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Quintero MJ, Morís J, López FJ. Evaluating the effects of counterconditioning, novelty-facilitated, and standard extinction on the spontaneous recovery of threat expectancy and conditioned stimulus valence. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024; 77:14-28. [PMID: 36912231 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231165373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Extinction training has proved effective to diminish the expectancy of the aversive unconditioned stimulus (US). However, the negative valence of the conditioned stimulus (CS) may still stay intact. In fact, several studies have suggested that the CS negative valence may be a factor that promotes the return of fear. Our study focuses on the role of changes in the CS valence as a potential mechanism to reduce the spontaneous recovery of threat expectancies. To do that, we evaluated counterconditioning (CC), a technique aimed to reduce the CS negative valence by paring it with a positive stimulus and compared its efficacy to that of a novelty-facilitated extinction (NFE) and a standard extinction interventions. Using a 2-day protocol, participants first learned the relationship between a figure and an aversive sound, using a differential conditioning paradigm, and were then randomly assigned to one of three different groups. For the CC group, CS+ or cue A was paired with a positive US. The standard extinction group was exposed to cue A alone. For a third NFE group, cue A was followed by a neutral US. Finally, on the second day, spontaneous recovery was tested. Our findings did not provide evidence to suggest that CC could be more effective to prevent or reduce the return of threat expectancies or influence valence ratings when compared with NFE and standard extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Quintero
- Departamento de Psicología Básica, Facultad de Psicología y Logopedia, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Joaquín Morís
- Departamento de Psicología Básica, Facultad de Psicología y Logopedia, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J López
- Departamento de Psicología Básica, Facultad de Psicología y Logopedia, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
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Chen A, Hua J, Yuan J, Feng Y, Chen F, Zhou Y, Han T, Jiang W, Chen H. Ginkgolide B promotes spontaneous recovery and enhances endogenous netrin-1 after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Int J Dev Neurosci 2023; 83:740-752. [PMID: 37771243 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a condition that can lead to long-term cognitive, motor, and behavioral impairments in newborns. Although brain hypothermia therapy is currently the standard treatment for HIE, it does not provide complete neuroprotection. As a result, there is a need to explore additional therapies to enhance treatment outcomes. This study aims to investigate the potential role of Ginkgolide B (GB) in promoting neuroplasticity and facilitating spontaneous recovery after HIE. METHODS In this study, we employed a neonatal rat model of HIE to investigate the effects of GB on spontaneous recovery. GB treatment was initiated 24 h after hypoxia and administered continuously for a duration of 14 days. We evaluated several outcome measures after the treatment period, including spontaneous behavioral recovery and brain repair. Additionally, we quantified the levels of netrin-1 in both plasma and the peri-ischemic zone after the occurrence of HIE. RESULTS We found that GB treatment significantly facilitated spontaneous behavioral recovery in the HIE pups. Furthermore, cognitive function was restored, and brain tissue repair had a noticeable acceleration. We observed increased cell proliferation in the subventricular, stratum, and subgranular zones. Of particular interest, we observed elevated levels of netrin-1 in both plasma and the ischemic penumbra following GB treatment. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that GB promotes neuroplasticity and enhances spontaneous recovery in newborns affected by HIE. The observed upregulation of netrin-1 may be crucial in mediating these effects. These results highlight the promising potential of GB as a post-HIE therapy, particularly in enhancing spontaneous recovery and improving long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiming Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Taizhou Second People's Hospital of Yangzhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Jun Hua
- Department of Neurology & Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Taizhou Second People's Hospital of Yangzhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Yajuan Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Taizhou Second People's Hospital of Yangzhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Fengzhan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Taizhou Second People's Hospital of Yangzhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Yongqin Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Taizhou Second People's Hospital of Yangzhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Taizhou Second People's Hospital of Yangzhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Taizhou Second People's Hospital of Yangzhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Huiping Chen
- Department of Vasculocardiology, The Affiliated Taizhou Second People's Hospital of Yangzhou University, Taizhou, China
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Jin J, Zhang C, Ren X, Tai B, Xing F. Metagenome Analysis Identifies Microbial Shifts upon Deoxynivalenol Exposure and Post-Exposure Recovery in the Mouse Gut. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:243. [PMID: 37104181 PMCID: PMC10142982 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most prevalent food-associated mycotoxins, and is known to cause a variety of adverse health effects on human and animals. Upon oral exposure, the intestine is the main target organ of DON. The current study unraveled that DON exposure (2 mg/kg bw/day or 5 mg/kg bw/day) can significantly reshape the gut microbiota in a mouse model. The study characterized the specific gut microbial strains and genes changed after DON exposure and also investigated the recovery of the microbiota upon either 2 weeks daily prebiotic inulin administration or 2 weeks recovery without intervention after termination of DON exposure (spontaneous recovery). The results obtained reveal that DON exposure causes a shift in gut microorganisms, increasing the relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroides vulgatus, Hungatella hathewayi, and Lachnospiraceae bacterium 28-4, while the relative abundance of Mucispirillum schaedleri, Pseudoflavonifractor sp. An85, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Firmicutes bacterium ASF500, Flavonifractor plautii, Oscillibacter sp. 1-3, and uncultured Flavonifractor sp. decreased. Notably, DON exposure enhanced the prevalence of A. muciniphila, a species considered as a potential prebiotic in previous studies. Most of the gut microbiome altered by DON in the low- and high-dose exposure groups recovered after 2 weeks of spontaneous recovery. Inulin administration appeared to promote the recovery of the gut microbiome and functional genes after low-dose DON exposure, but not after high-dose exposure, at which changes were exacerbated by inulin-supplemented recovery. The results obtained help to better understand the effect of DON on the gut microbiome, and the gut microbiota's recovery upon termination of DON exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chen Zhang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoxu Ren
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bowen Tai
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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Liu D, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Jiang Y, Wang H, Li L, Ma L. Ca 2+ -dependent activator protein for secretion 1 promotes spontaneous recovery in ischemic stroke by regulating BDNF secretion. J Neurochem 2023; 165:587-602. [PMID: 36916413 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke triggers a cascade of events that facilitates neural protection and spontaneous recovery, which accounts for a major part of functional recovery. Despite the cellular and molecular facilitations on neural protection, the molecular mechanisms of spontaneous recovery have not been fully understood. Ca2+ -dependent activator protein for secretion 1 (CAPS1), a member of CAPS family, plays a major role in synaptic transmission and synaptic effectiveness by regulating vesicle exocytosis. Here, the molecular mechanism of CAPS1 in spontaneous recovery after ischemic stroke was studied. In this study, transient left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was used as the ischemic stroke model. The whole brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neurological score analysis showed decreased infarct volume and neurological scores at 7 days as compared with 1 day after MCAO, suggesting the spontaneous recovery. Western blot analysis showed elevated BDNF and CAPS1 expression levels in bilateral hippocampus at both 1 day and 3 days after MCAO. Then, inhibition of CAPS1 by adeno-associated virus (AAV) microinjection in the hippocampus attenuated the spontaneous recovery of both motor and memory impairment induced by MCAO. In addition, elevated p-TrkB levels were detected after MCAO, which were reduced by CAPS1-AAV microinjection, indicating that CAPS1 could induce BDNF secretion after ischemic stroke. Moreover, we found elevated combination of CAPS1 with dense core vesicles (DCV) in the hippocampus at both 1 day and 3 days after MCAO, which could also be inhibited by CAPS1-AAV microinjection, indicating the potential mechanism of CAPS1 in regulating BDNF release after MCAO. Finally, we found that CAPS1/BDNF signaling could influence the neurogenesis in the hippocampus after MCAO. In conclusion, CAPS1 regulates neurogenesis by upregulating BDNF release in the hippocampus, which finally facilitate spontaneous recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- DianWei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Hematology Department, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - HuiYun Wang
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, People's Republic of China
| | - LingMei Li
- Department of Medical Management Service, Jinan Health Care Development Center, Jinan, Shandong, 250001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250033, People's Republic of China
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Yang Q, Zhou J, Wang L, Hu W, Zhong Y, Li Q. Spontaneous recovery of reward memory through active forgetting of extinction memory. Curr Biol 2023; 33:838-848.e3. [PMID: 36731465 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Learned behavior can be suppressed by the extinction procedure. Such extinguished memory often returns spontaneously over time, making it difficult to treat diseases such as addiction. However, the biological mechanisms underlying such spontaneous recovery remain unclear. Here, we report that the extinguished reward memory in Drosophila recovers spontaneously because extinction training forms an aversive memory that can be actively forgotten via the Rac1/Dia pathway. Manipulating Rac1 activity does not affect sugar-reward memory and its immediate extinction effect but bidirectionally regulates spontaneous recovery-the decay process of extinction. Experiments using thermogenetic inhibition and functional imaging support that such extinction appears to be coded as an aversive experience. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of formin Dia, a downstream effector of Rac1, specifically prevents spontaneous recovery after extinction in both behavioral performance and corresponding physiological traces. Together, our data suggest that spontaneous recovery is caused by active forgetting of the opposing extinction memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wantong Hu
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Qian Li
- School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China.
