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Patton DA, Huber CM, Jain D, Kleiven S, Zhou Z, Master CL, Arbogast KB. Head Impact Kinematics and Brain Tissue Strains in High School Lacrosse. Ann Biomed Eng 2024:10.1007/s10439-024-03513-0. [PMID: 38649514 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-024-03513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Male lacrosse and female lacrosse have differences in history, rules, and equipment. There is current debate regarding the need for enhanced protective headwear in female lacrosse like that worn by male lacrosse players. To inform this discussion, 17 high school lacrosse players (6 female and 11 male) wore the Stanford Instrumented Mouthguard during 26 competitive games over the 2021 season. Time-windowing and video review were used to remove false-positive recordings and verify head acceleration events (HAEs). The HAE rate in high school female lacrosse (0.21 per athlete exposure and 0.24 per player hour) was approximately 35% lower than the HAE rate in high school male lacrosse (0.33 per athlete exposure and 0.36 per player hour). Previously collected kinematics data from the 2019 high school male and female lacrosse season were combined with the newly collected 2021 kinematics data, which were used to drive a finite element head model and simulate 42 HAEs. Peak linear acceleration (PLA), peak angular velocity (PAV), and 95th percentile maximum principal strain (MPS95) of brain tissue were compared between HAEs in high school female and male lacrosse. Median values for peak kinematics and MPS95 of HAEs in high school female lacrosse (PLA, 22.3 g; PAV, 10.4 rad/s; MPS95, 0.05) were lower than for high school male lacrosse (PLA, 24.2 g; PAV, 15.4 rad/s; MPS95, 0.07), but the differences were not statistically significant. Quantifying a lower HAE rate in high school female lacrosse compared to high school male lacrosse, but similar HAE magnitudes, provides insight into the debate regarding helmets in female lacrosse. However, due to the small sample size, additional video-verified data from instrumented mouthguards are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan A Patton
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Roberts Pediatric Research Building, 2716 South Street, 13th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA.
| | - Colin M Huber
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Roberts Pediatric Research Building, 2716 South Street, 13th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Divya Jain
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Roberts Pediatric Research Building, 2716 South Street, 13th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Svein Kleiven
- Division of Neuronic Engineering, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Division of Neuronic Engineering, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina L Master
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Roberts Pediatric Research Building, 2716 South Street, 13th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sports Medicine and Performance Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristy B Arbogast
- Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Roberts Pediatric Research Building, 2716 South Street, 13th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19146, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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2
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Wang P, Du Z, Shi H, Liu J, Liu Z, Zhuang Z. Origins of brain tissue elasticity under multiple loading modes by analyzing the microstructure-based models. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:1239-1252. [PMID: 37184689 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01714-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Constitutive behaviors and material properties of brain tissue play an essential role in accurately modeling its mechanical responses. However, the measured mechanical behaviors of brain tissue exhibit a large variability, and the reported elastic modulus can differ by orders of magnitude. Here we develop the micromechanical models based on the actual microstructure of the longitudinally anisotropic plane of brain tissue to investigate the microstructural origins of the large variability. Specifically, axonal fiber bundles with the specified configurations are distributed in an equivalent matrix. All micromechanical models are subjected to multiple loading modes, such as tensile, compressive, and shear loading, under periodic boundary conditions. The predicted results agree well with the experimental results. Furthermore, we investigate how brain tissue elasticity varies with its microstructural features. It is revealed that the large variability in brain tissue elasticity stems from the volume fraction of axonal fiber, the aspect ratio of axonal fiber, and the distribution of axonal fiber orientation. The volume fraction has the greatest impact on the mechanical behaviors of brain tissue, followed by the distribution of axonal fiber orientation, then the aspect ratio. This study provides critical insights for understanding the microstructural origins of the large variability in brain tissue elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhibo Du
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huibin Shi
