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Williquett J, Allamargot C, Sun H. AMPK-SP1-Guided Dynein Expression Represents a New Energy-Responsive Mechanism and Therapeutic Target for Diabetic Nephropathy. KIDNEY360 2024; 5:538-549. [PMID: 38467599 PMCID: PMC11093544 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Key Points AMP kinase senses diabetic stresses in podocytes, subsequently upregulates specificity protein 1–mediated dynein expression and promotes podocyte injury. Pharmaceutical restoration of dynein expression by targeting specificity protein 1 represents an innovative therapeutic strategy for diabetic nephropathy. Background Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major complication of diabetes. Injury to podocytes, epithelial cells that form the molecular sieve of a kidney, is a preclinical feature of DN. Protein trafficking mediated by dynein, a motor protein complex, is a newly recognized pathophysiology of diabetic podocytopathy and is believed to be derived from the hyperglycemia-induced expression of subunits crucial for the transportation activity of the dynein complex. However, the mechanism underlying this transcriptional signature remains unknown. Methods Through promoter analysis, we identified binding sites for transcription factor specificity protein 1 (SP1) as the most shared motif among hyperglycemia-responsive dynein genes. We demonstrated the essential role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)–regulated SP1 in the transcription of dynein subunits and dynein-mediated trafficking in diabetic podocytopathy using chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative PCR and live cell imaging. SP1-dependent dynein-driven pathogenesis of diabetic podocytopathy was demonstrated by pharmaceutical intervention with SP1 in a mouse model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Results Hyperglycemic conditions enhance SP1 binding to dynein promoters, promoted dynein expression, and enhanced dynein-mediated mistrafficking in cultured podocytes. These changes can be rescued by chemical inhibition or genetic silencing of SP1. The direct repression of AMPK, an energy sensor, replicates hyperglycemia-induced dynein expression by activating SP1. Mithramycin inhibition of SP1-directed dynein expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice protected them from developing podocytopathy and prevented DN progression. Conclusions Our work implicates AMPK-SP1–regulated dynein expression as an early mechanism that translates energy disturbances in diabetes into podocyte dysfunction. Pharmaceutical restoration of dynein expression by targeting SP1 offers a new therapeutic strategy to prevent DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Williquett
- Division of Nephrology, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Chantal Allamargot
- Central Microscopy Research Facility, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Hua Sun
- Division of Nephrology, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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2
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Wang R, Bai J. Pharmacological interventions targeting the microcirculation following traumatic spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:35-42. [PMID: 37488841 PMCID: PMC10479866 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.375304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury is a devastating disorder characterized by sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunction that severely compromises an individual's ability to perform activities of daily living. These adverse outcomes are closely related to the complex mechanism of spinal cord injury, the limited regenerative capacity of central neurons, and the inhibitory environment formed by traumatic injury. Disruption to the microcirculation is an important pathophysiological mechanism of spinal cord injury. A number of therapeutic agents have been shown to improve the injury environment, mitigate secondary damage, and/or promote regeneration and repair. Among them, the spinal cord microcirculation has become an important target for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Drug interventions targeting the microcirculation can improve the microenvironment and promote recovery following spinal cord injury. These drugs target the structure and function of the spinal cord microcirculation and are essential for maintaining the normal function of spinal neurons, axons, and glial cells. This review discusses the pathophysiological role of spinal cord microcirculation in spinal cord injury, including its structure and histopathological changes. Further, it summarizes the progress of drug therapies targeting the spinal cord microcirculation after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Wang
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery, Beijing Bo’ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhu Bai
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery, Beijing Bo’ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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3
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Lu D, Wu JP, Yang QW, Wang HY, Yang JJ, Zhang GG, Wang C, Yang YL, Zhu L, Sun XZ. Recent advances in lipid nanovesicles for targeted treatment of spinal cord injury. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1261288. [PMID: 37691909 PMCID: PMC10486273 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1261288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective regeneration and functional restoration of damaged spinal cord tissue have been a long-standing concern in regenerative medicine. Treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) is challenging due to the obstruction of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), the lack of targeting of drugs, and the complex pathophysiology of injury sites. Lipid nanovesicles, including cell-derived nanovesicles and synthetic lipid nanovesicles, are highly biocompatible and can penetrate BSCB, and are therefore effective delivery systems for targeted treatment of SCI. We summarize the progress of lipid nanovesicles for the targeted treatment of SCI, discuss their advantages and challenges, and provide a perspective on the application of lipid nanovesicles for SCI treatment. Although most of the lipid nanovesicle-based therapy of SCI is still in preclinical studies, this low immunogenicity, low toxicity, and highly engineerable nanovesicles will hold great promise for future spinal cord injury treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiu-Ping Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi-Wei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hua-Yi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Jie Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gang-Gang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Lian Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nano-science and Technology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Zhi Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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4
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Khaing ZZ, Chen JY, Safarians G, Ezubeik S, Pedroncelli N, Duquette RD, Prasse T, Seidlits SK. Clinical Trials Targeting Secondary Damage after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3824. [PMID: 36835233 PMCID: PMC9960771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often causes loss of sensory and motor function resulting in a significant reduction in quality of life for patients. Currently, no therapies are available that can repair spinal cord tissue. After the primary SCI, an acute inflammatory response induces further tissue damage in a process known as secondary injury. Targeting secondary injury to prevent additional tissue damage during the acute and subacute phases of SCI represents a promising strategy to improve patient outcomes. Here, we review clinical trials of neuroprotective therapeutics expected to mitigate secondary injury, focusing primarily on those in the last decade. The strategies discussed are broadly categorized as acute-phase procedural/surgical interventions, systemically delivered pharmacological agents, and cell-based therapies. In addition, we summarize the potential for combinatorial therapies and considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zin Z. Khaing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jessica Y. Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gevick Safarians
