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Davies B, Schaefer S, Rafati Fard A, Newcombe V, Sutcliffe M. Finite Element Analysis for Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: Scoping Review of the Current Findings and Design Approaches, Including Recommendations on the Choice of Material Properties. JMIR BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2024; 9:e48146. [PMID: 38875683 PMCID: PMC11041437 DOI: 10.2196/48146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is a slow-motion spinal cord injury caused via chronic mechanical loading by spinal degenerative changes. A range of different degenerative changes can occur. Finite element analysis (FEA) can predict the distribution of mechanical stress and strain on the spinal cord to help understand the implications of any mechanical loading. One of the critical assumptions for FEA is the behavior of each anatomical element under loading (ie, its material properties). OBJECTIVE This scoping review aims to undertake a structured process to select the most appropriate material properties for use in DCM FEA. In doing so, it also provides an overview of existing modeling approaches in spinal cord disease and clinical insights into DCM. METHODS We conducted a scoping review using qualitative synthesis. Observational studies that discussed the use of FEA models involving the spinal cord in either health or disease (including DCM) were eligible for inclusion in the review. We followed the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. The MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched to September 1, 2021. This was supplemented with citation searching to retrieve the literature used to define material properties. Duplicate title and abstract screening and data extraction were performed. The quality of evidence was appraised using the quality assessment tool we developed, adapted from the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and shortlisted with respect to DCM material properties, with a final recommendation provided. A qualitative synthesis of the literature is presented according to the Synthesis Without Meta-Analysis reporting guidelines. RESULTS A total of 60 papers were included: 41 (68%) "FEA articles" and 19 (32%) "source articles." Most FEA articles (33/41, 80%) modeled the gray matter and white matter separately, with models typically based on tabulated data or, less frequently, a hyperelastic Ogden variant or linear elastic function. Of the 19 source articles, 14 (74%) were identified as describing the material properties of the spinal cord, of which 3 (21%) were considered most relevant to DCM. Of the 41 FEA articles, 15 (37%) focused on DCM, of which 9 (60%) focused on ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Our aggregated results of DCM FEA indicate that spinal cord loading is influenced by the pattern of degenerative changes, with decompression alone (eg, laminectomy) sufficient to address this as opposed to decompression combined with other procedures (eg, laminectomy and fusion). CONCLUSIONS FEA is a promising technique for exploring the pathobiology of DCM and informing clinical care. This review describes a structured approach to help future investigators deploy FEA for DCM. However, there are limitations to these recommendations and wider uncertainties. It is likely that these will need to be overcome to support the clinical translation of FEA to DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Davies
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Schaefer
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Rafati Fard
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia Newcombe
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Sutcliffe
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Kuehn N, Schwarz A, Beretta CA, Schwarte Y, Schmitt F, Motsch M, Weidner N, Puttagunta R. Intermediate gray matter interneurons in the lumbar spinal cord play a critical and necessary role in coordinated locomotion. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291740. [PMID: 37906544 PMCID: PMC10617729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Locomotion is a complex task involving excitatory and inhibitory circuitry in spinal gray matter. While genetic knockouts examine the function of individual spinal interneuron (SpIN) subtypes, the phenotype of combined SpIN loss remains to be explored. We modified a kainic acid lesion to damage intermediate gray matter (laminae V-VIII) in the lumbar spinal enlargement (spinal L2-L4) in female rats. A thorough, tailored behavioral evaluation revealed deficits in gross hindlimb function, skilled walking, coordination, balance and gait two weeks post-injury. Using a Random Forest algorithm, we combined these behavioral assessments into a highly predictive binary classification system that strongly correlated with structural deficits in the rostro-caudal axis. Machine-learning quantification confirmed interneuronal damage to laminae V-VIII in spinal L2-L4 correlates with hindlimb dysfunction. White matter alterations and lower motoneuron loss were not observed with this KA lesion. Animals did not regain lost sensorimotor function three months after injury, indicating that natural recovery mechanisms of the spinal cord cannot compensate for loss of laminae V-VIII neurons. As gray matter damage accounts for neurological/walking dysfunction in instances of spinal cord injury affecting the cervical or lumbar enlargement, this research lays the groundwork for new neuroregenerative therapies to replace these lost neuronal pools vital to sensorimotor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naëmi Kuehn
- Laboratory for Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schwarz
- Laboratory for Experimental Neurorehabilitation, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carlo Antonio Beretta
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Schwarte
- Laboratory for Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesca Schmitt
- Laboratory for Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Motsch
- Laboratory for Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Weidner
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Radhika Puttagunta
- Laboratory for Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Jimenez C, Sparrey CJ, Narimani M. Identification of injured elements in computational models of spinal cord injury using machine learning . ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-4. [PMID: 38082848 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to use machine learning (ML) algorithms to identify tissue damage based on the mechanical outputs of computational models of spinal cord injury (SCI). Three datasets corresponding to gray matter, white matter, and the combination of gray and white matter tissues were used to train the models. These datasets were built from the comparison of histological images taken from SCI experiments in non-human primates and corresponding subject-specific finite element (FE) models. Four ML algorithms were evaluated and compared using cross-validation and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). After hyperparameter tuning, the AUC mean values for the algorithms ranged between 0.79 and 0.82, with a standard deviation no greater than 0.02. The findings of this study also showed that k-nearest neighbors and logistic regression algorithms were better at identifying injured elements than support vector machines and decision trees. Additionally, depending on the evaluated dataset, the mean values of other performance metrics, such as precision and recall, varied between algorithms. These initial results suggest that different algorithms might be more sensitive to the skewed distribution of classes in the studied datasets, and that identifying damage independently or simultaneously in the gray and white matter tissues might require a better definition of relevant features and the use of different ML algorithms. These approaches will contribute to improving the current understanding of the relationship between mechanical loading and tissue damage during SCI and will have implications for the development of prevention strategies for this condition.Clinical Relevance- Linking FE model predictions of mechanical loading to tissue damage is an essential step for FE models to provide clinically relevant information. Combined with imaging technologies, these models can provide useful insights to predict the extent of damage in animal subjects and guide the decision-making process during treatment planning.
