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Pfyffer D, Smith AC, Weber KA, Grillhoesl A, Mach O, Draganich C, Berliner JC, Tefertiller C, Leister I, Maier D, Schwab JM, Thompson A, Curt A, Freund P. Prognostic value of tissue bridges in cervical spinal cord injury: a longitudinal, multicentre, retrospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol 2024; 23:816-825. [PMID: 38945142 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accuracy of prognostication in patients with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) needs to be improved. We aimed to explore the prognostic value of preserved spinal tissue bridges-injury-spared neural tissue adjacent to the lesion-for prediction of sensorimotor recovery in a large, multicentre cohort of people with SCI. METHODS For this longitudinal study, we included patients with acute cervical SCI (vertebrae C1-C7) admitted to one of three trauma or rehabilitation centres: Murnau, Germany (March 18, 2010-March 1, 2021); Zurich, Switzerland (May 12, 2002-March 2, 2019); and Denver, CO, USA (Jan 12, 2010-Feb 16, 2017). Patients were clinically assessed at admission (baseline), at discharge (3 months), and at 12 months post SCI. Midsagittal tissue bridges were quantified from T2-weighted images assessed at 3-4 weeks post SCI. Fractional regression and unbiased recursive partitioning models, adjusted for age, sex, centre, and neurological level of injury, were used to assess associations between tissue bridge width and baseline-adjusted total motor score, pinprick score, and light touch scores at 3 months and 12 months. Patients were stratified into subgroups according to whether they showed better or worse predicted recovery. FINDINGS The cohort included 227 patients: 93 patients from Murnau (22 [24%] female); 43 patients from Zurich (four [9%] female); and 91 patients from Denver (14 [15%] female). 136 of these participants (from Murnau and Zurich) were followed up for up to 12 months. At 3 months, per preserved 1 mm of tissue bridge at baseline, patients recovered a mean of 9·3% (SD 0·9) of maximal total motor score (95% CI 7·5-11.2), 8·6% (0·8) of maximal pinprick score (7·0-10·1), and 10·9% (0·8) of maximal light touch score (9·4-12·5). At 12 months post SCI, per preserved 1 mm of tissue bridge at baseline, patients recovered a mean of 10·9% (1·3) of maximal total motor score (8·4-13·4), 5·7% (1·3) of maximal pinprick score (3·3-8·2), and 6·9% (1·4) of maximal light touch score (4·1-9·7). Partitioning models identified a tissue bridge cutoff width of 2·0 mm to be indicative of higher or lower 3-month total motor, pinprick, and light touch scores, and a cutoff of 4·0 mm to be indicative of higher and lower 12-month scores. Compared with models that contained clinical predictors only, models additionally including tissue bridges had significantly improved prediction accuracy across all three centres. INTERPRETATION Tissue bridges, measured in the first few weeks after SCI, are associated with short-term and long-term clinical improvement. Thus, tissue bridges could potentially be used to guide rehabilitation decision making and to stratify patients into more homogeneous subgroups of recovery in regenerative and neuroprotective clinical trials. FUNDING Wings for Life, International Foundation for Research in Paraplegia, EU project Horizon 2020 (NISCI grant), and ERA-NET NEURON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Pfyffer
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Andrew C Smith
- Craig Hospital, Englewood, CO, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kenneth A Weber
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Orpheus Mach
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, BG Trauma Center Murnau, Murnau, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Iris Leister
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, BG Trauma Center Murnau, Murnau, Germany; Paramove, SCI Research Unit, BG Trauma Center Murnau, Murnau, Germany; Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine and Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Doris Maier
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, BG Trauma Center Murnau, Murnau, Germany
| | - Jan M Schwab
- Department of Neurology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Department of Neuroscience, Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Wexner Medical School, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alan Thompson
- Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Armin Curt
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Freund
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
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Fallah N, Noonan VK, Waheed Z, Rivers CS, Plashkes T, Bedi M, Etminan M, Thorogood NP, Ailon T, Chan E, Dea N, Fisher C, Charest-Morin R, Paquette S, Park S, Street JT, Kwon BK, Dvorak MF. Development of a machine learning algorithm for predicting in-hospital and 1-year mortality after traumatic spinal cord injury. Spine J 2022; 22:329-336. [PMID: 34419627 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Current prognostic tools such as the Injury Severity Score (ISS) that predict mortality following trauma do not adequately consider the unique characteristics of traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI). PURPOSE Our aim was to develop and validate a prognostic tool that can predict mortality following tSCI. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review of a prospective cohort study. PATIENT SAMPLE Data was collected from 1245 persons with acute tSCI who were enrolled in the Rick Hansen Spinal Cord Injury Registry between 2004 and 2016. OUTCOME MEASURES In-hospital and 1-year mortality following tSCI. METHODS Machine learning techniques were used on patient-level data (n=849) to develop the Spinal Cord Injury Risk Score (SCIRS) that can predict mortality based on age, neurological level and completeness of injury, AOSpine classification of spinal column injury morphology, and Abbreviated Injury Scale scores. Validation of the SCIRS was performed by testing its accuracy in an independent validation cohort (n=396) and comparing its performance to the ISS, a measure which is used to predict mortality following general trauma. RESULTS For 1-year mortality prediction, the values for the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) for the development cohort were 0.84 (standard deviation=0.029) for the SCIRS and 0.55 (0.041) for the ISS. For the validation cohort, AUC values were 0.86 (0.051) for the SCIRS and 0.71 (0.074) for the ISS. For in-hospital mortality, AUC values for the development cohort were 0.87 (0.028) and 0.60 (0.050) for the SCIRS and ISS, respectively. For the validation cohort, AUC values were 0.85 (0.054) for the SCIRS and 0.70 (0.079) for the ISS. CONCLUSIONS The SCIRS can predict in-hospital and 1-year mortality following tSCI more accurately than the ISS. The SCIRS can be used in research to reduce bias in estimating parameters and can help adjust for coefficients during model development. Further validation using larger sample sizes and independent datasets is needed to assess its reliability and to evaluate using it as an assessment tool to guide clinical decision-making and discussions with patients and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Fallah
