited fibrotic scar after spinal cord injury (SCI) inhibits axon regeneration. It has been reported that platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ), as a marker of fibrotic scar-forming fibroblasts, can only be activated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) B or PDGFD. However, whether the activation of the PDGFRβ pathway can mediate fibrotic scar formation after SCI remains unclear. Methods A spinal cord compression injury mouse model was used. In situ injection of exogenous PDGFB or PDGFD in the spinal cord was used to specifically activate the PDGFRβ pathway in the uninjured spinal cord, while intrathecal injection of SU16f was used to specifically block the PDGFRβ pathway in the uninjured or injured spinal cord. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to explore the distributions and cell sources of PDGFB and PDGFD, and to evaluate astrocytic scar, fibrotic scar, inflammatory cells and axon regeneration after SCI. Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) and footprint analysis were performed to evaluate locomotor function recovery after SCI. Results We found that the expression of PDGFD and PDGFB increased successively after SCI, and PDGFB was mainly secreted by astrocytes, while PDGFD was mainly secreted by macrophages/microglia and fibroblasts. In addition, in situ injection of exogenous PDGFB or PDGFD can lead to fibrosis in the uninjured spinal cord, while this profibrotic effect could be specifically blocked by the PDGFRβ inhibitor SU16f. We then treated the mice after SCI with SU16f and found the reduction of fibrotic scar, the interruption of scar boundary and the inhibition of lesion and inflammation, which promoted axon regeneration and locomotor function recovery after SCI. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that activation of PDGFRβ pathway can directly induce fibrotic scar formation, and specific blocking of this pathway would contribute to the treatment of SCI.
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The Role of Tissue Geometry in Spinal Cord Regeneration. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58040542. [PMID: 35454380 PMCID: PMC9028021 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58040542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Unlike peripheral nerves, axonal regeneration is limited following injury to the spinal cord. While there may be reduced regenerative potential of injured neurons, the central nervous system (CNS) white matter environment appears to be more significant in limiting regrowth. Several factors may inhibit regeneration, and their neutralization can modestly enhance regrowth. However, most investigations have not considered the cytoarchitecture of spinal cord white matter. Several lines of investigation demonstrate that axonal regeneration is enhanced by maintaining, repairing, or reconstituting the parallel geometry of the spinal cord white matter. In this review, we focus on environmental factors that have been implicated as putative inhibitors of axonal regeneration and the evidence that their organization may be an important determinant in whether they inhibit or promote regeneration. Consideration of tissue geometry may be important for developing successful strategies to promote spinal cord regeneration.
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Progression in translational research on spinal cord injury based on microenvironment imbalance. Bone Res 2022; 10:35. [PMID: 35396505 PMCID: PMC8993811 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to loss of motor and sensory function below the injury level and imposes a considerable burden on patients, families, and society. Repair of the injured spinal cord has been recognized as a global medical challenge for many years. Significant progress has been made in research on the pathological mechanism of spinal cord injury. In particular, with the development of gene regulation, cell sequencing, and cell tracing technologies, in-depth explorations of the SCI microenvironment have become more feasible. However, translational studies related to repair of the injured spinal cord have not yielded significant results. This review summarizes the latest research progress on two aspects of SCI pathology: intraneuronal microenvironment imbalance and regenerative microenvironment imbalance. We also review repair strategies for the injured spinal cord based on microenvironment imbalance, including medications, cell transplantation, exosomes, tissue engineering, cell reprogramming, and rehabilitation. The current state of translational research on SCI and future directions are also discussed. The development of a combined, precise, and multitemporal strategy for repairing the injured spinal cord is a potential future direction.
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Fibrosis in the central nervous system: from the meninges to the vasculature. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 387:351-360. [PMID: 34189605 PMCID: PMC8717837 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03491-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Formation of a collagenous connective tissue scar after penetrating injuries to the brain or spinal cord has been described and investigated for well over 100 years. However, it was studied almost exclusively in the context of penetrating injuries that resulted in infiltration of meningeal fibroblasts, which raised doubts about translational applicability to most CNS injuries where the meninges remain intact. Recent studies demonstrating the perivascular niche as a source of fibroblasts have debunked the traditional view that a fibrotic scar only forms after penetrating lesions that tear the meninges. These studies have led to a renewed interest in CNS fibrosis not only in the context of axon regeneration after spinal cord injury, but also across a spectrum of CNS disorders. Arising with this renewed interest is some discrepancy about which perivascular cell gives rise to the fibrotic scar, but additional studies are beginning to provide some clarity. Although mechanistic studies on CNS fibrosis are still lacking, the similarities to fibrosis of other organs should provide important insight into how CNS fibrosis can be therapeutically targeted to promote functional recovery.
