1
|
Li Y, Deng H, Zhang H, Yang L, Wang S, Wang H, Zhu J, Li X, Chen X, Lin Y, Li R, Wang G, Li K. Transforming growth factor-β1 protects mechanically injured cortical murine neurons by reducing trauma-induced autophagy and apoptosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1381279. [PMID: 38863498 PMCID: PMC11165077 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1381279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) has a neuroprotective function in traumatic brain injury (TBI) through its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective actions of TGF-β1 on the cortex require further investigation. In this study, we were aimed to investigate the regulatory function of TGF-β1 on neuronal autophagy and apoptosis using an in vitro primary cortical neuron trauma-injury model. LDH activity was assayed to measure cell viability, and intracellular [Ca2+] was measured using Fluo-4-AM in an in vitro primary cortical neuron trauma-injury model. RNA-sequencing (RNAseq), immunofluorescent staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), western blot and CTSD activity detection were employed. We observed significant enrichment of DEGs related to autophagy, apoptosis, and the lysosome pathway in trauma-injured cortical neurons. TEM confirmed the presence of autophagosomes as well as autophagolysosomes. Western blot revealed upregulation of autophagy-related protein light chain 3 (LC3-II/LC3-I), sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62), along with apoptosis-related protein cleaved-caspase 3 in trauma-injured primary cortical neurons. Furthermore, trauma-injured cortical neurons showed an upregulation of lysosomal marker protein (LAMP1) and lysosomal enzyme mature cathepsin D (mCTSD), but a decrease in the activity of CTSD enzyme. These results indicated that apoptosis was up-regulated in trauma- injured cortical neurons at 24 h, accompanied by lysosomal dysfunction and impaired autophagic flux. Notably, TGF-β1 significantly reversed these changes. Our results suggested that TGF-β1 exerted neuroprotective effects on trauma- injured cortical neurons by reducing lysosomal dysfunction, decreasing the accumulation of autophagosomes and autophagolysosomes, and enhancing autophagic flux.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huixiong Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hengyao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shenmiao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haoyang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiacheng Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinhong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gefei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kangsheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang Z, Wang Z, Deng X, Zhu L, Song Z, Cao C, Li X. P7C3-A20 treats traumatic brain injury in rats by inhibiting excessive autophagy and apoptosis. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1078-1083. [PMID: 37862211 PMCID: PMC10749631 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.380910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a severe health problem leading to autophagy and apoptosis in the brain. 3,6-Dibromo-beta-fluoro-N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-9H-carbazole-9-propanamine (P7C3-A20) can be neuroprotective in various diseases, including ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. However, whether P7C3-A20 has a therapeutic effect on traumatic brain injury and its possible molecular mechanisms are unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of P7C3-A20 on traumatic brain injury and explored the putative underlying molecular mechanisms. We established a traumatic brain injury rat model using a modified weight drop method. P7C3-A20 or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally after traumatic brain injury. Severe neurological deficits were found in rats after traumatic brain injury, with deterioration in balance, walking function, and learning memory. Furthermore, hematoxylin and eosin staining showed significant neuronal cell damage, while terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining indicated a high rate of apoptosis. The presence of autolysosomes was observed using transmission electron microscope. P7C3-A20 treatment reversed these pathological features. Western blotting showed that P7C3-A20 treatment reduced microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II) autophagy protein, apoptosis-related proteins (namely, Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3 [BNIP3], and Bcl-2 associated x protein [Bax]), and elevated ubiquitin-binding protein p62 (p62) autophagy protein expression. Thus, P7C3-A20 can treat traumatic brain injury in rats by inhibiting excessive autophagy and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhenchao Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaoqi Deng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lingxin Zhu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhaomeng Song
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Changyu Cao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinran Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
- Foshan University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qiu JY, Gao SQ, Chen YS, Wang X, Zhuang YS, Miao SH, Zheng XB, Zhao R, Sun Y, Zhou ML. OXCT1 regulates hippocampal neurogenesis and alleviates cognitive impairment via the Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Brain Res 2024; 1827:148758. [PMID: 38199308 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a life-threatening neurological disease that usually has a poor prognosis. Neurogenesis is a potential therapeutic target for brain injury. Ketone metabolism also plays neuroprotective roles in many neurological disorders. OXCT1 (3-Oxoacid CoA-Transferase 1) is the rate-limiting enzyme of ketone body oxidation. In this study, we explored whether increasing ketone oxidation by upregulating OXCT1 in neurons could promote neurogenesis after SAH, and evaluated the potential mechanism involved in this process. METHODS The β-hydroxybutyrate content was measured using an enzymatic colorimetric assay. Adeno-associated virus targeting neurons was injected to overexpress OXCT1, and the expression and localization of proteins were evaluated by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis was evaluated by dual staining with doublecortin and 5-Ethynyl-2'-Deoxyuridine. LY294002 was intracerebroventricularly administered to inhibit Akt activity. The Morris water maze and Y-maze tests were employed to assess cognitive function after SAH. RESULTS The results showed that OXCT1 expression and hippocampal neurogenesis significantly decreased in the early stage of SAH. Overexpression of OXCT1 successfully increased hippocampal neurogenesis via activation of Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling and improved cognitive function, both of which were reversed by administration of LY294002. CONCLUSIONS OXCT1 regulated hippocampal ketone body metabolism and increased neurogenesis through mechanisms mediated by the Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway, improving cognitive impairment after SAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yin Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng-Qing Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun-Song Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu-Hao Miao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng-Liang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen J, Chen Z, Yu D, Yan Y, Hao X, Zhang M, Zhu T. Neuroprotective Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide Subchronic Treatment Against TBI-Induced Ferroptosis and Cognitive Deficits Mediated Through Wnt Signaling Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:4117-4140. [PMID: 37624470 PMCID: PMC10661805 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows that targeting ferroptosis may be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating traumatic brain injury (TBI). Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been proven to play a neuroprotective role in TBI, but little is known about the effects of H2S on TBI-induced ferroptosis. In addition, it is reported that the Wnt signaling pathway can also actively regulate ferroptosis. However, whether H2S inhibits ferroptosis via the Wnt signaling pathway after TBI remains unclear. In this study, we first found that in addition to alleviating neuronal damage and cognitive impairments, H2S remarkably attenuated abnormal iron accumulation, decreased lipid peroxidation, and improved the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4, demonstrating the potent anti-ferroptosis action of H2S after TBI. Moreover, Wnt3a or liproxstatin-1 treatment obtained similar results, suggesting that activation of the Wnt signaling pathway can render the cells less susceptible to ferroptosis post-TBI. More importantly, XAV939, an inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway, almost inversed ferroptosis inactivation and reduction of neuronal loss caused by H2S treatment, substantiating the involvement of the Wnt signaling pathway in anti-ferroptosis effects of H2S. In conclusion, the Wnt signaling pathway might be the critical mechanism in realizing the anti-ferroptosis effects of H2S against TBI. TBI induces ferroptosis-related changes characterized by iron overload, impaired antioxidant system, and lipid peroxidation at the chronic phase after TBI. However, NaHS subchronic treatment reduces the susceptibility to TBI-induced ferroptosis, at least partly by activating the Wnt signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Clinical Experimental Center, Xi'an Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Active Pep-Tides, The Affiliated Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Northwest University, No.777 Xitai Road, Xi'an, 710100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhennan Chen