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sohib Ezubeik
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nicolas Pedroncelli
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rebecca D. Duquette
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Tobias Prasse
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephanie K. Seidlits
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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5
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Malomo T, Allard Brown A, Bale K, Yung A, Kozlowski P, Heran M, Streijger F, Kwon BK. Quantifying Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Review of Methodology. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:1603-1635. [PMID: 35538847 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) after a traumatic injury has been associated with poor neurological outcomes. Although IPH may result from the initial mechanical trauma, the blood and its breakdown products have potentially deleterious effects. Further, the degree of IPH has been correlated with injury severity and the extent of subsequent recovery. Therefore, accurate evaluation and quantification of IPH following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is important to define treatments' effects on IPH progression and secondary neuronal injury. Imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound (US), have been explored by researchers for the detection and quantification of IPH following SCI. Both quantitative and semiquantitative MRI and US measurements have been applied to objectively assess IPH following SCI, but the optimal methods for doing so are not well established. Studies in animal SCI models (rodent and porcine) have explored US and histological techniques in evaluating SCI and have demonstrated the potential to detect and quantify IPH. Newer techniques using machine learning algorithms (such as convolutional neural networks [CNN]) have also been studied to calculate IPH volume and have yielded promising results. Despite long-standing recognition of the potential pathological significance of IPH within the spinal cord, quantifying IPH with MRI or US is a relatively new area of research. Further studies are warranted to investigate their potential use. Here, we review the different and emerging quantitative MRI, US, and histological approaches used to detect and quantify IPH following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toluyemi Malomo
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aysha Allard Brown
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kirsten Bale
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,UBC MRI Research Center, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew Yung
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,UBC MRI Research Center, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Piotr Kozlowski
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,UBC MRI Research Center, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Manraj Heran
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Femke Streijger
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian K Kwon
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Vancouver Spine Surgery Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, and Division of Neuroradiology, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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6
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Deng L, Lv JQ, Sun L. Experimental treatments to attenuate blood spinal cord barrier rupture in rats with traumatic spinal cord injury: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:950368. [PMID: 36081932 PMCID: PMC9445199 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.950368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Traumatic spinal cord injury (t-SCI) is a severe injury that has a devastating impact on neurological function. Blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB) destruction following SCI aggravates the primary injury, resulting in a secondary injury. A series of experimental treatments have been proven to alleviate BSCB destruction after t-SCI. Methods: From a screen of 1,189 papers, which were retrieved from Pubmed, Embase, and Web of science, we identified 28 papers which adhered to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Evans blue (EB) leakage on the first day post-SCI was selected as the primary result. Secondary outcomes included the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins and adhesion junction (AJ) proteins in protein immunoblotting. In addition, we measured functional recovery using the Basso, Beattie, Besnahan (BBB) score and we analyzed the relevant mechanisms to explore the similarities between different studies. Result: The forest plot of Evans blue leakage (EB leakage) reduction rate: the pooled effect size of the 28 studies was 0.54, 95% CI: 0.47–0.61, p < 0.01. This indicates that measures to mitigate BSCB damage significantly improved in reducing overall EB leakage. In addition TJ proteins (Occludin, Claudin-5, and ZO-1), AJ proteins (P120 and β-catenin) were significantly upregulated after treatment in all publications. Moreover, BBB scores were significantly improved. Comprehensive studies have shown that in t-SCI, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is the most commonly used mechanism to mitigate BSCB damage, followed by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the Akt pathway. In addition, we found that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BMSC-Exos), which inhibit the TIMP2/MMP signaling pathway, may be the most effective way to alleviate BSCB injury. Conclusion: This study systematically analyzes the experimental treatments and their mechanisms for reducing BSCB injury in the early stage of t-SCI. BMSC-Exos, which inhibit MMP expression, are currently the most effective therapeutic modality for alleviating BSCB damage. In addition, the regulation of MMPs in particular as well as the Akt pathway and the ER stress pathway play important roles in alleviating BSCB injury. Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022324794.
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7
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Levetiracetam Attenuates the Spinal Cord Injury Induced by Acute Trauma via Suppressing the Expression of Perforin. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7218666. [PMID: 35633929 PMCID: PMC9135510 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7218666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the major reasons causing the motor dysfunctions of the patients. At present, few therapeutic strategies can effectively improve the symptom of SCI. Levetiracetam has been confirmed to alleviate the injury of nerve cells, while its functions in SCI remains unclear. In this study, C57BL/6J mice were used to establish SCI models to observe the effect of levetiracetam on SCI. The mice were fed with 180 mg/kg levetiracetam when suffering from SCI, and Basso mouse score (BMS) and CatWalk-assisted gait analysis were used to observe the motor functions of the mice. Nissl staining and TUNEL staining were used to observe the injury of nerve cells. The abundance of inflammatory factors was measured by ELISA. The permeability of blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) in mice was detected with macrophage infiltration analysis. Moreover, the abundance of perforin in the tissues was detected by western blot. The results showed that the SCI mice treated with levetiracetam exhibited lighter motor dysfunction compared with the mice treated with saline. Levetiracetam can effectively reduce the inflammatory reactions and alleviate apoptosis of the nerve cells. Moreover, levetiracetam remarkably decreased the BSCB permeability of SCI mice. Besides, it was also found that levetiracetam can significantly inhibit the expression of perforin. In conclusion, this study suggests that levetiracetam can attenuate the injury of BSCB to block the progression of SCI via suppressing the expression of perforin.