- Praxis Spinal Cord Institute, 6400-818 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1M9, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Koerner Pavilion, UBC Hospital, S192 - 2211 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2B5, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vanessa K Noonan
- Praxis Spinal Cord Institute, 6400-818 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
| | - Zeina Waheed
- Praxis Spinal Cord Institute, 6400-818 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Carly S Rivers
- Praxis Spinal Cord Institute, 6400-818 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Tova Plashkes
- Praxis Spinal Cord Institute, 6400-818 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Manekta Bedi
- Praxis Spinal Cord Institute, 6400-818 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Mahyar Etminan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nancy P Thorogood
- Praxis Spinal Cord Institute, 6400-818 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Tamir Ailon
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Gordon and Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, 11th Floor - 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1M9
| | - Elaine Chan
- Praxis Spinal Cord Institute, 6400-818 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Nicolas Dea
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Gordon and Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, 11th Floor - 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1M9
| | - Charles Fisher
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Gordon and Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, 11th Floor - 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1M9
| | - Raphaele Charest-Morin
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Gordon and Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, 11th Floor - 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1M9
| | - Scott Paquette
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Gordon and Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, 11th Floor - 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1M9
| | - SoEyun Park
- Praxis Spinal Cord Institute, 6400-818 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - John T Street
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Gordon and Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, 11th Floor - 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1M9
| | - Brian K Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Gordon and Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, 11th Floor - 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1M9
| | - Marcel F Dvorak
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Gordon and Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, 11th Floor - 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1M9
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Jaja BNR, Badhiwala J, Guest J, Harrop J, Shaffrey C, Boakye M, Kurpad S, Grossman R, Toups E, Geisler F, Kwon B, Aarabi B, Kotter M, Fehlings MG, Wilson JR. Trajectory-Based Classification of Recovery in Sensorimotor Complete Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. Neurology 2021; 96:e2736-e2748. [PMID: 33849991 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that sensorimotor complete traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) is a heterogenous clinical entity comprising several subpopulations that follow fundamentally different trajectories of neurologic recovery. METHODS We analyzed demographic and injury data from 655 patients who were pooled from 4 prospective longitudinal multicenter studies. Group-based trajectory modeling was applied to model neurologic recovery trajectories over the initial 12 months postinjury and to identify predictors of recovery trajectories. Neurologic outcomes included upper extremity motor score, total motor scores, and American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade improvement. RESULTS The analysis identified 3 distinct trajectories of neurologic recovery. These clinical courses included (1) marginal recovery trajectory, characterized by minimal or no improvement in motor strength or change in AIS grade status (remained grade A); (2) moderate recovery trajectory, characterized by low baseline motor scores that improved approximately 13 points or AIS conversion of 1 grade point; (3) good recovery trajectory, characterized by baseline motor scores in the upper quartile that improved to near maximum values within 3 months of injury. Patients following the moderate or good recovery trajectories were younger, had more caudally located injuries, had a higher degree of preserved motor and sensory function at baseline examination, and exhibited a greater extent of motor and sensory function in the zone of partial preservation. CONCLUSION Cervical complete SCI can be classified into one of 3 distinct subpopulations with fundamentally different trajectories of neurologic recovery. This study defines unique clinical phenotypes based on potential for recovery, rather than baseline severity of injury alone. This approach may prove beneficial in clinical prognostication and in the design and interpretation of clinical trials in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessing N R Jaja
- From the Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (B.N.R.J., M.G.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (J.B.), and Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, St. Michael's Hospital (J.R.W.), University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery (J.G.), University of Miami, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (J.H.), Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Duke Spine Division (C.S.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Division of Neurosurgery (M.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Neurosurgery (S.K.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Division of Neurosurgery (R.G., E.T.), Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX; Chicago Institute of Neurosurgery and Neuroresearch (F.G.), Rush University, IL; Division of Spine Surgery (B.K.), Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Shock Trauma (B.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.K.), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Jetan Badhiwala
- From the Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (B.N.R.J., M.G.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (J.B.), and Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, St. Michael's Hospital (J.R.W.), University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery (J.G.), University of Miami, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (J.H.), Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Duke Spine Division (C.S.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Division of Neurosurgery (M.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Neurosurgery (S.K.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Division of Neurosurgery (R.G., E.T.), Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX; Chicago Institute of Neurosurgery and Neuroresearch (F.G.), Rush University, IL; Division of Spine Surgery (B.K.), Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Shock Trauma (B.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.K.), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - James Guest
