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Gholap AD, Kapare HS, Pagar S, Kamandar P, Bhowmik D, Vishwakarma N, Raikwar S, Garkal A, Mehta TA, Rojekar S, Hatvate N, Mohanto S. Exploring modified chitosan-based gene delivery technologies for therapeutic advancements. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129581. [PMID: 38266848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
One of the critical steps in gene therapy is the successful delivery of the genes. Immunogenicity and toxicity are major issues for viral gene delivery systems. Thus, non-viral vectors are explored. A cationic polysaccharide like chitosan could be used as a nonviral gene delivery vector owing to its significant interaction with negatively charged nucleic acid and biomembrane, providing effective cellular uptake. However, the native chitosan has issues of targetability, unpacking ability, and solubility along with poor buffer capability, hence requiring modifications for effective use in gene delivery. Modified chitosan has shown that the "proton sponge effect" involved in buffering the endosomal pH results in osmotic swelling owing to the accumulation of a greater amount of proton and chloride along with water. The major challenges include limited exploration of chitosan as a gene carrier, the availability of high-purity chitosan for toxicity reduction, and its immunogenicity. The genetic drugs are in their infancy phase and require further exploration for effective delivery of nucleic acid molecules as FDA-approved marketed formulations soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol D Gholap
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harshad S Kapare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune 411018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sakshi Pagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Pallavi Kamandar
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431203, India
| | - Deblina Bhowmik
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431203, India
| | - Nikhar Vishwakarma
- Department of Pharmacy, Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology and Sciences, Jabalpur 482003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sarjana Raikwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar 470003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Atul Garkal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujrat, India
| | - Tejal A Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujrat, India
| | - Satish Rojekar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Navnath Hatvate
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431203, India.
| | - Sourav Mohanto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka 575018, India
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Ray L, Ray S. Enhanced anticancer activity of siRNA and drug codelivered by anionic biopolymer: overcoming electrostatic repulsion. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:855-874. [PMID: 37503814 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To codeliver an anticancer drug (doxorubicin) and siRNA in the form of nanoparticles into CD44-overexpressing colon cancer cells (HT-29) using an anionic, amphiphilic biopolymer comprising modified hyaluronic acid (6-O-[3-hexadecyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl]-hyaluronic acid). Materials & methods: Characterization of nanoparticles was performed using dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, molecular docking, in vitro drug release and gel mobility assays. Detailed in vitro experiments, including a gene silencing study and western blot, were also performed. Results: A 69% knockdown of the target gene was observed, and western blot showed 5.7-fold downregulation of the target protein. The repulsive forces between siRNA and 6-O-(3-hexadecyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-hyaluronic acid were overcome by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Conclusion: The authors successfully codelivered a drug and siRNA by anionic vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipika Ray
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
| | - Sutapa Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
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3
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PEGylated Reduced Graphene Oxide as Nanoplatform for Targeted Gene and Drug Delivery. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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4
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Cho SK, Lee RT, Hwang YH, Kwon YJ. Chemically Tuned Intracellular Gene Delivery by Core-Shell Nanoparticles: Effects of Proton Buffering, Acid Degradability, and Membrane Disruption. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202100718. [PMID: 35060681 PMCID: PMC9779904 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles consisting of a condensed nucleic acid core surrounded by protective layers which aid to overcome extracellular and intracellular hurdles to gene delivery (i. e., core-shell nanoparticles, CSNPs) synthetically mimic viruses. The outer shells shield the core and are particularly designed to enable facilitated release of the gene payload into the cytoplasm, the major limiting step in intracellular gene delivery. The hypothetical proton sponge effect and degradability in response to a stimulus (i. e., mildly acidic pH in the endosome) are two prevailing, although contested, principles in designing effective carriers for intracellular gene delivery via endosomal escape. Utilizing the highly flexible chemical-tuning of the polymeric shell via surface-initiated photo-polymerization of the various monomers at different molecular ratios, the effects of proton buffering capacity, acid-degradability, and endosomal membrane-lysis property on intracellular delivery of plasmid DNA by CSNPs were investigated. This study demonstrated the equivalently critical roles of proton buffering and acid-degradability in achieving efficient intracellular gene delivery, independent of cellular uptake. Extended proton buffering resulted in further improved transfection as long as the core structure was not compromised. The results of the study present a promising synthetic strategy to the development of an efficient, chemically-tunable gene delivery carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Kyung Cho
- Crystal Bank PNU, Pusan National University, 2222 Nano Building, Samnangjin-ro, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do 50463 (Republic of Korea)
| | - Rebecca T. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, Irvine, B200 Sprague Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3958 (USA)
| | - Yoon-Hwae Hwang
- Department of Nano Energy Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjung-gu, Busan 46241 (Republic of Korea)
| | - Young Jik Kwon
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Science, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry University of California, Irvine, 132 Sprague Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3958 (USA)
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Nalbadis A, Trutschel ML, Lucas H, Luetzkendorf J, Meister A, Mäder K. Selection and Incorporation of siRNA Carrying Non-Viral Vector for Sustained Delivery from Gellan Gum Hydrogels. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101546. [PMID: 34683839 PMCID: PMC8540443 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The local controlled release of siRNA is an attractive and rational strategy to enhance and extend the effectiveness of gene therapy. Since naked and unmodified siRNA has a limited cell uptake and knockdown efficiency, the complexation of siRNA with non-viral carriers is often necessary for the delivery of bioactive RNA. We evaluated the performance of three different non-viral siRNA carriers, including DOTAP lipoplexes (DL), chitosan polyplexes (CP), and solid lipid complexes (SLC). The physicochemical properties of the siRNA-nanocarriers were characterized by dynamic light scattering and gel electrophoresis. After in vitro characterization, the carrier with the most appropriate properties was found to be the DL suspension, which was subsequently loaded into a gellan gum hydrogel matrix and examined for its drug load, stability, and homogeneity. The hydrogels microstructure was investigated by rheology to assess the impact of the rheological properties on the release of the siRNA nanocarriers. A controlled release of complexed siRNA over 60 days in vitro was observed. By comparing the results from fluorescence imaging with data received from HPLC measurements, fluorescence imaging was found to be an appropriate tool to measure the release of siRNA complexes. Finally, the bioactivity of the siRNA released from hydrogel was tested and compared to free DL for its ability to knockdown the GFP expression in a DLD1 colon cancer cell model. The results indicate controlled release properties and activity of the released siRNA. In conclusion, the developed formulation is a promising system to provide local controlled release of siRNA over several weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Nalbadis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences 1-Biosciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany; (A.N.); (M.-L.T.); (H.L.)