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8
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Wang X, Jiang C, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Fan H, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Tian F, Li J, Yang H, Hao D. The promoting effects of activated olfactory ensheathing cells on angiogenesis after spinal cord injury through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:23. [PMID: 35246244 PMCID: PMC8895872 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00765-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the pro-angiogenic potential of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) activated by curcumin (CCM) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the possible underlying mechanisms. Methods Vascular endothelial cells or tissues were cultured and treated with conditioned medium (CM) extracted from activated OECs activated through the addition of LPS and CCM or unactivated controls. Concomitantly, the pro-angiogenic potential of OECs was assessed in vitro by aortic ring sprouting assay, endothelial wound healing assay, CCK-8 assay, and tube formation assay. Subsequently, the OECs were co-cultured with endothelial cells to evaluate their promoting effect on endothelial cell proliferation and migration following a mechanical scratch. Moreover, the spinal cord injury (SCI) model in rats was established, and the number of endothelial cells and vascular structure in the injured area after SCI was observed with OEC transplantation. Finally, the underlying mechanism was investigated by western blot analysis of phosphorylated kinase expression with or without the MK-2206 (Akt-inhibitor). Result The present results showed that the activated OECs can effectively promote vascular endothelial cells' proliferation, migration, and vessel-like structure formation. Strikingly, several pro-angiogenic growth factors such as VEGF-A and PDGF-AA, which facilitate vessel formation, were found to be significantly elevated in CM. In addition, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was found to be involved in pro-angiogenic events caused by activated OEC CM, displaying higher phosphorylation levels in cells. In contrast, the delivery of MK2206 can effectively abrogate all the positive effects. Conclusions OECs activated by LPS and CCM have a pro-angiogenic effect and can effectively promote angiogenesis and improve the microenvironment at the injury site when transplanted in the injured spinal cord. This potentiated ability of OECs to provide pro-angiogenic effects is likely mediated through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00765-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.,Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Yongyuan Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.,Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Fang Tian
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Orthopaedic, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
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9
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Park CS, Lee JY, Choi HY, Yune TY. Suppression of TRPM7 by carvacrol protects against injured spinal cord by inhibiting blood-spinal cord barrier disruption. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:735-749. [PMID: 35171694 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) is disrupted after a spinal cord injury (SCI), several pathophysiological cascades occur, including inflammation and apoptotic cell death of neurons and oligodendrocytes, resulting in permanent neurological deficits. Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) is involved in the pathological processes in many neuronal diseases, including traumatic brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, parkinsonism dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, carvacrol (CAR), a TRPM7 inhibitor, is known to protect against SCI by reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting the endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. However, the functions of TRPM7 in the regulation of BSCB homeostasis after SCI have not been examined. Here, we demonstrated that TRPM7, a calcium-mediated non-selective divalent cation channel, plays a critical role after SCI in rats. Rats were contused at T9 and given CAR (50 mg/kg) via intraperitoneally immediately and 12 hours after SCI, and then given the same dose once a day for 7 days. TRPM7 was found to be up-regulated after SCI in both in vitro and in vivo studies, and it was expressed in blood vessels alongside neurons and oligodendrocytes. Additionally, CAR treatment suppressed BSCB disruption by inhibiting the loss of TJ proteins and preserved TJ integrity. CAR also reduced apoptotic cell death and improved functional recovery after SCI by preventing BSCB disruption caused by blood infiltration and inflammatory responses. Based on these findings, we propose that blocking the TRPM7 channel can inhibit the destruction of the BSCB and it is a potential target in therapeutic drug development for use in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan S Park
- Kyung Hee University, 26723, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of);
| | - Jee Youn Lee
- Kyung Hee University, 26723, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of);
| | - Hye Y Choi
- Kyung Hee University, 26723, Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of);
| | - Tae Y Yune
- Kyung Hee University, 26723, Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of);
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10
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Yang CH, Quan ZX, Wang GJ, He T, Chen ZY, Li QC, Yang J, Wang Q. Elevated intraspinal pressure in traumatic spinal cord injury is a promising therapeutic target. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1703-1710. [PMID: 35017417 PMCID: PMC8820714 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.332203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The currently recommended management for acute traumatic spinal cord injury aims to reduce the incidence of secondary injury and promote functional recovery. Elevated intraspinal pressure (ISP) likely plays an important role in the processes involved in secondary spinal cord injury, and should not be overlooked. However, the factors and detailed time course contributing to elevated ISP and its impact on pathophysiology after traumatic spinal cord injury have not been reviewed in the literature. Here, we review the etiology and progression of elevated ISP, as well as potential therapeutic measures that target elevated ISP. Elevated ISP is a time-dependent process that is mainly caused by hemorrhage, edema, and blood-spinal cord barrier destruction and peaks at 3 days after traumatic spinal cord injury. Duraplasty and hypertonic saline may be promising treatments for reducing ISP within this time window. Other potential treatments such as decompression, spinal cord incision, hemostasis, and methylprednisolone treatment require further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hua Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province; Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng-Xue Quan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gao-Ju Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tao He
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiao-Chu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
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11
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Fauss GNK, Strain MM, Huang YJ, Reynolds JA, Davis JA, Henwood MK, West CR, Grau JW. Contribution of Brain Processes to Tissue Loss After Spinal Cord Injury: Does a Pain-Induced Rise in Blood Pressure Fuel Hemorrhage? Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 15:733056. [PMID: 34975424 PMCID: PMC8714654 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.733056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain (nociceptive) input soon after spinal cord injury (SCI) expands the area of tissue loss (secondary injury) and impairs long-term recovery. Evidence suggests that nociceptive stimulation has this effect because it promotes acute hemorrhage. Disrupting communication with the brain blocks this effect. The current study examined whether rostral systems exacerbate tissue loss because pain input drives an increase in systolic blood pressure (BP) and flow that fuels blood infiltration. Rats received a moderate contusion injury to the lower thoracic (T12) spinal cord. Communication with rostral processes was disrupted by cutting the spinal cord 18 h later at T2. Noxious electrical stimulation (shock) applied to the tail (Experiment 1), or application of the irritant capsaicin to one hind paw (Experiment 2), increased hemorrhage at the site of injury. Shock, but not capsaicin, increased systolic BP and tail blood flow in sham-operated rats. Cutting communication with the brain blocked the shock-induced increase in systolic BP and tail blood flow. Experiment 3 examined the effect of artificially driving a rise in BP with norepinephrine (NE) in animals that received shock. Spinal transection attenuated hemorrhage in vehicle-treated rats. Treatment with NE drove a robust increase in BP and tail blood flow but did not increase the extent of hemorrhage. The results suggest pain input after SCI can engage rostral processes that fuel hemorrhage and drive sustained cardiovascular output. An increase in BP was not, however, necessary or sufficient to drive hemorrhage, implicating other brain-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizelle N K Fauss