- From the Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (B.N.R.J., M.G.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (J.B.), and Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, St. Michael's Hospital (J.R.W.), University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery (J.G.), University of Miami, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (J.H.), Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Duke Spine Division (C.S.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Division of Neurosurgery (M.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Neurosurgery (S.K.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Division of Neurosurgery (R.G., E.T.), Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX; Chicago Institute of Neurosurgery and Neuroresearch (F.G.), Rush University, IL; Division of Spine Surgery (B.K.), Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Shock Trauma (B.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.K.), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - James Harrop
- From the Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (B.N.R.J., M.G.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (J.B.), and Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, St. Michael's Hospital (J.R.W.), University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery (J.G.), University of Miami, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (J.H.), Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Duke Spine Division (C.S.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Division of Neurosurgery (M.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Neurosurgery (S.K.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Division of Neurosurgery (R.G., E.T.), Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX; Chicago Institute of Neurosurgery and Neuroresearch (F.G.), Rush University, IL; Division of Spine Surgery (B.K.), Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Shock Trauma (B.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.K.), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Chris Shaffrey
- From the Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (B.N.R.J., M.G.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (J.B.), and Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, St. Michael's Hospital (J.R.W.), University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery (J.G.), University of Miami, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (J.H.), Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Duke Spine Division (C.S.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Division of Neurosurgery (M.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Neurosurgery (S.K.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Division of Neurosurgery (R.G., E.T.), Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX; Chicago Institute of Neurosurgery and Neuroresearch (F.G.), Rush University, IL; Division of Spine Surgery (B.K.), Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Shock Trauma (B.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.K.), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Max Boakye
- From the Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (B.N.R.J., M.G.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (J.B.), and Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, St. Michael's Hospital (J.R.W.), University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery (J.G.), University of Miami, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (J.H.), Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Duke Spine Division (C.S.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Division of Neurosurgery (M.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Neurosurgery (S.K.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Division of Neurosurgery (R.G., E.T.), Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX; Chicago Institute of Neurosurgery and Neuroresearch (F.G.), Rush University, IL; Division of Spine Surgery (B.K.), Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Shock Trauma (B.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.K.), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Shekar Kurpad
- From the Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (B.N.R.J., M.G.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (J.B.), and Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, St. Michael's Hospital (J.R.W.), University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery (J.G.), University of Miami, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (J.H.), Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Duke Spine Division (C.S.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Division of Neurosurgery (M.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Neurosurgery (S.K.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Division of Neurosurgery (R.G., E.T.), Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX; Chicago Institute of Neurosurgery and Neuroresearch (F.G.), Rush University, IL; Division of Spine Surgery (B.K.), Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Shock Trauma (B.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.K.), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert Grossman
- From the Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (B.N.R.J., M.G.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (J.B.), and Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, St. Michael's Hospital (J.R.W.), University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery (J.G.), University of Miami, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (J.H.), Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Duke Spine Division (C.S.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Division of Neurosurgery (M.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Neurosurgery (S.K.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Division of Neurosurgery (R.G., E.T.), Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX; Chicago Institute of Neurosurgery and Neuroresearch (F.G.), Rush University, IL; Division of Spine Surgery (B.K.), Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Shock Trauma (B.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.K.), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth Toups