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Chaushu H, Ungar OJ, Abu Eta R, Handzel O, Muhanna N, Oron Y. Spontaneous recovery rate of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Otolaryngol 2023; 48:395-402. [PMID: 36640119 DOI: 10.1111/coa.14036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Steroids comprise the mainstay of treatment for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL). Since steroidal treatment was integrated to clinical practice guidelines, newly published no-treatment or placebo arms in clinical trials are scarce. To evaluate the effectiveness of steroidal treatment ± hyperbaric oxygen therapy, the data should be compared to spontaneous recovery. The aim of this paper is to find the most accurate spontaneous recovery rate, in the light of which, other treatment modalities should be judged. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eligible studies published until July 2021 were identified through systematic searches of 'PubMed', 'Web of Science' and 'Google Scholar'. Retrospective studies and randomised/non-randomised control trials involving only adult participants (≥18 years) with ISSNHL, and placebo/no treatment were included. Only articles that used the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery's diagnostic criteria for ISSNHL were included. RESULTS 942 records initially identified, 166 duplicates and 753 articles were excluded based on article subject, title, and abstract. The full texts of 13 articles were reviewed. Seven studies were included for qualitative synthesis, five papers included in quantitative synthesis. 180 ears were included in pooled statistics. The pooled spontaneous recovery was 60.28% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 38.88%-79.94%) with a heterogeneity of 86.0% (95% CI = 69.4%-93.6%). CONCLUSIONS Spontaneous recovery of ISSNHL should not be over-looked, as it may be close to 60%. This may have both clinical and research implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hen Chaushu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Omer J Ungar
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rani Abu Eta
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ophir Handzel
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nidal Muhanna
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yahav Oron
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Izawa J, Higo N, Murata Y. Accounting for the valley of recovery during post-stroke rehabilitation training via a model-based analysis of macaque manual dexterity. Front Rehabil Sci 2022; 3:1042912. [PMID: 36644290 PMCID: PMC9838193 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.1042912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background True recovery, in which a stroke patient regains the same precise motor skills observed in prestroke conditions, is the fundamental goal of rehabilitation training. However, a transient drop in task performance during rehabilitation training after stroke, observed in human clinical outcome as well as in both macaque and squirrel monkey retrieval data, might prevent smooth transitions during recovery. This drop, i.e., recovery valley, often occurs during the transition from compensatory skill to precision skill. Here, we sought computational mechanisms behind such transitions and recovery. Analogous to motor skill learning, we considered that the motor recovery process is composed of spontaneous recovery and training-induced recovery. Specifically, we hypothesized that the interaction of these multiple skill update processes might determine profiles of the recovery valley. Methods A computational model of motor recovery was developed based on a state-space model of motor learning that incorporates a retention factor and interaction terms for training-induced recovery and spontaneous recovery. The model was fit to previously reported macaque motor recovery data where the monkey practiced precision grip skills after a lesion in the sensorimotor area in the cortex. Multiple computational models and the effects of each parameter were examined by model comparisons based on information criteria and sensitivity analyses of each parameter. Result Both training-induced and spontaneous recoveries were necessary to explain the behavioral data. Since these two factors contributed following logarithmic function, the training-induced recovery were effective only after spontaneous biological recovery had developed. In the training-induced recovery component, the practice of the compensation also contributed to recovery of the precision grip skill as if there is a significant generalization effect of learning between these two skills. In addition, a retention factor was critical to explain the recovery profiles. Conclusions We found that spontaneous recovery, training-induced recovery, retention factors, and interaction terms are crucial to explain recovery and recovery valley profiles. This simulation-based examination of the model parameters provides suggestions for effective rehabilitation methods to prevent the recovery valley, such as plasticity-promoting medications, brain stimulation, and robotic rehabilitation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Izawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan,Correspondence: Jun Izawa Yumi Murata
| | - Noriyuki Higo
- Neurorehabilitation Research Group, Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yumi Murata
- Neurorehabilitation Research Group, Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan,Correspondence: Jun Izawa Yumi Murata
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Papagianni EP, Warren WG, Cassaday HJ, Stevenson CW. Cannabidiol Prevents Spontaneous Fear Recovery after Extinction and Ameliorates Stress-Induced Extinction Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9333. [PMID: 36012600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol, the main non-psychotropic constituent of cannabis, has potential as a treatment for anxiety-related disorders since it reduces learned fear expression and enhances fear extinction. The return of fear over time after successful extinction and stress-induced extinction resistance are potential barriers to the treatment of these disorders with extinction-based psychological therapy. In two experiments using rats subjected to auditory fear conditioning, we determined the effects of systemic cannabidiol treatment on (1) delayed extinction and later spontaneous fear recovery, and (2) extinction resistance caused by immediate extinction (the immediate extinction deficit (IED)). In Experiment 1, cannabidiol was given before delayed extinction occurring 24 h after conditioning, with extinction recall and spontaneous fear recovery tested drug-free 1 and 21 days after extinction, respectively. We found that cannabidiol had no effect on extinction recall but it prevented spontaneous fear recovery. In Experiment 2, the IED procedure was first validated, with immediate extinction occurring 30 min after conditioning. We confirmed that immediate extinction impaired extinction recall, compared to delayed extinction. Next, cannabidiol was given before immediate or no extinction, with extinction recall tested drug-free the next day. We found that cannabidiol rescued the IED, which did not involve effects on fear memory consolidation. In summary, cannabidiol prevented spontaneous fear recovery after delayed extinction and ameliorated extinction resistance caused by immediate extinction. Although the pharmacological mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be determined, our results add to evidence indicating that cannabidiol might prove useful as an adjunct for potentiating the psychological treatment of anxiety-related disorders.
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Wang Y, Liu D, Zhang Y, Fan L, Ren Q, Ma S, Zhang M. Stretchable Temperature-Responsive Multimodal Neuromorphic Electronic Skin with Spontaneous Synaptic Plasticity Recovery. ACS Nano 2022; 16:8283-8293. [PMID: 35451307 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal electronic skin devices capable of detecting multimodal signals provide the possibility for health monitoring. Sensing and memory for temperature and deformation by human skin are of great significance for the perception and monitoring of physiological changes of the human body. Electronic skin is highly expected to have similar functions as human skin. Here, by implementing intrinsically stretchable neuromorphic transistors with mechanoreceptors and thermoreceptors in an array, we have realized stretchable temperature-responsive multimodal neuromorphic electronic skin (STRM-NES) with both sensory and memory functions, in which synaptic plasticity can be modulated by multiple modalities, in situ temperature variations, and stretching deformations. Temperature-responsive functions, spontaneous recovery, and temperature-dependent multitrial learning are proposed. Furthermore, a stretchable temperature neuromorphic array composed of multiple fully functional subcells is demonstrated to identify temperature distributions and variations at different regions and conditions after various strains of skin. The STRM-NES has temperature- and strain-responsive neuromorphic functions, excellent self-healing, and reusable capability, showing similar abilities as human skin to sense, transmit, memory, and recovery from external stimuli. It is expected to facilitate the development of wearable electronics, intelligent robotics, and prosthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Wang
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dexing Liu
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lingchong Fan
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qinqi Ren
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shenhui Ma
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Heras-Romero Y, Morales-Guadarrama A, Santana-Martínez R, Ponce I, Rincón-Heredia R, Poot-Hernández AC, Martínez-Moreno A, Urrieta E, Bernal-Vicente BN, Campero-Romero AN, Moreno-Castilla P, Greig NH, Escobar ML, Concha L, Tovar-Y-Romo LB. Improved post-stroke spontaneous recovery by astrocytic extracellular vesicles. Mol Ther 2022; 30:798-815. [PMID: 34563674 PMCID: PMC8821969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous recovery after a stroke accounts for a significant part of the neurological recovery in patients. However limited, the spontaneous recovery is mechanistically driven by axonal restorative processes for which several molecular cues have been previously described. We report the acceleration of spontaneous recovery in a preclinical model of ischemia/reperfusion in rats via a single intracerebroventricular administration of extracellular vesicles released from primary cortical astrocytes. We used magnetic resonance imaging and confocal and multiphoton microscopy to correlate the structural remodeling of the corpus callosum and striatocortical circuits with neurological performance during 21 days. We also evaluated the functionality of the corpus callosum by repetitive recordings of compound action potentials to show that the recovery facilitated by astrocytic extracellular vesicles was both anatomical and functional. Our data provide compelling evidence that astrocytes can hasten the basal recovery that naturally occurs post-stroke through the release of cellular mediators contained in extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessica Heras-Romero
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Axayacatl Morales-Guadarrama
- Departmento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico; National Center for Medical Imaging and Instrumentation Research, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Santana-Martínez
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isaac Ponce
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruth Rincón-Heredia
- Microscopy Core Unit, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Augusto César Poot-Hernández
- Bioinformatics Core Unit, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Araceli Martínez-Moreno
- Divisíon de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Esteban Urrieta
- Divisíon de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Berenice N Bernal-Vicente
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aura N Campero-Romero
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Perla Moreno-Castilla
- Laboratory of Neurocognitive Aging, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martha L Escobar
- Divisíon de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Concha
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurobiology, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Luis B Tovar-Y-Romo
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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11
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Gershman SJ, Jones CE, Norman KA, Monfils MH, Niv Y. Corrigendum: Gradual extinction prevents the return of fear: implications for the discovery of state. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:786900. [PMID: 34912199 PMCID: PMC8667957 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.786900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Gershman
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn E Jones
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kenneth A Norman
- Department of Psychology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Marie-H Monfils