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Obaid N, Morioka K, Sinopoulou E, Nout-Lomas YS, Salegio E, Bresnahan JC, Beattie MS, Sparrey CJ. The biomechanical implications of neck position in cervical contusion animal models of SCI. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1152472. [PMID: 37346165 PMCID: PMC10280737 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1152472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Large animal contusion models of spinal cord injury are an essential precursor to developing and evaluating treatment options for human spinal cord injury. Reducing variability in these experiments has been a recent focus as it increases the sensitivity with which treatment effects can be detected while simultaneously decreasing the number of animals required in a study. Here, we conducted a detailed review to explore if head and neck positioning in a cervical contusion model of spinal cord injury could be a factor impacting the biomechanics of a spinal cord injury, and thus, the resulting outcomes. By reviewing existing literature, we found evidence that animal head/neck positioning affects the exposed level of the spinal cord, morphology of the spinal cord, tissue mechanics and as a result the biomechanics of a cervical spinal cord injury. We posited that neck position could be a hidden factor contributing to variability. Our results indicate that neck positioning is an important factor in studying biomechanics, and that reporting these values can improve inter-study consistency and comparability and that further work needs to be done to standardize positioning for cervical spinal cord contusion injury models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Numaira Obaid
- Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kazuhito Morioka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Eleni Sinopoulou
- Center for Neural Repair, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Yvette S. Nout-Lomas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | | | - Jacqueline C. Bresnahan
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael S. Beattie
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn J. Sparrey
- Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Obaid N, Bojic AM, Jannesar S, Salegio E, Nout-Lomas Y, Beattie M, Bresnahan J, Sparrey C. Effect of Impact Parameters on a Unilateral Contusion Model of Spinal Cord Injury in a Virtual Population of Non-Human Primates. Neurotrauma Rep 2023; 4:367-374. [PMID: 37350793 PMCID: PMC10282973 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2023.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) spinal cord injury experiments exhibit high intersubject variability in biomechanical parameters even when a consistent impact protocol is applied to each subject. Optimizing impact parameters to reduce this variability through experiments is logistically challenging in NHP studies. Finite element models provide a complimentary tool to inform experimental design without the cost and complexity of live animal studies. A morphologically variable virtual population (N = 10) of NHPs quantified the interaction of morphological variability and different impact conditions in a unilateral cervical contusion, including impactor size (4 and 5 mm) and mediolateral alignment over the cord midline (0.5 and 1 mm). We explored the effect of these conditions on the magnitude and intersubject variability of impact force and cord lateral slippage. The study demonstrated that a 1-mm mediolateral alignment maximized peak forces and minimized lateral slippage. A 5-mm impactor was beneficial in increasing peak forces, whereas a 4-mm impactor reduced lateral slippage. Comparatively, intersubject variability in peak forces and lateral slippage were minimized with a 0.5-mm mediolateral alignment. The study highlights that impact parameters selected based on peak forces may not be beneficial in reducing variability. The study also showed that morphology was an important contributor to variability. Integrating morphology variability through a virtual population in an injury simulation to investigate mechanistic research questions will more effectively capture the heterogeneity of experiments and provide better insights for effective experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Numaira Obaid
- Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ana-Maria Bojic
- Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shervin Jannesar
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Yvette Nout-Lomas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael Beattie
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jacqueline Bresnahan
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carolyn Sparrey
- Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Liu Z, Tu K, Zou P, Liao C, Ding R, Huang Z, Huang Z, Yao X, Chen J, Zhang Z. Hesperetin ameliorates spinal cord injury by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis through enhancing Nrf2 signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110103. [PMID: 37001385 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a prominent feature of traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Hesperetin exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in neurological disorders; however, the potential neuroprotective effects of hesperetin in cases of SCI remain unclear. Sprague-Dawley rats with C5 hemi-contusion injuries were used as an SCI model. Hesperetin was administered to the experimental rats in order to investigate its neuroprotective effects after SCI, and BV2 cells were pretreated with hesperetin or silencing of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (siNrf2), and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The therapeutic impact and molecular mechanism of hesperetin were elucidated in a series of in vivo and in vitro investigations conducted using a combination of experiments. The results of the present in vivo experiment indicated that hesperetin improved functional recovery and protected spinal cord tissue after SCI. Hesperetin attenuated oxidative stress and microglial activation, lowered malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and elevated catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH)-Px, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Moreover, hesperetin downregulated the expression of advanced oxygenation protein products (AOPPs), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), but increased the expression of Nrf2. In vitro studies have shown that hesperetin inhibits the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as the neuroinflammation associated with the upregulation of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in BV2 cells. The results of the present study indicated that hesperetin inhibited BV2 cell pyroptosis and significantly blocked the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome proteins (NLRP3 Caspase-1 p10 apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a C-terminal caspase recruitment domain [ASC]) and pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-18, IL-1β). Furthermore, the silencing of Nrf2 by small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) partially abolished its antioxidant effect in the aforementioned cell experiments. Collectively, these findings illustrate that through an increase in Nrf2 signaling hesperetin reduces oxidative stress and neuroinflammation by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis.