| | - Marie-Luise Trutschel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences 1-Biosciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany; (A.N.); (M.-L.T.); (H.L.)
| | - Henrike Lucas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences 1-Biosciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany; (A.N.); (M.-L.T.); (H.L.)
| | - Jana Luetzkendorf
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Oncology/Hematology), Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany;
| | - Annette Meister
- ZIK HALOmem and Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences 1-Biosciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany;
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences 1-Biosciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany; (A.N.); (M.-L.T.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Kumar R, Santa Chalarca CF, Bockman MR, Bruggen CV, Grimme CJ, Dalal RJ, Hanson MG, Hexum JK, Reineke TM. Polymeric Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11527-11652. [PMID: 33939409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advent of genome editing has transformed the therapeutic landscape for several debilitating diseases, and the clinical outlook for gene therapeutics has never been more promising. The therapeutic potential of nucleic acids has been limited by a reliance on engineered viral vectors for delivery. Chemically defined polymers can remediate technological, regulatory, and clinical challenges associated with viral modes of gene delivery. Because of their scalability, versatility, and exquisite tunability, polymers are ideal biomaterial platforms for delivering nucleic acid payloads efficiently while minimizing immune response and cellular toxicity. While polymeric gene delivery has progressed significantly in the past four decades, clinical translation of polymeric vehicles faces several formidable challenges. The aim of our Account is to illustrate diverse concepts in designing polymeric vectors towards meeting therapeutic goals of in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy. Here, we highlight several classes of polymers employed in gene delivery and summarize the recent work on understanding the contributions of chemical and architectural design parameters. We touch upon characterization methods used to visualize and understand events transpiring at the interfaces between polymer, nucleic acids, and the physiological environment. We conclude that interdisciplinary approaches and methodologies motivated by fundamental questions are key to designing high-performing polymeric vehicles for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | - Matthew R Bockman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Craig Van Bruggen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christian J Grimme
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rishad J Dalal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mckenna G Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Joseph K Hexum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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7
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ÖZKAN SA, DEDEOĞLU A, KARADAŞ BAKIRHAN N, ÖZKAN Y. Nanocarriers Used Most in Drug Delivery and Drug Release: Nanohydrogel, Chitosan, Graphene, and Solid Lipid. Turk J Pharm Sci 2019; 16:481-492. [PMID: 32454753 PMCID: PMC7227887 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2019.48751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, nanocarriers have become an ideal solution for safe and efficient drug delivery and release. This is mainly due to the extraordinary characteristics that nanomaterials exhibit when compared with their larger scaled forms. A variety of these carriers are more popular due to their high biocompatibility, ensuring greater efficacy especially in cancer treatments. Nanocrystal, liposomal, and micelle designs of these materials as nanocarriers for drug delivery and release have been extensively researched throughout the past 50 years. Successful applications have not only ensured a greater focus on therapeutic development but also created a new solution available in the pharmaceutical market. Herein, a brief review of research studies focused on nanocarrier materials and designs to achieve superior benefits of drugs for disease treatments is presented. Nanohydrogels, chitosan, graphene oxide, and solid lipid nanoparticle nanocarrier designs and applications are selectively given due to the great attention they have gained from being highly biocompatible and easy-to-manipulate nanocarrier options from organic and inorganic nanocarrier materials. Each summary exhibits the progress that has been achieved to date. With greater understanding of the current state in the development process of these nanomaterials, there is a rising chance to provide better treatment to patients, which is a desperate need in pharmaceutical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Ayşıl ÖZKAN
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aylin DEDEOĞLU
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurgül KARADAŞ BAKIRHAN
- University of Health Sciences, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yalçın ÖZKAN
- University of Health Sciences, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara, Turkey
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8
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Toy R, Pradhan P, Ramesh V, Di Paolo NC, Lash B, Liu J, Blanchard EL, Pinelli CJ, Santangelo PJ, Shayakhmetov DM, Roy K. Modification of primary amines to higher order amines reduces in vivo hematological and immunotoxicity of cationic nanocarriers through TLR4 and complement pathways. Biomaterials 2019; 225:119512. [PMID: 31585233 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For decades, cationic polymer nanoparticles have been investigated for nucleic acid delivery. Despite promising in vitro transfection results, most formulations have failed to translate into the clinic due to significant in vivo toxicity - especially when delivered intravenously. To address this significant problem, we investigated the detailed mechanisms that govern the complex in vivo systemic toxicity response to common polymeric nanoparticles. We determined that the toxicity response is material dependent. For branched polyethylenimine (bPEI) nanoparticles - toxicity is a function of multiple pathophysiological responses - triggering of innate immune sensors, induction of hepatic toxicity, and significant alteration of hematological properties. In contrast, for chitosan-based nanoparticles - systemic toxicity is primarily driven through innate immune activation. We further identified that modification of primary amines to secondary and tertiary amines using the small molecule imidazole-acetic-acid (IAA) ameliorates in vivo toxicity from both nanocarriers by different, material-specific mechanisms related to Toll-like receptor 4 activation (for bPEI) and complement activation driven neutrophil infiltration (for chitosan), respectively. Our results provide a detailed roadmap for evaluating in vivo toxicity of nanocarriers and identifies potential opportunities to reduce toxicity for eventual clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall Toy
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia
| | - Pallab Pradhan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia
| | | | - Nelson C Di Paolo
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Blake Lash
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia
| | | | | | | | - Dmitry M Shayakhmetov
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia; Center for ImmunoEngineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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9
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Iranpur Mobarakeh V, Modarressi MH, Rahimi P, Bolhassani A, Arefian E, Atyabi F, Vahabpour R. Optimization of chitosan nanoparticles as an anti-HIV siRNA delivery vehicle. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 129:305-315. [PMID: 30738164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan has emerged as a promising polysaccharide for gene/siRNA delivery. However, additional works will be required to modify chitosan nanoparticles. In the present study, chitosan nanoparticles were well modified to introduce anti-HIV siRNA into two mammalian cell lines, macrophage RAW 264.7 and HEK293. We first generated two stable cell lines expressing HIV-1 Tat, and then designed and generated an efficient anti-tat siRNA. The nanoparticles were prepared by using different concentrations of chitosan, polyethylenimine (PEI) and carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) in various formulations and then their physicochemical and biological properties were investigated. The results demonstrated that the combination of chitosan with both CMD and PEI significantly improved both cell viability and siRNA delivery. The modified chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) at the N:P ratio of 50 were approximately uniform spheres with sizes ranging from 100 to 150 nm and a positive zeta potential of about +22 mV. In both cell types, the nanoparticles noticeably increased siRNA delivery efficiency with no significant cytotoxicity or apoptosis-inducing effects compared to the control cells. In addition, the nanoparticles significantly reduced the RNA and protein expression of HIV-1 tat in both stable cells. These data show that the nanoparticle formulation could potentially be used in gene therapy, especially against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Iranpur Mobarakeh
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Modarressi
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooneh Rahimi
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rouhollah Vahabpour