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Dolma S, Adhikari K, Mamidi T, Roy A, Pathak Z, Kumar H. Ethamsylate Attenuates Mutilated Secondary Pathogenesis and Exhibits a Neuroprotective Role in Experimental Model of Spinal Cord Injury. Neuroscience 2022; 484:26-37. [PMID: 34995714 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in the neuronal connection that succumbs to the impairment of sensory and motor neurons are the hallmarks of spinal cord injury (SCI). Secondary pathogenesis, which initiates after the primary mechanical insult to the spinal cord, depicts a pivotal role in producing inflammation, lesion formation and ultimately causes fibrotic scar formation in the chronic period. This fibrotic scar formed acts as a major hindrance in facilitating axonal regeneration and is one of the root causes of motor impairment. Cascade of secondary events in SCI begins with injury-induced blood spinal cord barrier rupture that promotes increased migration of neutrophils, macrophages, and other inflammatory cells at the injury site to initiate the secondary damages. This phenomenon leads to the release of matrix metalloproteinase, cytokines and chemokines, reactive oxygen species, and other proteolytic enzymes at the lesion site. These factors assist in the activation of the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, which further leads to excessive proliferation of perivascular fibroblast, followed by deposition of collagen and fibronectin matrix, which are the main components of the fibrotic scar. Subsequently, this scar formed inhibits the propagation of action potential from one neuron to adjacent neurons. Ethamsylate, an anti-hemorrhagic drug, has the potential to maintain early hemostasis as well as restore capillary resistance. Therefore, we hypothesized that ethamsylate, by virtue of its anti-hemorrhagic activity, reduces hemorrhagic ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis, maintains the blood spinal cord barrier integrity, and decreases secondary damage severity, thereby reduce the extent of fibrotic scar formation, and demonstrates a neuroprotective role in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Dolma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Kirti Adhikari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Teena Mamidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Abhishek Roy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Zarna Pathak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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Perez JC, Gerber YN, Perrin FE. Dynamic Diversity of Glial Response Among Species in Spinal Cord Injury. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:769548. [PMID: 34899275 PMCID: PMC8662749 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.769548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The glial scar that forms after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is mostly composed of microglia, NG2 glia, and astrocytes and plays dual roles in pathophysiological processes induced by the injury. On one hand, the glial scar acts as a chemical and physical obstacle to spontaneous axonal regeneration, thus preventing functional recovery, and, on the other hand, it partly limits lesion extension. The complex activation pattern of glial cells is associated with cellular and molecular crosstalk and interactions with immune cells. Interestingly, response to SCI is diverse among species: from amphibians and fishes that display rather limited (if any) glial scarring to mammals that exhibit a well-identifiable scar. Additionally, kinetics of glial activation varies among species. In rodents, microglia become activated before astrocytes, and both glial cell populations undergo activation processes reflected amongst others by proliferation and migration toward the injury site. In primates, glial cell activation is delayed as compared to rodents. Here, we compare the spatial and temporal diversity of the glial response, following SCI amongst species. A better understanding of mechanisms underlying glial activation and scar formation is a prerequisite to develop timely glial cell-specific therapeutic strategies that aim to increase functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yannick N Gerber
- MMDN, Université de Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence E Perrin
- MMDN, Université de Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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Zavvarian MM, Zhou C, Kahnemuyipour S, Hong J, Fehlings MG. The MAPK Signaling Pathway Presents Novel Molecular Targets for Therapeutic Intervention after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Comparative Cross-Species Transcriptional Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12934. [PMID: 34884738 PMCID: PMC8657729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the debilitating consequences following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), there is a lack of safe and effective therapeutics in the clinic. The species-specific responses to SCI present major challenges and opportunities for the clinical translation of biomolecular and pharmacological interventions. Recent transcriptional analyses in preclinical SCI studies have provided a snapshot of the local SCI-induced molecular responses in different animal models. However, the variation in the pathogenesis of traumatic SCI across species is yet to be explored. This study aims to identify and characterize the common and inconsistent SCI-induced differentially expressed genes across species to identify potential therapeutic targets of translational relevance. A comprehensive search of open-source transcriptome datasets identified four cross-compatible microarray experiments in rats, mice, and salamanders. We observed consistent expressional changes in extracellular matrix components across the species. Conversely, salamanders showed downregulation of intracellular MAPK signaling compared to rodents. Additionally, sequence conservation and interactome analyses highlighted the well-preserved sequences of Fn1 and Jun with extensive protein-protein interaction networks. Lastly, in vivo immunohistochemical staining for fibronectin was used to validate the observed expressional pattern. These transcriptional changes in extracellular and MAPK pathways present potential therapeutic targets for traumatic SCI with promising translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Masoud Zavvarian
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; (M.-M.Z.); (C.Z.); (J.H.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Cindy Zhou
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; (M.-M.Z.); (C.Z.); (J.H.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sabah Kahnemuyipour
- Human Biology Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3J6, Canada;
| | - James Hong
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; (M.-M.Z.); (C.Z.); (J.H.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; (M.-M.Z.); (C.Z.); (J.H.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