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Misty M Strain
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - Joshua A Reynolds
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jacob A Davis
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Melissa K Henwood
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Christopher R West
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - James W Grau
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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12
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Yu Q, Jiang X, Liu X, Shen W, Mei X, Tian H, Wu C. Glutathione-modified macrophage-derived cell membranes encapsulated metformin nanogels for the treatment of spinal cord injury. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2022; 133:112668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Khan M, Qiao F, Kumar P, Touhidul Islam SM, Singh AK, Won J, Singh I. Neuroprotective effects of Alda-1 mitigate spinal cord injury in mice: involvement of Alda-1-induced ALDH2 activation-mediated suppression of reactive aldehyde mechanisms. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:185-193. [PMID: 34100455 PMCID: PMC8451565 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.314312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with high production and excessive accumulation of pathological 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a reactive aldehyde, formed by SCI-induced metabolic dysregulation of membrane lipids. Reactive aldehyde load causes redox alteration, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, pain-like behaviors, and locomotion deficits. Pharmacological scavenging of reactive aldehydes results in limited improved motor and sensory functions. In this study, we targeted the activity of mitochondrial enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) to detoxify 4-HNE for accelerated functional recovery and improved pain-like behavior in a male mouse model of contusion SCI. N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide (Alda-1), a selective activator of ALDH2, was used as a therapeutic tool to suppress the 4-HNE load. SCI was induced by an impactor at the T9–10 vertebral level. Injured animals were initially treated with Alda-1 at 2 hours after injury, followed by once-daily treatment with Alda-1 for 30 consecutive days. Locomotor function was evaluated by the Basso Mouse Scale, and pain-like behaviors were assessed by mechanical allodynia and thermal algesia. ALDH2 activity was measured by enzymatic assay. 4-HNE protein adducts and enzyme/protein expression levels were determined by western blot analysis and histology/immunohistochemistry. SCI resulted in a sustained and prolonged overload of 4-HNE, which parallels with the decreased activity of ALDH2 and low functional recovery. Alda-1 treatment of SCI decreased 4-HNE load and enhanced the activity of ALDH2 in both the acute and the chronic phases of SCI. Furthermore, the treatment with Alda-1 reduced neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal loss and increased adenosine 5′-triphosphate levels stimulated the neurorepair process and improved locomotor and sensory functions. Conclusively, the results provide evidence that enhancing the ALDH2 activity by Alda-1 treatment of SCI mice suppresses the 4-HNE load that attenuates neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, promotes the neurorepair process, and improves functional outcomes. Consequently, we suggest that Alda-1 may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of human SCI. Animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of MUSC (IACUC-2019-00864) on December 21, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushfiquddin Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Fei Qiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Pavan Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - S M Touhidul Islam
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Avtar K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jeseong Won
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
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14
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Abstract
The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) has been long thought of as a functional equivalent to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), restricting blood flow into the spinal cord. The spinal cord is supported by various disc tissues that provide agility and has different local immune responses compared to the brain. Though physiologically, structural components of the BSCB and BBB share many similarities, the clinical landscape significantly differs. Thus, it is crucial to understand the composition of BSCB and also to establish the cause–effect relationship with aberrations and spinal cord dysfunctions. Here, we provide a descriptive analysis of the anatomy, current techniques to assess the impairment of BSCB, associated risk factors and impact of spinal disorders such as spinal cord injury (SCI), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), peripheral nerve injury (PNI), ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM), multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cavernous malformations (SCM) and cancer on BSCB dysfunction. Along with diagnostic and mechanistic analyses, we also provide an up-to-date account of available therapeutic options for BSCB repair. We emphasize the need to address BSCB as an individual entity and direct future research towards it.
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15
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Jha RM, Rani A, Desai SM, Raikwar S, Mihaljevic S, Munoz-Casabella A, Kochanek PM, Catapano J, Winkler E, Citerio G, Hemphill JC, Kimberly WT, Narayan R, Sahuquillo J, Sheth KN, Simard JM. Sulfonylurea Receptor 1 in Central Nervous System Injury: An Updated Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11899. [PMID: 34769328 PMCID: PMC8584331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) is a member of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) protein superfamily, encoded by Abcc8, and is recognized as a key mediator of central nervous system (CNS) cellular swelling via the transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) channel. Discovered approximately 20 years ago, this channel is normally absent in the CNS but is transcriptionally upregulated after CNS injury. A comprehensive review on the pathophysiology and role of SUR1 in the CNS was published in 2012. Since then, the breadth and depth of understanding of the involvement of this channel in secondary injury has undergone exponential growth: SUR1-TRPM4 inhibition has been shown to decrease cerebral edema and hemorrhage progression in multiple preclinical models as well as in early clinical studies across a range of CNS diseases including ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, cardiac arrest, subarachnoid hemorrhage, spinal cord injury, intracerebral hemorrhage, multiple sclerosis, encephalitis, neuromalignancies, pain, liver failure, status epilepticus, retinopathies and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Given these substantial developments, combined with the timeliness of ongoing clinical trials of SUR1 inhibition, now, another decade later, we review advances pertaining to SUR1-TRPM4 pathobiology in this spectrum of CNS disease-providing an overview of the journey from patch-clamp experiments to phase III trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchira M. Jha
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (R.M.J.); (S.M.D.)