- Medical Lab Technology Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Zhao W, Ding H, Hu S, Huang J, Lv C, Mei J, Jin Z, Yao S, Mei L. An efficient biocatalytic synthesis of imidazole-4-acetic acid. Biotechnol Lett 2018; 40:1049-1055. [PMID: 29796898 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-018-2569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a new and efficient biocatalytic synthesis method of imidazole-4-acetic acid (IAA) from L-histidine (L-His). RESULTS L-His was converted to imidazole-4-pyruvic acid (IPA) by an Escherichia coli whole-cell biocatalyst expressing membrane-bound L-amino acid deaminase (mL-AAD) from Proteus vulgaris firstly. The obtained IPA was subsequently decarboxylated to IAA under the action of H2O2. Under optimum conditions, 34.97 mM IAA can be produced from 50 mM L-His, with a yield of 69.9%. CONCLUSIONS Compared to the traditional chemical synthesis, this biocatalytic method for IAA production is not only environmentally friendly, but also more cost effective, thus being promising for industrial IAA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weirui Zhao
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, No. 1, Xue Fu Road, Yin Zhou District, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huanru Ding
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, No. 1, Xue Fu Road, Yin Zhou District, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, No. 38, Zhe Da Road, Xi Hu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, No. 1, Xue Fu Road, Yin Zhou District, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Utah, 201 Presidents Circle, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Changjiang Lv
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Utah, 201 Presidents Circle, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Jiaqi Mei
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, No. 318, Liu He Road, Xi Hu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhihua Jin
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, No. 1, Xue Fu Road, Yin Zhou District, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shanjing Yao
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, No. 38, Zhe Da Road, Xi Hu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lehe Mei
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, No. 1, Xue Fu Road, Yin Zhou District, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China. .,College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, No. 38, Zhe Da Road, Xi Hu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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11
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Engineered polymeric nanoparticles to guide the cellular internalization and trafficking of small interfering ribonucleic acids. J Control Release 2017; 259:3-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Antimisiaris S, Mourtas S, Papadia K. Targeted si-RNA with liposomes and exosomes (extracellular vesicles): How to unlock the potential. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:293-312. [PMID: 28163221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The concept of RNA interference therapeutics has been initiated 18 years ago, and the main bottleneck for translation of the technology into therapeutic products remains the delivery of functional RNA molecules into the cell cytoplasm. In the present review article after an introduction about the theoretical basis of RNAi therapy and the main challenges encountered for its realization, an overview of the different types of delivery systems or carriers, used as potential systems to overcome RNAi delivery issues, will be provided. Characteristic examples or results obtained with the most promising systems will be discussed. Focus will be given mostly on the applications of liposomes or other types of lipid carriers, such as exosomes, towards improved delivery of RNAi to therapeutic targets. Finally the approach of integrating the advantages of these two vesicular systems, liposomes and exosomes, as a potential solution to realize RNAi therapy, will be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Antimisiaris
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio 26504, Greece; Institute of Chemical Engineering, FORTH/ICE-HT, Rio 26504, Greece.
| | - Spyridon Mourtas
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio 26504, Greece
| | - Konstantina Papadia
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio 26504, Greece
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13
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Toy R, Roy K. Engineering nanoparticles to overcome barriers to immunotherapy. Bioeng Transl Med 2016; 1:47-62. [PMID: 29313006 PMCID: PMC5689503 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in immunotherapy have led to the development of a variety of promising therapeutics, including small molecules, proteins and peptides, monoclonal antibodies, and cellular therapies. Despite this wealth of new therapeutics, the efficacy of immunotherapy has been limited by challenges in targeted delivery and controlled release, that is, spatial and temporal control on delivery. Particulate carriers, especially nanoparticles have been widely studied in drug delivery and vaccine research and are being increasingly investigated as vehicles to deliver immunotherapies. Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery could provide several benefits, including control of biodistribution and transport kinetics, the potential for site-specific targeting, immunogenicity, tracking capability using medical imaging, and multitherapeutic loading. There are also a unique set of challenges, which include nonspecific uptake by phagocytic cells, off-target biodistribution, permeation through tissue (transport limitation), nonspecific immune-activation, and poor control over intracellular localization. This review highlights the importance of understanding the relationship between a nanoparticle's size, shape, charge, ligand density and elasticity to its vascular transport, biodistribution, cellular internalization, and immunogenicity. For the design of an effective immunotherapy, we highlight the importance of selecting a nanoparticle's physical characteristics (e.g., size, shape, elasticity) and its surface functionalization (e.g., chemical or polymer modifications, targeting or tissue-penetrating peptides) with consideration of its reactivity to the targeted microenvironment (e.g., targeted cell types, use of stimuli-sensitive biomaterials, immunogenicity). Applications of this rational nanoparticle design process in vaccine development and cancer immunotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall Toy
- Wallace H. Coulter Dept. of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University Atlanta GA 30332
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- Wallace H. Coulter Dept. of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University Atlanta GA 30332
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Huynh CT, Nguyen MK, Naris M, Tonga GY, Rotello VM, Alsberg E. Light-triggered RNA release and induction of hMSC osteogenesis via photodegradable, dual-crosslinked hydrogels. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:1535-50. [PMID: 27246686 PMCID: PMC5827787 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To engineer a photodegradable hydrogel system for actively controlled release of bioactive unmodified RNA at designated time points to induce hMSC osteogenesis. MATERIALS & METHODS RNA/polyethylenimine complexes were loaded into dual-crosslinked photodegradable hydrogels to examine the capacity of UV light application to trigger their release. The ability of released RNA to drive hMSC osteogenic differentiation was also investigated. RESULTS & CONCLUSION RNA release from photodegradable hydrogels was accelerated upon UV application, which was not observed in non-photodegradable hydrogels. Regardless of the presence of UV light, released siGFP exhibited high bioactivity by silencing GFP expression in HeLa cells. Importantly, siNoggin or miRNA-20a released from the hydrogels induced hMSC osteogenesis. This system provides a potentially valuable physician/patient-controlled 'on-demand' RNA delivery platform for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Truc Huynh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Minh Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mantas Naris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gulen Yesilbag Tonga
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Vincent M Rotello
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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15
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Li L, He ZY, Wei XW, Wei YQ. Recent advances of biomaterials in biotherapy. Regen Biomater 2016; 3:99-105. [PMID: 27047675 PMCID: PMC4817323 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbw007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotherapy mainly refers to the intervention and the treatment of major diseases with biotechnologies or bio-drugs, which include gene therapy, immunotherapy (vaccines and antibodies), bone marrow transplantation and stem-cell therapy. In recent years, numerous biomaterials have emerged and were utilized in the field of biotherapy due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Generally, biomaterials can be classified into natural or synthetic polymers according to their source, both of which have attracted much attention. Notably, biomaterials-based non-viral gene delivery vectors in gene therapy are undergoing rapid development with the emergence of surface-modified or functionalized materials. In immunotherapy, biomaterials appear to be attractive means for enhancing the delivery efficacy and the potency of vaccines. Additionally, hydrogels and scaffolds are ideal candidates in stem-cell therapy and tissue engineering. In this review, we present an introduction of biomaterials used in above biotherapy, including gene therapy, immunotherapy, stem-cell therapy and tissue engineering. We also highlighted the biomaterials which have already entered the clinical evaluation