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[Inhibition of TGF-β promotes functional recovery of spinal cord injury in mice by reducing fibronectin deposition]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:1686-1691. [PMID: 34916195 PMCID: PMC8685702 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.11.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of transforming growth factor (TGF-β) inhibition on functional recovery of spinal cord injury in mice. METHODS Twelve mice were divided into treatment group, control group and sham-operated group (n=4). The mice in the treatment group were subjected to hemisection of the spinal cord and received intraperitoneal injection of TGF-β neutralizing antibody (1D11) 3 times a week (25 μL each time), and those in control group were injected with the vehicle antibody (13C4) following spinal cord hemisection. The sham-operated mice underwent sham operation to expose the spinal cord without hemisection. Four weeks later, the heart of the mice was perfused and 1-2 cm of the spinal cord spanning the injury site was harvested. Immunofluorescence staining of FSP1, fibronectin, and PGP9.5 was performed to assess fibroblast recruitment in the injury area, fibronectin deposition, and neurological recovery. For further verification of the results, we used a mouse model of spinal cord clamp injury to observe the survival of axons and distribution of astrocytes by detecting expressions of 5-HT and GFAP with immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS In the hemisection injury model, fibroblasts recruitment and fibronectin deposition in the injured area was significantly reduced and the neurological function was improved in 1D11 treatment group as compared with those in 13C4-treated group (P < 0.05). In the spinal cord clamp injury model, treatment with 1D11, as compared with the 13C4, resulted in significantly increased number of 5-HT-positive axons with extended axonal length and obviously increased the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes in the injured area (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Inhibiting TGF-β after spinal cord injury can reduce the recruitment of fibroblasts and fibronectin deposition to promote recovery of neurological function and repair of the injured spinal cord in mice.
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Pan D, Yang F, Zhu S, Li Y, Ning G, Feng S. Inhibition of TGF-β repairs spinal cord injury by attenuating EphrinB2 expressing through inducing miR-484 from fibroblast. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:319. [PMID: 34711831 PMCID: PMC8553751 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00705-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to severe loss of motor and sensory function with high disability and mortality. The effective treatment of SCI remains unknown. Here we find systemic injection of TGF-β neutralizing antibody induces the protection of axon growth, survival of neurons, and functional recovery, whereas erythropoietin-producing hepatoma interactor B2 (EphrinB2) expression and fibroblasts distribution are attenuated. Knockout of TGF-β type II receptor in fibroblasts can also decrease EphrinB2 expression and improve spinal cord injury recovery. Moreover, miR-488 was confirmed to be the most upregulated gene related to EphrinB2 releasing in fibroblasts after SCI and miR-488 initiates EphrinB2 expression and physical barrier building through MAPK signaling after SCI. Our study points toward elevated levels of active TGF-β as inducer and promoters of fibroblasts distribution, fibrotic scar formation, and EphrinB2 expression, and deletion of global TGF-β or the receptor of TGF-β in Col1α2 lineage fibroblasts significantly improve functional recovery after SCI, which suggest that TGF-β might be a therapeutic target in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayu Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fuhan Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Shibo Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongjin Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China. .,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China. .,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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37
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Ma YH, Shi HJ, Wei QS, Deng QW, Sun JH, Liu Z, Lai BQ, Li G, Ding Y, Niu WT, Zeng YS, Zeng X. Developing a mechanically matched decellularized spinal cord scaffold for the in situ matrix-based neural repair of spinal cord injury. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121192. [PMID: 34700225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a promising strategy to repair spinal cord injury (SCI). However, a bioscaffold with mechanical properties that match those of the pathological spinal cord tissue and a pro-regenerative matrix that allows robust neurogenesis for overcoming post-SCI scar formation has yet to be developed. Here, we report that a mechanically enhanced decellularized spinal cord (DSC) scaffold with a thin poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) outer shell may fulfill the requirements for effective in situ neuroengineering after SCI. Using chemical extraction and electrospinning methods, we successfully constructed PLGA thin shell-ensheathed DSC scaffolds (PLGA-DSC scaffolds) in a way that removed major inhibitory components while preserving the permissive matrix. The DSCs exhibited good cytocompatibility with neural stem cells (NSCs) and significantly enhanced their differentiation toward neurons in vitro. Due to the mechanical reinforcement, the implanted PLGA-DSC scaffolds showed markedly increased resilience to infiltration by myofibroblasts and the deposition of dense collagen matrix, thereby creating a neurogenic niche favorable for the targeted migration, residence and neuronal differentiation of endogenous NSCs after SCI. Furthermore, PLGA-DSC presented a mild immunogenic property but prominent ability to polarize macrophages from the M1 phenotype to the M2 phenotype, leading to significant tissue regeneration and functional restoration after SCI. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the mechanically matched PLGA-DSC scaffolds show promise for effective tissue repair after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Huan Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China; Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiocerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, 524023, China; Guangzhou Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510180, PR China
| | - Hui-Juan Shi
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China
| | - Qing-Shuai Wei
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China
| | - Qing-Wen Deng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China
| | - Jia-Hui Sun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China
| | - Zhou Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiocerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, 524023, China
| | - Bi-Qin Lai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China; Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China; Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China; Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China
| | - Wan-Ting Niu
- Department of Orthopedics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China; Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China; Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China; Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China; Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.