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Zhanli Liu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Zhuo Zhuang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Georgiadis M, Menzel M, Reuter JA, Born DE, Kovacevich SR, Alvarez D, Taghavi HM, Schroeter A, Rudin M, Gao Z, Guizar-Sicairos M, Weiss TM, Axer M, Rajkovic I, Zeineh MM. Imaging crossing fibers in mouse, pig, monkey, and human brain using small-angle X-ray scattering. Acta Biomater 2023; 164:317-331. [PMID: 37098400 PMCID: PMC10811447 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Myelinated axons (nerve fibers) efficiently transmit signals throughout the brain via action potentials. Multiple methods that are sensitive to axon orientations, from microscopy to magnetic resonance imaging, aim to reconstruct the brain's structural connectome. As billions of nerve fibers traverse the brain with various possible geometries at each point, resolving fiber crossings is necessary to generate accurate structural connectivity maps. However, doing so with specificity is a challenging task because signals originating from oriented fibers can be influenced by brain (micro)structures unrelated to myelinated axons. X-ray scattering can specifically probe myelinated axons due to the periodicity of the myelin sheath, which yields distinct peaks in the scattering pattern. Here, we show that small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) can be used to detect myelinated, axon-specific fiber crossings. We first demonstrate the capability using strips of human corpus callosum to create artificial double- and triple-crossing fiber geometries, and we then apply the method in mouse, pig, vervet monkey, and human brains. We compare results to polarized light imaging (3D-PLI), tracer experiments, and to outputs from diffusion MRI that sometimes fails to detect crossings. Given its specificity, capability of 3-dimensional sampling and high resolution, SAXS could serve as a ground truth for validating fiber orientations derived using diffusion MRI as well as microscopy-based methods. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: To study how the nerve fibers in our brain are interconnected, scientists need to visualize their trajectories, which often cross one another. Here, we show the unique capacity of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to study these fiber crossings without use of labeling, taking advantage of SAXS's specificity to myelin - the insulating sheath that is wrapped around nerve fibers. We use SAXS to detect double and triple crossing fibers and unveil intricate crossings in mouse, pig, vervet monkey, and human brains. This non-destructive method can uncover complex fiber trajectories and validate other less specific imaging methods (e.g., MRI or microscopy), towards accurate mapping of neuronal connectivity in the animal and human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Georgiadis
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Miriam Menzel
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany; Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A Reuter
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Donald E Born
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Dario Alvarez
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Aileen Schroeter
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rudin
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zirui Gao
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas M Weiss
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, USA
| | - Markus Axer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Ivan Rajkovic
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, USA
| | - Michael M Zeineh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Griffiths E, Budday S. Finite element modeling of traumatic brain injury: Areas of future interest. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2022.100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Ji S, Ghajari M, Mao H, Kraft RH, Hajiaghamemar M, Panzer MB, Willinger R, Gilchrist MD, Kleiven S, Stitzel JD. Use of Brain Biomechanical Models for Monitoring Impact Exposure in Contact Sports. Ann Biomed Eng 2022; 50:1389-1408. [PMID: 35867314 PMCID: PMC9652195 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-02999-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Head acceleration measurement sensors are now widely deployed in the field to monitor head kinematic exposure in contact sports. The wealth of impact kinematics data provides valuable, yet challenging, opportunities to study the biomechanical basis of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and subconcussive kinematic exposure. Head impact kinematics are translated into brain mechanical responses through physics-based computational simulations using validated brain models to study the mechanisms of injury. First, this article reviews representative legacy and contemporary brain biomechanical models primarily used for blunt impact simulation. Then, it summarizes perspectives regarding the development and validation of these models, and discusses how simulation results can be interpreted to facilitate injury risk assessment and head acceleration exposure monitoring in the context of contact sports. Recommendations and consensus statements are presented on the use of validated brain models in conjunction with kinematic sensor data to understand the biomechanics of mTBI and subconcussion. Mainly, there is general consensus that validated brain models have strong potential to improve injury prediction and interpretation of subconcussive kinematic exposure over global head kinematics alone. Nevertheless, a major roadblock to this capability is the lack of sufficient data encompassing different sports, sex, age and other factors. The authors recommend further integration of sensor data and simulations with modern data science techniques to generate large datasets of exposures and predicted brain responses along with associated clinical findings. These efforts are anticipated to help better understand the biomechanical basis of mTBI and improve the effectiveness in monitoring kinematic exposure in contact sports for risk and injury mitigation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbai Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Mazdak Ghajari
- Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Haojie Mao
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Reuben H Kraft
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Marzieh Hajiaghamemar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Matthew B Panzer
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Remy Willinger
- University of Strasbourg, IMFS-CNRS, 2 rue Boussingault, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael D Gilchrist
- School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Svein Kleiven