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongyu Yu
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yufei Yan
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiuli Hao
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- Clinical Experimental Center, Xi'an Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Active Pep-Tides, The Affiliated Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Northwest University, No.777 Xitai Road, Xi'an, 710100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Clinical Experimental Center, Xi'an Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Active Pep-Tides, The Affiliated Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Northwest University, No.777 Xitai Road, Xi'an, 710100, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Amirbekyan M, Adhikarla V, Cheng JP, Moschonas EH, Bondi CO, Rockne RC, Kline AE, Gutova M. Neuroprotective potential of intranasally delivered L-myc immortalized human neural stem cells in female rats after a controlled cortical impact injury. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17874. [PMID: 37857701 PMCID: PMC10587115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficacious stem cell-based therapies for traumatic brain injury (TBI) depend on successful delivery, migration, and engraftment of stem cells to induce neuroprotection. L-myc expressing human neural stem cells (LMNSC008) demonstrate an inherent tropism to injury sites after intranasal (IN) administration. We hypothesize that IN delivered LMNSC008 cells migrate to primary and secondary injury sites and modulate biomarkers associated with neuroprotection and tissue regeneration. To test this hypothesis, immunocompetent adult female rats received either controlled cortical impact injury or sham surgery. LMNSC008 cells or a vehicle were administered IN on postoperative days 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17. The distribution and migration of eGFP-expressing LMNSC008 cells were quantified over 1 mm-thick optically cleared (CLARITY) coronal brain sections from TBI and SHAM controls. NSC migration was observed along white matter tracts projecting toward the hippocampus and regions of TBI. ELISA and Nanostring assays revealed a shift in tissue gene expression in LMNSC008 treated rats relative to controls. LMNSC008 treatment reduced expression of genes and pathways involved in inflammatory response, microglial function, and various cytokines and receptors. Our proof-of-concept studies, although preliminary, support the rationale of using intranasal delivery of LMNSC008 cells for functional studies in preclinical models of TBI and provide support for potential translatability in TBI patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Amirbekyan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Vikram Adhikarla
- Division of Mathematical Oncology and Computational Systems Biology, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Cheng
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eleni H Moschonas
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Corina O Bondi
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Russell C Rockne
- Division of Mathematical Oncology and Computational Systems Biology, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Anthony E Kline
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Critical Care Medicine, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Margarita Gutova
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Azbazdar Y, Poyraz YK, Ozalp O, Nazli D, Ipekgil D, Cucun G, Ozhan G. High-fat diet feeding triggers a regenerative response in the adult zebrafish brain. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2486-2506. [PMID: 36670270 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a range of liver conditions ranging from excess fat accumulation to liver failure. NAFLD is strongly associated with high-fat diet (HFD) consumption that constitutes a metabolic risk factor. While HFD has been elucidated concerning its several systemic effects, there is little information about its influence on the brain at the molecular level. Here, by using a high-fat diet (HFD)-feeding of adult zebrafish, we first reveal that excess fat uptake results in weight gain and fatty liver. Prolonged exposure to HFD induces a significant increase in the expression of pro-inflammation, apoptosis, and proliferation markers in the liver and brain tissues. Immunofluorescence analyses of the brain tissues disclose stimulation of apoptosis and widespread activation of glial cell response. Moreover, glial activation is accompanied by an initial decrease in the number of neurons and their subsequent replacement in the olfactory bulb and the telencephalon. Long-term consumption of HFD causes activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the brain tissues. Finally, fish fed an HFD induces anxiety, and aggressiveness and increases locomotor activity. Thus, HFD feeding leads to a non-traumatic brain injury and stimulates a regenerative response. The activation mechanisms of a regeneration response in the brain can be exploited to fight obesity and recover from non-traumatic injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Azbazdar
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662, USA
| | - Yusuf Kaan Poyraz
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozgun Ozalp
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dilek Nazli
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dogac Ipekgil
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Cucun
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 3640 76021, Karlsruhe, Postfach, Germany
| | - Gunes Ozhan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, 35430, Izmir, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cheng Y, Gao Y, Li J, Rui T, Li Q, Chen H, Jia B, Song Y, Gu Z, Wang T, Gao C, Wang Y, Wang Z, Wang F, Tao L, Luo C. TrkB agonist N-acetyl serotonin promotes functional recovery after traumatic brain injury by suppressing ferroptosis via the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2/Ferritin H pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 194:184-198. [PMID: 36493983 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that is mainly triggered by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. A growing body of evidence suggests that ferroptosis is involved in the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) deficiency would mediate TBI pathologies. As an agonist of TrkB and an immediate precursor of melatonin, N-acetyl serotonin (NAS) exerts several beneficial effects on TBI, but there is no information regarding the role of NAS in ferroptosis after TBI. Here, we examined the effect of NAS treatment on TBI-induced functional outcomes and ferroptosis. Remarkably, the administration of NAS alleviated TBI-induced neurobehavioral deficits, lesion volume, and neurodegeneration. NAS also rescued TBI-induced mitochondrial shrinkage, the changes in ferroptosis-related molecule expression, and iron accumulation in the ipsilateral cortex. Similar results were obtained with a well-established ferroptosis inhibitor, liproxstatin-1. Furthermore, NAS activated the TrkB/PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway in the mouse model of TBI, while inhibition of PI3K and Nrf2 weakened the protection of NAS against ferroptosis both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that a possible pathway linking NAS to the action of anti-ferroptosis was TrkB/PI3K/Akt/Nrf2. Given that ferritin H (Fth) is a known transcription target of Nrf2, we then investigated the effects of NAS on neuron-specific Fth knockout (Fth-KO) mice. Strikingly, Fth deletion almost abolished the protective effects of NAS against TBI-induced ferroptosis and synaptic damage, although Fth deletion-induced susceptibility toward ferroptosis after TBI was reversed by an iron chelator, deferoxamine. Taken together, these data indicate that the TrkB agonist NAS treatment appears to improve brain function after TBI by suppressing ferroptosis, at least in part, through activation of the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2/Fth pathway, providing evidence that NAS is likely to be a promising anti-ferroptosis agent for further treatment for TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Tongyu Rui
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Bowen Jia
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yiting Song