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Tonti OR, Larson H, Lipp SN, Luetkemeyer CM, Makam M, Vargas D, Wilcox SM, Calve S. Tissue-specific parameters for the design of ECM-mimetic biomaterials. Acta Biomater 2021; 132:83-102. [PMID: 33878474 PMCID: PMC8434955 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of biomolecules that mechanically and biochemically directs cell behavior and is crucial for maintaining tissue function and health. The heterogeneous organization and composition of the ECM varies within and between tissue types, directing mechanics, aiding in cell-cell communication, and facilitating tissue assembly and reassembly during development, injury and disease. As technologies like 3D printing rapidly advance, researchers are better able to recapitulate in vivo tissue properties in vitro; however, tissue-specific variations in ECM composition and organization are not given enough consideration. This is in part due to a lack of information regarding how the ECM of many tissues varies in both homeostatic and diseased states. To address this gap, we describe the components and organization of the ECM, and provide examples for different tissues at various states of disease. While many aspects of ECM biology remain unknown, our goal is to highlight the complexity of various tissues and inspire engineers to incorporate unique components of the native ECM into in vitro platform design and fabrication. Ultimately, we anticipate that the use of biomaterials that incorporate key tissue-specific ECM will lead to in vitro models that better emulate human pathologies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterial development primarily emphasizes the engineering of new materials and therapies at the expense of identifying key parameters of the tissue that is being emulated. This can be partially attributed to the difficulty in defining the 3D composition, organization, and mechanics of the ECM within different tissues and how these material properties vary as a function of homeostasis and disease. In this review, we highlight a range of tissues throughout the body and describe how ECM content, cell diversity, and mechanical properties change in diseased tissues and influence cellular behavior. Accurately mimicking the tissue of interest in vitro by using ECM specific to the appropriate state of homeostasis or pathology in vivo will yield results more translatable to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R Tonti
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Hannah Larson
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Sarah N Lipp
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Callan M Luetkemeyer
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Megan Makam
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Diego Vargas
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Sean M Wilcox
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Sarah Calve
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
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Li Z, Yu S, Hu X, Li Y, You X, Tian D, Cheng L, Zheng M, Jing J. Fibrotic Scar After Spinal Cord Injury: Crosstalk With Other Cells, Cellular Origin, Function, and Mechanism. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:720938. [PMID: 34539350 PMCID: PMC8441597 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.720938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) results in permanent loss of sensorimotor function. The persistent presence of scar tissue, mainly fibrotic scar and astrocytic scar, is a critical cause of axonal regeneration failure and is widely accepted as a treatment target for SCI. Astrocytic scar has been widely investigated, while fibrotic scar has received less attention. Here, we review recent advances in fibrotic scar formation and its crosstalk with other main cellular components in the injured core after SCI, as well as its cellular origin, function, and mechanism. This study is expected to provide an important basis and novel insights into fibrotic scar as a treatment target for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Meige Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Juehua Jing
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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40
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Hart CG, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Recent insights on astrocyte mechanisms in CNS homeostasis, pathology, and repair. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2427-2462. [PMID: 34259342 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play essential roles in development, homeostasis, injury, and repair of the central nervous system (CNS). Their development is tightly regulated by distinct spatial and temporal cues during embryogenesis and into adulthood throughout the CNS. Astrocytes have several important responsibilities such as regulating blood flow and permeability of the blood-CNS barrier, glucose metabolism and storage, synapse formation and function, and axon myelination. In CNS pathologies, astrocytes also play critical parts in both injury and repair mechanisms. Upon injury, they undergo a robust phenotypic shift known as "reactive astrogliosis," which results in both constructive and deleterious outcomes. Astrocyte activation and migration at the site of injury provides an early defense mechanism to minimize the extent of injury by enveloping the lesion area. However, astrogliosis also contributes to the inhibitory microenvironment of CNS injury and potentiate secondary injury mechanisms, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and glutamate excitotoxicity, which facilitate neurodegeneration in CNS pathologies. Intriguingly, reactive astrocytes are increasingly a focus in current therapeutic strategies as their activation can be modulated toward a neuroprotective and reparative phenotype. This review will discuss recent advancements in knowledge regarding the development and role of astrocytes in the healthy and pathological CNS. We will also review how astrocytes have been genetically modified to optimize their reparative potential after injury, and how they may be transdifferentiated into neurons and oligodendrocytes to promote repair after CNS injury and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Hart