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (A.R.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (A.M.-C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (J.C.); (E.W.)
| | - Anupama Rani
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (A.R.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (A.M.-C.)
| | - Shashvat M. Desai
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (R.M.J.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Sudhanshu Raikwar
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (A.R.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (A.M.-C.)
| | - Sandra Mihaljevic
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (A.R.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (A.M.-C.)
| | - Amanda Munoz-Casabella
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (A.R.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (A.M.-C.)
| | - Patrick M. Kochanek
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Joshua Catapano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (J.C.); (E.W.)
| | - Ethan Winkler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (J.C.); (E.W.)
| | - Giuseppe Citerio
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy;
- Neurointensive Care Unit, Department of Neuroscience, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST—Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - J. Claude Hemphill
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - W. Taylor Kimberly
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Raj Narayan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY 11549, USA;
| | - Juan Sahuquillo
- Neurotrauma and Neurosurgery Research Unit (UNINN), Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Neurotraumatology and Neurosurgery Research Unit, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kevin N. Sheth
- Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - J. Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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16
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Zheng B, Jin Y, Mi S, Xu W, Yang X, Hong Z, Wang Z. Dl-3-n-butylphthalide Attenuates Spinal Cord Injury via Regulation of MMPs and Junction Proteins in Mice. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2297-2306. [PMID: 34086144 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As a serious trauma of the neurological system, spinal cord injury (SCI) results in permanent disability, gives rise to immediate vascular damage and a wide range of matters that induce the breakage of blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB). SCI activates the expression of MMP-2/9, which are considered to accelerate the disruption of BSCB. Recent research shows that Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) exerted protective effects on blood spinal cord barrier in animals after SCI, but the underlying molecular mechanism of NBP on the BSCB undergoing SCI is unknown. Here, our research show that NBP inhibited the expression of MMP-2/9, then improved the permeability of BSCB following SCI. After the T9 level of spinal cord performed with a moderate injury, NBP was managed by intragastric administration and further performed once a day. NBP remarkably improved the permeability of BSCB and junction proteins degration, then promoted locomotion recovery. The protective effect of NBP on BSCB destruction is related to the regulation of MMP-2/9 induced by SCI. Moreover, NBP obviously inhibited the MMP-2/9 expression and junction proteins degradation in microvascular endothelial cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that MMP-2/9 are relevant to the breakdown of BSCB, NBP impairs BSCB destruction through inhibiting MMP-2/9 and promotes functional recovery subjected to SCI. NBP is likely to become a new nominee as a therapeutic to treat SCI via a transigent BSCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Jin
- Nursing Department, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Mi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghua Hong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhangfu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Jin LY, Li J, Wang KF, Xia WW, Zhu ZQ, Wang CR, Li XF, Liu HY. Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier in Spinal Cord Injury: A Review. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1203-1224. [PMID: 33292072 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), a physical barrier between the blood and spinal cord parenchyma, prevents the toxins, blood cells, and pathogens from entering the spinal cord and maintains a tightly controlled chemical balance in the spinal environment, which is necessary for proper neural function. A BSCB disruption, however, plays an important role in primary and secondary injury processes related to spinal cord injury (SCI). After SCI, the structure of the BSCB is broken down, which leads directly to leakage of blood components. At the same time, the permeability of the BSCB is also increased. Repairing the disruption of the BSCB could alleviate the SCI pathology. We review the morphology and pathology of the BSCB and progression of therapeutic methods targeting BSCB in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yu Jin
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Feng Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Xia
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Qi Zhu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Ru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Feng Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Ying Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
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18
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Khan M, Qiao F, Islam SMT, Dhammu TS, Kumar P, Won J, Singh AK, Singh I. GSNOR and ALDH2 alleviate traumatic spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2021; 1758:147335. [PMID: 33545099 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) enhances the activity of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) and inhibits the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) activity, resulting in prolonged and sustained pain and functional deficits. This study's objective was to test the hypotheses that GSNOR's specific inhibitor N6022 mitigates pain and improves functional recovery in a mouse model of SCI. Furthermore, the degree of recovery is enhanced and the rate of recovery is accelerated by an ALDH2 activator Alda-1. Using both wild-type and GSNOR-/- mice, the SCI model deployed for groups was contusion at the T9-T10 vertebral level. The enzymatic activity of GSNOR and ALDH2 was measured, and the expression of GSNOR and ALDH2 was determined by western blot analysis. Functional improvements in experimental animals were assessed with locomotor, sensorimotor, and pain-like behavior tests. Wild-type SCI animals had enhanced GSNOR activity and decreased ALDH2 activity, leading to neurovascular dysfunction, edema, and worsened functional outcomes, including locomotor deficits and pain. Compared to wild-type SCI mice, GSNOR-/- mice had better functional outcomes. Monotherapy with either GSNOR inhibition by N6022 or enhanced ALDH2 activity by Alda-1 correlated well with functional recovery and lessened pain. However, combination therapy provided synergistic pain-relieving effects and more significant functional recovery compared with monotherapy. Conclusively, dysregulations in GSNOR and ALDH2 are among the causative mechanisms of SCI injury. Either inhibiting GSNOR or activating ALDH2 ameliorates SCI. Combining the specific inhibitor of GSNOR (N6022) with the selective activator of ALDH2 (Alda-1) provides greater protection to the neurovascular unit and confers greater functional recovery. The study is novel, and the combination therapy (N6022 + Alda-1) possesses translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushfiquddin Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Fei Qiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - S M Touhidul Islam
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Tajinder S Dhammu
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Pavan Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Jeseong Won
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Avtar K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.