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yao He
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia-Wei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Quan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
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16
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Youngren-Ortiz SR, Gandhi NS, España-Serrano L, Chougule MB. Aerosol Delivery of siRNA to the Lungs. Part 1: Rationale for Gene Delivery Systems. KONA : POWDER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN JAPAN 2016; 33:63-85. [PMID: 27081214 PMCID: PMC4829385 DOI: 10.14356/kona.2016014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the pulmonary route of administration, aerosol delivery devices, characterization of pulmonary drug delivery systems, and discusses the rationale for inhaled delivery of siRNA. Diseases with known protein malfunctions may be mitigated through the use of siRNA therapeutics. The inhalation route of administration provides local delivery of siRNA therapeutics for the treatment of various pulmonary diseases, however barriers to pulmonary delivery and intracellular delivery of siRNA exists. siRNA loaded nanocarriers can be used to overcome the barriers associated with the pulmonary route, such as anatomical barriers, mucociliary clearance, and alveolar macrophage clearance. Apart from naked siRNA aerosol delivery, previously studied siRNA carrier systems comprise of lipidic, polymeric, peptide, or inorganic origin. Such siRNA delivery systems formulated as aerosols can be successfully delivered via an inhaler or nebulizer to the pulmonary region. Preclinical animal investigations of inhaled siRNA therapeutics rely on intratracheal and intranasal siRNA and siRNA nanocarrier delivery. Aerosolized siRNA delivery systems may be characterized using in vitro techniques, such as dissolution test, inertial cascade impaction, delivered dose uniformity assay, laser diffraction, and laser Doppler velocimetry. The ex vivo techniques used to characterize pulmonary administered formulations include the isolated perfused lung model. In vivo techniques like gamma scintigraphy, 3D SPECT, PET, MRI, fluorescence imaging and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics analysis may be used for evaluation of aerosolized siRNA delivery systems. The use of inhalable siRNA delivery systems encounters barriers to their delivery, however overcoming the barriers while formulating a safe and effective delivery system will offer unique advances to the field of inhaled medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne R. Youngren-Ortiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Nishant S. Gandhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Laura España-Serrano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Mahavir B. Chougule
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
- Natural Products and Experimental Therapeutics Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
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17
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18
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Müller LK, Landfester K. Natural liposomes and synthetic polymeric structures for biomedical applications. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:411-8. [PMID: 26315266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, the development and design of drug delivery systems have attracted great attention. Especially siRNA carriers have been of special interest since discovered as suitable tool for gene silencing. Self-assembled structures consisting of amphiphilic molecules are the most investigated carriers with regards to siRNA delivery. Liposomes as drug vehicles already found their way into clinical use, as they are highly biocompatible and their colloidal stability and circulation time in blood can be significantly enhanced by PEGylation. Fully synthetic polymersomes inspired by these natural structures provide enhanced stability and offer a wide range of modification-possibilities. Therefore, their design as carrier vehicles has become of great interest. This mini-review highlights the possibilities of using polymeric vesicles for potential drug delivery and gives a brief overview of their potential regarding fine-tuning towards targeted delivery or triggered drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Müller
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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19
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Scomparin A, Polyak D, Krivitsky A, Satchi-Fainaro R. Achieving successful delivery of oligonucleotides--From physico-chemical characterization to in vivo evaluation. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1294-309. [PMID: 25916823 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference is one of the most promising fields in modern medicine to treat several diseases, ranging from cancer to cardiac diseases, passing through viral infections and metabolic pathologies. Since the discovery of the potential therapeutic properties of non-self oligonucleotides, it was clear that it is important to develop delivery systems that are able to increase plasma stability and bestow membrane-crossing abilities to the oligonucleotides in order to reach their cytoplasmic targets. Polymer therapeutics, among other systems, are widely investigated as delivery systems for therapeutic agents, such as oligonucleotides. Physico-chemical characterization of the supramolecular polyplexes obtained upon charge interaction or covalent conjugation between the polymeric carrier and the oligonucleotides is critical. Appropriate characterization is fundamental in order to predict and understand the in vivo silencing efficacy and to avoid undesired side effects and toxicity profile. Shedding light on the physico-chemical and in vitro requirements of a polyplex leads to an efficient in vivo delivery system for RNAi therapeutics. In this review, we will present the most common techniques for characterization of obtained polymer/oligonucleotide polyplexes and an up-to-date state of the art in vivo preclinical and clinical studies. This is the first review to deal with the difficulties in appropriate characterization of small interfering RNA (siRNA) or microRNA (miRNA) polyplexes and conjugates which limit the clinical translation of this promising technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Scomparin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Room 607, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dina Polyak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Room 607, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Adva Krivitsky
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Room 607, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Room 607, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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20
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Ballarín-González B, Thomsen TB, Howard KA. Clinical translation of RNAi-based treatments for respiratory diseases. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 3:84-99. [PMID: 25787868 PMCID: PMC7097609 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to harness the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism as a potential potent therapeutic has attracted great interest from academia and industry. Numerous preclinical and recent clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of RNAi triggers such as synthetic small interfering RNA (siRNA). Chemical modification and delivery technologies can be utilized to avoid immune stimulation and improve the bioactivity and pharmacokinetics. Local application to the respiratory epithelia allows direct access to the site of respiratory pathogens that include influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This review outlines the essential steps required for the clinical translation of RNAi-based respiratory therapies including disease and RNA target selection, siRNA design, respiratory barriers, and delivery solutions. Attention is given to antiviral therapies and preclinical evaluation with focus on the current status of anti-RSV clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Ballarín-González
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Troels Bo Thomsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kenneth Alan Howard
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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21
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Nanoparticle-based technologies for retinal gene therapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 95:353-67. [PMID: 25592325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
For patients with hereditary retinal diseases, retinal gene therapy offers significant promise for the prevention of retinal degeneration. While adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based systems remain the most popular gene delivery method due to their high efficiency and successful clinical results, other delivery systems, such as non-viral nanoparticles (NPs) are being developed as additional therapeutic options. NP technologies come in several categories (e.g., polymer, liposomes, peptide compacted DNA), several of which have been tested in mouse models of retinal disease. Here, we discuss the key biochemical features of the different NPs that influence how they are internalized into cells, escape from endosomes, and are delivered into the nucleus. We review the primary mechanism of NP uptake by retinal cells and highlight various NPs that have been successfully used for in vivo gene delivery to the retina and RPE. Finally, we consider the various strategies that can be implemented in the plasmid DNA to generate persistent, high levels of gene expression.