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Yael Niv
- Department of Psychology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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12
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Bernal-Gamboa R, García-Salazar J, Gámez AM. Analysis of Habituation Learning in Mealworm Pupae ( Tenebrio molitor). Front Psychol 2021; 12:745866. [PMID: 34721226 PMCID: PMC8551911 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.745866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The decline of response as a consequence of repeated stimulation is known as habituation. The goal of the present experiments was extending the knowledge about habituation of abdominal contractions in the pupa of Tenebrio molitor. Both experiments consisted of two phases. During Phase 1, all groups were exposed to a continuous stimulus (light in Experiment 1 and vibration in Experiment 2). At the beginning of this phase, pupae showed a high number of abdominal contractions. However, during the last minute of Phase 1, the number of abdominal contractions was lower. In the next phase, the pupae were divided in different groups to test for response recovery. We found an increase in the abdominal contractions when subjects were exposed to a different stimulus, be it within the same or in a distinct sensory modality. In addition, we also reported response recovery when the pupae were re-exposed to the original stimuli after a resting period. Results indicate that the increase in responding cannot be explained by either sensory adaptation or fatigue. The findings are consistent with the perspective that suggests that habituation plays a major role in the survival of the species, even in non-feeding developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Bernal-Gamboa
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Jesús García-Salazar
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - A Matías Gámez
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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13
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Quintero MJ, Flores A, Gutiérrez-Huerta MT, Molina-Guerrero P, López FJ, Morís J. Limitations of occasional reinforced extinction to alleviate spontaneous recovery and reinstatement effects: Evidence for a trial-signalling mechanism. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:765-783. [PMID: 34428978 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211043434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fear extinction is not permanent but is instead more vulnerable than the original fear memory, as traditionally shown by the return of fear phenomena. Because of this, techniques to mitigate the return of fear are needed in the clinical treatment of related psychological conditions. One promising strategy is the occasional reinforced extinction treatment, introducing a gradual and sparse number of conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus (CS-US) pairings within the extinction treatment. We present the results of three experiments in which we used a threat conditioning procedure in humans. Our main aim was to evaluate whether occasional reinforced extinction could reduce two different forms of relapse: spontaneous recovery (Experiments 1 and 2) and reinstatement (Experiment 3). Contrary to our predictions and previous literature, the results indicate that an occasional reinforcement treatment did not mitigate relapse compared with standard extinction. From a theoretical standpoint, these results are more consistent with the idea that extinction entails the acquisition of new knowledge than with the idea that there are conditions in which extinction leads to a weakening of the original fear memory. These findings also question the generality of the potential benefits of using occasional reinforced extinction in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Quintero
- Department of Basic Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Amanda Flores
- Department of Basic Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | | | | | - Francisco J López
- Department of Basic Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Joaquín Morís
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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14
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DeBoer SR, Hubbard R, Mersha M, Pinilla Monsalve G, Winter S, Zeiler SR. Enhanced Spontaneous Motor Recovery After Stroke in Mice Treated With Cerebrolysin. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2021; 35:525-533. [PMID: 33955296 DOI: 10.1177/15459683211000734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor recovery after stroke in humans and in rodent models is time sensitive. Recovery in patients is a result of biological spontaneous recovery via endogenous repair mechanisms and is likely improved by enhancing the synaptic plasticity required for endogenous repair. Cerebrolysin is a polypeptide preparation known to enhance neuroplasticity and may improve recovery in patients. In mice, we tested the hypothesis that Cerebrolysin can act poststroke to enhance both spontaneous and training-associated motor recovery. METHODS Mice were trained to perform a skilled prehension task. We then induced a photothrombotic stroke in the caudal forelimb area, after which we retrained animals on the prehension task in the presence or absence of Cerebrolysin after a 2-day or 8-day delay. Mice received daily intraperitoneal Cerebrolysin or saline injections starting poststroke day 1 or poststroke day 7. RESULTS Prior studies showed that poststroke recovery of prehension can occur if animals receive rehabilitative training during an early sensitive period but is incomplete if rehabilitative training is delayed. In contrast, we show complete recovery of prehension, despite a delay in rehabilitative training, when mice receive daily Cerebrolysin administration starting on poststroke day 1 or on poststroke day 8. When Cerebrolysin is given on poststroke day 1, recovery occurred even in the absence of training. Stroke volumes were similar across groups. CONCLUSIONS Poststroke Cerebrolysin administration leads to recovery of motor function independent of rehabilitative training without a protective effect on stroke volume. This is one of the first demonstrations of training-independent motor recovery in rodent stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Winter
- Ever Neuro Pharma GmbH, Unterach, Oberösterreich, Austria
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15
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Abstract
The predominant tool used to predict outcomes after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI), in association with the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS). These measures have evolved based on analyses of large amounts of longitudinal neurological recovery data published in numerous separate studies. This article reviews and synthesizes published data on neurological recovery from multiple sources, only utilizing data in which the sacral sparing definition was applied for determination of completeness. Conversion from a complete to incomplete injury is more common in tetraplegia than paraplegia. The majority of AIS conversion and motor recovery occurs within the first 6-9 months, with the most rapid rate of motor recovery occurring in the first three months after injury. Motor score changes, as well as recovery of motor levels, are described with the initial strength of muscles as well as the levels of the motor zone of partial preservation influencing the prognosis. Total motor recovery is greater for patients with initial AIS B than AIS A, and greater after initial AIS C than with motor complete injuries. Older age has a negative impact on neurological and functional recovery after SCI; however, the specific age (whether >50 or >65 years) and underlying reasons for this impact are unclear. Penetrating injury is more likely to lead to a classification of a neurological complete injury compared with blunt trauma and reduces the likelihood of AIS conversion at one year. There are insufficient data to support gender having a major effect on neurological recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kirshblum
- Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, West Orange, New Jersy, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Kessler Foundation, West Orange, New Jersey, USA
| | - Brittany Snider
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Fatma Eren
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Kessler Foundation, West Orange, New Jersey, USA
| | - James Guest
- Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, Florida, USA
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16
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Browning S, Bahar B, Lee AI, Gorshein E. Spontaneous recovery in a patient with acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP): observation of a 'subclinical' TTP state. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 25:473-477. [PMID: 33269995 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2020.1848973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a thrombotic microangiopathy that can have high mortality rates without prompt treatment. Standard treatment is urgent plasma exchange (PLEX), which leads to disease remission in the vast majority of patients. Deficiency of ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13) alone is not sufficient to cause the clinical manifestations characteristic of TTP. We present a case of acquired TTP, where spontaneous recovery was observed prior to initiation of any TTP-specific therapy. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 73-year-old asymptomatic female presented with new-onset mild haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia. Further testing revealed a significantly reduced ADAMTS13 activity level and an ADAMTS13 inhibitor, concerning for acquired TTP. On reassessment, the patient's haematologic parameters had been corrected prior to initiation of therapy. During subsequent follow-up three months later, she developed acute worsening thrombocytopenia indicative of relapsed, acute TTP. The patient was then successfully managed with PLEX and rituximab and achieved a sustained remission. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION TTP is a haematologic emergency that requires urgent therapy to reduce morbidity and mortality. However, it is well documented that individuals with hereditary TTP and a proportion with acquired TTP in clinical remission can have low or nearly absent ADAMTS13 activity levels without evidence of microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (MAHA) or thrombotic manifestations. Our patient represents a unique case of confirmed ADAMTS13 deficiency due to a documented inhibitor, leading to mild haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia both of which recovered spontaneously. We propose that this scenario could represent a 'subclinical' TTP state that precedes the development of clinically significant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Browning
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Burak Bahar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, George Washington University, Children's National Hospital, Washington DC, USA
| | - Alfred Ian Lee
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elan Gorshein
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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17
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Bakreen A, Juntunen M, Dunlop Y, Ugidos IF, Malm T, Miettinen S, Jolkkonen J. Additive Behavioral Improvement after Combined Cell Therapy and Rehabilitation Despite Long-Term Microglia Presence in Stroke Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1512. [PMID: 33546370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are involved in the post-stroke immunomodulation of brain plasticity, repair, and reorganization. Here, we evaluated whether adipose-tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) and/or rehabilitation improve behavioral recovery by modulating long-term perilesional inflammation and creating a recovery-permissive environment in a rat model of ischemic stroke. Methods: A two-way mixed lymphocyte reaction was used to assess the immunomodulatory capacity of ADMSCs in vitro. Two or 7 days after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO), rats were intravenously administered ADMSCs or vehicle and housed in a standard or enriched environment (EE). Behavioral performance was assessed with a cylinder test, then we performed stereological and ImageJ/Fiji quantifications of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) cells and blood–brain barrier (BBB) leakage. Results: Human ADMSCs were immunosuppressive in vitro. The cylinder test showed partial spontaneous behavioral recovery of pMCAO rats, which was further improved by combined ADMSCs and housing in EE on days 21 and 42 (p < 0.05). We detected an ischemia-induced increase in numbers, staining intensity, and branch length of Iba1+ microglia/macrophages as well as BBB leakage in the perilesional cortex. However, these were not different among pMCAO groups. Conclusion: Combined cell therapy and rehabilitation additively improved behavioral outcome despite long-term perilesional microglia presence in stroke rats.