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Schaefer SD, Davies BM, Newcombe VF, Sutcliffe MP. Could spinal cord oscillation contribute to spinal cord injury in degenerative cervical myelopathy? BRAIN & SPINE 2023; 3:101743. [PMID: 37383476 PMCID: PMC10293319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bas.2023.101743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy [DCM] is a slow-motion spinal cord injury. Compression and dynamic compression have been considered disease hallmarks. However, this is likely an oversimplification, as compression is more commonly incidental and has only modest correlation to disease severity. MRI studies have recently suggested spinal cord oscillation could play a role. Research question To determine if spinal cord oscillation could contribute to spinal cord injury in degenerative cervical myelopathy. Material and methods A computational model of an oscillating spinal cord was developed from imaging of a healthy volunteer. Using finite element analysis, the observed implications of stress and strain, were measured in the context of a simulated disc herniation. The significance was bench marked by comparison to a more recognised dynamic injury mechanism; a flexion extension model of dynamic compression. Results Spinal cord oscillation altered both compressive and shear strain on the spinal cord. Following initial compression, compressive strain moves from within the spinal cord to the spinal cord surface, whilst shear strain is magnified by 0.1-0.2, depending on the amplitude of oscillation. These orders of magnitude are equivalent to a dynamic compression model. Discussion and conclusion Spinal cord oscillation could significantly contribute to spinal cord damage across DCM. Its repeated occurrence with every heartbeat, draws parallels to the concept of fatigue damage, which could reconcile differing theories on the origins of DCM. This remains hypothetical at this stage, and further investigations are required.
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Yang B, Zhong W, Gu Y, Li Y. Emerging Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy of Pyroptosis in Central Nervous System Trauma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:832114. [PMID: 35399534 PMCID: PMC8990238 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.832114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death can occur in different modes, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. Recent studies have shown that pyroptosis can be effectively regulated and that like necroptosis, pyroptosis has been regarded as a type of programmed cell death. The mechanism of its occurrence can be divided into canonical inflammasome-induced pyroptosis and noncanonical inflammasome-induced pyroptosis. In the past research, pyroptosis has been shown to be closely related to various diseases, such as tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, and central nervous system trauma, and studies have pointed out that in central nervous system trauma, pyroptosis is activated. Furthermore, these studies have shown that the inhibition of pyroptosis can play a role in protecting nerve function. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms of pyroptosis, introduce treatment strategies for targeted pyroptosis in central nervous system trauma, and proposed some issues of targeted pyroptosis in the treatment of central nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijie Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Li,
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Anatomical and behavioral outcomes following a graded hemi-contusive cervical spinal cord injury model in mice. Behav Brain Res 2022; 419:113698. [PMID: 34856301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A graded hemi-contusion spinal cord injury produces complex anatomical deformation of the spinal cord parenchyma. The relationship between lesion severity and behavioral consequences in a novel contusion mouse model remains unknown. PURPOSE We aimed to establish a graded cervical hemi-contusion spinal cord injury model in mice and investigate the correlation between graded anatomical damage to the spinal cord and resulting behavioral impairments. METHODS Thirty-two mice were divided into groups of 1.2 mm, 1.5 mm and sham. The tip of an impactor with a diameter of 1 mm was utilized to compress the left dorsal cord of C5 by 1.2 mm or 1.5 mm at a speed of 300 mm/s. Forelimb motor function was evaluated using rearing, grooming and grip-strength tests before and after the injuries. Histologically the area of white matter sparing, gray matter sparing and lesion area were quantified at 6-week-post-injury. RESULTS Behavioral assessments showed a more severe forelimb functional deficit in 1.5 mm contusion displacements relative to 1.2 mm contusion displacements after injury. The 1.2 mm hemi-contusion mainly caused damage to the dorsal fasciculus, ventral and dorsal horn, while the 1.5 mm hemi-contusion lead to additional damage extending to ventral fasciculus. Sparing of the gray and white matter at the epicenter was 36.8 ± 2.4% and 12.4 ± 2.6% in the 1.2 mm group, and 27.6 ± 4.0% and 4.1 ± 2.2% in the 1.5 mm group, respectively. Furthermore, the lesion area was 20.8 ± 3.0% and 36.0 ± 2.1% in the 1.2 mm and 1.5 mm groups, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the performance in the grooming test and white matter sparing, and between grip-test strength and gray matter sparing. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that a hemi-contusion cervical spinal cord injury in mice can be graded by contusion displacement and that there is a correlation between anatomical and behavioral outcomes. This study provides a means for determining the severity of lesions in a contusion mouse model.