- From the Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (B.N.R.J., M.G.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (J.B.), and Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, St. Michael's Hospital (J.R.W.), University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery (J.G.), University of Miami, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (J.H.), Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Duke Spine Division (C.S.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Division of Neurosurgery (M.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Neurosurgery (S.K.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Division of Neurosurgery (R.G., E.T.), Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX; Chicago Institute of Neurosurgery and Neuroresearch (F.G.), Rush University, IL; Division of Spine Surgery (B.K.), Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Shock Trauma (B.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.K.), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Fred Geisler
- From the Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (B.N.R.J., M.G.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (J.B.), and Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, St. Michael's Hospital (J.R.W.), University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery (J.G.), University of Miami, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (J.H.), Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Duke Spine Division (C.S.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Division of Neurosurgery (M.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Neurosurgery (S.K.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Division of Neurosurgery (R.G., E.T.), Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX; Chicago Institute of Neurosurgery and Neuroresearch (F.G.), Rush University, IL; Division of Spine Surgery (B.K.), Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Shock Trauma (B.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.K.), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Brian Kwon
- From the Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (B.N.R.J., M.G.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (J.B.), and Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, St. Michael's Hospital (J.R.W.), University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery (J.G.), University of Miami, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (J.H.), Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Duke Spine Division (C.S.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Division of Neurosurgery (M.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Neurosurgery (S.K.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Division of Neurosurgery (R.G., E.T.), Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX; Chicago Institute of Neurosurgery and Neuroresearch (F.G.), Rush University, IL; Division of Spine Surgery (B.K.), Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Shock Trauma (B.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.K.), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Bizhan Aarabi
- From the Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (B.N.R.J., M.G.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (J.B.), and Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, St. Michael's Hospital (J.R.W.), University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery (J.G.), University of Miami, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (J.H.), Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Duke Spine Division (C.S.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Division of Neurosurgery (M.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Neurosurgery (S.K.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Division of Neurosurgery (R.G., E.T.), Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX; Chicago Institute of Neurosurgery and Neuroresearch (F.G.), Rush University, IL; Division of Spine Surgery (B.K.), Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Shock Trauma (B.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.K.), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Kotter
- From the Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (B.N.R.J., M.G.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (J.B.), and Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, St. Michael's Hospital (J.R.W.), University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery (J.G.), University of Miami, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (J.H.), Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Duke Spine Division (C.S.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Division of Neurosurgery (M.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Neurosurgery (S.K.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Division of Neurosurgery (R.G., E.T.), Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX; Chicago Institute of Neurosurgery and Neuroresearch (F.G.), Rush University, IL; Division of Spine Surgery (B.K.), Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Shock Trauma (B.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.K.), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- From the Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (B.N.R.J., M.G.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (J.B.), and Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, St. Michael's Hospital (J.R.W.), University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery (J.G.), University of Miami, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (J.H.), Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Duke Spine Division (C.S.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Division of Neurosurgery (M.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Neurosurgery (S.K.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Division of Neurosurgery (R.G., E.T.), Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX; Chicago Institute of Neurosurgery and Neuroresearch (F.G.), Rush University, IL; Division of Spine Surgery (B.K.), Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Shock Trauma (B.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.K.), University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Jefferson R Wilson
- From the Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (B.N.R.J., M.G.F.), Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program (J.B.), and Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, St. Michael's Hospital (J.R.W.), University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery (J.G.), University of Miami, FL; Division of Neurosurgery (J.H.), Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Duke Spine Division (C.S.), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Division of Neurosurgery (M.B.), University of Louisville, KY; Division of Neurosurgery (S.K.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Division of Neurosurgery (R.G., E.T.), Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX; Chicago Institute of Neurosurgery and Neuroresearch (F.G.), Rush University, IL; Division of Spine Surgery (B.K.), Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Shock Trauma (B.A.), University of Maryland, Baltimore; and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (M.K.), University of Cambridge, UK.
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