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19
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Kwiecien JM. The Pathogenesis of Neurotrauma Indicates Targets for Neuroprotective Therapies. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:1191-1201. [PMID: 33550977 PMCID: PMC8719295 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210125153308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord injury (SCI) initiates an extraordinarily protracted disease with 3 phases; acute, inflammatory, and resolution that are restricted to the cavity of injury (COI) or arachnoiditis by a unique CNS reaction against the severity of destructive inflammation. While the severity of inflammation involving the white matter is fueled by a potently immunogenic activity of damaged myelin, its sequestration in the COI and its continuity with the cerebrospinal fluid of the subdural space allow anti-inflammatory therapeutics infused subdurally to inhibit phagocytic macrophage infiltration and thus provide neuroprotection. The role of astrogliosis in containing and ultimately in eliminating severe destructive inflammation post-trauma appears obvious but is not yet sufficiently understood to use in therapeutic neuroprotective and neuroregenerative strategies. An apparent antiinflammatory activity of reactive astrocytes is paralleled by their active role in removing excess edema fluid in blood-brain barrier damaged by inflammation. Recently elucidated pathogenesis of neurotrauma, including SCI, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and stroke, calls for the following principal therapeutic steps in its treatment leading to the recovery of neurologic function: (1) inhibition and elimination of destructive inflammation from the COI with accompanying reduction of vasogenic edema, (2) insertion into the COI of a functional bridge supporting the crossing of regenerating axons, (3) enabling regeneration of axons to their original synaptic targets by temporary safe removal of myelin in targeted areas of white matter, (4) in vivo, systematic monitoring of the consecutive therapeutic steps. The focus of this paper is on therapeutic step 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek M. Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Room HSC 1U22D, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L4S 4K1, Canada
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20
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Kwiecien JM, Dabrowski W, Kwiecien-Delaney BJ, Kwiecien-Delaney CJ, Siwicka-Gieroba D, Yaron JR, Zhang L, Delaney KH, Lucas AR. Neuroprotective Effect of Subdural Infusion of Serp-1 in Spinal Cord Trauma. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E372. [PMID: 32977430 PMCID: PMC7598159 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) initiates a severe, destructive inflammation with pro-inflammatory, CD68+/CD163-, phagocytic macrophages infiltrating the area of necrosis and hemorrhage by day 3 and persisting for the next 16 weeks. Inhibition of macrophage infiltration of the site of necrosis that is converted into a cavity of injury (COI) during the first week post-SCI, should limit inflammatory damage, shorten its duration and result in neuroprotection. By sustained subdural infusion we administered Serp-1, a Myxoma virus-derived immunomodulatory protein previously shown to improve neurologic deficits and inhibit macrophage infiltration in the COI in rats with the balloon crush SCI. Firstly, in a 7 day long study, we determined that the optimal dose for macrophage inhibition was 0.2 mg/week. Then, we demonstrated that a continuous subdural infusion of Serp-1 for 8 weeks resulted in consistently accelerated lowering of pro-inflammatory macrophages in the COI and in their almost complete elimination similar to that previously observed at 16 weeks in untreated SCI rats. The macrophage count in the COI is a quantitative test directly related to the severity of destructive inflammation initiated by the SCI. This test has consistently demonstrated anti-inflammatory effect of Serp-1 interpreted as neuroprotection, the first and necessary step in a therapeutic strategy in neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek M. Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Wojciech Dabrowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (W.D.); (D.S.-G.)
| | | | | | - Dorota Siwicka-Gieroba
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (W.D.); (D.S.-G.)
| | - Jordan R. Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (A.R.L.)
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (A.R.L.)
| | - Kathleen H. Delaney
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (A.R.L.)
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21
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Park CS, Lee JY, Choi HY, Lee K, Heo Y, Ju BG, Choo HYP, Yune TY. Gallic acid attenuates blood-spinal cord barrier disruption by inhibiting Jmjd3 expression and activation after spinal cord injury. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 145:105077. [PMID: 32898645 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption results in secondary injury including apoptotic cell death of neurons and oligodendrocytes, thereby leads to permanent neurological deficits. Recently, we reported that the histone H3K27me3 demethylase Jmjd3 plays a role in regulating BSCB integrity after SCI. Here, we investigated whether gallic acid (GA), a natural phenolic compound that is known to be anti-inflammatory, regulates Jmjd3 expression and activation, thereby attenuates BSCB disruption following the inflammatory response and improves functional recovery after SCI. Rats were contused at T9 and treated with GA (50 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal injection immediately, 6 h and 12 h after SCI, and further treated for 7 d with the same dose once a day. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we evaluated Jmjd3 activity and expression, and assessed BSCB permeability by Evans blue assay after SCI. GA significantly inhibited Jmjd3 expression and activation after injury both in vitro and in vivo. GA also attenuated the expression and activation of matrix metalloprotease-9, which is well known to disrupt the BSCB after SCI. Consistent with these findings, GA attenuated BSCB disruption and reduced the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages compared with the vehicle control. Finally, GA significantly alleviated apoptotic cell death of neurons and oligodendrocytes and improved behavior functions. Based on these data, we propose that GA can exert a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting Jmjd3 activity and expression followed the downregulation of matrix metalloprotease-9, eventually attenuating BSCB disruption after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Sol Park
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Youn Lee
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Choi
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanghyun Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonju Heo
- School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Gun Ju
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Young Park Choo
- School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Yune