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Wu X, Xu X, Liu Q, Ding J, Liu J, Huang Z, Huang Z, Wu X, Li R, Yang Z, Jiang H, Liu J, Zhu Q. Unilateral cervical spinal cord injury induces bone loss and metabolic changes in non-human primates ( Macaca fascicularis). J Orthop Translat 2021; 29:113-122. [PMID: 34178602 PMCID: PMC8193057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective The deleterious effects of chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) on the skeleton in rats, especially the lower extremities, has been proved previously. However, the long-term skeletal changes after SCI in non-human primates (NHP) have been scarcely studied. This study aimed to evaluate the bone loss in limbs and vertebrae and the bone metabolic changes in NHP after unilateral cervical spinal cord contusion injury. Methods Twelve Macaca fascicularis were randomly divided into the SCI (n=8) and the Sham (n=4) groups. The SCI models were established using hemi-contusion cervical spinal cord injury on fifth cervical vertebra (C5), and were further evaluated by histological staining and neurophysiological monitoring. Changes of bone microstructures, bone biomechanics, and bone metabolism markers were assessed by micro-CT, micro-FEA and serological kit. Results The NHP hemi-contusion cervical SCI model led to consistent unilateral limb dysfunction and potential plasticity in the face of loss of spinal cord. Furthermore, the cancellous bone mass of ipsilateral humerus and radius decreased significantly compared to the contralateral side. The bone volume fraction of humerus and radius were 17.2% and 20.1% on the ipsilateral while 29.0% and 30.1% on the contralateral respectively. Similarly, the thickness of the cortical bone in the ipsilateral forelimbs was significantly decreased, as well as the bone strength of the ipsilateral forelimbs. These changes were accompanied by diminished concentration of osteocalcin and total procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (t-P1NP) as well as increased level of β-C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1collagen (β-CTX) in serological testing. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that hemi-SCI induced loss of bone mass and compromised biomechanical performance in ipsilateral forelimbs, which could be indicated by both muscle atrophy and serological changes of bone metabolism, and associated with a consistent loss of large-diameter cells of sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia. The Translational potential of this Article Our study, for the first time, demonstrated the bone loss in limbs and vertebrae as well as the bone metabolic changes in non-human primates after unilateral spinal cord injury (SCI). This may help to elucidate the role of muscle atrophy, serological changes and loss of sensory neurons in the mechanisms of SCI-induced osteoporosis, which would be definitely better compared with rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Wu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianyang Ding
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junhao Liu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiping Huang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zucheng Huang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong Li
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Liu
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, Vancouver, BritishColumbia, Canada
| | - Qingan Zhu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Liu Z, Yao X, Sun B, Jiang W, Liao C, Dai X, Chen Y, Chen J, Ding R. Pretreatment with kaempferol attenuates microglia-mediate neuroinflammation by inhibiting MAPKs-NF-κB signaling pathway and pyroptosis after secondary spinal cord injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 168:142-154. [PMID: 33823244 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating injury that characterized by oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Kaempferol is reported to be an anti-neuroinflammation in neurologic disorders. Nevertheless, the role and mechanism of kaempferol in SCI remains unclear. The present study aims to investigate effects of kaempferol on SCI and its possible underlying mechanisms in in vivo and in vitro models. A C5 hemi-contusion injury was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats to investigate the neuroprotective effects of kaempferol after SCI. For in vitro study, the BV2 microglia cell lines were pretreated with or without kaempferol. A combination of molecular and histological methods was used to clarify the mechanism and explore the signaling pathway both in vivo and in vitro. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted with Bonferroni post hoc tests to examine the differences between groups. The in vivo studies showed that kaempferol could improve the recovery of hindlimb motor function and ameliorate tissue damage in the spinal cord after SCI. Moreover, administration of kaempferol reduced microglia activation and oxidative stress level in the spinal cord. The in vitro studies showed that kaempferol suppressed the microglia activation resulting from the administration of LPS with ATP to BV-2 cells. Pretreated BV2 cells with kaempferol reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inhibiting NADPH oxidase 4, and then, suppressed the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK, which subsequently inhibited nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 to express pro-inflammatory factors. We also observed that kaempferol could inhibite the pyroptosis related proteins (NLRP3 Caspase-1 p10 ASC N-GSDMD) and reduce the release of IL-18 and IL-1β. In conclusion, kaempferol was able to reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory response through down-regulation of ROS dependent MAPKs- NF-κB and pyroptosis signaling pathway, which suggested that kaempferol might be a novel promising therapeutic agent for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Liu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Xinqiang Yao
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Baihui Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Wangsheng Jiang
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Congrui Liao
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Xiangheng Dai
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jianting Chen
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
| | - Ruoting Ding
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
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12
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Jannesar S, Salegio EA, Beattie MS, Bresnahan JC, Sparrey CJ. Correlating Tissue Mechanics and Spinal Cord Injury: Patient-Specific Finite Element Models of Unilateral Cervical Contusion Spinal Cord Injury in Non-Human Primates. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:698-717. [PMID: 33066716 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) models are the closest approximation of human spinal cord injury (SCI) available for pre-clinical trials. The NHP models, however, include broader morphological variability that can confound experimental outcomes. We developed subject-specific finite element (FE) models to quantify the relationship between impact mechanics and SCI, including the correlations between FE outcomes and tissue damage. Subject-specific models of cervical unilateral contusion SCI were generated from pre-injury MRIs of six NHPs. Stress and strain outcomes were compared with lesion histology using logit analysis. A parallel generic model was constructed to compare the outcomes of subject-specific and generic models. The FE outcomes were correlated more strongly with gray matter damage (0.29 < R2 < 0.76) than white matter (0.18 < R2 < 0.58). Maximum/minimum principal strain, Von-Mises and Tresca stresses showed the strongest correlations (0.31 < R2 < 0.76) with tissue damage in the gray matter while minimum principal strain, Von-Mises stress, and Tresca stress best predicted white matter damage (0.23 < R2 < 0.58). Tissue damage thresholds varied for each subject. The generic FE model captured the impact biomechanics in two of the four models; however, the correlations between FE outcomes and tissue damage were weaker than the subject-specific models (gray matter [0.25 < R2 < 0.69] and white matter [R2 < 0.06] except for one subject [0.26 < R2 < 0.48]). The FE mechanical outputs correlated with tissue damage in spinal cord white and gray matters, and the subject-specific models accurately mimicked the biomechanics of NHP cervical contusion impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Jannesar
- Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ernesto A Salegio
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael S Beattie
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jacqueline C Bresnahan
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carolyn J Sparrey
- Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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13
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Fournely M, Petit Y, Wagnac E, Evin M, Arnoux PJ. Effect of experimental, morphological and mechanical factors on the murine spinal cord subjected to transverse contusion: A finite element study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232975. [PMID: 32392241 PMCID: PMC7213721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Finite element models combined with animal experimental models of spinal cord injury provides the opportunity for investigating the effects of the injury mechanism on the neural tissue deformation and the resulting tissue damage. Thus, we developed a finite element model of the mouse cervical spinal cord in order to investigate the effect of morphological, experimental and mechanical factors on the spinal cord mechanical behavior subjected to transverse contusion. The overall mechanical behavior of the model was validated with experimental data of unilateral cervical contusion in mice. The effects of the spinal cord material properties, diameter and curvature, and of the impactor position and inclination on the strain distribution were investigated in 8 spinal cord anatomical regions of interest for 98 configurations of the model. Pareto analysis revealed that the material properties had a significant effect (p<0.01) for all regions of interest of the spinal cord and was the most influential factor for 7 out of 8 regions. This highlighted the need for comprehensive mechanical characterization of the gray and white matter in order to develop effective models capable of predicting tissue deformation during spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Fournely
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique Appliquée (LBA), UMR T24, Aix-Marseille Université, IFSTTAR, Marseille, France
- International Laboratory on Spine Imaging and Biomechanics (iLab-Spine), Marseille, France
| | - Yvan Petit
- International Laboratory on Spine Imaging and Biomechanics (iLab-Spine), Marseille, France
- Mechanical Engineering Department, École de technologie supérieure, Montréal, Canada
- Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur, Montréal, Canada
| | - Eric Wagnac
- International Laboratory on Spine Imaging and Biomechanics (iLab-Spine), Marseille, France
- Mechanical Engineering Department, École de technologie supérieure, Montréal, Canada
- Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur, Montréal, Canada
| | - Morgane Evin
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique Appliquée (LBA), UMR T24, Aix-Marseille Université, IFSTTAR, Marseille, France
- International Laboratory on Spine Imaging and Biomechanics (iLab-Spine), Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Arnoux
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique Appliquée (LBA), UMR T24, Aix-Marseille Université, IFSTTAR, Marseille, France
- International Laboratory on Spine Imaging and Biomechanics (iLab-Spine), Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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14
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Liu J, Li R, Huang Z, Huang Z, Li Y, Wu X, Lin J, Jiang H, Cheng Y, Kong G, Wu X, Liu Q, Liu Y, Yang Z, Li R, Chen J, Fu J, Ramer MS, Kwon BK, Liu J, Kramer JLK, Tetzlaff W, Hu Y, Zhu Q. A Cervical Spinal Cord Hemi-Contusion Injury Model Based on Displacement Control in Non-Human Primates (Macaca fascicularis). J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1669-1686. [PMID: 32174266 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) spinal cord injury (SCI) models can be informative in the evaluation of treatments that show promise in rodent models prior to translation to humans. In the present study, we aimed to establish a cervical spinal hemi-contusion model with controlled displacement and evaluate the abnormalities in behavior, electrophysiology, histology, and magnetic resonance imaging. Twelve adult NHPs were divided into an SCI group (n = 8, 24 and 48 weeks) and a control group (n = 4). An impactor (Φ = 4 mm) was driven to compress the left C5 cord at 800 mm/sec. The contusion displacement and peak force was 4.08 ± 0.17 mm and 19.8 ± 4.6 N. The behavioral assessment showed a consistent dysfunction below the wrist and spontaneous recovery of limb function after injury. Lesion length and lesion area at the epicenter based on T2 hyperintensity were 5.68 ± 0.47 mm and 5.99 ± 0.24 mm2 at 24 weeks post-injury (wpi), and 5.29 ± 0.17 mm and 5.95 ± 0.24 mm2 at 48 wpi. The spared spinal cord area immuno-positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein was significantly reduced, while the staining intensity increased at 24 wpi and 48 wpi, compared with the sham group. Ipsilateral somatosensory and motor evoked potentials were dynamic, increasing in latency and decreasing in amplitude compared with pre-operative values or the contralateral values, and correlated to varying degrees with behavioral outcomes. A shift in size-frequency distribution of sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) was consistent with a loss of large-diameter cells. The present study demonstrated that the NHP SCI model resulted in consistent unilateral limb dysfunction and potential plasticity in the face of loss of spinal cord and DRG tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zucheng Huang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Huang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Li
- Guangdong Landau Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyu Lin
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongquan Cheng
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ganggang Kong
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuhua Wu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yapu Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruoyao Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianting Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Joey Fu
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matt S Ramer
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian K Kwon
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jie Liu
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John L K Kramer
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wolfram Tetzlaff
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qingan Zhu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Liu Z, Yao X, Jiang W, Li W, Zhu S, Liao C, Zou L, Ding R, Chen J. Advanced oxidation protein products induce microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via MAPKs-NF-κB signaling pathway and pyroptosis after secondary spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:90. [PMID: 32192500 PMCID: PMC7082940 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01751-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory response mediated by oxidative stress is considered as an important pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI). Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) are novel markers of oxidative stress and their role in inflammatory response after SCI remained unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of AOPPs in SCI pathogenesis and explore the possible underlying mechanisms. Methods A C5 hemi-contusion injury was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats to confirm the involvement of AOPPs after SCI. For in vivo study, apocynin, the NADPH oxidase inhibitor was used to study the neuroprotective effects after SCI. For in vitro study, the BV2 microglia cell lines were pretreated with or without the inhibitor or transfected with or without small interference RNA (siRNA) and then stimulated with AOPPs. A combination of molecular and histological methods was used to clarify the mechanism and explore the signaling pathway both in vivo and in vitro. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted with Bonferroni post hoc tests to examine the differences between groups. Results The levels of AOPPs in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid as well as the contents in the spinal cord showed significant increase after SCI. Meanwhile, apocynin ameliorated tissue damage in the spinal cord after SCI, improving the functional recovery. Immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis showed activation of microglia after SCI, which was in turn inhibited by apocynin. Pretreated BV2 cells with AOPPs triggered excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activating NADPH oxidase. Increased ROS induced p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation, subsequently triggering nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 to express pro-inflammatory cytokines. Also, treatment of BV2 cells with AOPPs induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cleavage of Gasdermin-d (GSDMD), causing pyroptosis. This was confirmed by cleavage of caspase-1, production of downstream mature interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 as well as rupture of rapid cell membrane. Conclusions Collectively, these data indicated AOPPs as biomarkers of oxidative stress, modulating inflammatory response in SCI by multiple signaling pathways, which also included the induction of NADPH oxidase dependent ROS, and NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis, and activation of MAPKs and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinqiang Yao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Wangsheng Jiang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyuan Zhu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Congrui Liao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Zou
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruoting Ding
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jianting Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
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16
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Construction of rat spinal cord injury model based on Allen's animal model. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:2122-2126. [PMID: 31889806 PMCID: PMC6923460 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore the construction of rat spinal cord injury model guided by Allen's model. Methods: Male rats aged 4–5 weeks and weighing about 250 g are selected as subjects in the Animal Laboratory Center of XX Hospital. Rats are divided into two groups, which are experimental group 1 and experimental group 2, respectively, so as to construct spinal cord injury model in rats. The first group is given 300 g.cm hitting force of T10 spinal cord, and the second group is given 500 g.cm hitting force of T10 spinal cord. Within 25 days after spinal cord injury in Allen's rats, the survival, neurological function, diet, motor ability, tactile ability and auditory ability of the two groups are monitored and evaluated daily. Results: In terms of survival, the survival rate of rats in group 1 is 85%, while that of rats in group 2 is 21%, and there is a concentrated death phenomenon in group 2. In terms of neurological function recovery, experimental group 1 is stable and gets 7 points and experimental group 2 is stable and gets 3 points. In terms of diet, the experimental group 1 is stable and gets 5 points and the experimental group 2 is stable and gets 2 points. In terms of motor ability, the experimental group 1 is stable and gets 5 points and the experimental group 2 is stable and gets 2 points. In tactile sense, experimental group 1 is stable and gets 17 points and experimental group 2 is stable and gets 12 points. It can be seen that the post-operative recovery ability of the experimental group 1 is better than that of the experimental group 2. Conclusion: Under the guidance of Allen's model, compared with the group 2, the experimental group 1 of the rat spinal cord injury model has better recovery in each index. It can be seen that the smaller impact strength is more beneficial to the recovery of rats after spinal cord injury surgery.
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17
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Badner A, Vidal PM, Hong J, Hacker J, Fehlings MG. Endogenous Interleukin-10 Deficiency Exacerbates Vascular Pathology in Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2298-2307. [PMID: 30843463 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the majority of traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCIs) take place at the cervical level, pre-clinical studies have been disproportionally focused on thoracic insults. With differences in anatomy, physiology, and immune response between spinal cord levels, there is evidence that injury pathophysiology may vary, requiring tailored treatment paradigms. Further, as only a few therapies have been successfully translated to the clinic, cervical models are increasingly recognized as essential for the characterization of trauma and therapy. Using a novel and clinically relevant cervical contusion-compression mouse model of bilateral incomplete injury, this study aimed to assess the role of interleukin10 (IL-10), a potent cytokine with broad anti-inflammatory effects, in SCI vascular pathology. While the effects of IL-10 loss have been previously evaluated, the vascular changes are poorly characterized. Here, using in vivo high-resolution ultrasound imaging, we demonstrate that IL-10 deficiency is associated with increased acute vascular damage. Importantly, the loss of endogenous IL-10 led to significant differences in the acute systemic response to SCI, specifically the circulating levels of IL-12 (p70), LIX (CXCL5), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-6 relative to genotype sham controls. These effects also fostered modest impairments in long-term functional recovery, assessed by the Basso Mouse Scale, as well as histological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Badner
- 1Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pia M Vidal
- 1Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Hong
- 1Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin Hacker
- 1Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- 1Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Jones CF, Clarke EC. Engineering approaches to understanding mechanisms of spinal column injury leading to spinal cord injury. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2019; 64:69-81. [PMID: 29625748 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanical interactions occurring between the spinal column and spinal cord during an injury event are complex and variable, and likely have implications for the clinical presentation and prognosis of the individual. METHODS The engineering approaches that have been developed to better understand spinal column and cord interactions during an injury event are discussed. These include injury models utilising human and animal cadaveric specimens, in vivo anaesthetised animals, finite element models, inanimate physical systems and combinations thereof. FINDINGS The paper describes the development of these modelling approaches, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the various models, and the major outcomes that have had implications for spinal cord injury research and clinical practice. INTERPRETATION The contribution of these four engineering approaches to understanding the interaction between the biomechanics and biology of spinal cord injury is substantial; they have improved our understanding of the factors contributing to the spinal column disruption, the degree of spinal cord deformation or motion, and the resultant neurological deficit and imaging features. Models of the injury event are challenging to produce, but technological advances are likely to improve these models and, consequently, our understanding of the mechanical context in which the biological injury occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire F Jones
- Spinal Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedics and Trauma Research, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Australia; School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Elizabeth C Clarke
- Institute for Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia.