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18
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Qiao Y, Brodnik ZD, Zhao S, Trueblood CT, Li Z, Tom VJ, España RA, Hou S. Spinal Dopaminergic Mechanisms Regulating the Micturition Reflex in Male Rats with Complete Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:803-817. [PMID: 33297828 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) often causes micturition dysfunction. We recently discovered a low level of spinally-derived dopamine (DA) that regulates recovered bladder and sphincter reflexes in SCI female rats. Considering substantial sexual dimorphic features in the lower urinary tract, it is unknown if the DA-ergic mechanisms act in the male. Histological analysis showed a similar distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)+ neurons in the lower cord of male rats and the number increased following thoracic SCI. Subsequently, focal electrical stimulation in slices obtained from L6/S1 spinal segments of SCI rats elicited detectable DA release with fast scan cyclic voltammetry. Using bladder cystometrogram and external urethral sphincter (EUS) electromyography in SCI male rats, intravenous (i.v.) administration of SCH 23390, a D1-like receptor (DR1) antagonist, induced significantly increased tonic EUS activity and a trend of increased residual volume, whereas activation of these receptors with SKF 38393 did not influence the reflex. Meanwhile, blocking spinal D2-like receptors (DR2) with remoxipride had no effect but stimulating these receptors with quinpirole elicited EUS bursting to increase voiding volume. Further, intrathecal delivery of SCH 23390 and quinpirole resulted in similar responses to those with i.v. delivery, respectively, which indicates the central action regardless of delivery route. In addition, metabolic cage assays showed that quinpirole increased the voiding frequency and total voiding volume in spontaneous micturition. Collectively, spinal DA-ergic machinery regulates recovered micturition reflex following SCI in male rats; spinal DR1 tonically suppress tonic EUS activity to enable voiding and activation of DR2 facilitates voiding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qiao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
| | - Zachary D Brodnik
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shunyi Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cameron T Trueblood
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhenzhong Li
- Department of Anatomy, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, China
| | - Veronica J Tom
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rodrigo A España
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shaoping Hou
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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19
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Owusu DO, Owusu M, Owusu BA. Human defensins and Th-1 cytokines in hepatitis C viral infection. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 37:103. [PMID: 33425136 PMCID: PMC7757282 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.37.103.25211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION active or chronic exacerbated forms of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection subsequently progress to liver disease and human defensins has been determined to have some level of anti-viral properties invitro whilst the expression of T helper-1 cytokines is known to promote complete recovery from acute HCV infection. The study sought to determine relationship between these immune responses. METHODS a cross sectional descriptive study design was employed. Hundred and thirty-two individuals were assessed were assessed for to anti-HCV, HCV RNA, serum levels of human alpha defensins 1 (HAD-1) and human beta defensins 1 (HBD-1). T helper 1 cytokines (IL-2, IFN gamma, TNF alpha) secreted in serum were also analyzed using commercial ELISA assay. The study was conducted in Kumasi, Obuasi and Daboya in Ghana. RESULTS the serum mean concentrations of HAD-1, HBD-1, IL-2, IFN gamma and TNF alpha showed no significant difference in concentrations among participants with chronic, spontaneously recovered or negative to HCV infection (p>0.05). Persons with hepatitis B co-infection were more likely to develop chronic HCV infection (p=0.039). HAD-1 and HBD-1 showed significant positive association with IL-2 (p=0.000) whilst only HAD-1 positively correlated with IL-2 (p<0.000). CONCLUSION the immunological markers determined had no association with the status of HCV infection. HAD-1 increased with increasing levels of IL-2. These findings suggest that during HCV infection, inflammatory response through the production of cytokines by IL-2 cells may affect the release of HAD-1 and HBD-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorcas Ohui Owusu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Garden City University College (GCUC), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Michael Owusu
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), University Post Office, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Bright Afriyie Owusu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Garden City University College (GCUC), Kumasi, Ghana
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20
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Yao Y, Lan L, Li X, Liu X, Ying Y, Ping J. Alchemy-Inspired Green Paper for Spontaneous Recovery of Noble Metals. Small 2020; 16:e1907282. [PMID: 32583958 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recycling of noble metal from waste materials, namely from electronic wastes (e-waste), spent catalyst, and industrial wastewater, is attracting growing attention due to the scarcity, economic importance, and criticality of those noble metals. Traditional techniques reported to date require toxic reagent and strict extraction conditions, which deeply hinders the development of precious metal recovery in complex environments. Here, an approach is proposed that uses flexible metallic transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) paper, which provides abundant active sites for spontaneous adsorption and reduction of noble metal ions, as an Alchemy-inspired template to recover noble metal in an efficient and green way without the aid of reductant and heating. The metallic TMD (MoS2 , WS2 ) paper is shown to rapidly extract five noble metal ions (Au, Pd, Pt, Ag, and Ru) from complex samples containing various interferents. This unique property endows the metallic TMD paper with gifted ability in extracting gold from e-waste, and recovering platinum group metals (palladium and platinum) from spent catalysts, which provides a blueprint for the design of next-generation green platforms for noble metal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Lingyi Lan
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xunjia Li
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yibin Ying
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
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21
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Abstract
RATIONALE Spontaneous spinal subdural hematoma (SSDH) is a rare disease that can cause severe permanent neurological dysfunction. Here we present a case of spontaneous SSDH, in which a series of magnetic resonance images (MRIs) taken through the course of the disease facilitated understanding of the resolution process of the hematoma and the diagnosis of SSDH. PATIENT CONCERNS A 59-year-old male presented with sudden severe back pain and rapid onset of paraplegia. This symptom had continued developing while he was transferred to the emergency department. Initial physical examination showed flaccid paralysis of both lower limbs with areflexia and loss of all sensation below T6 bilaterally. MRI images showed an anterior subdural hematoma from C7 to T7 with spinal cord compression. DIAGNOSIS Based on MRI findings, the diagnosis was SSDH. INTERVENTIONS We chose conservative treatment of 1-week bed rest and intensive rehabilitation for the patient due to the presence of sacral sparing and the slight motor recovery at 24 hours after the onset. OUTCOMES Frequent MRI images demonstrated that the spinal cord compression was surprisingly mitigated only 2 days and mostly absorbed 4 days after the onset. The patient's motor function was recovered completely and he was discharged after 8 weeks of hospitalization. LESSONS Our chronological MRI findings provide crucial information for diagnosing SSDH and also suggest that spinal surgeons should consider the potential option of a conservative approach for treating SSDH. Although prompt selection of a therapeutic strategy for SSDH could be challenging, the surgeons could observe the course of the patient's neurological status for a few days to detect signs of spontaneous recovery.
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MESH Headings
- Conservative Treatment/methods
- Hematoma, Subdural, Spinal/complications
- Hematoma, Subdural, Spinal/diagnosis
- Hematoma, Subdural, Spinal/physiopathology
- Hematoma, Subdural, Spinal/rehabilitation
- Humans
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Monitoring, Physiologic/methods
- Neurologic Examination/methods
- Paraplegia/etiology
- Paraplegia/physiopathology
- Paraplegia/rehabilitation
- Recovery of Function
- Remission, Spontaneous
- Spinal Canal/diagnostic imaging
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Yokota
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Japan Labor Health and Welfare Organization Spinal Injuries Center
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Osamu Kawano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Japan Labor Health and Welfare Organization Spinal Injuries Center
| | - Hironari Kaneyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Japan Labor Health and Welfare Organization Spinal Injuries Center
| | - Takeshi Maeda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Japan Labor Health and Welfare Organization Spinal Injuries Center
| | - Yasuharu Nakashima
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
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22
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Struik RF, De Vries TJ, Peters J. Detrimental Effects of a Retrieval-Extinction Procedure on Nicotine Seeking, but Not Cocaine Seeking. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:243. [PMID: 31680898 PMCID: PMC6803535 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrieval-extinction memory reactivation procedures have been used to prevent the return of learned fear and drug seeking in preclinical models. These procedures first reactivate the original memory with a brief cue exposure (i.e., retrieval) session, and then disrupt memory reconsolidation by conducting extinction training within the reconsolidation window. The original memory is thought to be updated with the new information conveyed by extinction learning, resulting in a persistent therapeutic effect beyond that observed with extinction training alone (i.e., no retrieval). Here, we attempted to replicate the therapeutic effects on cocaine seeking reported by Xue et al. (2012), and extend these findings to nicotine seeking. Rats self-administered either cocaine or nicotine with contingent cues for weeks, and were then divided into two groups. The retrieval group underwent a 10-min retrieval session wherein drug cues were available, but drug was not. Ten minutes later, they were allowed to continue cue extinction training for an additional 60 min. The no retrieval group underwent a contiguous 70-min cue extinction session. These procedures continued for weeks, followed by a test for spontaneous recovery of drug seeking. No group differences were observed on any measure of cocaine seeking, although both groups exhibited extinction and spontaneous recovery. By contrast, for nicotine seeking, the retrieval group exhibited resistance to extinction, an effect that persisted on the spontaneous recovery test. These findings underscore the importance of drug type in the outcome of retrieval-extinction procedures and moreover indicate that retrieval-extinction procedures can be detrimental to nicotine seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland F Struik
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Taco J De Vries
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jamie Peters
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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23
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Sheikh IS, Keefe KM, Sterling NA, Junker IP, Eneanya CI, Liu Y, Tang XQ, Smith GM. Retrogradely Transportable Lentivirus Tracers for Mapping Spinal Cord Locomotor Circuits. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:60. [PMID: 30090059 PMCID: PMC6068242 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrograde tracing is a key facet of neuroanatomical studies involving long distance projection neurons. Previous groups have utilized a variety of tools ranging from classical chemical tracers to newer methods employing viruses for gene delivery. Here, we highlight the usage of a lentivirus that permits highly efficient retrograde transport (HiRet) from synaptic terminals within the cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord. By injecting HiRet, we can clearly identify supraspinal and propriospinal circuits innervating motor neuron pools relating to forelimb and hindlimb function. We observed robust labeling of propriospinal neurons, including high fidelity details of dendritic arbors and axon terminals seldom seen with chemical tracers. In addition, we examine changes in interneuronal circuits occurring after a thoracic contusion, highlighting populations that potentially contribute to spontaneous behavioral recovery in this lesion model. Our study demonstrates that the HiRet lentivirus is a unique tool for examining neuronal circuitry within the brain and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran S Sheikh
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Center for Neural Rehabilitation and Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kathleen M Keefe
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Center for Neural Rehabilitation and Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Noelle A Sterling
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Center for Neural Rehabilitation and Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ian P Junker
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Center for Neural Rehabilitation and Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Chidubem I Eneanya
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Center for Neural Rehabilitation and Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yingpeng Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Center for Neural Rehabilitation and Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiao-Qing Tang