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Wang C, Xu K, Wang Y, Mao Y, Huang Y, Liang Y, Liu Y, Hao J, Gu X, Ma Z, Sun Y. Spinal cannabinoid receptor 2 activation reduces hypersensitivity associated with bone cancer pain and improves the integrity of the blood-spinal cord barrier. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2020; 45:783-791. [PMID: 32796132 PMCID: PMC7513263 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2019-101262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Disruption of the blood–spinal cord barrier (BSCB) can facilitate inflammation that results in pain hypersensitivity. Proinflammatory cytokines produced by activated microglia and astrocytes damage the BSCB. This study aims to explore whether the BSCB is damaged in the bone cancer pain (BCP) model and to investigate a potential role and mechanism of JWH015 ((2-methyl-1-propyl-1H-indol-3-yl)−1-naphthalenylmethanone), a selective cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) agonist, in preserving the BSCB integrity in the BCP model. Methods We used a male mouse model of BCP. Pain hypersensitivity was measured over time. Evans blue dye extravasation, transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting were performed to investigate the permeability and structural integrity of the BSCB. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were used to investigate the effect of JWH015 on the activation of glial cells and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Results A single intrathecal injection of JWH015 ameliorated pain hypersensitivity, the BSCB disruption and microglia and astrocyte activation. Decreases in the expression of ZO-1 and claudin-5 were partially restored by JWH015. The levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α and the enzyme MMP9 were reduced by JWH015. However, all effects were prevented by pretreatment with a CB2R-selective antagonist, AM630 ((6-iodo-2-methyl-1-(2-morpholinoethyl)−1H-indol-3-yl)(4-methoxyphenyl)methanone). Conclusions JWH015 alleviates neuroinflammation and maintains the BSCB integrity and permeability in a mouse model of BCP, which is probably mediated by inhibiting glial cells activation. This study reveals the new analgesic mechanism of JWH015 on BCP and provides a perspective to explore novel drugs that target the BSCB to control BCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanting Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulin Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengliang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu'e Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing University Medical School Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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23
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Makarevich O, Sabirzhanov B, Aubrecht TG, Glaser EP, Polster BM, Henry RJ, Faden AI, Stoica BA. Mithramycin selectively attenuates DNA-damage-induced neuronal cell death. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:587. [PMID: 32719328 PMCID: PMC7385624 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage triggers cell death mechanisms contributing to neuronal loss and cognitive decline in neurological disorders, including traumatic brain injury (TBI), and as a side effect of chemotherapy. Mithramycin, which competitively targets chromatin-binding sites of specificity protein 1 (Sp1), was used to examine previously unexplored neuronal cell death regulatory mechanisms via rat primary neurons in vitro and after TBI in mice (males). In primary neurons exposed to DNA-damage-inducing chemotherapy drugs in vitro we showed that DNA breaks sequentially initiate DNA-damage responses, including phosphorylation of ATM, H2AX and tumor protein 53 (p53), transcriptional activation of pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins, and mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), activating caspase-dependent and caspase-independent intrinsic apoptosis. Mithramycin was highly neuroprotective in DNA-damage-dependent neuronal cell death, inhibiting chemotherapeutic-induced cell death cascades downstream of ATM and p53 phosphorylation/activation but upstream of p53-induced expression of pro-apoptotic molecules. Mithramycin reduced neuronal upregulation of BH3-only proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction, attenuated caspase-3/7 activation and caspase substrates' cleavage, and limited c-Jun activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation indicated that mithramycin attenuates Sp1 binding to pro-apoptotic gene promoters without altering p53 binding suggesting it acts by removing cofactors required for p53 transactivation. In contrast, the DNA-damage-independent neuronal death models displayed caspase initiation in the absence of p53/BH3 activation and were not protected even when mithramycin reduced caspase activation. Interestingly, experimental TBI triggers a multiplicity of neuronal death mechanisms. Although markers of DNA-damage/p53-dependent intrinsic apoptosis are detected acutely in the injured cortex and are attenuated by mithramycin, these processes may play a reduced role in early neuronal death after TBI, as caspase-dependent mechanisms are repressed in mature neurons while other, mithramycin-resistant mechanisms are active. Our data suggest that Sp1 is required for p53-mediated transactivation of neuronal pro-apoptotic molecules and that mithramycin may attenuate neuronal cell death in conditions predominantly involving DNA-damage-induced p53-dependent intrinsic apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Makarevich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Boris Sabirzhanov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Taryn G Aubrecht
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Ethan P Glaser
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Brian M Polster
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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24
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Yue Y, Zhao J, Li X, Zhang L, Su Y, Fan H. Involvement of Shh/Gli1 signaling in the permeability of blood-spinal cord barrier and locomotion recovery after spinal cord contusion. Neurosci Lett 2020; 728:134947. [PMID: 32276104 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Shh/Gli1 signaling plays important roles in development of spinal cord. How it is involved in spinal cord injury (SCI) remains unclear. In this study, we explored the roles of Shh/Gli1 signaling in SCI by using Shh signaling reporter Gli1lz mice and Gli1 mutant Gli1lz/lz mice. For detecting the Shh/Gli1 signaling after SCI, X-gal staining and double-immunostaining of Shh/PDGFR-β, Shh/GFAP and LacZ/GFAP was conducted at 3 days post injury (dpi) on Gli1lz mice. To investigate the effects of Gli1 mutation on pathological changes after SCI, astrocytic proliferation and the content of intra-parenchymal Evans Blue were evaluated at 7dpi in wild-type and Gli1lz/lz mice. Furthermore, locomotor recovery was assessed by BMS scoring at 1, 3, 5 and 7dpi. The results of X-gal staining and immunohistochemistry showed that Shh/Gli1 signaling was mainly activated in reactive astrocytes after SCI. The 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay showed that mutation of Gli1 did not affect the proliferation of astrocytes. However, the leakage of Evans Blue was significantly increased in the injured cord of Gli1lz/lz mice compared to wild-type mice. In addition, locomotor recovery was significantly impaired in the Gli1lz/lz mice. The findings demonstrated that Shh/Gli1 signaling could be induced in reactive astrocytes by SCI, and plays important role in permeability of blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) and locomotor recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Yue
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, 716000, China.
| | - Jiqian Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 051330, China.
| | - Xiaoji Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, 716000, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, No. 1 Xin Wang Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China.
| | - Yuhong Su
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 051330, China.
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China; Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China.