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhiya Gu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zufeng Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wei S, Leng B, Yan G. Targeting autophagy process in center nervous trauma. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1128087. [PMID: 36950126 PMCID: PMC10025323 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1128087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is the primary regulator of physiological activity, and when CNS is compromised, its physical functions are affected. Spinal cord injury (SCI) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are common trauma in CNS that are difficult to recover from, with a higher global disability and mortality rate. Autophagy is familiar to almost all researchers due to its role in regulating the degradation and recycling of cellular defective or incorrect proteins and toxic components, maintaining body balance and regulating cell health and function. Emerging evidence suggests it has a broad and long-lasting impact on pathophysiological process such as oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, involving the alteration of autophagy marker expression and function recovery. Changes in autophagy level are considered a potential therapeutic strategy and have shown promising results in preclinical studies for neuroprotection following traumatic brain injury. However, the relationship between upward or downward autophagy and functional recovery following SCI or TBI is debatable. This article reviews the regulation and role of autophagy in repairing CNS trauma and the intervention effects of autophagy-targeted therapeutic agents to find more and better treatment options for SCI and TBI patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wei
- Department of Graduate, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Bing Leng
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Genquan Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Genquan Yan,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nie Z, Tan L, Niu J, Wang B. The role of regulatory necrosis in traumatic brain injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1005422. [PMID: 36329694 PMCID: PMC9622788 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1005422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability in the population worldwide, of which key injury mechanism involving the death of nerve cells. Many recent studies have shown that regulatory necrosis is involved in the pathological process of TBI which includes necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, parthanatos, and Cyclophilin D (CypD) mediated necrosis. Therefore, targeting the signaling pathways involved in regulatory necrosis may be an effective strategy to reduce the secondary injury after TBI. Meanwhile, drugs or genes are used as interference factors in various types of regulatory necrosis, so as to explore the potential treatment methods for the secondary injury after TBI. This review summarizes the current progress on regulatory necrosis in TBI.
Collapse
|
10
|
The Role of Hydrogen Sulfide Targeting Autophagy in the Pathological Processes of the Nervous System. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090879. [PMID: 36144282 PMCID: PMC9502065 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important cellular process, involving the transportation of cytoplasmic contents in the double membrane vesicles to lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy disorder contributes to many diseases, such as immune dysfunction, cancers and nervous system diseases. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a volatile and toxic gas with a rotten egg odor. For a long time, it was considered as an environmental pollution gas. In recent years, H2S is regarded as the third most important gas signal molecule after NO and CO. H2S has a variety of biological functions and can play an important role in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Increasingly more evidences show that H2S can regulate autophagy to play a protective role in the nervous system, but the mechanism is not fully understood. In this review, we summarize the recent literatures on the role of H2S in the pathological process of the nervous system by regulating autophagy, and analyze the mechanism in detail, hoping to provide the reference for future related research.
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu G, Chen J, Wang X, Liu Y, Ma Y, Tu X. Functionalized 3D-Printed ST2/Gelatin Methacryloyl/Polcaprolactone Scaffolds for Enhancing Bone Regeneration with Vascularization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158347. [PMID: 35955478 PMCID: PMC9368581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth factors were often used to improve the bioactivity of biomaterials in order to fabricate biofunctionalized bone grafts for bone defect repair. However, supraphysiological concentrations of growth factors for improving bioactivity could lead to serious side effects, such as ectopic bone formation, radiculitis, swelling of soft tissue in the neck, etc. Therefore, safely and effectively applying growth factors in bone repair biomaterials comes to be an urgent problem that needs to be addressed. In this study, an appropriate concentration (50 ng/mL) of Wnt3a was used to pretreat the 3D-bioprinting gelatin methacryloyl(GelMA)/polycaprolactone(PCL) scaffold loaded with bone marrow stromal cell line ST2 for 24 h. This pretreatment promoted the cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and mineralization of ST2 in the scaffold in vitro, and enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis after being implanted in critical-sized mouse calvarial defects. On the contrary, the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in ST2 cells reduced the bone repair effect of this scaffold. These results suggested that ST2/GelMA/PCL scaffolds pretreated with an appropriate concentration of Wnt3a in culture medium could effectively enhance the osteogenic and angiogenic activity of bone repair biomaterials both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, it would avoid the side effects caused by the supraphysiological concentrations of growth factors. This functionalized scaffold with osteogenic and angiogenic activity might be used as an outstanding bone substitute for bone regeneration and repair.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhou Z, Ren X, Zheng L, Li A, Zhou W. LncRNA NEAT1 stabilized Wnt3a via U2AF2 and activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway to alleviate ischemia stroke induced injury. Brain Res 2022; 1788:147921. [PMID: 35452660 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischaemic stroke is the leading cause of mortality and disability in the world. LncRNA NEAT1 has been shown to play an important role in ischaemic injury, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. METHODS qRT-PCR was used to determine the expression of lncRNA NEAT1 in OGD/R-induced BV-2 cells. Cell viability was assessed by an MTT assay, and cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. The expression of related proteins was evaluated by Western blotting and ELISA. The interactions among lncRNA NEAT1, U2AF2 and Wnt3a mRNA was demonstrated by RIP and RNA pulldown assays. XAV-939 was used as an inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. RESULTS LncRNA NEAT1 was found to be downregulated in OGD/R-induced BV-2 cells. Overexpression of lncRNA NEAT1 protected BV-2 cells against OGD/R-induced injury. LncRNA NEAT1 enhanced the stability of Wnt3a mRNA via U2AF2. Knockdown of Wnt3a or blockade of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway rescued the effect of lncRNA NEAT1. CONCLUSIONS LncRNA NEAT1 protected cells against OGD/R-induced apoptosis and the inflammatory response by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway through upregulation of Wnt3a in a U2AF2-dependent manner. LncRNA NEAT1 could be a promising therapeutic candidate for ischaemic stroke treatment in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Zhou
- Departments of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410016, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Departments of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410016, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Lijun Zheng
- Departments of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410016, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Aiping Li
- Departments of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410016, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Wensheng Zhou
- Departments of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410016, Hunan Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tong XK, Royea J, Hamel E. Simvastatin rescues memory and granule cell maturation through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:325. [PMID: 35397630 PMCID: PMC8994768 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that simvastatin (SV) restored memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease (AD) concomitantly with normalization in protein levels of memory-related immediate early genes in hippocampal CA1 neurons. Here, we investigated age-related changes in the hippocampal memory pathway, and whether the beneficial effects of SV could be related to enhanced neurogenesis and signaling in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. APP mice and wild-type (WT) littermate controls showed comparable number of proliferating (Ki67-positive nuclei) and immature (doublecortin (DCX)-positive) granule cells in the dentate gyrus until 3 months of age. At 4 months, Ki67 or DCX positive cells decreased sharply and remained less numerous until the endpoint (6 months) in both SV-treated and untreated APP mice. In 6 month-old APP mice, dendritic extensions of DCX immature neurons in the molecular layer were shorter, a deficit fully normalized by SV. Similarly, whereas mature granule cells (calbindin-immunopositive) were decreased in APP mice and not restored by SV, their dendritic arborizations were normalized to control levels by SV treatment. SV increased Prox1 protein levels (↑67.7%, p < 0.01), a Wnt/β-catenin signaling target, while significantly decreasing (↓61.2%, p < 0.05) the upregulated levels of the β-catenin-dependent Wnt pathway inhibitor DKK1 seen in APP mice. In APP mice, SV benefits were recapitulated by treatment with the Wnt/β-catenin specific agonist WAY-262611, whereas they were fully abolished in mice that received the Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor XAV939 during the last month of SV treatment. Our results indicate that activation of the Wnt-β-catenin pathway through downregulation of DKK1 underlies SV neuronal and cognitive benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Kang Tong