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22
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Cai X, Li Y, Yue D, Yi Q, Li S, Shi D, Gu Z. Reversible PEGylation and Schiff-base linked imidazole modification of polylysine for high-performance gene delivery. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:1507-1517. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01724b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the designed polylysine based catiomer the reversible PEGylation was introduced forin vivocirculation and to augment the cellular internalization, while the Schiff-base linked imidazole to accelerate the endosomal escape and facilitate intracellular DNA unpacking and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Cai
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
- The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science
| | - Yongyong Li
- The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Dong Yue
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Qiangying Yi
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Shuo Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
- School of Chemical Engineering
| | - Donglu Shi
- The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Zhongwu Gu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
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23
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Xue HY, Liu S, Wong HL. Nanotoxicity: a key obstacle to clinical translation of siRNA-based nanomedicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:295-312. [PMID: 24552562 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
siRNAs have immense therapeutic potential for the treatment of various gene-related diseases ranging from cancer, viral infections and neuropathy to autoimmune diseases. However, their bench-to-bedside translation in recent years has faced several challenges, with inefficient siRNA delivery being one of the most frequently encountered issues. In order to improve the siRNA delivery especially for systemic treatment, nanocarriers made of polymers, lipids or inorganic materials have become almost essential. The 'negative' aspects of these carriers such as their nanotoxicity and immunogenicity thus can no longer be overlooked. In this article, we will extensively review the nanotoxicity of siRNA carriers. The strategies for mitigating the risks of nanotoxicity and the methodology for evaluating these strategies will also be discussed. By addressing this often overlooked but important issue, it will help clear the way for siRNAs to fulfill their promise as a versatile class of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yi Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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24
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Targeted delivery of miRNA therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases: opportunities and challenges. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 127:351-65. [PMID: 24895056 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of miRNA expression has been associated with many cardiovascular diseases in animal models, as well as in patients. In the present review, we summarize recent findings on the role of miRNAs in cardiovascular diseases and discuss the opportunities, possibilities and challenges of using miRNAs as future therapeutic targets. Furthermore, we focus on the different approaches that can be used to deliver these newly developed miRNA therapeutics to their sites of action. Since siRNAs are structurally homologous with the miRNA therapeutics, important lessons learned from siRNA delivery strategies are discussed that might be applicable to targeted delivery of miRNA therapeutics, thereby reducing costs and potential side effects, and improving efficacy.
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25
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Shi B, Zhang H, Bi J, Dai S. Endosomal pH responsive polymers for efficient cancer targeted gene therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 119:55-65. [PMID: 24880229 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of human diseases at gene level is always limited by effective gene delivery vectors. In this study, we designed and developed an endosomal pH sensitive targeted gene delivery system, folic acid functionalized Schiff-base linked imidazole chitosan (FA-SLICS), for cancer therapy. The FA-SLICS is able to self-assemble plasmid DNA (pDNA) into nano-scaled polyplexes under a neutral condition and to release the loaded pDNA in the endosomal microenvironment due to the presence of pH sensitive Schiff-base moieties along chitosan backbones. The FA-SLICS has negligible cytotoxicity to normal cells (CHO), but displays slight toxicity to cancer cells (HeLa and HepG2). In addition, FA-SLICS can selectively and efficiently transfect FR (folate receptor) positive cells (HeLa cells) as a gene carrier. Therefore, the FA-SLICS should be a promising delivery vector in cancer gene therapy based on its cell targeting capability and intracellular microenvironment controlled delivery mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyang Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia
| | - Hu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia
| | - Jingxiu Bi
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia.
| | - Sheng Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia.
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26
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Gu J, Chen X, Xin H, Fang X, Sha X. Serum-resistant complex nanoparticles functionalized with imidazole-rich polypeptide for gene delivery to pulmonary metastatic melanoma. Int J Pharm 2013; 461:559-69. [PMID: 24370843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To enhance serum-resistance and overcome the lysosomal barrier are effective and feasible strategies to increase the transfection efficiency of non-viral gene delivery system. For the systemic delivery of therapeutic gene, we previously developed self-assemble carboxymethyl poly(l-histidine) (CM-PLH)/poly(β-amino ester) (PbAE)/pDNA ternary complex nanoparticles based on electrostatic coating as an effective pDNA carrier. Recharging cationic PbAE/pDNA polyplexes with CM-PLH was a promising method to reduce the cytotoxicity and enhance the stability in vivo of positive charged polyplexes. In the present study, the transfection activities of ternary complex nanoparticles were further evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The transfection efficiency of ternary complex nanoparticles showed significant serum-resistance (CM-PLH-containing (51.9±4.35)% in 50% FBS>CM-PLH-free (14.7±5.66)% in 50% FBS), cell line dependent (HEK293>MCF-7>COS7>B16F10>A549>Hela>SPC-A1>CHO>SKOV3) and incubation period dependent (24 h, 20 h, 16 h>12 h>8 h>4 h>2 h>1 h>0.5 h). After transfected with ternary complex nanoparticles loading pGV240-MDA-7/IL-24, the B16F10 cells exhibited significant apoptosis and proliferation inhibition due to the expression of IL-24. Moreover, in the pulmonary metastatic melanoma model, ternary complex nanoparticles loading pGV240-MDA-7/IL-24 showed significant antitumor therapeutic efficacy in vivo. These results suggested that CM-PLH/PbAE/pDNA ternary complex nanoparticles were promising and challenging gene vector for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China; Laboratory for Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Hongliang Xin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tianyuan Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiaoling Fang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Xianyi Sha
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug delivery systems (DDSs) are important for effective, safe, and convenient administration of drugs. pH- and ion-responsive polymers have been widely employed in DDS for site-specific drug release due to their abilities to exploit specific pH- or ion-gradients in the human body. AREAS COVERED Having pH-sensitivity, cationic polymers can mask the taste of drugs and release drugs in the stomach by responding to gastric low pH. Anionic polymers responsive to intestinal high pH are used for preventing gastric degradation of drug, colon drug delivery and achieving high bioavailability of weak basic drugs. Tumor-targeted DDSs have been developed based on polymers with imidazole groups or poly(β-amino ester) responsive to tumoral low pH. Polymers with pH-sensitive chemical linkages, such as hydrazone, acetal, ortho ester and vinyl ester, pH-sensitive cell-penetrating peptides and cationic polymers undergoing pH-dependent protonation have been studied to utilize the pH gradient along the endocytic pathway for intracellular drug delivery. As ion-sensitive polymers, ion-exchange resins are frequently used for taste-masking, counterion-responsive drug release and sustained drug release. Polymers responding to ions in the saliva and gastrointestinal fluids are also used for controlled drug release in oral drug formulations. EXPERT OPINION Stimuli-responsive DDSs are important for achieving site-specific and controlled drug release; however, intraindividual, interindividual and intercellular variations of pH should be considered when designing DDSs or drug products. Combination of polymers and other components, and deeper understanding of human physiology are important for development of pH- and ion-sensitive polymeric DDS products for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yoshida
- Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Labs, Astellas Pharma, Inc. , 180 Ozumi, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0072 , Japan +81 54 627 6861 ; +81 54 627 9918 ;
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29
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Bressan E, Carraro A, Ferroni L, Gardin C, Sbricoli L, Guazzo R, Stellini E, Roman M, Pinton P, Sivolella S, Zavan B. Nanotechnology to drive stem cell commitment. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:469-86. [PMID: 23477337 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) are undifferentiated cells responsible for the growth, homeostasis and repair of many tissues. The maintenance and survival of SCs is strongly influenced by several stimuli from the local microenvironment. The majority of signaling molecules interact with SCs at the nanoscale level. Therefore, scaffolds with surface nanostructures have potential applications for SCs and in the field of regenerative medicine. Although some strategies have already reached the field of cell biology, strategies based on modification at nanoscale level are new players in the fields of SCs and tissue regeneration. The introduction of the possibility to perform such modifications to these fields is probably due to increasing improvements in nanomaterials for biomedical applications, as well as new insights into SC biology. The aim of the present review is to exhibit the most recent applications of nanostructured materials that drive the commitment of adult SCs for potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriberto Bressan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Via Venezia 90, 35100 Padova, Italy
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Raemdonck K, Martens TF, Braeckmans K, Demeester J, De Smedt SC. Polysaccharide-based nucleic acid nanoformulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1123-47. [PMID: 23680381 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic application of nucleic acids requires their encapsulation in nanosized carriers that enable safe and efficient intracellular delivery. Before the desired site of action is reached, drug-loaded nanoparticles (nanomedicines) encounter numerous extra- and intracellular barriers. Judicious nanocarrier design is highly needed to stimulate nucleic acid delivery across these barriers and maximize the therapeutic benefit. Natural polysaccharides are widely used for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications due to their inherent biocompatibility. At present, there is a growing interest in applying these biopolymers for the development of nanomedicines. This review highlights various polysaccharides and their derivatives, currently employed in the design of nucleic acid nanocarriers. In particular, recent progress made in polysaccharide-assisted nucleic acid delivery is summarized and the specific benefits that polysaccharides might offer to improve the delivery process are critically discussed.
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Buschmann MD, Merzouki A, Lavertu M, Thibault M, Jean M, Darras V. Chitosans for delivery of nucleic acids. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1234-70. [PMID: 23872012 PMCID: PMC7103275 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Alternatives to efficient viral vectors in gene therapy are desired because of their poor safety profiles. Chitosan is a promising non-viral nucleotide delivery vector because of its biocompatibility, biodegradability, low immunogenicity and ease of manufacturing. Since the transfection efficiency of chitosan polyplexes is relatively low compared to viral counterparts, there is an impetus to gain a better understanding of the structure-performance relationship. Recent progress in preparation and characterisation has enabled coupling analysis of chitosans structural parameters that has led to increased TE by tailoring of chitosan's structure. In this review, we summarize the recent advances that have lead to a more rational design of chitosan polyplexes. We present an integrated review of all major areas of chitosan-based transfection, including preparation, chitosan and polyplexes physicochemical characterisation, in vitro and in vivo assessment. In each, we present the obstacles to efficient transfection and the strategies adopted over time to surmount these impediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Buschmann
- Dept. Chemical Engineering and Inst. Biomedical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Vicentini FTMDC, Borgheti-Cardoso LN, Depieri LV, de Macedo Mano D, Abelha TF, Petrilli R, Bentley MVLB. Delivery systems and local administration routes for therapeutic siRNA. Pharm Res 2013; 30:915-31. [PMID: 23344907 PMCID: PMC7088712 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-0971-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing number of studies proposing new and optimal delivery strategies for the efficacious silencing of gene-related diseases by the local administration of siRNAs, the present review aims to provide a broad overview of the most important and latest developments of non-viral siRNA delivery systems for local administration. Moreover, the main disease targets for the local delivery of siRNA to specific tissues or organs, including the skin, the lung, the eye, the nervous system, the digestive system and the vagina, were explored.
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Shi B, Zhang H, Shen Z, Bi J, Dai S. Developing a chitosan supported imidazole Schiff-base for high-efficiency gene delivery. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20494k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Leleux J, Roy K. Micro and nanoparticle-based delivery systems for vaccine immunotherapy: an immunological and materials perspective. Adv Healthc Mater 2013; 2:72-94. [PMID: 23225517 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The development and widespread application of vaccines has been one of the most significant achievements of modern medicine. Vaccines have not only been instrumental in controlling and even eliminating life-threatening diseases like polio, measles, diphtheria, etc., but have also been immensely powerful in enhancing the worldwide outlook of public health over the past century. Despite these successes, there are still many complex disorders (e.g., cancer, HIV, and other emerging infectious diseases) for which effective preventative or therapeutic vaccines have been difficult to develop. This failure can be attributed primarily to our inability to precisely control and modulate the highly complex immune memory response, specifically the cellular response. Dominated by B and T cell maturation and function, the cellular response is primarily initiated by potent immunostimulators and antigens. Efficient and targeted delivery of these immunomodulatory and immunostimulatory molecules to appropriate cells is key to successful development of next generation vaccine formulations. Over the past decade, particulate carriers have emerged as an attractive means for enhancing the delivery efficacy and potency of vaccines and associated immunomodulatory molecules. Specifically, polymer-based micro and nanoparticles are being extensively studied for a wide variety of applications. In this review, we discuss the immunological fundamentals for developing effective vaccines and how materials and material properties can be exploited to improve these therapies. Particular emphasis is given to polymer-based particles and how the route of administration of particulate systems affects the phenotype and robustness of an immune response. Comparison of various strategies and recent advancements in the field are discussed along with insights into current limitations and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jardin Leleux
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Kou CH, Qian HX, Han XL, Tang RX, Wen XR, Zhao ZM, Song YJ, Qi DS, Liu HZ, Liu W, Ma XD. Preparation of liver-targeted galactose-carboxyl chitosan-myristic acid nanoparticles. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:3570-3574. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i35.3570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To prepare galactose-carboxyl chitosan-myristic acid (GCCMA) nanoparticles and to obverse their targeting of hepatoma carcinoma cells (HCCs).