- Division of Neuronic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Hälsovägen 11C, 141 57, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Joel D Stitzel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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6
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Fiber orientation downsampling compromises the computation of white matter tract-related deformation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 132:105294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Zhou Z, Li X, Domel AG, Dennis EL, Georgiadis M, Liu Y, Raymond SJ, Grant G, Kleiven S, Camarillo D, Zeineh M. The Presence of the Temporal Horn Exacerbates the Vulnerability of Hippocampus During Head Impacts. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:754344. [PMID: 35392406 PMCID: PMC8980591 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.754344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal injury is common in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients, but the underlying pathogenesis remains elusive. In this study, we hypothesize that the presence of the adjacent fluid-containing temporal horn exacerbates the biomechanical vulnerability of the hippocampus. Two finite element models of the human head were used to investigate this hypothesis, one with and one without the temporal horn, and both including a detailed hippocampal subfield delineation. A fluid-structure interaction coupling approach was used to simulate the brain-ventricle interface, in which the intraventricular cerebrospinal fluid was represented by an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian multi-material formation to account for its fluid behavior. By comparing the response of these two models under identical loadings, the model that included the temporal horn predicted increased magnitudes of strain and strain rate in the hippocampus with respect to its counterpart without the temporal horn. This specifically affected cornu ammonis (CA) 1 (CA1), CA2/3, hippocampal tail, subiculum, and the adjacent amygdala and ventral diencephalon. These computational results suggest that the presence of the temporal horn exacerbate the vulnerability of the hippocampus, highlighting the mechanobiological dependency of the hippocampus on the temporal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Neuronic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Zhou Zhou, ; Michael Zeineh,
| | - Xiaogai Li
- Neuronic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - August G. Domel
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Emily L. Dennis
- TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Marios Georgiadis
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yuzhe Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Samuel J. Raymond
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Gerald Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Svein Kleiven
- Neuronic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Camarillo
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Michael Zeineh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Zhou Zhou, ; Michael Zeineh,
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Raymond SJ, Cecchi NJ, Alizadeh HV, Callan AA, Rice E, Liu Y, Zhou Z, Zeineh M, Camarillo DB. Physics-Informed Machine Learning Improves Detection of Head Impacts. Ann Biomed Eng 2022; 50:1534-1545. [PMID: 35303171 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-02911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work we present a new physics-informed machine learning model that can be used to analyze kinematic data from an instrumented mouthguard and detect impacts to the head. Monitoring player impacts is vitally important to understanding and protecting from injuries like concussion. Typically, to analyze this data, a combination of video analysis and sensor data is used to ascertain the recorded events are true impacts and not false positives. In fact, due to the nature of using wearable devices in sports, false positives vastly outnumber the true positives. Yet, manual video analysis is time-consuming. This imbalance leads traditional machine learning approaches to exhibit poor performance in both detecting true positives and preventing false negatives. Here, we show that by simulating head impacts numerically using a standard Finite Element head-neck model, a large dataset of synthetic impacts can be created to augment the gathered, verified, impact data from mouthguards. This combined physics-informed machine learning impact detector reported improved performance on test datasets compared to traditional impact detectors with negative predictive value and positive predictive values of 88 and 87% respectively. Consequently, this model reported the best results to date for an impact detection algorithm for American football, achieving an F1 score of 0.95. In addition, this physics-informed machine learning impact detector was able to accurately detect true and false impacts from a test dataset at a rate of 90% and 100% relative to a purely manual video analysis workflow. Saving over 12 h of manual video analysis for a modest dataset, at an overall accuracy of 92%, these results indicate that this model could be used in place of, or alongside, traditional video analysis to allow for larger scale and more efficient impact detection in sports such as American Football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Raymond
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Cecchi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Ashlyn A Callan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Eli Rice
- Stanford Center for Clinical Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yuzhe Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Michael Zeineh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - David B Camarillo
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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9