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Xu L, Yao Y. Central Nervous System Fibroblast-Like Cells in Stroke and Other Neurological Disorders. Stroke 2021; 52:2456-2464. [PMID: 33940953 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.033431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are the most common cell type of connective tissues. In the central nervous system (CNS), fibroblast-like cells are mainly located in the meninges and perivascular Virchow-Robin space. The origins of these fibroblast-like cells and their functions in both CNS development and pathological conditions remain largely unknown. In this review, we first introduce the anatomic location and molecular markers of CNS fibroblast-like cells. Next, the functions of fibroblast-like cells in CNS development and neurological disorders, including stroke, CNS traumatic injuries, and other neurological diseases, are discussed. Third, current challenges and future directions in the field are summarized. We hope to provide a synthetic review that stimulates future research on CNS fibroblast-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens
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42
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Ciciriello AJ, Smith DR, Munsell MK, Boyd SJ, Shea LD, Dumont CM. IL-10 lentivirus-laden hydrogel tubes increase spinal progenitor survival and neuronal differentiation after spinal cord injury. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2609-2625. [PMID: 33835500 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A complex cellular cascade characterizes the pathophysiological response following spinal cord injury (SCI) limiting regeneration. Biomaterial and stem cell combination therapies together have shown synergistic effects, compared to the independent benefits of each intervention, and represent a promising approach towards regaining function after injury. In this study, we combine our polyethylene glycol (PEG) cell delivery platform with lentiviral-mediated overexpression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 to improve mouse embryonic Day 14 (E14) spinal progenitor transplant survival. Immediately following injury in a mouse SCI hemisection model, five PEG tubes were implanted followed by direct injection into the tubes of lentivirus encoding for IL-10. Two weeks after tube implantation, mouse E14 spinal progenitors were injected directly into the integrated tubes, which served as a soft substrate for cell transplantation. Together, the tubes with the IL-10 encoding lentivirus improved E14 spinal progenitor survival, assessed at 2 weeks posttransplantation (4 weeks postinjury). On average, 8.1% of E14 spinal progenitors survived in mice receiving IL-10 lentivirus-laden tubes compared with 0.7% in mice receiving transplants without tubes, an 11.5-fold difference. Surviving E14 spinal progenitors gave rise to neurons when injected into tubes. Axon elongation and remyelination were observed, in addition to a significant increase in functional recovery in mice receiving IL-10 lentivirus-laden tubes with E14 spinal progenitor delivery compared to the injury only control by 4 weeks postinjury. All other conditions did not exhibit increased stepping until 8 or 12 weeks postinjury. This system affords increased control over the transplantation microenvironment, offering the potential to improve stem cell-mediated tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ciciriello
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA.,DJTMF Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute at the University of Miami (BioNIUM), University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Dominique R Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mary K Munsell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sydney J Boyd
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Courtney M Dumont
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA.,DJTMF Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute at the University of Miami (BioNIUM), University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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Li Z, Zheng M, Yu S, Yao F, Luo Y, Liu Y, Tian D, Cheng L, Jing J. M2 Macrophages Promote PDGFRβ + Pericytes Migration After Spinal Cord Injury in Mice via PDGFB/PDGFRβ Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:670813. [PMID: 33935795 PMCID: PMC8082415 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.670813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet derived growth factor receptor β positive (PDGFRβ+) pericytes form fibrotic scar, which prevents axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the mechanism by which PDGFRβ+ pericytes migrate to the injury core is unclear. Here, we investigated the effect and mechanism of macrophages polarization on PDGFRβ+ pericytes migration after SCI. Macrophages were closely related to the spatiotemporal distribution of PDGFRβ+ pericytes in the injury core at 3, 7, and 14 days postinjury (dpi). Macrophages appeared M2 polarization at 3 and 7 dpi while M1 polarization at 14 dpi. The expression of platelet derived growth factor B (PDGFB) was significantly increased after SCI and after macrophages M2 polarization. The promoting effect of exogenous PDGFB and M2 macrophages conditioned medium on PDGFRβ+ pericytes migration could be blocked by SU16f, a PDGFRβ specific inhibitor. These findings indicate that M2 macrophages can secrete PDGFB acting on PDGFRβ to promote PDGFRβ+ pericytes migration, which can be blocked by a PDGFRβ specific inhibitor SU16f. The PDGFB/PDGFRβ pathway is a promising new target for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Meige Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuisheng Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fei Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanchang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Dasheng Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Juehua Jing