METHODS: GCCMA nanoparticles were prepared by self-assembled technology, and their stability and biocompatibility were assessed. After fluorescent labeling, GCCMA nanoparticles of different concentrations were transfected into HCCs and HT22 hippocampal neurons. Non-transfected HCCs and HT22 hippocampal neurons were used as controls. Based on the concentrations of GCCMA nanoparticles, HCCs transfected with GCCMA nanoparticles were divided into low-, medium- and high-concentration groups. The cellular uptake of nanoparticles was determined at 1, 2 and 4 h after transfection.
RESULTS: The cellular uptake of nanoparticles in the HCC group was much higher than that in the HT22 hippocampal neuron group. The uptake of nanoparticles in the HCC group was dose-dependent. The highest uptake of nanoparticles in the HCC group was observed at 4 hours after transfection.
CONCLUSION: GCCMA nanoparticles show hepatic targeting and are therefore a potential drug-carrier or administration route for chemotherapy drugs or targeted gene therapy for hepatic tumors.
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Advances in polymeric and inorganic vectors for nonviral nucleic acid delivery. Ther Deliv 2012; 2:493-521. [PMID: 22826857 DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonviral systems for nucleic acid delivery offer a host of potential advantages compared with viruses, including reduced toxicity and immunogenicity, increased ease of production and less stringent vector size limitations, but remain far less efficient than their viral counterparts. In this article we review recent advances in the delivery of nucleic acids using polymeric and inorganic vectors. We discuss the wide range of materials being designed and evaluated for these purposes while considering the physical requirements and barriers to entry that these agents face and reviewing recent novel approaches towards improving delivery with respect to each of these barriers. Furthermore, we provide a brief overview of past and ongoing nonviral gene therapy clinical trials. We conclude with a discussion of multifunctional nucleic acid carriers and future directions.
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Kwon YJ. Before and after endosomal escape: roles of stimuli-converting siRNA/polymer interactions in determining gene silencing efficiency. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1077-88. [PMID: 22103667 DOI: 10.1021/ar200241v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Silencing the expression of a target gene by RNA interference (RNAi) shows promise as a potentially revolutionizing strategy for manipulating biological (pathological) pathways at the translational level. However, the lack of reliable, efficient, versatile, and safe means for the delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules, which are large in molecular weight, negatively charged, and subject to degradation, has impeded their use in basic research and therapy. Polyplexes of siRNA and polymers are the predominant mode of siRNA delivery, but innovative synthetic strategies are needed to further evolve them to generate the desired biological and therapeutic effects. This Account focuses on the design of polymeric vehicles for siRNA delivery based on an understanding of the molecular interactions between siRNA and cationic polymers. Ideal siRNA/polymer polyplexes should address an inherent design dilemma for successful gene silencing: (1) Cationic polymers must form tight complexes with siRNA via attractive electrostatic interactions during circulation and cellular internalization and (2) siRNA must dissociate from its cationic carrier in the cytoplasm before they are loaded into RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and initiate gene silencing. The physicochemical properties of polymers, which dictate their molecular affinity to siRNA, can be programmed to be altered by intracellular stimuli, such as acidic pH in the endosome and cytosolic reducers, subsequently inducing the siRNA/polymer polyplex to disassemble. Specific design goals include the reduction of the cationic density and the molecular weight, the loss of branched structure, and changes in the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the polymeric siRNA carriers, via acid-responsive degradation and protonation processes within the endosome and glutathione (GSH)-mediated reduction in the cytoplasm, possibly in combination with gradual stimuli-independent hydrolysis. Acetals/ketals are acid-cleavable linkages that have been incorporated into polymeric materials for stimuli-responsive gene and drug delivery. Tailoring the ketalization ratio and the molecular weight of ketalized branched PEI (K-BPEI) offers molecular control of the intracellular trafficking of siRNA/polymer polyplexes and, therefore, the gene silencing efficiency. The ketalization of linear PEI (K-LPEI) enhances gene silencing in vitro and in vivo by improving siRNA complexation with the polymer during circulation and cellular internalization, supplementing proton buffering efficiency of the polymer in the endosome, and facilitating siRNA dissociation from the polymer in the cytoplasm, in a serum-resistant manner. Spermine polymerization via ketalization and esterification for multistep intracellular degradations provides an additional polymeric platform for improved siRNA delivery and highly biocompatible gene silencing. The chemistry presented in this Account will help lay the foundation for the development of innovative and strategic approaches that advance RNAi technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jik Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Lam JKW, Liang W, Chan HK. Pulmonary delivery of therapeutic siRNA. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1-15. [PMID: 21356260 PMCID: PMC7103329 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has a huge potential for the treatment or prevention of various lung diseases. Once the RNA molecules have successfully entered the target cells, they could inhibit the expression of specific gene sequence through RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism and generate therapeutic effects. The biggest obstacle to translating siRNA therapy from the laboratories into the clinics is delivery. An ideal delivery agent should protect the siRNA from enzymatic degradation, facilitate cellular uptake and promote endosomal escape inside the cells, with negligible toxicity. Lung targeting could be achieved by systemic delivery or pulmonary delivery. The latter route of administration could potentially enhance siRNA retention in the lungs and reduce systemic toxic effects. However the presence of mucus, the mucociliary clearance actions and the high degree branching of the airways present major barriers to targeted pulmonary delivery. The delivery systems need to be designed carefully in order to maximize the siRNA deposition to the diseased area of the airways. In most of the pulmonary siRNA therapy studies in vivo, siRNA was delivered either intratracheally or intranasally. Very limited work was done on the formulation of siRNA for inhalation which is believed to be the direction for future development. This review focuses on the latest development of pulmonary delivery of siRNA for the treatment of various lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Ka-Wing Lam
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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Biophysical properties of chitosan/siRNA polyplexes: Profiling the polymer/siRNA interactions and bioactivity. J Control Release 2012; 157:297-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has been extensively employed for in vivo research since its use was first demonstrated in mammalian cells 10 years ago. Design rules have improved, and it is now routinely possible to obtain reagents that suppress expression of any gene desired. At the same time, increased understanding of the molecular basis of unwanted side effects has led to the development of chemical modification strategies that mitigate these concerns. Delivery remains the single greatest hurdle to widespread adoption of in vivo RNAi methods. However, exciting advances have been made and new delivery systems under development may help to overcome these barriers. This review discusses advances in RNAi biochemistry and biology that impact in vivo use and provides an overview of select publications that demonstrate interesting applications of these principles. Emphasis is placed on work with synthetic, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) published since the first installment of this review which appeared in 2006.