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, H3A 2B4, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jessika Royea
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, H3A 2B4, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Immunology University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Edith Hamel
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, H3A 2B4, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang L, Dai L, Li D. Mitophagy in neurological disorders. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:297. [PMID: 34937577 PMCID: PMC8693476 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that removes excess protein aggregates and damaged intracellular components. Most eukaryotic cells, including neurons, rely on proficient mitophagy responses to fine-tune the mitochondrial number and preserve energy metabolism. In some circumstances (such as the presence of pathogenic protein oligopolymers and protein mutations), dysfunctional mitophagy leads to nerve degeneration, with age-dependent intracellular accumulation of protein aggregates and dysfunctional organelles, leading to neurodegenerative disease. However, when pathogenic protein oligopolymers, protein mutations, stress, or injury are present, mitophagy prevents the accumulation of damaged mitochondria. Accordingly, mitophagy mediates neuroprotective effects in some forms of neurodegenerative disease (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and acute brain damage (e.g., stroke, hypoxic–ischemic brain injury, epilepsy, and traumatic brain injury). The complex interplay between mitophagy and neurological disorders suggests that targeting mitophagy might be applicable for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and acute brain injury. However, due to the complexity of the mitophagy mechanism, mitophagy can be both harmful and beneficial, and future efforts should focus on maximizing its benefits. Here, we discuss the impact of mitophagy on neurological disorders, emphasizing the contrast between the positive and negative effects of mitophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Deyuan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hu Y, Tao W. Microenvironmental Variations After Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:750810. [PMID: 34899180 PMCID: PMC8662751 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.750810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is linked to several pathologies. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown is considered to be one of the initial changes. Further, the microenvironmental alteration following TBI-induced BBB breakdown can be multi-scaled, constant, and dramatic. The microenvironmental variations after disruption of BBB includes several pathological changes, such as cerebral blood flow (CBF) alteration, brain edema, cerebral metabolism imbalances, and accumulation of inflammatory molecules. The modulation of the microenvironment presents attractive targets for TBI recovery, such as reducing toxic substances, inhibiting inflammation, and promoting neurogenesis. Herein, we briefly review the pathological alterations of the microenvironmental changes following BBB breakdown and outline potential interventions for TBI recovery based on microenvironmental modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Tao
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nebie O, Carvalho K, Barro L, Delila L, Faivre E, Renn TY, Chou ML, Wu YW, Nyam-Erdene A, Chou SY, Buée L, Hu CJ, Peng CW, Devos D, Blum D, Burnouf T. Human platelet lysate biotherapy for traumatic brain injury: preclinical assessment. Brain 2021; 144:3142-3158. [PMID: 34086871 PMCID: PMC8634089 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to major brain anatomopathological damages underlined by neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and progressive neurodegeneration, ultimately leading to motor and cognitive deterioration. The multiple pathological events resulting from TBI can be addressed not by a single therapeutic approach, but rather by a synergistic biotherapy capable of activating a complementary set of signalling pathways and providing synergistic neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and neurorestorative activities. Human platelet lysate might fulfil these requirements as it is composed of a plethora of biomolecules readily accessible as a TBI biotherapy. In the present study, we tested the therapeutic potential of human platelet lysate using in vitro and in vivo models of TBI. We first prepared and characterized platelet lysate from clinical-grade human platelet concentrates. Platelets were pelletized, lysed by three freeze-thaw cycles, and centrifuged. The supernatant was purified by 56°C 30 min heat treatment and spun to obtain the heat-treated platelet pellet lysate that was characterized by ELISA and proteomic analyses. Two mouse models were used to investigate platelet lysate neuroprotective potential. The injury was induced by an in-house manual controlled scratching of the animals' cortex or by controlled cortical impact injury. The platelet lysate treatment was performed by topical application of 60 µl in the lesioned area, followed by daily 60 µl intranasal administration from Day 1 to 6 post-injury. Platelet lysate proteomics identified over 1000 proteins including growth factors, neurotrophins, and antioxidants. ELISA detected several neurotrophic and angiogenic factors at ∼1-50 ng/ml levels. We demonstrate, using two mouse models of TBI, that topical application and intranasal platelet lysate consistently improved mouse motor function in the beam and rotarod tests, mitigated cortical neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress in the injury area, as revealed by downregulation of pro-inflammatory genes and the reduction in reactive oxygen species levels. Moreover, platelet lysate treatment reduced the loss of cortical synaptic proteins. Unbiased proteomic analyses revealed that heat-treated platelet pellet lysate reversed several pathways promoted by both controlled cortical impact and cortical brain scratch and related to transport, postsynaptic density, mitochondria or lipid metabolism. The present data strongly support, for the first time, that human platelet lysate is a reliable and effective therapeutic source of neurorestorative factors. Therefore, brain administration of platelet lysate is a therapeutical strategy that deserves serious and urgent consideration for universal brain trauma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ouada Nebie
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of
Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and
Cognition, Lille F-59000, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, LiCEND, Lille F-59000,
France
| | - Kevin Carvalho
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and
Cognition, Lille F-59000, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, LiCEND, Lille F-59000,
France
| | - Lassina Barro
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical
University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Liling Delila
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of
Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Emilie Faivre
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and
Cognition, Lille F-59000, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, LiCEND, Lille F-59000,
France
| | - Ting-Yi Renn
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical
University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Li Chou
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of
Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University,
Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of
Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ariunjargal Nyam-Erdene
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical
University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yi Chou
- NeuroTMULille International Laboratory, Taipei Medical
University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and
Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research
Institutes, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science
and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Luc Buée
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and
Cognition, Lille F-59000, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, LiCEND, Lille F-59000,
France
- NeuroTMULille International Laboratory, Univ. Lille, Lille,
F-59000 France
| | - Chaur-Jong Hu
- NeuroTMULille International Laboratory, Taipei Medical
University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and
Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research
Institutes, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science
and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Dementia Center, Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical
University, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan
- Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical
University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Peng
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical
University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei
Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - David Devos