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Ji S, Zhao W. Displacement voxelization to resolve mesh-image mismatch: Application in deriving dense white matter fiber strains. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 213:106528. [PMID: 34808529 PMCID: PMC8665149 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE It is common to combine biomechanical modeling and medical images for multimodal analyses. However, mesh-image mismatch may occur that prevents direct information exchange. To eliminate mesh-image mismatch, we develop a simple but elegant displacement voxelization technique based on image voxel corner nodes to achieve voxel-wise strain. We then apply the technique to derive dense white matter fiber strains along whole-brain tractography (∼35 k fiber tracts consisting of ∼3.3 million sampling points) resulting from head impact. METHODS Displacements at image voxel corner nodes are first obtained from model simulation via scattered interpolation. Each voxel is then scaled linearly to form a unit hexahedral element. This allows convenient and efficient voxel-wise strain tensor calculation and displacement interpolation at arbitrary fiber sampling points via shape functions. Fiber strains from displacement interpolation are then compared with those from the commonly used strain tensor projection using either voxel- or element-wise strain tensors. RESULTS Based on a synthetic displacement field, fiber strains interpolated from voxelized displacement are considerably more accurate than those from strain tensor projection relative to the prescribed ground-truth (determinant of coefficient (R2) of 1.00 and root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.01 vs. 0.87 and 0.10, respectively). For a set of real-world reconstructed head impacts (N = 53), the strain tensor projection method performs similarly poorly (R2 of 0.80-0.90 and RMSE of 0.03-0.07), with overestimation strongly correlated with strain magnitude (Pearson correlation coefficient >0.9). Up to ∼15% of the fiber strains are overestimated by more than the lower bound of a conservative injury threshold of 0.09. The percentage increases to ∼37% when halving the threshold. Voxel interpolation is also significantly more efficient (15 s vs. 40 s for element strain tensor projection, without parallelization). CONCLUSIONS Voxelized displacement interpolation is considerably more accurate and efficient in deriving dense white matter fiber strains than strain tensor projection. The latter generally overestimates with overestimation magnitude strongly correlating with fiber strain magnitude. Displacement voxelization is an effective technique to eliminate mesh-image mismatch and generates a convenient image representation of tissue deformation. This technique can be generalized to broadly facilitate a diverse range of image-related biomechanical problems for multimodal analyses. The convenient image format may also promote and facilitate biomechanical data sharing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbai Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 60 Prescott Street, Worcester, MA 01506, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 60 Prescott Street, Worcester, MA 01506, USA
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10
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Zhou Z, Li X, Liu Y, Fahlstedt M, Georgiadis M, Zhan X, Raymond SJ, Grant G, Kleiven S, Camarillo D, Zeineh M. Toward a Comprehensive Delineation of White Matter Tract-Related Deformation. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:3260-3278. [PMID: 34617451 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Finite element (FE) models of the human head are valuable instruments to explore the mechanobiological pathway from external loading, localized brain response, and resultant injury risks. The injury predictability of these models depends on the use of effective criteria as injury predictors. The FE-derived normal deformation along white matter (WM) fiber tracts (i.e., tract-oriented strain) recently has been suggested as an appropriate predictor for axonal injury. However, the tract-oriented strain only represents a partial depiction of the WM fiber tract deformation. A comprehensive delineation of tract-related deformation may improve the injury predictability of the FE head model by delivering new tract-related criteria as injury predictors. Thus, the present study performed a theoretical strain analysis to comprehensively characterize the WM fiber tract deformation by relating the strain tensor of the WM element to its embedded fiber tract. Three new tract-related strains with exact analytical solutions were proposed, measuring the normal deformation perpendicular to the fiber tracts (i.e., tract-perpendicular strain), and shear deformation along and perpendicular to the fiber tracts (i.e., axial-shear strain and lateral-shear strain, respectively). The injury predictability of these three newly proposed strain peaks along with the previously used tract-oriented strain peak and maximum principal strain (MPS) were evaluated by simulating 151 impacts with known outcome (concussion or non-concussion). The results preliminarily showed that four tract-related strain peaks exhibited superior performance than MPS in discriminating concussion and non-concussion cases. This study presents a comprehensive quantification of WM tract-related deformation and advocates the use of orientation-dependent strains as criteria for injury prediction, which may ultimately contribute to an advanced mechanobiological understanding and enhanced computational predictability of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Neuronic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaogai Li
- Neuronic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuzhe Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Madelen Fahlstedt
- Neuronic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marios Georgiadis
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Xianghao Zhan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Samuel J Raymond
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gerald Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Svein Kleiven
- Neuronic Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Camarillo
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael Zeineh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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