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Center for Neural Rehabilitation and Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - George M Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Center for Neural Rehabilitation and Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Wei RH, Zhao C, Rao JS, Zhao W, Zhou X, Tian PY, Song W, Ji R, Zhang AF, Yang ZY, Li XG. The kinematic recovery process of rhesus monkeys after spinal cord injury. Exp Anim 2018; 67:431-440. [PMID: 29769463 PMCID: PMC6219880 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
After incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), neural circuits may be plastically
reconstructed to some degree, resulting in extensive functional locomotor recovery. The
present study aimed to observe the post-SCI locomotor recovery of rhesus monkey hindlimbs
and compare the recovery degrees of different hindlimb parts, thus revealing the recovery
process of locomotor function. Four rhesus monkeys were chosen for thoracic hemisection
injury. The hindlimb locomotor performance of these animals was recorded before surgery,
as well as 6 and 12 weeks post-lesion. Via principal component analysis, the relevant
parameters of the limb endpoint, pelvis, hindlimb segments, and joints were processed and
analyzed. Twelve weeks after surgery, partial kinematic recovery was observed at the limb
endpoint, shank, foot, and knee joints, and the locomotor performance of the ankle joint
even recovered to the pre-lesion level; the elevation angle of the thigh and hip joints
showed no obvious recovery. Generally, different parts of a monkey hindlimb had different
spontaneous recovery processes; specifically, the closer the part was to the distal end,
the more extensive was the locomotor function recovery. Therefore, we speculate that
locomotor recovery may be attributed to plastic reconstruction of the motor circuits that
are mainly composed of corticospinal tract. This would help to further understand the
plasticity of motor circuits after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Han Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Can Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.,Beijing International Cooperation Bases for Science and Technology on Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.,School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Sheng Rao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.,Beijing International Cooperation Bases for Science and Technology on Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao Road, Youanmenwai, Xicheng District, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Yu Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Wei Song
- Rehabilitation Engineering Research Institute, China Rehabilitation Research Center, No. 10 Jiaomenbei Road, Fengtai District, Beijing 100068, P.R. China
| | - Run Ji
- Human Biomechanics Laboratory, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, No. 1 Ronghuazhong Road, Daxing District, Beijing 100176, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Feng Zhang
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 95 Yongan Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Yang Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.,Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao Road, Youanmenwai, Xicheng District, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Guang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.,Beijing International Cooperation Bases for Science and Technology on Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.,Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao Road, Youanmenwai, Xicheng District, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
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Abstract
Reversal learning is thought to involve an extinction-like process that inhibits the expression of the initial learning. However, behavioral evidence for this inhibition remains difficult to interpret as various procedures have been employed to study reversal learning. Here, we used a discrimination task in rats to examine whether the inhibition produced by reversal learning is as sensitive to the passage of time as the inhibition produced by extinction. Experiment 1 showed that when tested immediately after reversal training, rats were able to use the reversed contingencies to solve the discrimination task in an outcome-specific manner. This ability to use outcome-specific information was lost when a delay was inserted between reversal training and test. However, interpretation of these data was made difficult by a potential floor effect. This concern was addressed in Experiment 2 in which it was confirmed that the passage of time impaired the ability of the rats to use the reversed contingencies in an outcome-specific manner to solve the task. Further, it revealed that the delay between initial learning and test was not responsible for this impairment. Additional work demonstrated that solving the discrimination task was unaffected by Pavlovian extinction but that the discriminative stimuli were able to block conditioning to a novel stimulus, suggesting that Pavlovian processes were likely to contribute to solving the discrimination. We therefore concluded that the expression of reversal and extinction learning do share the same sensitivity to the effect of time. However, this sensitivity was most obvious when we assessed outcome-specific information following reversal learning. This suggests that the processes involved in reversal learning are somehow distinct from those underlying extinction learning, as the latter has usually been found to leave outcome-specific information relatively intact. Thus, the present study reveals that a better understanding of the mechanisms supporting reversal training requires assessing the impact that this training exerts on the content of learning rather than performance per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle H F Goarin
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nura W Lingawi
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vincent Laurent
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Bergsma DP, Elshout JA, van den Berg AV. Segregation of Spontaneous and Training Induced Recovery from Visual Field Defects in Subacute Stroke Patients. Front Neurol 2017; 8:681. [PMID: 29326645 PMCID: PMC5736566 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether rehabilitation after stroke profits from an early start is difficult to establish as the contributions of spontaneous recovery and treatment are difficult to tease apart. Here, we use a novel training design to dissociate these components for visual rehabilitation of subacute stroke patients with visual field defects such as hemianopia. Visual discrimination training was started within 6 weeks after stroke in 17 patients. Spontaneous and training-induced recoveries were distinguished by training one-half of the defect for 8 weeks, while monitoring spontaneous recovery in the other (control) half of the defect. Next, trained and control regions were swapped, and training continued for another 8 weeks. The same paradigm was also applied to seven chronic patients for whom spontaneous recovery can be excluded and changes in the control half of the defect point to a spillover effect of training. In both groups, field stability was assessed during a no-intervention period. Defect reduction was significantly greater in the trained part of the defect than in the simultaneously untrained part of the defect irrespective of training onset (p = 0.001). In subacute patients, training contributed about twice as much to their defect reduction as the spontaneous recovery. Goal Attainment Scores were significantly and positively correlated with the total defect reduction (p = 0.01), percentage increase reading speed was significantly and positively correlated with the defect reduction induced by training (epoch 1: p = 0.0044; epoch 2: p = 0.023). Visual training adds significantly to the spontaneous recovery of visual field defects, both during training in the early and the chronic stroke phase. However, field recovery as a result of training in this subacute phase was as large as in the chronic phase. This suggests that patients benefited primarily of early onset training by gaining access to a larger visual field sooner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douwe P Bergsma
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Section of Biophysics, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Joris A Elshout
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Section of Biophysics, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Albert V van den Berg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Section of Biophysics, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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27
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Kleiman MAR, Kilmer B, Hawken A. Desistance mandates compared with treatment mandates in criminal justice populations. Addiction 2017; 112:748-750. [PMID: 27873375 DOI: 10.1111/add.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A R Kleiman
- Department of Public Policy, Luskin School of Public Affairs, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beau Kilmer
- Drug Policy Research Center, RAND, Santa Monica, CA, USA
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28
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Abstract
Spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage (SAH) is a serious medical condition associated with variable clinical presentation depending on the extent of the hemorrhage. Pregnancy-induced adrenal hemorrhage is poorly understood. A low cortisol level in the peripartum period with radiological findings is sufficient to establish the diagnosis. Prompt hormone replacement and supportive care to ensure good clinical outcomes is crucial. Due to the potentially life-threatening complications, physicians should have a high suspicion for adrenal hemorrhage when they evaluate patients with hypotension, fatigue, and abdominal pain during the peripartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salam Kadhem
- Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita
| | - Rawaa Ebrahem
- Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita
| | - Cyrus Munguti
- Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita
| | - Rami Mortada
- Endocrinology, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita
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29
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Ng VL, Li R, Loomes KM, Leonis MA, Rudnick DA, Belle SH, Squires RH; Pediatric Acute Liver Failure Study Group (PALFSG). Outcomes of Children With and Without Hepatic Encephalopathy From the Pediatric Acute Liver Failure Study Group. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 63:357-64. [PMID: 27367788 DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is challenging to identify in children with acute liver failure and was not a requirement for enrollment into the Pediatric Acute Liver Failure Study Group (PALFSG). The outcomes of PALFSG participants presenting with and without HE are presented. METHODS PALFSG participants were classified based on daily assessment of HE during the first 7 days following study enrollment: group 1-never developed HE; group 2-no HE at enrollment with subsequent HE development; and group 3-HE at study enrollment. Clinical and biochemical parameters and outcomes of death, spontaneous recovery, or liver transplantation were compared between groups. RESULTS Data from 769 PALFSG (54% boys; median age 4.2 years; range 0-17.9 years) participants were analyzed, with 277 in group 1 (36%), 83 in group 2 (11%), and 409 in group 3 (53%). Mortality occurred in 11% of all participants and was highest among group 3 participants who demonstrated persistent grade III-IV HE (55%) or showed progression of HE (26%). Eleven (4%) group 1 participants died within 21 days of enrollment. Spontaneous recovery was highest in group 1 (79%) and lowest in group 2 (25%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Mortality 21 days after enrollment was highest in participants enrolled with severe HE (grades III or IV) or demonstrating HE progression. Four percent of participants without recorded clinical HE in the 7 days after enrollment, however, died within 21 days. Improved assessment of neurological injury and pediatric acute liver failure prognostication schema are needed.
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30
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Akiyama H, Suzuki Y, Hara D, Shinohara K, Ogura H, Akamatsu M, Hasegawa Y. Improvement of macular edema without discontinuation of fingolimod in a patient with multiple sclerosis: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4180. [PMID: 27442641 PMCID: PMC5265758 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Generally, fingolimod administration is simply discontinued when fingolimod-associated macular edema (ME) appears, and the majority of cases are said to recover spontaneously. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the 1st report regarding improvement of ME without discontinuation of fingolimod administration. CASE PRESENTATION The patient was a 66-year-old woman with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. She was started on treatment with fingolimod to prevent recurrence, after which she developed ME that was probably due to fingolimod. The patient expressed a strong fear of recurrence if fingolimod was discontinued, so we continued fingolimod therapy and followed up the patient frequently. The ME improved after approximately 1 year without any need for concomitant treatment. CONCLUSION We believe that the continuation of fingolimod therapy with strict follow-up examination is one option for treatment, though strategies for managing rapid deterioration of ME should be borne in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanao Akiyama
- Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Correspondence: Hisanao Akiyama, Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan (e-mail: )
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31
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Abstract
Recent research suggests that extinction occurring shortly after fear conditioning attenuates spontaneous recovery and reinstatement of fear. Two experiments investigated whether immediate extinction would prevent spontaneous recovery and reinstatement of fear using a passive avoidance paradigm. In Experiment 1, naive female adult rats (N = 40) received extinction training either immediately or 24 hours (delayed) after fear conditioning. Both extinction groups showed a significant reduction in fear at a 1-day test. At a 15-day test, spontaneous recovery was observed in the delayed extinction group while the immediate extinction group continued to show significant extinction. In Experiment 2, using a naive group of adult female rats (N = 16), the extinction result was replicated in both the immediate and delayed extinction groups at the 1-day interval. Reinstatement of fear, elicited by foot-shock in a neutral environment, was observed for the delayed group but not for the immediate group. By utilizing the passive-avoidance paradigm, these experiments replicate and extend previous findings that immediate extinction attenuates spontaneous recovery and reinstatement of fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Briggs