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and
Cognition, Lille F-59000, France
- NeuroTMULille International Laboratory, Univ. Lille, Lille,
F-59000 France
| | - David Blum
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience and
Cognition, Lille F-59000, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, LiCEND, Lille F-59000,
France
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science
and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of
Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical
University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University,
Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei
Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- International PhD Program in Cell Therapy and Regeneration, College of
Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Brain and Consciousness Research Centre, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho
Hospital, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Diversity of Adult Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells in Physiology and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082045. [PMID: 34440814 PMCID: PMC8392301 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) contribute to learning, memory, maintenance of homeostasis, energy metabolism and many other essential processes. They are highly heterogeneous populations that require input from a regionally distinct microenvironment including a mix of neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, NG2+ glia, vasculature, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and others. The diversity of NSPCs is present in all three major parts of the CNS, i.e., the brain, spinal cord, and retina. Intrinsic and extrinsic signals, e.g., neurotrophic and growth factors, master transcription factors, and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM), collectively regulate activities and characteristics of NSPCs: quiescence/survival, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and integration. This review discusses the heterogeneous NSPC populations in the normal physiology and highlights their potentials and roles in injured/diseased states for regenerative medicine.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ge F, Shao G, Chen S, Sun Y, Xu H. Chrysoeriol promotes functional neurological recovery in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. Pharmacogn Mag 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_329_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
19
|
Srikanth MP, Feldman RA. Elevated Dkk1 Mediates Downregulation of the Canonical Wnt Pathway and Lysosomal Loss in an iPSC Model of Neuronopathic Gaucher Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1630. [PMID: 33287247 PMCID: PMC7761665 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher Disease (GD), which is the most common lysosomal storage disorder, is caused by bi-allelic mutations in GBA1-a gene that encodes the lysosomal hydrolase β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase). The neuronopathic forms of GD (nGD) are characterized by severe neurological abnormalities that arise during gestation or early in infancy. Using GD-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs), we have previously reported that neuronal cells have neurodevelopmental defects associated with the downregulation of canonical Wnt signaling. In this study, we report that GD NPCs display elevated levels of Dkk1, which is a secreted Wnt antagonist that prevents receptor activation. Dkk1 upregulation in mutant NPCs resulted in an increased degradation of β-catenin, and there was a concomitant reduction in lysosomal numbers. Consistent with these results, incubation of the mutant NPCs with recombinant Wnt3a (rWnt3a) was able to outcompete the excess Dkk1, increasing β-catenin levels and rescuing lysosomal numbers. Furthermore, the incubation of WT NPCs with recombinant Dkk1 (rDkk1) phenocopied the mutant phenotype, recapitulating the decrease in β-catenin levels and lysosomal depletion seen in nGD NPCs. This study provides evidence that downregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in nGD neuronal cells involves the upregulation of Dkk1. As Dkk1 is an extracellular Wnt antagonist, our results suggest that the deleterious effects of Wnt/β-catenin downregulation in nGD may be ameliorated by the prevention of Dkk1 binding to the Wnt co-receptor LRP6, pointing to Dkk1 as a potential therapeutic target for GBA1-associated neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo A. Feldman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Menet R, Lecordier S, ElAli A. Wnt Pathway: An Emerging Player in Vascular and Traumatic Mediated Brain Injuries. Front Physiol 2020; 11:565667. [PMID: 33071819 PMCID: PMC7530281 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.565667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt pathway, which comprises the canonical and non-canonical pathways, is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that regulates crucial biological aspects throughout the development and adulthood. Emergence and patterning of the nervous and vascular systems are intimately coordinated, a process in which Wnt pathway plays particularly important roles. In the brain, Wnt ligands activate a cell-specific surface receptor complex to induce intracellular signaling cascades regulating neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, neuronal plasticity, synaptic plasticity, angiogenesis, vascular stabilization, and inflammation. The Wnt pathway is tightly regulated in the adult brain to maintain neurovascular functions. Historically, research in neuroscience has emphasized essentially on investigating the pathway in neurodegenerative disorders. Nonetheless, emerging findings have demonstrated that the pathway is deregulated in vascular- and traumatic-mediated brain injuries. These findings are suggesting that the pathway constitutes a promising target for the development of novel therapeutic protective and restorative interventions. Yet, targeting a complex multifunctional signal transduction pathway remains a major challenge. The review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the implication of Wnt pathway in the pathobiology of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, as well as traumatic brain injury (TBI). Furthermore, the review will present the strategies used so far to manipulate the pathway for therapeutic purposes as to highlight potential future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Menet
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah Lecordier
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ayman ElAli
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Licoricidin improves neurological dysfunction after traumatic brain injury in mice via regulating FoxO3/Wnt/β-catenin pathway. J Nat Med 2020; 74:767-776. [PMID: 32656716 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-020-01434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability around the world with no effective treatments currently. The present study was aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of licoricidin, one of the major components of licorice extract, on TBI mice and further explore the underlying mechanism. Male C57BL/6 mice were modeled by a modified weight-drop method to mimic TBI. All animals received treatment 30 min after TBI. The modified Neurological Severity Score (NSS) tests were performed at 2 h and 1-3 days after TBI. The brain edema was analyzed by dry-wet weight method. The malonaldehyde (MDA) levels and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were determined by Elisa. Apoptotic neurons were detected using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) immunofluorescence and the expression of apoptotic proteins were measured by western blot. Activation of the FoxO3/Wnt/β-catenin was evaluated by western blot. The results showed that treatment with licoricidin could significantly decline the NSS scores and reduce the brain edema, hence promote the recovery of neurological function in TBI mice. It also elevated the phosphorylation of p66shc, brought down the levels of MDA, as well as antagonized the decrement in activities of GSH-PX, SOD and CAT induced by TBI. Moreover, licoricidin decreased the TUNEL positive neurons, downregulated the expression of Cyt-C, cleaved-Caspase-3, cleaved-Caspase-9 and Bax and upregulated the Bcl-2, attenuated cellular apoptosis. Licoricidin decreased the expression of FoxO3 and increased the Wnt/β-catenin in TBI mice. In conclusion, Licoricidin exerted neuroprotective effect on TBI model and the effect was possibly due to its antioxidative effect and antiapoptotic effect via regulating the FoxO3/Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Licoricidin may be a candidate drug for TBI therapy.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies for traumatic injuries in the central nervous system (CNS) are largely limited to the efficiency of drug delivery. Despite the disrupted blood-CNS barrier during the early phase after injury, the drug administration faces a variety of obstacles derived from homeostatic imbalance at the injury site. In the late phase after CNS injury, the restoration of the blood-CNS barrier integrity varies depending on the injury severity resulting in inconsistent delivery of therapeutics. This review intends to characterize those different challenges of the therapeutic delivery in acute and chronic phases after injury and discuss recent advances in various approaches to explore novel strategies for the treatment of traumatic CNS injury.