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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hiPSC-derived NSCs effectively promote the functional recovery of acute spinal cord injury in mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:172. [PMID: 33706803 PMCID: PMC7953804 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a common disease that results in motor and sensory disorders and even lifelong paralysis. The transplantation of stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), or subsequently generated stem/progenitor cells, is predicted to be a promising treatment for SCI. In this study, we aimed to investigate effect of human iPSC-derived neural stem cells (hiPSC-NSCs) and umbilical cord-derived MSCs (huMSCs) in a mouse model of acute SCI. Methods Acute SCI mice model were established and were randomly treated as phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (control group), repaired with 1 × 105 hiPSC-NSCs (NSC group), and 1 × 105 huMSCs (MSC group), respectively, in a total of 54 mice (n = 18 each). Hind limb motor function was evaluated in open-field tests using the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) at days post-operation (dpo) 1, 3, 5, and 7 after spinal cord injury, and weekly thereafter. Spinal cord and serum samples were harvested at dpo 7, 14, and 21. Haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and Masson staining were used to evaluate the morphological changes and fibrosis area. The differentiation of the transplanted cells in vivo was evaluated with immunohistochemical staining. Results The hiPSC-NSC-treated group presented a significantly smaller glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive area than MSC-treated mice at all time points. Additionally, MSC-transplanted mice had a similar GFAP+ area to mice receiving PBS. At dpo 14, the immunostained hiPSC-NSCs were positive for SRY-related high-mobility-group (HMG)-box protein-2 (SOX2). Furthermore, the transplanted hiPSC-NSCs differentiated into GFAP-positive astrocytes and beta-III tubulin-positive neurons, whereas the transplanted huMSCs differentiated into GFAP-positive astrocytes. In addition, hiPSC-NSC transplantation reduced fibrosis formation and the inflammation level. Compared with the control or huMSC transplanted group, the group with transplantation of hiPSC-NSCs exhibited significantly improved behaviours, particularly limb coordination. Conclusions HiPSC-NSCs promote functional recovery in mice with acute SCI by replacing missing neurons and attenuating fibrosis, glial scar formation, and inflammation. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Ehsanipour A, Sathialingam M, Rad LM, de Rutte J, Bierman RD, Liang J, Xiao W, Di Carlo D, Seidlits SK. Injectable, macroporous scaffolds for delivery of therapeutic genes to the injured spinal cord. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:016104. [PMID: 33728392 PMCID: PMC7946441 DOI: 10.1063/5.0035291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials are being developed as therapeutics for spinal cord injury (SCI) that can stabilize and bridge acute lesions and mediate the delivery of transgenes, providing a localized and sustained reservoir of regenerative factors. For clinical use, direct injection of biomaterial scaffolds is preferred to enable conformation to unique lesions and minimize tissue damage. While an interconnected network of cell-sized macropores is necessary for rapid host cell infiltration into-and thus integration of host tissue with-implanted scaffolds, injectable biomaterials have generally suffered from a lack of control over the macrostructure. As genetic vectors have short lifetimes in vivo, rapid host cell infiltration into scaffolds is a prerequisite for efficient biomaterial-mediated delivery of transgenes. We present scaffolds that can be injected and assembled in situ from hyaluronic acid (HA)-based, spherical microparticles to form scaffolds with a network of macropores (∼10 μm). The results demonstrate that addition of regularly sized macropores to traditional hydrogel scaffolds, which have nanopores (∼10 nm), significantly increases the expression of locally delivered transgene to the spinal cord after a thoracic injury. Maximal cell and axon infiltration into scaffolds was observed in scaffolds with more regularly sized macropores. The delivery of lentiviral vectors encoding the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), but not neurotrophin-3, from these scaffolds further increased total numbers and myelination of infiltrating axons. Modest improvements to the hindlimb function were observed with BDNF delivery. The results demonstrate the utility of macroporous and injectable HA scaffolds as a platform for localized gene therapies after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshia Ehsanipour
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Mayilone Sathialingam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Laila M Rad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Joseph de Rutte