- Department of Psychology, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA, USA
| | - Devin A Fava
- Department of Psychological Science, Saint Vincent College, Latrobe, PA, USA
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32
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Gonzalez-Rothi EJ, Armstrong GT, Cerreta AJ, Fitzpatrick GM, Reier PJ, Lane MA, Judge AR, Fuller DD. Forelimb muscle plasticity following unilateral cervical spinal cord injury. Muscle Nerve 2016; 53:475-8. [PMID: 26662579 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Motor dysfunction and muscle atrophy are well documented in the lower extremity after spinal cord injury. However, the extent and time course of myoplastic changes in forelimb musculature is not clear. METHODS Forelimb muscle morphology and fiber type were evaluated after high cervical hemilesion injury in rats. RESULTS There was significant atrophy of the ipsilateral extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) muscle at 2 weeks postinjury, which was subsequently reversed at 8 weeks postinjury. The triceps muscle showed minimal evidence of atrophy after spinal injury. No significant changes in fiber type were observed. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate a robust capacity for spontaneous myoplasticity after C2 hemisection injury but highlight differential capacity for plasticity within the forelimb muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa J Gonzalez-Rothi
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100154, 100 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Gregory T Armstrong
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100154, 100 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Anthony J Cerreta
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100154, 100 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Garrett M Fitzpatrick
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100154, 100 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Paul J Reier
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael A Lane
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew R Judge
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100154, 100 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - David D Fuller
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100154, 100 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
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Zerbe KJ. Essential Others and Spontaneous Recovery in the Life and Work of Emily Carr: Implications for Understanding Remission of Illness and Resilience. Int J Psychoanal Self Psychol 2016; 11:28-49. [PMID: 27122998 PMCID: PMC4821548 DOI: 10.1080/15551024.2016.1107408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Artist Emily Carr 1A majority of paintings by Emily Carr are in the permanent collection of the Vancouver Art Gallery. Others may be viewed in the National Gallery of Ontario and the British Columbia Archives in Victoria, BC. They are also available as photographed reproductions on the web at vancouverartgallery.bc.ca. 1 (1871-1945) has attained iconic status in Canada and throughout the world for her prodigious output as a painter and writer of the Pacific Northwest. This article describes how the arrival of three "essential others" at pivotal moments in middle life helped lift Carr out of a serious, lifelong depression and nurtured and inspired her creative output. I propose that Carr's productivity and psychological recovery were facilitated by sequential, cumulative input from these generative human contacts. The creative partnership formed between an artist and her muse has features akin to the patient/therapist dyad, ranging from sparking new and healthier adaptations, to reshaping the internal landscape via internalization, to facilitation and promotion of unique talent. This psychobiographical study of Emily Carr is a vehicle for clinicians to further contemplate elements imbedded in our daily work that give rise to greater resilience, spontaneous recovery from illness, and personal transformation in the lives of our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J. Zerbe
- Oregon Psychoanalytic Institute
- Institute for Contemporary Psychoanalysis
- Oregon Health and Science University
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34
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Abstract
We investigated extinction and spontaneous recovery of spatial associations using a landmark-based appetitive search task in a touchscreen preparation with pigeons. Four visual landmarks (A, B, C, and D) were separately established as signals of a hidden reinforced target among an 8 × 7 array of potential target locations. The target was located above landmarks (LM) A and C and below B and D. After conditioning, A and B were extinguished. Responding to A and C was assessed on probe tests 2 days following extinction, whereas, B and D were tested 14 days after extinction. We observed spontaneous recovery from spatial extinction following a 14-day, but not a 2-day, postextinction retention interval. Furthermore, by plotting the spatial distribution of responding across the X and Y axes during testing, we found that spontaneous recovery of responding to the target in our task was due to enhanced spatial control (i.e., a change in the overall distribution of responses) following the long delay to testing. These results add spatial extinction and spontaneous recovery to the list of findings supporting the assertion that extinction involves new learning that attenuates the originally acquired response, and that original learning of the spatial relationship between paired events survives extinction. (PsycINFO Database Record
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35
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Abstract
Prolonged exposure to a high contrast stimulus reduces the neural sensitivity to subsequent similar patterns. Recent work has disclosed that contrast adaptation is controlled by multiple mechanisms operating over differing timescales. Adaptation to high contrast for a relatively longer period can be rapidly eliminated by adaptation to a lower contrast (or meanfield in the present study). Such rapid deadaptation presumably causes a short-term mechanism to signal for a sensitivity increase, canceling ongoing signals from long-term mechanisms. Once deadaptation ends, the short-term mechanism rapidly returns to baseline, and the slowly decaying effects in the long-term mechanisms reemerge, allowing the perceptual aftereffects to recover during continued testing. Although this spontaneous recovery effect is considered strong evidence supporting the multiple mechanisms theory, it remains controversial whether the effect is mainly driven by visual memory established during the initial longer-term adaptation period. To resolve this debate, we used a modified Continuous Flash Suppression (CFS) and visual crowding paradigms to render the adapting stimuli invisible, but still observed the spontaneous recovery phenomenon. These results exclude the possibility that spontaneous recovery found in the previous work was merely the consequence of explicit visual memory. Our findings also demonstrate that contrast adaptation, even at the unconscious processing levels, is controlled by multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxing Mei
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China ; Department of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University Guiyang, China
| | - Xue Dong
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Min Bao
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
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36
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Cuevas K, Learmonth AE, Rovee-Collier C. A dissociation between recognition and reactivation: The renewal effect at 3 months of age. Dev Psychobiol 2015; 58:159-75. [PMID: 26394803 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Extinction allows organisms to adapt to an ever-changing environment. Despite its theoretical and applied significance, extinction has never been systematically studied with human infants. Using the operant mobile task, we examined whether 3-month-olds would exhibit evidence of original learning following extinction. In a recognition paradigm, infants exhibited renewal when tested in the acquisition context (ABA renewal) or a neutral context (ABC and AAB renewal) 1 day following extinction (Experiment 1a) and spontaneous recovery 3 days following extinction (Experiment 1b). In Experiments 2a-2b, we used a reminder paradigm to examine whether the extinguished response could be reinstated after the operant response had been forgotten. We failed, however, to find reinstatement of extinguished responding after spontaneous forgetting, regardless of the reminder and test contexts. We attributed this retention failure to competing responses at test. Although extinguished responding is recovered during infancy, this effect is elusive after the response has been forgotten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Cuevas
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, 99 East Main St., Waterbury, CT, 06702.
| | - Amy E Learmonth
- Department of Psychology, William Paterson University, 300 Pompton Road, Wayne, NJ, 07470
| | - Carolyn Rovee-Collier
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854
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37
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Bonato M. Unveiling residual, spontaneous recovery from subtle hemispatial neglect three years after stroke. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:413. [PMID: 26283942 PMCID: PMC4519683 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A common and disabling consequence of stroke is the difficulty in processing contralesional space (i.e., hemispatial neglect). According to paper-and-pencil tests, neglect remits or stabilizes in severity within a few months after a brain injury. This arbitrary temporal limit, however, is at odds with neglect’s well-known dependency on task-sensitivity. The present study tested the hypothesis that the putative early resolution of neglect might be due to the insensitivity of testing methods rather than to the lack of spontaneous recovery at later stages. A right hemisphere stroke patient was studied longitudinally for 3 years. According to paper-and-pencil tests the patient showed no symptom of hemispatial neglect 1 month post stroke. Awareness of spatially lateralized visual targets was then assessed by means of computer-based single- and dual-tasks requiring an additional top-down deployment of attention for the parallel processing of visual or auditory stimuli. Errorless performance at computer-based tasks was reached at month 12 and maintained until month 29 after stroke. A bottom-up manipulation was then implemented by reducing target diameter. Following this change, more than 50% of contralesional targets were omitted, mostly under dual-tasking. At months 40 and 41 the same task revealed a significant (but not complete) reduction in the number of contralesional omissions. Ipsilesional targets were, in contrast, still errorless detected. The coupling of a bottom-up (target change) and a top-down (dual-tasking) manipulation revealed the presence of a long-lasting spontaneous recovery from contralesional spatial awareness deficits. In contrast, neither manipulation was effective when implemented separately. After having excluded the potential confound of practice effects, it was concluded that not only the presence but also the time course of hemispatial neglect strongly depends on the degree of attentional engagement required by the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Bonato
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
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Konkolÿ Thege B, Woodin EM, Hodgins DC, Williams RJ. Natural course of behavioral addictions: a 5-year longitudinal study. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15:4. [PMID: 25608605 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resolving the theoretical controversy on the labeling of an increasing number of excessive behaviors as behavioral addictions may also be facilitated by more empirical data on these behavioral problems. For instance, an essential issue to the classification of psychiatric disorders is information on their natural course. However, longitudinal research on the chronic vs. episodic nature of behavioral addictions is scarce. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to provide data on prevalence, substance use comorbidity, and five-year trajectories of six excessive behaviors-namely exercising, sexual behavior, shopping, online chatting, video gaming, and eating. METHODS Analyses were based on the data of the Quinte Longitudinal Study, where a cohort of 4,121 adults from Ontario, Canada was followed for 5 years (2006 to 2011). The response rate was 21.3%, while retention rate was 93.9%. To assess the occurrence of each problem behavior, a single self-diagnostic question asked people whether their over-involvement in the behavior had caused significant problems for them in the past 12 months. To assess the severity of each problem behavior reported, the Behavioral Addiction Measure was administered. A mixed design ANOVA was used to investigate symptom trajectories over time for each problem behavior and whether these symptom trajectories varied as a function of sex. RESULTS The large majority of people reported having problematic over-involvement for just one of these behaviors and just in a single time period. A main effect of time was found for each problem behavior, indicating a moderately strong decrease in symptom severity across time. The time x sex interaction was insignificant in each model indicating that the decreasing trend is similar for males and females. The data also showed that help seeking was very low in the case of excessive sexual behavior, shopping, online chatting, and video gaming but substantially more prevalent in the case of excessive eating and exercising. CONCLUSIONS The present results indicate that self-identified excessive exercising, sexual behavior, shopping, online chatting, video gaming, and/or eating tend to be fairly transient for most people. This aspect of the results is inconsistent with conceptualizations of addictions as progressive in nature, unless treated.