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Song X, Luo H, Sun J, Han C, Gu X, Li J, Cai G, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Wei L, Wei ZZ. Modulation of Stem Cells as Therapeutics for Severe Mental Disorders and Cognitive Impairments. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:80. [PMID: 32425815 PMCID: PMC7205035 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe mental illnesses (SMI) such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder affect 2-4% of the world population. Current medications and diagnostic methods for mental illnesses are not satisfying. In animal studies, stem cell therapy is promising for some neuropsychiatric disorders and cognitive/social deficits, not only treating during development (targeting modulation and balancing) but also following neurodegeneration (cell replacement and regenerating support). We believe that novel interventions such as modulation of particular cell populations to develop cell-based treatment can improve cognitive and social functions in SMI. With pathological synaptic/myelin damage, oligodendrocytes seem to play a role. In this review, we have summarized oligodendrogenesis mechanisms and some related calcium signals in neural cells and stem/progenitor cells. The related benefits from endogenous stem/progenitor cells within the brain and exogenous stem cells, including multipotent mesenchymal-derived stromal cells (MSC), fetal neural stem cells (NSC), pluripotent stem cells (PSC), and differentiated progenitors, are discussed. These also include stimulating mechanisms of oligodendrocyte proliferation, maturation, and myelination, responsive to the regenerative effects by both endogenous stem cells and transplanted cells. Among the mechanisms, calcium signaling regulates the neuronal/glial progenitor cell (NPC/GPC)/oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) proliferation, migration, and differentiation, dendrite development, and synaptic plasticity, which are involved in many neuropsychiatric diseases in human. On the basis of numerous protein annotation and protein-protein interaction databases, a total of 119 calcium-dependent/activated proteins that are related to neuropsychiatry in human are summarized in this investigation. One of the advanced methods, the calcium/cation-channel-optogenetics-based stimulation of stem cells and transplanted cells, can take advantage of calcium signaling regulations. Intranasal-to-brain delivery of drugs and stem cells or local delivery with the guidance of brain imaging techniques may provide a unique new approach for treating psychiatric disorders. It is also expected that preconditioning stem cell therapy following precise brain imaging as pathological confirmation has high potential if translated to cell clinic use. Generally, modulable cell transplantation followed by stimulations should provide paracrine protection, synaptic modulation, and myelin repair for the brain in SMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Xiaopeng Song
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Hua Luo
- Emory Critical Care Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jinmei Sun
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chunyu Han
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Guilan Cai
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbing Zhu
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhandong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zheng Zachory Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chang CY, Liang MZ, Wu CC, Huang PY, Chen HI, Yet SF, Tsai JW, Kao CF, Chen L. WNT3A Promotes Neuronal Regeneration upon Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041463. [PMID: 32098078 PMCID: PMC7073099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a challenge due to limited knowledge about the mechanisms underlying neuronal regeneration. This current study compared the expression of WNT genes during regeneration of injured cortical neurons. Recombinant WNT3A showed positive effect in promoting neuronal regeneration via in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo TBI models. Intranasal administration of WNT3A protein to TBI mice increased the number of NeuN+ neurons without affecting GFAP+ glial cells, compared to control mice, as well as retained motor function based on functional behavior analysis. Our findings demonstrated that WNT3A, 8A, 9B, and 10A promote regeneration of injured cortical neurons. Among these WNTs, WNT3A showed the most promising regenerative potential in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Yuan Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (M.-Z.L.); (P.-Y.H.); (H.-I.C.)
| | - Min-Zong Liang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (M.-Z.L.); (P.-Y.H.); (H.-I.C.)
| | - Ching-Chih Wu
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Yuan Huang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (M.-Z.L.); (P.-Y.H.); (H.-I.C.)
| | - Hong-I Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (M.-Z.L.); (P.-Y.H.); (H.-I.C.)
| | - Shaw-Fang Yet
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Jin-Wu Tsai
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Fu Kao
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11574, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-F.K.); (L.C.); Tel.: +886-3-574-2775 (L.C.); Fax: +886-3-571-5934 (L.C.)
| | - Linyi Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (M.-Z.L.); (P.-Y.H.); (H.-I.C.)