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Rebecca D Bierman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Jesse Liang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Weikun Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Yoshizaki S, Tamaru T, Hara M, Kijima K, Tanaka M, Konno DJ, Matsumoto Y, Nakashima Y, Okada S. Microglial inflammation after chronic spinal cord injury is enhanced by reactive astrocytes via the fibronectin/β1 integrin pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:12. [PMID: 33407620 PMCID: PMC7789752 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After spinal cord injury (SCI), glial scarring is mainly formed around the lesion and inhibits axon regeneration. Recently, we reported that anti-β1 integrin antibody (β1Ab) had a therapeutic effect on astrocytes by preventing the induction of glial scar formation. However, the cellular components within the glial scar are not only astrocytes but also microglia, and whether or not β1Ab treatment has any influence on microglia within the glial scar remains unclear. METHODS To evaluate the effects of β1Ab treatment on microglia within the glial scar after SCI, we applied thoracic contusion SCI to C57BL/6N mice, administered β1Ab in the sub-acute phase, and analyzed the injured spinal cords with immunohistochemistry in the chronic phase. To examine the gene expression in microglia and glial scars, we selectively collected microglia with fluorescence-activated cell sorting and isolated the glial scars using laser-captured microdissection (LMD). To examine the interaction between microglia and astrocytes within the glial scar, we stimulated BV-2 microglia with conditioned medium of reactive astrocytes (RACM) in vitro, and the gene expression of TNFα (pro-inflammatory M1 marker) was analyzed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We also isolated both naïve astrocytes (NAs) and reactive astrocytes (RAs) with LMD and examined their expression of the ligands for β1 integrin receptors. Statistical analyses were performed using Wilcoxon's rank-sum test. RESULTS After performing β1Ab treatment, the microglia were scattered within the glial scar and the expression of TNFα in both the microglia and the glial scar were significantly suppressed after SCI. This in vivo alteration was attributed to fibronectin, a ligand of β1 integrin receptors. Furthermore, the microglial expression of TNFα was shown to be regulated by RACM as well as fibronectin in vitro. We also confirmed that fibronectin was secreted by RAs both in vitro and in vivo. These results highlighted the interaction mediated by fibronectin between RAs and microglia within the glial scar. CONCLUSION Microglial inflammation was enhanced by RAs via the fibronectin/β1 integrin pathway within the glial scar after SCI. Our results suggested that β1Ab administration had therapeutic potential for ameliorating both glial scar formation and persistent neuroinflammation in the chronic phase after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Yoshizaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
- Department of Neuroscience & Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tamaru
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
- Department of Neuroscience & Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Masamitsu Hara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Ken Kijima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Masatake Tanaka
- Department of Neuroscience & Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Dai-jiro Konno
- Department of Neuroscience & Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nakashima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
- Department of Neuroscience & Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
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Wang S, Jia Y, Cao X, Feng S, Na L, Dong H, Gao J, Zhang L. HUCMSCs transplantation combined with ultrashort wave therapy attenuates neuroinflammation in spinal cord injury through NUR77/ NF-κB pathway. Life Sci 2020; 267:118958. [PMID: 33383054 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major cause of long-term physical impairment. Currently, treatment for SCI is limited to supportive measures, which can lead to permanent disability, representing a serious social burden. The present study aimed to evaluate the inflammatory microenvironment effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs)+ Ultrashort Wave (USW) therapy on SCI and reveal possible mechanisms. MAIN METHODS Low-dose USW was treated one day after SCI, and HUCMSCs suspension was transferred to the lesion using a micro-syringe 7 days after SCI. The functional effects of HUCMSCs and USW, separately and combinedly, were measured, together with the infiltration of CD3+ cells, formation of A1 astrocytes and activation of NUR77/ NF-κB pathway. KEY FINDINGS Our results showed that HUCMSCs+USW therapy improved motor function of SCI rat, together with decreased infiltration of CD3+ T cells, and decreased induction of microglia and A1 astrocytes. And also USW treatment played a very important role on decreasing the infiltration of CD3+ T cells and IBA-1+ cells. Reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 was also observed in rats receiving HUCMSCs+USW therapy, medicated by NUR77/NF-κB pathway. SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicated that HUCMSCs+USW therapy could attenuate inflammatory microenvironment through NUR77/NF-κB signaling pathway, which might contribute to its better outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China; Department of Rehabilitation, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiying Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyan Cao
- Kidney internal medicine, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Sining Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Na
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxuan Dong
- Technology Department, Liaoning Qifu Stem Cell Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110136, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Gao
- Technology Department, Liaoning Qifu Stem Cell Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110136, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China.