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Paulo CSO, Pires das Neves R, Ferreira LS. Nanoparticles for intracellular-targeted drug delivery. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:494002. [PMID: 22101232 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/49/494002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are very promising for the intracellular delivery of anticancer and immunomodulatory drugs, stem cell differentiation biomolecules and cell activity modulators. Although initial studies in the area of intracellular drug delivery have been performed in the delivery of DNA, there is an increasing interest in the use of other molecules to modulate cell activity. Herein, we review the latest advances in the intracellular-targeted delivery of short interference RNA, proteins and small molecules using NPs. In most cases, the drugs act at different cellular organelles and therefore the drug-containing NPs should be directed to precise locations within the cell. This will lead to the desired magnitude and duration of the drug effects. The spatial control in the intracellular delivery might open new avenues to modulate cell activity while avoiding side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana S O Paulo
- CNC-Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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Abstract
This review will cover the current strategies that are being adopted to efficiently deliver small interfering RNA using nonviral vectors, including the use of polymers such as polyethylenimine, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), polypeptides, chitosan, cyclodextrin, dendrimers, and polymers-containing different nanoparticles. The article will provide a brief and concise account of underlying principle of these polymeric vectors and their structural and functional modifications which were intended to serve different purposes to affect efficient therapeutic outcome of small-interfering RNA delivery. The modifications of these polymeric vectors will be discussed with reference to stimuli-responsiveness, target specific delivery, and incorporation of nanoconstructs such as carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles, and silica nanoparticles. The emergence of small-interfering RNA as the potential therapeutic agent and its mode of action will also be mentioned in a nutshell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Singha
- Department of Chemistry, BK School of Molecular Science, Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
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Abstract
We have designed a series of versatile lipopolyamines which are amenable to chemical modification for in vivo delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA). This report focuses on one such lipopolyamine (Staramine), its functionalized derivatives and the lipid nanocomplexes it forms with siRNA. Intravenous (i.v.) administration of Staramine/siRNA nanocomplexes modified with methoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG) provides safe and effective delivery of siRNA and significant target gene knockdown in the lungs of normal mice, with much lower knockdown in liver, spleen, and kidney. Although siRNA delivered via Staramine is initially distributed across all these organs, the observed clearance rate from the lung tissue is considerably slower than in other tissues resulting in prolonged siRNA accumulation on the timescale of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated transcript depletion. Complete blood count (CBC) analysis, serum chemistry analysis, and histopathology results are all consistent with minimal toxicity. An in vivo screen of mPEG modified Staramine nanocomplexes-containing siRNAs targeting lung cell-specific marker proteins reveal exclusive transfection of endothelial cells. Safe and effective delivery of siRNA to the lung with chemically versatile lipopolyamine systems provides opportunities for investigation of pulmonary cell function in vivo as well as potential treatments of pulmonary disease with RNAi-based therapeutics.
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Abstract
SiRNA is the trigger of RNA interference, a mechanism discovered in the late 1990s. To release the therapeutic potential of this versatile but large and fragile molecule, excipients are used which either interact by electrostatic interaction, passively encapsulate siRNA or are covalently attached to enable specific and safe delivery of the drug substance. Controlling the delicate balance between protective complexation and release of siRNA at the right point and time is done by understanding excipients–siRNA interactions. These can be lipids, polymers such as PEI, PLGA, Chitosans, Cyclodextrins, as well as aptamers and peptides. This review describes the mechanisms of interaction of the most commonly used siRNA delivery vehicles, and looks at the results of their clinical and preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bruno
- Novartis Pharma AG, Technical Research & Development (TRD), Pharmaceutical and Analytical Development (PHAD), CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland.
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Gao Y, Liu XL, Li XR. Research progress on siRNA delivery with nonviral carriers. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1017-25. [PMID: 21720513 PMCID: PMC3124387 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s17040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference is a powerful method for the knockdown of pathologically relevant genes. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been widely demonstrated as effective biomedical genetic-therapy applications for many diseases. Unfortunately, siRNA duplexes are not ideal drug-like molecules. Problems hindering their effective application fundamentally lie in their delivery, stability, and off-target effects. Delivery systems provide solutions to many of the challenges facing siRNA therapeutics. Due to some fatal disadvantages of viral vectors, nonviral carriers have been studied extensively. Aside from liposomes, nanoparticles and cationic polymer carriers have exhibited improved in vivo stability, better biocompatibility, and efficiency for gene silencing with less cellular toxicity. They may represent a promising strategy for siRNA-based therapies, especially as nanomaterials. The present review also summarizes other methods of siRNA delivery and the side effects of the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Center, Tianjin, China
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The field of RNA interference technology has been researched extensively in recent years. However, the development of clinically suitable, safe and effective drug delivery vehicles is still required. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the recent advances of non-viral delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) by nanoparticles, including biodegradable nanoparticles, liposomes, polyplex, lipoplex and dendrimers. The characteristics, composition, preparation, applications and advantages of different nanoparticle delivery strategies are also discussed in detail, along with the recent progress of non-viral nanoparticle carrier systems for siRNA delivery in preclinical and clinical studies. EXPERT OPINION Non-viral carrier systems, especially nanoparticles, have been investigated extensively for siRNA delivery, and may be utilized in clinical applications in the future. So far, a few preliminary clinical trials of nanoparticles have produced promising results. However, further research is still required to pave the way to successful clinical applications. The most important issues that need to be focused on include encapsulation efficiency, formulation stability of siRNA, degradation in circulation, endosomal escape and delivery efficiency, targeting, toxicity and off-target effects. Pharmacology and pharmacokinetic studies also present another great challenge for nanoparticle delivery systems, owing to the unique nature of siRNA oligonucleotides compared with small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Yuan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, 75 DeKalb Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11201-5497, USA.
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Polymeric Nanoparticles of Chitosan Derivatives as DNA and siRNA Carriers. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2011_110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Argyros O, Serginson M, Miller A, Steinke J, Thanou M. DNA and RNA delivery to the lungs using polymers. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(11)50050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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