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-F.K.); (L.C.); Tel.: +886-3-574-2775 (L.C.); Fax: +886-3-571-5934 (L.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chd8 Rescued TBI-Induced Neurological Deficits by Suppressing Apoptosis and Autophagy Via Wnt Signaling Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:1165-1184. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
26
|
Withaferin A alleviates traumatic brain injury induced secondary brain injury via suppressing apoptosis in endothelia cells and modulating activation in the microglia. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 874:172988. [PMID: 32032599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health concern with high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Currently used medications, though effective, are also associated with several adverse effects. Development of effective neuroprotective agents with fewer side-effects would be of clinical value. Previous studies have shown that withaferin compounds have a potential neuroprotective effect in nervous system disorders. However, the effect of withaferin compounds, especially withaferin A (WFA), on traumatic brain injury is unclear. In the present study, both in vivo and in vitro models were used to assess whether WFA could exert a neuroprotective effect after TBI and were used to explore the associated mechanisms. The results showed that WFA significantly improved neurobehavioral function in a dose-dependent fashion and alleviated histological alteration of injury to tissues in TBI mice. In vitro models of TBI revealed that dose-dependent WFA treatment increased the viability of SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, WFA treatment could attenuate blood-brain barrier disruption and brain edema via suppressing apoptosis in endothelial cells. Furthermore, both our in vivo and in vitro results reveal that WFA treatment could significantly reduce levels of several neuroinflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), which correlate with an overall reduction in microglial activation. These data suggest that the neuroprotection by WFA is, at least in part, related to regulation of microglial activation and inhibition of vascular endothelial cell apoptosis. Taken together, these findings support further investigation of WFA as a promising therapeutic agent for promoting functional recovery after traumatic brain injury.
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang Y, Zhao M, Shang L, Zhang Y, Huang C, He Z, Luo M, Wu B, Song P, Wang M, Duan F. Homer1a protects against neuronal injury via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Int J Neurosci 2020; 130:621-630. [PMID: 32013638 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1702535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Homer1a is a member of the post-synaptic density protein family that plays an important role in neuronal synaptic activity and is extensively involved in neurological disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Homer1a in modulating neuronal survival using an in vitro traumatic neuronal injury model.Materials and methods: Neurons were extracted from rats and identifited. Then, the cells were treated with Homerla overexpression or interference vectors. Western blot was performed to evaluate the expression of Homerla, apoptosis-related proteins(caspase3, caspase8, caspase9, Fasl, Bax, and p53), autophagy-related proteins (LC3ll and Beclin1), and the activiation of PI3K/AKT/mTOM pathway. In addition, the cell viability and apoptosis rate were measured. Results: After transfection with overexpression or interference vectors, the mRNA and protein expression of Homer1a increased or decreased significantly, respectively. Upregulation of Homer1a significantly alleviated apoptosis and enhanced cell viability and autophagy after traumatic neuronal injury. Homer1a overexpression also significantly decreased the expression of the pro-apoptosis proteins caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9, Fasl, Bax, and p53 in neurons. Furthermore, neuron autophagy was increased after traumatic neuronal injury as demonstrated by the greater accumulation of autophagosomes and higher expression of LC3II and Beclin1 induced by Homer1a overexpression. In addition, Homer1a overexpression inhibited the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. Conclusion: These findings indicated that Homer1a potentially protects neurons from traumatic injury by regulating apoptosis and autophagy via the caspase and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways and may be an effective intervention target in traumatic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - MingMing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lv Shang
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanguo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Conggang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuqiang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengyang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Faliang Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wnt-3a alleviates neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke by modulating the responses of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
29
|
Zeng Z, Zhang Y, Jiang W, He L, Qu H. Modulation of autophagy in traumatic brain injury. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:1973-1985. [PMID: 31512236 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as a traumatically induced structural injury or physiological disruption of brain function as a result of external forces, leading to adult disability and death. A growing body of evidence reveals that alterations in autophagy-related proteins exist extensively in both experimentally and clinically after TBI. Of note, the autophagy pathway plays an essential role in pathophysiological processes, such as oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis, thus contributing to neurological properties of TBI. With this in mind, this review summarizes a comprehensive overview on the beneficial and detrimental effects of autophagy in pathophysiological conditions and how these activities are linked to the pathogenesis of TBI. Moreover, the relationship between oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy occur TBI. Ultimately, multiple compounds and various drugs targeting the autophagy pathway are well described in TBI. Therefore, autophagy flux represents a potential clinical therapeutic value for the treatment of TBI and its complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Weiping Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lu He
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hongtao Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ma J, Ni H, Rui Q, Liu H, Jiang F, Gao R, Gao Y, Li D, Chen G. Potential Roles of NIX/BNIP3L Pathway in Rat Traumatic Brain Injury. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:585-595. [PMID: 30961359 PMCID: PMC7103607 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719840353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NIX/BNIP3L is known as a proapoptotic protein that is also related to mitophagy. Previous
reports have shown that NIX could be involved in neuronal apoptosis after intracerebral
hemorrhage, but it also plays a protective role in mitophagy in ischemic brain injury. How
NIX works in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is unclear. Thus, this study was designed to
observe the expression of NIX and perform a preliminary exploration of the possible
effects of NIX in a rat TBI model. The results showed that NIX expression decreased after
damage, and colocalized with neuronal cells in cortical areas. Moreover, when we induced
upregulation of NIX, autophagy was increased, while neuronal apoptosis and brain water
content decreased along with neurological deficits. These findings remind us that NIX
probably plays a neuroprotective role in TBI through autophagy and apoptosis pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Ma
- 1 Department of Anesthesia, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haibo Ni
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qin Rui
- 3 Department of Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huixiang Liu
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rong Gao
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanping Gao
- 1 Department of Anesthesia, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Di Li
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery and Translational Medicine Center, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- 5 Department of Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, SuZhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen WC, Chou TY, Chen HY, Yang YR, Man KM, Tsai MY, Chen YH. Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen) for Treatment and Prevention of Urolithiasis: A Drosophila Animal Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:1408979. [PMID: 30800166 PMCID: PMC6360610 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1408979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been prescribed for the treatment of stone disease for thousands of years. Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) was previously shown to have potential for treatment of stone disease in animal and clinical studies. In this study, we further studied the antiurolithiasis effect of Danshen in a fly model. Wild-type male Drosophila melanogaster CS flies were used in this study, with 0.25% ethylene glycol (EG) as a lithogenic agent. 2% potassium citrate (K-citrate) was the positive control agent for prevention (all agents added at the start of experiment) and treatment (drugs added after 2-week addition of lithogenic agent) studies compared with 15, 30, and 60 μg/ml of Danshen extract. In the prevention study, both 2% K-citrate and Danshen (30 and 60 μg/ml) significantly inhibited EG-induced calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal formation. In the treatment study, only 2% K-citrate and high-dose of Danshen (60 μg/ml) significantly inhibited EG-induced CaOx crystal formation. Survival analysis for EG with Danshen was compared with that for EG with K-citrate. The mean lifespan was significantly reduced by administration of EG, and the results in the Danshen group were similar to those in the control group. In conclusion, Danshen revealed both preventive and treatment effects on CaOx crystal formation in a fly model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Departments of Urology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yang Chou