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Akiba R, Oshitari T, Yokouchi H, Baba T, Yamamoto S. Spontaneous Recovery of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder during Pregnancy. Neuroophthalmology 2014; 39:30-33. [PMID: 27928328 DOI: 10.3109/01658107.2014.971188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMO-SD) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder associated with the anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody. Over 90% of NMO-SD patients have poor prognosis, and pregnancy is a disease-worsening factor. The authors report the findings in a case of NMO-SD that recovered spontaneously during pregnancy. A 28-years-old woman developed optic neuritis (ON) of the right eye in the 14th week of pregnancy. Her best-correlated visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.02 OD, the critical flicker frequency (CFF) was not measurable, and the mean deviation (MD) of the Humphrey perimetry 30-2 was -42 dB. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; T2 short-tau inversion recovery [STIR]) showed high-intensity right optic nerve. The patient was diagnosed with NMO-SD by the detection of seropositive anti-AQP4 antibody in her serum. Corticosteroid pulse therapy was considered, but the patient declined any treatment. Two weeks later, her BCVA improved to 1.2 (OD). Nine weeks later, the MD of Humphrey perimetry 30-2 improved to -1.2 dB and the CFF was 39.8 Hz. There have been no signs of recurrence for 6 months. Spontaneously recovered cases of NMO-SD during pregnancy are very rare. Although the factors leading to good outcomes have not been identified, this case suggests that the immunological condition at the early stage of the pregnancy may have different from that at later stages. Further studies are needed to identify the relationship between pregnancy and NMO-SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Akiba
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine Chiba Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Oshitari
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine Chiba Japan
| | - Hirotaka Yokouchi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine Chiba Japan
| | - Takayuki Baba
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine Chiba Japan
| | - Shuichi Yamamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine Chiba Japan
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Liu Y, Shen T, Zhang C, Long L, Duan Z, Lu F. HIV co-infection accelerates decay of humoral responses in spontaneous resolvers of HCV infection. J Viral Hepat 2014; 21:690-5. [PMID: 24861885 PMCID: PMC4263235 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is primarily followed by chronic infection, while spontaneous recovery of HCV infection (SR-HCV) occurs in a minority of those infected. Identification of SR-HCV clinically depends on two combined indicators, persistently undetectable peripheral HCV RNA and positivity for anti-HCV. However, the characteristics of dynamic variation in anti-HCV antibodies in SR-HCV, especially in those patients co-infected with HIV, are still undefined. In this study, a cohort of patients infected with HCV through commercial blood collection practices was studied. We found that the annual decreasing rate of anti-HCV presented a gradually accelerated process in HCV resolvers. However, the variation in the decline of anti-HCV presented a slowly accelerated process within the early decrease stage and a gradually decelerated process within the latter decrease stage. In addition, we deduced that it expended approximately 16 years from natural HCV recovery to undetectable peripheral anti-HCV in HCV resolvers co-infected with HIV, while this time was estimated to be 20 years in SR-HCV without HIV co-infection. Our data indicated that the decay of anti-HCV was accelerated by HIV-related impairment of immune function. The prevalence of HCV infection may be severely underestimated in this large-scale retrospective epidemiologic investigation in an HIV-infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing, China,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou UniversityHenan, China
| | - T Shen
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing, China,Center of Infectious Diseases, Peking UniversityBeijing, China
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - L Long
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing, China
| | - Z Duan
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing, China
| | - F Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing, China,Center of Infectious Diseases, Peking UniversityBeijing, China
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Costanzi M, Saraulli D, Cannas S, D'Alessandro F, Florenzano F, Rossi-Arnaud C, Cestari V. Fear but not fright: re-evaluating traumatic experience attenuates anxiety-like behaviors after fear conditioning. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:279. [PMID: 25202244 PMCID: PMC4142342 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear allows organisms to cope with dangerous situations and remembering these situations has an adaptive role preserving individuals from injury and death. However, recalling traumatic memories can induce re-experiencing the trauma, thus resulting in a maladaptive fear. A failure to properly regulate fear responses has been associated with anxiety disorders, like Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Thus, re-establishing the capability to regulate fear has an important role for its adaptive and clinical relevance. Strategies aimed at erasing fear memories have been proposed, although there are limits about their efficiency in treating anxiety disorders. To re-establish fear regulation, here we propose a new approach, based on the re-evaluation of the aversive value of traumatic experience. Mice were submitted to a contextual-fear-conditioning paradigm in which a neutral context was paired with an intense electric footshock. Three weeks after acquisition, conditioned mice were treated with a less intense footshock (pain threshold). The effectiveness of this procedure in reducing fear expression was assessed in terms of behavioral outcomes related to PTSD (e.g., hyper-reactivity to a neutral tone, anxiety levels in a plus maze task, social avoidance, and learning deficits in a spatial water maze) and of amygdala activity by evaluating c-fos expression. Furthermore, a possible role of lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC) in mediating the behavioral effects induced by the re-evaluation procedure was investigated. We observed that this treatment: (i) significantly mitigates the abnormal behavioral outcomes induced by trauma; (ii) persistently attenuates fear expression without erasing contextual memory; (iii) prevents fear reinstatement; (iv) reduces amygdala activity; and (v) requires an intact lOFC to be effective. These results suggest that an effective strategy to treat pathological anxiety should address cognitive re-evaluation of the traumatic experience mediated by lOFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Costanzi
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Institute (IBCN), CNR/IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy ; Department of Human Sciences, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Saraulli
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Institute (IBCN), CNR/IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy ; Department of Psychology, Sapienza University Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Cannas
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Institute (IBCN), CNR/IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Alessandro
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Institute (IBCN), CNR/IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy ; Department of Human Sciences, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvio Florenzano
- Confocal Microscopy Unit, EBRI-European Brain Research Institute Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Cestari
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Institute (IBCN), CNR/IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy ; Department of Psychology and "Daniel Bovet" Center, Sapienza University Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Extinction of classical conditioning is thought to produce new learning that masks or interferes with the original memory. However, research in the nudibranch Hermissenda crassicornis (H.c.) has challenged this view, and instead suggested that extinction erased the original associative memory. We have re-examined extinction in H.c. to test whether extinguished associative memories can be detected on the behavioral and cellular levels, and to characterize the temporal variables involved. Associative conditioning using pairings of light (CS) and rotation (US) produced characteristic suppression of H.c. phototactic behavior. A single session of extinction training (repeated light-alone presentations) reversed suppressed behavior back to pre-training levels when administered 15 min after associative conditioning. This effect was abolished if extinction was delayed by 23 h, and yet was recovered using extended extinction training (three consecutive daily extinction sessions). Extinguished phototactic suppression did not spontaneously recover at any retention interval (RI) tested (2-, 24-, 48-, 72-h), or after additional US presentations (no observed reinstatement). Extinction training (single session, 15 min interval) also reversed the pairing-produced increases in light-evoked spike frequencies of Type B photoreceptors, an identified site of associative memory storage that is causally related to phototactic suppression. These results suggest that the behavioral effects of extinction training are not due to temporary suppression of associative memories, but instead represent a reversal of the underlying cellular changes necessary for the expression of learning. In the companion article, we further elucidate mechanisms responsible for extinction-produced reversal of memory-related neural plasticity in Type B photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S Cavallo
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA ; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Brittany N Hamilton
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA ; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Joseph Farley
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA ; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA
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Colombo R, Sterpi I, Mazzone A, Delconte C, Pisano F. Robot-aided neurorehabilitation in sub-acute and chronic stroke: does spontaneous recovery have a limited impact on outcome? NeuroRehabilitation 2014; 33:621-9. [PMID: 24029005 DOI: 10.3233/nre-131002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robotic neurorehabilitation, thanks to high dosage/intensity training protocols, has the potential for a greater impact on impairment. OBJECTIVE We aimed to analyze how time since the acute event may influence the motor recovery process during robot-assisted rehabilitation of the upper limb. METHODS A total of 41 patients after stroke were enrolled: 20 in subacute phase, i.e. ≤ 6 months elapsed since their unilateral cerebrovascular accident (CVA), and 21 at chronic stage, i.e. > 6 months since CVA. All subjects underwent 30 minutes of robot-aided rehabilitation twice a day, 5 days a week for at least three weeks of training. Patients were evaluated at the start and end of treatment using the Fugl-Meyer and Modified Ashworth clinical scales and by a set of robot measured kinematic parameters. The time interval from stroke was considered as a grouping factor to analyze its impact on time course of recovery. RESULTS After training both groups significantly improved their impairment (F = 44.25, p < 0.001) but sub-acute patients showed a greater improvement on the Fugl-Meyer scale than chronic patients. The time course of recovery of the kinematic variables showed higher time constants of motor improvement in the sub-acute than chronic group, but they were one order lower than spontaneous recovery time constants. CONCLUSIONS Spontaneous recovery seems to have a limited impact on the improvement of sub-acute patients, most of their changes being likely due to re-learning during rehabilitation. In addition, a longer recovery time was required to maximize outcome in sub-acute than in chronic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Colombo
- "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation, IRCCS, Service of Bioengineering, Pavia, Italy "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation, IRCCS, Service of Bioengineering, Veruno (NO), Italy
| | - I Sterpi
- "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation, IRCCS, Service of Bioengineering, Pavia, Italy
| | - A Mazzone
- "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation, IRCCS, Service of Bioengineering, Veruno (NO), Italy
| | - C Delconte
- "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation, IRCCS, Division of Neurologic Rehabilitation, Veruno (NO), Italy
| | - F Pisano
- "Salvatore Maugeri" Foundation, IRCCS, Division of Neurologic Rehabilitation, Veruno (NO), Italy
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Gershman SJ, Jones CE, Norman KA, Monfils MH, Niv Y. Gradual extinction prevents the return of fear: implications for the discovery of state. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:164. [PMID: 24302899 PMCID: PMC3831154 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear memories are notoriously difficult to erase, often recovering over time. The longstanding explanation for this finding is that, in extinction training, a new memory is formed that competes with the old one for expression but does not otherwise modify it. This explanation is at odds with traditional models of learning such as Rescorla-Wagner and reinforcement learning. A possible reconciliation that was recently suggested is that extinction training leads to the inference of a new state that is different from the state that was in effect in the original training. This solution, however, raises a new question: under what conditions are new states, or new memories formed? Theoretical accounts implicate persistent large prediction errors in this process. As a test of this idea, we reasoned that careful design of the reinforcement schedule during extinction training could reduce these prediction errors enough to prevent the formation of a new memory, while still decreasing reinforcement sufficiently to drive modification of the old fear memory. In two Pavlovian fear-conditioning experiments, we show that gradually reducing the frequency of aversive stimuli, rather than eliminating them abruptly, prevents the recovery of fear. This finding has important implications for theories of state discovery in reinforcement learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Gershman
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
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Drulia TC, Ludlow CL. Relative Efficacy of Swallowing versus Non-swallowing Tasks in Dysphagia Rehabilitation: Current Evidence and Future Directions. Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep 2013; 1:242-256. [PMID: 24470988 DOI: 10.1007/s40141-013-0029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials published in 2012 and the first six months of 2013 were reviewed. These involved either traditional dysphagia therapy, indirect methods not involving dysphagia therapy or a combination of direct and indirect methods. Of 27 studies, 7 were RCTs, 5 were controlled clinical trials and the remainder were uncontrolled case series. Sixteen studies combined an indirect treatment with traditional dysphagia therapy; only one study examined one technique for direct swallowing therapy. Effect sizes were computed and contrasted for each trial. Traditional dysphagia therapy had small to moderate effect sizes (between 0.3 and 0.6) while spontaneous recovery in acute stroke had effect sizes of 1.2. Placebo effects on patient ratings of degree of improvement on swallowing were estimated as small to moderate. To improve effect sizes, adaptive research designs are needed to develop the optimal methods and dosages of therapy before future clinical trials.