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19
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Baklaushev VP, Durov OV, Kim SV, Gulaev EV, Gubskiy IL, Konoplyannikov MA, Zabozlaev FG, Zhang C, Agrba VZ, Orlov SV, Lapin BA, Troitskiy AV, Averyanov AV, Ahlfors JE. Development of a motor and somatosensory evoked potentials-guided spinal cord Injury model in non-human primates. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 311:200-214. [PMID: 30393204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Nonhuman primates (NHP) may provide the most adequate (in terms of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology) model of spinal cord injury (SCI) for testing regenerative therapies, but bioethical considerations exclude their use in severe SCI. New Method A reproducible model of SCI at the lower thoracic level has been developed in Rhesus macaques. The model comprises surgical resection of 25% of the spinal cord in the projection of the dorsal funiculus and dorsolateral corticospinal pathways, controlled via registration of intraoperative evoked potentials (EPs). The animals were evaluated using the modified Hindlimb score, MRI, SSEP, and MEP over a time period of 8-12 weeks post-SCI, followed by histological examination. Results Complete disappearance of intraoperative EPs from distal hindlimb muscles without restoration within two weeks post-SCI was an indicator for irreversible disruption of the abovementioned pathways. As a result, controlled damage to the spinal cord was achieved in three NHPs, clinically manifested as irreversible lower monoplegia. No significant functional restoration was observed in these NHPs up to 12 weeks post-SCI. Demyelination of the damaged ascending tracts was detected. Disturbances in pelvic organ function were not observed in all animals. Comparison with existing methods The new method of EPs-guided SCI allows a more controlled and irreversible damage to the spinal cord compared with contusion and other transection approaches. Conclusions This method to induce complete SCI in NHP is well tolerated, reproducible and ethically acceptable: these are valuable attributes in a preclinical model that will hopefully help advance testing of new regenerative therapies in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Baklaushev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, FMBA, 28 Orekhovy Blvd., 115682 Moscow, Russia; Institute for Advanced Training, FMBA, Moscow, Russia.
| | - O V Durov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, FMBA, 28 Orekhovy Blvd., 115682 Moscow, Russia
| | - S V Kim
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, FMBA, 28 Orekhovy Blvd., 115682 Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Gulaev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, FMBA, 28 Orekhovy Blvd., 115682 Moscow, Russia
| | - I L Gubskiy
- Research and Education Center for Medicinal Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Konoplyannikov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, FMBA, 28 Orekhovy Blvd., 115682 Moscow, Russia; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - F G Zabozlaev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, FMBA, 28 Orekhovy Blvd., 115682 Moscow, Russia
| | - C Zhang
- Research and Education Center for Medicinal Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - V Z Agrba
- Institute of Medicinal Primatology Russian Academy of Science, Sochi, Russia
| | - S V Orlov
- Institute of Medicinal Primatology Russian Academy of Science, Sochi, Russia
| | - B A Lapin
- Institute of Medicinal Primatology Russian Academy of Science, Sochi, Russia
| | - A V Troitskiy
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, FMBA, 28 Orekhovy Blvd., 115682 Moscow, Russia; Institute for Advanced Training, FMBA, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Averyanov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies, FMBA, 28 Orekhovy Blvd., 115682 Moscow, Russia
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Krisa L, Runyen M, Detloff MR. Translational Challenges of Rat Models of Upper Extremity Dysfunction After Spinal Cord Injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2018; 24:195-205. [PMID: 29997423 DOI: 10.1310/sci2403-195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There are approximately 17,500 new spinal cord injury (SCI) cases each year in the United States, with the majority of cases resulting from a traumatic injury. Damage to the spinal cord causes either temporary or permanent changes in sensorimotor function. Given that the majority of human SCIs occur in the cervical spinal level, the experimental animal models of forelimb dysfunction play a large role in the ability to translate basic science research to clinical application. However, the variation in the design of clinical and basic science studies of forelimb/upper extremity (UE) function prevents the ease of translation. This review provides an overview of experimental models of forelimb dysfunction used in SCI research with special emphasis on the rat model of SCI. The anatomical location and types of experimental cervical lesions, functional assessments, and rehabilitation strategies used in the basic science laboratory are reviewed. Finally, we discuss the challenges of translating animal models of forelimb dysfunction to the clinical SCI human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Krisa
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Jefferson College of Health Professions, Jefferson (Philadelphia University + Thomas Jefferson University), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physical Therapy, Jefferson College of Health Professions, Jefferson (Philadelphia University + Thomas Jefferson University), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Madeline Runyen
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Jefferson College of Health Professions, Jefferson (Philadelphia University + Thomas Jefferson University), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Megan Ryan Detloff
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Spinal Cord Research Center, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Compressive mechanical characterization of non-human primate spinal cord white matter. Acta Biomater 2018; 74:260-269. [PMID: 29729417 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The goal of developing computational models of spinal cord injury (SCI) is to better understand the human injury condition. However, finite element models of human SCI have used rodent spinal cord tissue properties due to a lack of experimental data. Central nervous system tissues in non human primates (NHP) closely resemble that of humans and therefore, it is expected that material constitutive models obtained from NHPs will increase the fidelity and the accuracy of human SCI models. Human SCI most often results from compressive loading and spinal cord white matter properties affect FE predicted patterns of injury; therefore, the objectives of this study were to characterize the unconfined compressive response of NHP spinal cord white matter and present an experimentally derived, finite element tractable constitutive model for the tissue. Cervical spinal cords were harvested from nine male adult NHPs (Macaca mulatta). White matter biopsy samples (3 mm in diameter) were taken from both lateral columns of the spinal cord and were divided into four strain rate groups for unconfined dynamic compression and stress relaxation (post-mortem <1-hour). The NHP spinal cord white matter compressive response was sensitive to strain rate and showed substantial stress relaxation confirming the viscoelastic behavior of the material. An Ogden 1st order model best captured the non-linear behavior of NHP white matter in a quasi-linear viscoelastic material model with 4-term Prony series. This study is the first to characterize NHP spinal cord white matter at high (>10/sec) strain rates typical of traumatic injury. The finite element derived material constitutive model of this study will increase the fidelity of SCI computational models and provide important insights for transferring pre-clinical findings to clinical treatments. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Spinal cord injury (SCI) finite element (FE) models provide an important tool to bridge the gap between animal studies and human injury, assess injury prevention technologies (e.g. helmets, seatbelts), and provide insight into the mechanisms of injury. Although, FE model outcomes depend on the assumed material constitutive model, there is limited experimental data for fresh spinal cords and all was obtained from rodent, porcine or bovine tissues. Central nervous system tissues in non human primates (NHP) more closely resemble humans. This study characterizes fresh NHP spinal cord material properties at high strains rates and large deformations typical of SCI for the first time. A constitutive model was defined that can be readily implemented in finite strain FE analysis of SCI.