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Gangshan Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Yi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Departments of Urology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - You-Rong Yang
- Departments of Urology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kee-Ming Man
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, Da Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yen Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Departments of Urology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shevela E, Davydova M, Starostina N, Yankovskaya A, Ostanin A, Chernykh E. Intranasal delivery of M2 macrophage-derived soluble products reduces neuropsychological deficit in patients with cerebrovascular disease: a pilot study. JOURNAL OF NEURORESTORATOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.26599/jnr.2019.9040010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: We assessed the safety and clinical effectiveness of intranasal therapy with M2 macrophage-derived soluble products (M2-SPs) for treating patients with cerebrovascular disease (CVD). Materials and methods: The protocol of the study was registered at www.ClinicalTrails.gov (NCT02957123). The study group comprised 30 patients with chronic CVD. Neurological status was examined before therapy and at 1- and 6-month follow–up. Concentrations of 32 cytokines in the blood serum were evaluated before and 1 month after therapy onset. Neurological assessment was conducted with the following scales: Subjective Assessment of Clinical (neurological) Symptoms (SACS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Functional Mobility Assessment in Eldery Patients (FMA), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCa). Results: M2-SPs treatment (once daily for 28~30 days) was found to be safe and well tolerated. Neuropsychological improvements showed the amelioration of neurological symptoms, reduction in anxiety and depression levels, improvement in balance and gait ability as well as cognitive functions. Clinical effects could be detected at the end of treatment course and was stable during 6-month follow-up. Blood serum cytokine evaluation demonstrated diminished baseline levels of many cytokines including those with neurotrophic activity (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF; hepatocyte growth factor, HGF; migration inhibitory factor, MIF). Upon treatment, most pronounced clinical responses were observed in patients with most severe cytokine deficiency and post-therapy normalization of MIF and HGF levels. Conclusion: Intranasal therapy with M2-SPs is safe and according to preliminary data reduces neuropsychological deficit in patients with chronic CVD. The positive effect of M2-SPs treatment seems to be HGF- and MIF-dependent.
Collapse
|
33
|
STING-mediated type-I interferons contribute to the neuroinflammatory process and detrimental effects following traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:323. [PMID: 30463579 PMCID: PMC6247615 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a major cause of disability and death worldwide with sustained neuroinflammation and autophagy dysfunction contributing to the cellular damage. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-induced type-I interferon (IFN) signalling is known to be essential in mounting the innate immune response against infections and cell injury in the periphery, but its role in the CNS remains unclear. We previously identified the type-I IFN pathway as a key mediator of neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death in TBI. However, the modulation of the type-I IFN and neuroinflammatory responses by STING and its contribution to autophagy and neuronal cell death after TBI has not been explored. METHODS C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and STING-/- mice (8-10-week-old males) were subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI) surgery and brains analysed by QPCR, Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses at 2 h or 24 h. STING expression was also analysed by QPCR in post-mortem human brain samples. RESULTS A significant upregulation in STING expression was identified in late trauma human brain samples that was confirmed in wild-type mice at 2 h and 24 h after CCI. This correlated with an elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine profile with increased TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and type-I IFN (IFN-α and IFN-β) levels. This expression was suppressed in the STING-/- mice with a smaller lesion volume in the knockout animals at 24 h post CCI. Wild-type mice also displayed increased levels of autophagy markers, LC3-II, p62 and LAMP2 after TBI; however, STING-/- mice showed reduced LAMP2 expression suggesting a role for STING in driving dysfunctional autophagy after TBI. CONCLUSION Our data implicates a detrimental role for STING in mediating the TBI-induced neuroinflammatory response and autophagy dysfunction, potentially identifying a new therapeutic target for reducing cellular damage in TBI.
Collapse
|
34
|
Casares-Crespo L, Calatayud-Baselga I, García-Corzo L, Mira H. On the Role of Basal Autophagy in Adult Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:339. [PMID: 30349462 PMCID: PMC6187079 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis persists in the adult mammalian brain due to the existence of neural stem cell (NSC) reservoirs in defined niches, where they give rise to new neurons throughout life. Recent research has begun to address the implication of constitutive (basal) autophagy in the regulation of neurogenesis in the mature brain. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of autophagy-related genes in modulating adult NSCs, progenitor cells and their differentiation into neurons. The general function of autophagy in neurogenesis in several areas of the embryonic forebrain is also revisited. During development, basal autophagy regulates Wnt and Notch signaling and is mainly required for adequate neuronal differentiation. The available data in the adult indicate that the autophagy-lysosomal pathway regulates adult NSC maintenance, the activation of quiescent NSCs, the survival of the newly born neurons and the timing of their maturation. Future research is warranted to validate the results of these pioneering studies, refine the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of NSCs and newborn neurons by autophagy throughout the life-span of mammals and provide significance to the autophagic process in adult neurogenesis-dependent behavioral tasks, in physiological and pathological conditions. These lines of research may have important consequences for our understanding of stem cell dysfunction and neurogenic decline during healthy aging and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Casares-Crespo
- Stem Cells and Aging Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, València, Spain
| | - Isabel Calatayud-Baselga
- Stem Cells and Aging Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, València, Spain
| | - Laura García-Corzo
- Stem Cells and Aging Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, València, Spain
| | - Helena Mira
- Stem Cells and Aging Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, València, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wolf MS, Bayır H, Kochanek PM, Clark RSB. The role of autophagy in acute brain injury: A state of flux? Neurobiol Dis 2018; 122:9-15. [PMID: 29704549 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is established that increased autophagy is readily detectable after various types of acute brain injury, including trauma, focal and global cerebral ischemia. What remains controversial, however, is whether this heightened detection of autophagy in brain represents a homeostatic or pathologic process, or an epiphenomenon. The ultimate role of autophagy after acute brain injury likely depends upon: 1) the degree of brain injury and the overall autophagic burden; 2) the capacity of individual cell types to ramp up autophagic flux; 3) the local redox state and signaling of parallel cell death pathways; 4) the capacity to eliminate damage associated molecular patterns and toxic proteins and metabolites both intra- and extracellularly; and 5) the timing of the pro- or anti-autophagic intervention. In this review, we attempt to reconcile conflicting studies that support both a beneficial and detrimental role for autophagy in models of acute brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Wolf
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Brain Care Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Brain Care Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Robert S B Clark
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Brain Care Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|