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25
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Protein Degradome of Spinal Cord Injury: Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2702-2726. [PMID: 32328876 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01916-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Degradomics is a proteomics sub-discipline whose goal is to identify and characterize protease-substrate repertoires. With the aim of deciphering and characterizing key signature breakdown products, degradomics emerged to define encryptic biomarker neoproteins specific to certain disease processes. Remarkable improvements in structural and analytical experimental methodologies as evident in research investigating cellular behavior in neuroscience and cancer have allowed the identification of specific degradomes, increasing our knowledge about proteases and their regulators and substrates along with their implications in health and disease. A physiologic balance between protein synthesis and degradation is sought with the activation of proteolytic enzymes such as calpains, caspases, cathepsins, and matrix metalloproteinases. Proteolysis is essential for development, growth, and regeneration; however, inappropriate and uncontrolled activation of the proteolytic system renders the diseased tissue susceptible to further neurotoxic processes. In this article, we aim to review the protease-substrate repertoires as well as emerging therapeutic interventions in spinal cord injury at the degradomic level. Several protease substrates and their breakdown products, essential for the neuronal structural integrity and functional capacity, have been characterized in neurotrauma including cytoskeletal proteins, neuronal extracellular matrix glycoproteins, cell junction proteins, and ion channels. Therefore, targeting exaggerated protease activity provides a potentially effective therapeutic approach in the management of protease-mediated neurotoxicity in reducing the extent of damage secondary to spinal cord injury.
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26
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Protocatechuic acid improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury by attenuating blood-spinal cord barrier disruption and hemorrhage in rats. Neurochem Int 2019; 124:181-192. [PMID: 30664898 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption and hemorrhage lead to blood cell infiltration and progressive secondary injuries including inflammation. Inflammatory response is one of the major events resulting in apoptosis, scar formation and neuronal dysfunction after SCI. Here, we investigated whether protocatechuic acid (PCA), a natural phenolic compound, would attenuate BSCB disruption and hemorrhage, leading to functional improvement after SCI. After a moderate contusion injury at T9, PCA (50 mg/kg) was administrated via intraperitoneal injection immediately, 6 h, and 12 h after SCI, and the same dose of PCA once a day until 7 d after injury. Our data show that PCA inhibited apoptotic cell death of neurons and oligodendrocytes and improved functional recovery after injury. PCA also attenuated BSCB disruption and hemorrhage and reduced the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages compared to vehicle control. Moreover, PCA inhibited the expression and activation of matrix metalloprotease-9, which is well known to disrupt BSCB after SCI. Furthermore, PCA treatment significantly inhibited the expression of sulfonylurea receptor 1 and transient receptor potential melastatin 4, which are known to mediate hemorrhage at an early stage after SCI. Consistent with these findings, the mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and chemokines was significantly alleviated by PCA treatment. Thus, our results suggest that PCA improved functional recovery after SCI in part by inhibiting BSCB disruption and hemorrhage through the down-regulation of sulfonylurea receptor 1/transient receptor potential melastatin 4 and matrix metalloprotease-9.
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27
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Ma L, Mu Y, Zhang Z, Sun Q. Eugenol promotes functional recovery and alleviates inflammation, oxidative stress, and neural apoptosis in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 36:659-668. [PMID: 30040768 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-180826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eugenol, a natural phenolic compound found in essential oils, shows a variety of remedial properties, while its effect on spinal cord injury (SCI) is still unknown. OBJECTIVE To study the effects of Eugenol on SCI-related impairments in rats. METHODS Rats received SCI or sham surgery were administered by oral gavage with Eugenol or physiological saline 6 hours following SCI and once a day for seven consecutive weeks. Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) score and inclined plane test were used to assess locomotion function, while mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were used to evaluate the withdrawal response to painful stimuli. Spinal cord water content was counted and permeability of the blood-spinal cord barrier was assessed by Evans blue extravasation. Serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, interleukin (IL)-6, nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), while NF-κB p65, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and Caspase-3 in the spinal cord were detected by Western blot. RESULTS Eugenol markedly improved locomotor function and alleviated neuropathic pain, accompanied by decreased inflammation, oxidative stress, and neural apoptosis-associated molecules in the serum and injured spinal cord. Downregulated pathway molecules NF-κB and p38 MAPK were also found in the spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that down-regulating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway may support the neuroprotective effect of Eugenol against traumatic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ma
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ying Mu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Zhangdian People's Hospital, Zibo, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhaobo Zhang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong, PR China
| | - Qiansan Sun
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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28
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Wang H, Wu Y, Han W, Li J, Xu K, Li Z, Wang Q, Xu K, Liu Y, Xie L, Wu J, He H, Xu H, Xiao J. Hydrogen Sulfide Ameliorates Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Disruption and Improves Functional Recovery by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Dependent Autophagy. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:858. [PMID: 30210332 PMCID: PMC6121111 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces the disruption of blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), which elicits neurological deficits by triggering secondary injuries. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous mediator that has been reported to have neuroprotective effect in the central nervous system. However, the relationship between H2S and BSCB disruption during SCI remains unknown. Therefore, it is interesting to evaluate whether the administration of NaHS, a H2S donor, can protect BSCB integrity against SCI and investigate the potential mechanisms underlying it. In present study, we found that SCI markedly activated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy in a rat model of complete crushing injury to the spinal cord at T9 level. NaHS treatment prevented the loss of tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) proteins both in vivo and in vitro. However, the protective effect of NaHS on BSCB restoration was significantly reduced by an ER stress activator (tunicamycin, TM) and an autophagy activator (rapamycin, Rapa). Moreover, SCI-induced autophagy was remarkably blocked by the ER stress inhibitor (4-phenylbutyric acid, 4-PBA). But the autophagy inhibitor (3-Methyladenine, 3-MA) only inhibited autophagy without obvious effects on ER stress. Finally, we had revealed that NaHS significantly alleviated BSCB permeability and improved functional recovery after SCI, and these effects were markedly reversed by TM and Rapa. In conclusion, our present study has demonstrated that NaHS treatment is beneficial for SCI recovery, indicating that H2S treatment is a potential therapeutic strategy for promoting SCI recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoli Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wen Han
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kebin Xu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhengmao Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ke Xu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ling Xie
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huacheng He
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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