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Jannesar S, Nadler B, Sparrey CJ. The Transverse Isotropy of Spinal Cord White Matter Under Dynamic Load. J Biomech Eng 2016; 138:2536524. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4034171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The rostral-caudally aligned fiber-reinforced structure of spinal cord white matter (WM) gives rise to transverse isotropy in the material. Stress and strain patterns generated in the spinal cord parenchyma following spinal cord injury (SCI) are multidirectional and dependent on the mechanism of the injury. Our objective was to develop a WM constitutive model that captures the material transverse isotropy under dynamic loading. The WM mechanical behavior was extracted from the published tensile and compressive experiments. Combinations of isotropic and fiber-reinforcing models were examined in a conditional quasi-linear viscoelastic (QLV) formulation to capture the WM mechanical behavior. The effect of WM transverse isotropy on SCI model outcomes was evaluated by simulating a nonhuman primate (NHP) contusion injury experiment. A second-order reduced polynomial hyperelastic energy potential conditionally combined with a quadratic reinforcing function in a four-term Prony series QLV model best captured the WM mechanical behavior (0.89 < R2 < 0.99). WM isotropic and transversely isotropic material models combined with discrete modeling of the pia mater resulted in peak impact forces that matched the experimental outcomes. The transversely isotropic WM with discrete pia mater resulted in maximum principal strain (MPS) distributions which effectively captured the combination of ipsilateral peripheral WM sparing, ipsilateral injury and contralateral sparing, and the rostral/caudal spread of damage observed in in vivo injuries. The results suggest that the WM transverse isotropy could have an important role in correlating tissue damage with mechanical measures and explaining the directional sensitivity of the spinal cord to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Jannesar
- Department of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, 250-13450 102 Avenue, Surrey, BC V3T 0A3, Canada e-mail:
| | - Ben Nadler
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada e-mail:
| | - Carolyn J. Sparrey
- Department of Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, 250-13450 102 Avenue, Surrey, BC V3T 0A3, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada e-mail:
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Salegio EA, Bresnahan JC, Sparrey CJ, Camisa W, Fischer J, Leasure J, Buckley J, Nout-Lomas YS, Rosenzweig ES, Moseanko R, Strand S, Hawbecker S, Lemoy MJ, Haefeli J, Ma X, Nielson JL, Edgerton VR, Ferguson AR, Tuszynski MH, Beattie MS. A Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Contusion Injury Model in Non-Human Primates (Macaca mulatta). J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:439-59. [PMID: 26788611 PMCID: PMC4799702 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.3956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a non-human primate (NHP) model of spinal cord injury (SCI) based on mechanical and computational modeling is described. We scaled up from a rodent model to a larger primate model using a highly controllable, friction-free, electronically-driven actuator to generate unilateral C6-C7 spinal cord injuries. Graded contusion lesions with varying degrees of functional recovery, depending upon pre-set impact parameters, were produced in nine NHPs. Protocols and pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to optimize the predictability of outcomes by matching impact protocols to the size of each animal's spinal canal, cord, and cerebrospinal fluid space. Post-operative MRI confirmed lesion placement and provided information on lesion volume and spread for comparison with histological measures. We evaluated the relationships between impact parameters, lesion measures, and behavioral outcomes, and confirmed that these relationships were consistent with our previous studies in the rat. In addition to providing multiple univariate outcome measures, we also developed an integrated outcome metric describing the multivariate cervical SCI syndrome. Impacts at the higher ranges of peak force produced highly lateralized and enduring deficits in multiple measures of forelimb and hand function, while lower energy impacts produced early weakness followed by substantial recovery but enduring deficits in fine digital control (e.g., pincer grasp). This model provides a clinically relevant system in which to evaluate the safety and, potentially, the efficacy of candidate translational therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto A Salegio
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco, California
| | - Jacqueline C Bresnahan
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco, California
| | - Carolyn J Sparrey
- 2 School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University , Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William Camisa
- 3 Taylor Collaboration, St. Mary's Medical Center , San Francisco, California
| | - Jason Fischer
- 3 Taylor Collaboration, St. Mary's Medical Center , San Francisco, California
| | - Jeremi Leasure
- 3 Taylor Collaboration, St. Mary's Medical Center , San Francisco, California
| | - Jennifer Buckley
- 4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware
| | - Yvette S Nout-Lomas
- 5 College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Ephron S Rosenzweig
- 6 Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego , San Diego, California; Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, California
| | - Rod Moseanko
- 7 California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis , Davis, California
| | - Sarah Strand
- 7 California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis , Davis, California
| | - Stephanie Hawbecker
- 7 California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis , Davis, California
| | - Marie-Josee Lemoy
- 7 California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis , Davis, California
| | - Jenny Haefeli
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco, California
| | - Xiaokui Ma
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco, California
| | - Jessica L Nielson
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco, California
| | - V R Edgerton
- 8 Departments of Physiological Science and Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
| | - Adam R Ferguson
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco, California
| | - Mark H Tuszynski
- 6 Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego , San Diego, California; Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael S Beattie
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco, California
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