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Abstract
Many phenomena in animal learning can be explained by a context-learning process whereby an animal learns about different patterns of relationship between environmental variables. Differentiating between such environmental regimes or 'contexts' allows an animal to rapidly adapt its behaviour when context changes occur. The current work views animals as making sequential inferences about current context identity in a world assumed to be relatively stable but also capable of rapid switches to previously observed or entirely new contexts. We describe a novel decision-making model in which contexts are assumed to follow a Chinese restaurant process with inertia and full Bayesian inference is approximated by a sequential-sampling scheme in which only a single hypothesis about current context is maintained. Actions are selected via Thompson sampling, allowing uncertainty in parameters to drive exploration in a straightforward manner. The model is tested on simple two-alternative choice problems with switching reinforcement schedules and the results compared with rat behavioural data from a number of T-maze studies. The model successfully replicates a number of important behavioural effects: spontaneous recovery, the effect of partial reinforcement on extinction and reversal, the overtraining reversal effect, and serial reversal-learning effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lloyd
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Mickley GA, Hoxha N, Luchsinger JL, Rogers MM, Wiles NR. Chronic dietary magnesium-L-threonate speeds extinction and reduces spontaneous recovery of a conditioned taste aversion. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 106:16-26. [PMID: 23474371 PMCID: PMC3668337 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Elevation of brain magnesium enhances synaptic plasticity and extinction of conditioned fear memories. This experiment examined the generalizability of this phenomenon by studying the effects of a novel magnesium compound, magnesium-L-threonate (MgT), on conditioned taste aversion (CTA) extinction and spontaneous recovery (SR). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on a 23-hour water deprivation cycle and acquired a CTA following the taste of a CS [0.3% saccharin+16 mg/ml MgT (SAC+MgT)] paired with a US [81 mg/kg (i.p.) lithium chloride (LiCl)]. Following CTA acquisition, rats drank a water+MgT solution for up to 1 hour/day over the next 31 days. For 14 additional days, some animals continued water+MgT treatment, but others drank water only to allow MgT to be eliminated from the body. We then employed 2 different extinction paradigms: (1) CS-Only (CSO), in which SAC was presented, every-other day, or (2) Explicitly Unpaired (EU), in which both SAC and LiCl were presented, but on alternate days. EU extinction procedures have been shown to speed CTA extinction and reduce spontaneous recovery of the aversion. Throughout extinction, half of the rats in each group continued to drink MgT (now in SAC or supplemental water+MgT solution), whereas the other half drank SAC only/water only until SAC drinking reached ≥90% of baseline (asymptotic extinction). Rats receiving MgT just before/during extinction drank less SAC on the first day of extinction suggesting that they had retained a stronger CTA. MgT enhanced the rate of extinction. Furthermore, the MgT-treated rats showed a relatively modest SR of the CTA 30 days later - indicating that the extinction procedure was more effective for these animals. Our data suggest that long-term dietary MgT may enhance the consolidation/retention of a CTA, speed extinction, and inhibit SR of this learned aversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Andrew Mickley
- The Neuroscience Program, Baldwin Wallace University, 275 Eastland Rd., Berea, OH, 44017, USA
| | - Nita Hoxha
- The Neuroscience Program, Baldwin Wallace University, 275 Eastland Rd., Berea, OH, 44017, USA
| | - Joseph L. Luchsinger
- The Neuroscience Program, Baldwin Wallace University, 275 Eastland Rd., Berea, OH, 44017, USA
| | - Morgan M. Rogers
- The Neuroscience Program, Baldwin Wallace University, 275 Eastland Rd., Berea, OH, 44017, USA
| | - Nathanael R. Wiles
- The Neuroscience Program, Baldwin Wallace University, 275 Eastland Rd., Berea, OH, 44017, USA
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Abstract
The merging of the computational theory of mind and evolutionary thinking leads to a kind of rationalism, in which enduring truths about the world have become implicit in the computations that enable the brain to cope with the experienced world. The dead reckoning computation, for example, is implemented within the brains of animals as one of the mechanisms that enables them to learn where they are (Gallistel, 1990, 1995). It integrates a velocity signal with respect to a time signal. Thus, the manner in which position and velocity relate to one another in the world is reflected in the manner in which signals representing those variables are processed in the brain. I use principles of information theory and Bayesian inference to derive from other simple principles explanations for: (1) the failure of partial reinforcement to increase reinforcements to acquisition; (2) the partial reinforcement extinction effect; (3) spontaneous recovery; (4) renewal; (5) reinstatement; (6) resurgence (aka facilitated reacquisition). Like the principle underlying dead-reckoning, these principles are grounded in analytic considerations. They are the kind of enduring truths about the world that are likely to have shaped the brain's computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Gallistel
- Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA.
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Mickley GA, Remus JL, Ramos L, Wilson GN, Biesan OR, Ketchesin KD. Acute, but not chronic, exposure to d-cycloserine facilitates extinction and modulates spontaneous recovery of a conditioned taste aversion. Physiol Behav 2012; 105:417-27. [PMID: 21925192 PMCID: PMC3225641 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
D-cycloserine, the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor partial agonist, has been reported to facilitate the extinction of learned fears acquired in both naturalistic and laboratory settings. The current study extended this literature by evaluating the ability of either chronic or acute administrations of DCS to modulate the extinction and spontaneous recovery of a conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Twenty-three hour fluid-deprived Sprague-Dawley rats acquired a strong CTA following 3 pairings of a conditioned stimulus (CS; 0.3% oral saccharin)+unconditioned stimulus [US; 81 mg/kg (i.p.) lithium chloride (LiCl)]. In separate groups of rats, we then employed 2 different extinction paradigms: (1) CS-only (CSO-EXT) in which saccharin was presented every-other day, or (2) Explicitly Unpaired (EU-EXT) in which both saccharin and LiCl were presented but on alternate days. Previous studies have indicated that the EU-EXT procedure speeds up the extinction process. Further, spontaneous recovery of a CTA emerges following CSO-EXT but the EU-EXT paradigm causes a suppression of spontaneous recovery. DCS (15 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered immediately after daily liquid presentations (saccharin or water, alternate days) during the extinction period. In an acute drug manipulation, DCS (15 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline control injections were administered for 4 days only. This was done during one of 3 different phases of extinction [i.e., static (2-5%), early dynamic (8-16%), or middle dynamic (20-40%) saccharin reacceptance]. Other animals assigned to the chronic DCS condition received daily DCS (15 mg/kg, i.p.) throughout extinction. Changes in saccharin drinking in these animals were compared to the data from rats that received no drug (saline controls). Once rats met our criterion for asymptotic extinction (90% reacceptance of the CS) they entered a 30-day latency period during which they received water for 1 h/day. The day after the completion of the latency period, a final opportunity to drink saccharin was provided (spontaneous recovery test). Saline-treated control rats that went through the EU-EXT procedure achieved asymptotic extinction more quickly than did the CSO-EXT rats and did not exhibit a spontaneous recovery of the CTA. Chronic DCS treatments did not significantly reduce the time to achieve asymptotic CTA extinction in rats exposed to either CSO or EU extinction methods. Further, animals treated with DCS throughout EU-EXT exhibited a spontaneous recovery of the CTA whereas the saline-treated, EU-EXT rats did not. Thus, chronic DCS treatment did not shorten the time to extinguish a CTA and this treatment eliminated the ability of EU-EXT to block spontaneous recovery of the CTA. Acute DCS treatments were more effective in reducing the time required to extinguish a CTA than were chronic drug treatments. Moreover, the timing of these acute DCS treatments affected spontaneous recovery of the CTA depending on the extinction method employed. Acute DCS administrations later in extinction were more effective in reducing spontaneous recovery than were early administrations if the rats went through the CSO-EXT procedure. However, late-in-extinction administrations of DCS facilitated spontaneous recovery of the CTA in rats that experienced the EU-EXT method. These data agree with other findings suggesting that DCS treatments are more effective when administered a limited number of times. Our data extend these findings to the CTA paradigm and further suggest that, depending on the extinction paradigm employed, acute exposure to DCS can speed up CTA extinction and reduce spontaneous recovery of the aversion. The timing of the acute DCS treatment during extinction is generally less important than its duration in predicting the rate of CTA extinction. However, the timing of acute DCS treatments during extinction and the method of extinction employed can interact to affect spontaneous recovery of a CTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Andrew Mickley
- The Neuroscience Program, Baldwin-Wallace College, 275 Eastland Rd., Berea, OH, 44017, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Remus
- The Neuroscience Program, Baldwin-Wallace College, 275 Eastland Rd., Berea, OH, 44017, USA
| | - Linnet Ramos
- The Neuroscience Program, Baldwin-Wallace College, 275 Eastland Rd., Berea, OH, 44017, USA
| | - Gina N. Wilson
- The Neuroscience Program, Baldwin-Wallace College, 275 Eastland Rd., Berea, OH, 44017, USA
| | - Orion R. Biesan
- The Neuroscience Program, Baldwin-Wallace College, 275 Eastland Rd., Berea, OH, 44017, USA
| | - Kyle D. Ketchesin
- The Neuroscience Program, Baldwin-Wallace College, 275 Eastland Rd., Berea, OH, 44017, USA
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Zohar J, Juven-Wetzler A, Sonnino R, Cwikel-Hamzany S, Balaban E, Cohen H. New insights into secondary prevention in post-traumatic stress disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2011. [PMID: 22033784 PMCID: PMC3182005 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2011.13.2/jzohar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is unique amongst psychiatric disorders in two ways. Firstly, there is usually a very clear point of onset- the traumatic event The second unique feature of PTSD is that it is characterized by a failure of the normal response to resolve. Given these two characteristics, PTSD appears a good candidate for secondary prevention, ie, interventions immediately after the trauma. Evidence available starting from current concepts and contemporary research of potential secondary prevention interventions are presented. Common practices in the aftermath of trauma such as debriefing and benzodiazepines need to be carefully considered, taking into account their potential harm to the spontaneous recovery process, and the trajectory of PTSD, and not only judging them according to their immediate (comforting) effects. A discussion of the balance required between aiding recovery but not interfering with the potent natural resolution of symptoms (that is expected in most cases), along with potential avenues of future research, are presented. Results of a small pilot study with a single intervention of hydrocortisone immediately after trauma appear to be promising, and clearly indicate the need for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zohar
- Department of Psychiatry, Chairn Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
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