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48
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Liu X, Liu Y, Jin H, Khodeiry MM, Kong W, Wang N, Lee JK, Lee RK. Reactive Fibroblasts in Response to Optic Nerve Crush Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1392-1403. [PMID: 33184784 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic optic neuropathy leads to bidirectional degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and axons and results in optic nerve scaring, which inhibits the regeneration of damaged axons. Compared with its glial counterpart, the fibrotic response causing nerve scar tissue is poorly permissive to axonal regeneration. Using collagen1α1-GFP reporter mice, we characterize the development of fibrotic scar formation following optic nerve crush injury. We observe that perivascular collagen1α1 cells constitute a major cellular component of the fibrotic scar. We demonstrate that extracellular molecules and monocytes are key factors contributing to the pathogenesis of optic nerve fibrotic scar formation, with a previously unrecognized encapsulation of this scar. We also characterize the distribution of collagen1α1 cells in the retina after optic nerve crush injury based on in vivo and whole-mount retinal imaging. Our results identify collagen1α1 cells as a major component of fibrotic scarring following ONC and are a potential molecular target for promoting axonal regeneration after optic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Liu
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Eye Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Huiyi Jin
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Mohamed M Khodeiry
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza, 12557, Egypt
| | - Weizheng Kong
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Eye Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jae K Lee
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Richard K Lee
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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Baumann HJ, Mahajan G, Ham TR, Betonio P, Kothapalli CR, Shriver LP, Leipzig ND. Softening of the chronic hemi-section spinal cord injury scar parallels dysregulation of cellular and extracellular matrix content. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103953. [PMID: 32957245 PMCID: PMC7509206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI) is challenging in part due to the modified tissue composition and organization of the resulting glial and fibrotic scar regions. Inhibitory cell types and biochemical cues present in the scar have received attention as therapeutic targets to promote regeneration. However, altered Young's modulus of the scar as a readout for potential impeding factors for regeneration are not as well-defined, especially in vivo. Although the decreased Young's modulus of surrounding tissue at acute stages post-injury is known, the causation and outcomes at chronic time points remain largely understudied and controversial, which motivates this work. This study assessed the glial and fibrotic scar tissue's Young's modulus and composition (scar morphometry, cell identity, extracellular matrix (ECM) makeup) that contribute to the tissue's stiffness. The spatial Young's modulus of a chronic (~18-wks, post-injury) hemi-section, including the glial and fibrotic regions, were significantly less than naïve tissue (~200 Pa; p < 0.0001). The chronic scar contained cystic cavities dispersed in areas of dense nuclei packing. Abundant CNS cell types such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons were dysregulated in the scar, while epithelial markers such as vimentin were upregulated. The key ECM components in the CNS, namely sulfated proteoglycans (sPGs), were significantly downregulated following injury with concomitant upregulation of unsulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and hyaluronic acid (HA), likely altering the foundational ECM network that contributes to tissue stiffness. Our results reveal the Young's modulus of the chronic SCI scar as well as quantification of contributing elastic components that can provide a foundation for future study into their role in tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Gautam Mahajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Trevor R Ham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Patricia Betonio
- School of Nursing, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Chandrasekhar R Kothapalli
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Leah P Shriver
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA; Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Nic D Leipzig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA; Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.
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50
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Sutherland TC, Geoffroy CG. The Influence of Neuron-Extrinsic Factors and Aging on Injury Progression and Axonal Repair in the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:190. [PMID: 32269994 PMCID: PMC7109259 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the aging western population, the average age of incidence for spinal cord injury (SCI) has increased, as has the length of survival of SCI patients. This places great importance on understanding SCI in middle-aged and aging patients. Axon regeneration after injury is an area of study that has received substantial attention and made important experimental progress, however, our understanding of how aging affects this process, and any therapeutic effort to modulate repair, is incomplete. The growth and regeneration of axons is mediated by both neuron intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In this review we explore some of the key extrinsic influences on axon regeneration in the literature, focusing on inflammation and astrogliosis, other cellular responses, components of the extracellular matrix, and myelin proteins. We will describe how each element supports the contention that axonal growth after injury in the central nervous system shows an age-dependent decline, and how this may affect outcomes after a SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa C Sutherland
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Cédric G Geoffroy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
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