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Calbiague García V, Cadiz B, Herrera P, Díaz A, Schmachtenberg O. Evaluation of Photobiomodulation and Boldine as Alternative Treatment Options in Two Diabetic Retinopathy Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097918. [PMID: 37175628 PMCID: PMC10178531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy causes progressive and irreversible damage to the retina through activation of inflammatory processes, overproduction of oxidative species, and glial reactivity, leading to changes in neuronal function and finally ischemia, edema, and hemorrhages. Current treatments are invasive and mostly applied at advanced stages, stressing the need for alternatives. To this end, we tested two unconventional and potentially complementary non-invasive treatment options: Photobiomodulation, the stimulation with near-infrared light, has shown promising results in ameliorating retinal pathologies and insults in several studies but remains controversial. Boldine, on the other hand, is a potent natural antioxidant and potentially useful to prevent free radical-induced oxidative stress. To establish a baseline, we first evaluated the effects of diabetic conditions on the retina with immunofluorescence, histological, and ultrastructural analysis in two diabetes model systems, obese LepRdb/db mice and organotypic retinal explants, and then tested the potential benefits of photobiomodulation and boldine treatment in vitro on retinal explants subjected to high glucose concentrations, mimicking diabetic conditions. Our results suggest that the principal subcellular structures affected by these conditions were mitochondria in the inner segment of photoreceptors, which displayed morphological changes in both model systems. In retinal explants, lactate metabolism, assayed as an indicator of mitochondrial function, was altered, and decreased photoreceptor viability was observed, presumably as a consequence of increased oxidative-nitrosative stress. The latter was reduced by boldine treatment in vitro, while photobiomodulation improved mitochondrial metabolism but was insufficient to prevent retinal structural damage caused by high glucose. These results warrant further research into alternative and complementary treatment options for diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Calbiague García
- Ph. D. Program in Neuroscience, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso (CINV), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Bárbara Cadiz
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso (CINV), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Pablo Herrera
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Alejandra Díaz
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso (CINV), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Oliver Schmachtenberg
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso (CINV), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
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Pope NJ, Denton ML. Differential effects of 808-nm light on electron transport chain enzymes in isolated mitochondria: Implications for photobiomodulation initiation. Mitochondrion 2023; 68:15-24. [PMID: 36371074 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation is a term for using low-power red to near-infrared light to stimulate a variety of positive biological effects. Though the scientific and clinical acceptance of PBM as a therapeutic intervention has increased dramatically in recent years, the molecular underpinnings of the effect remain poorly understood. The putative chromophore for PBM effects is cytochrome c oxidase. It is postulated that light absorption at cytochrome c oxidase initiates a signaling cascade involving ATP and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which subsequently results in improved cellular robustness. However, this hypothesis is largely based on inference and indirect evidence, and the precise molecular mechanisms that govern how photon absorption leads to these downstream effects remain poorly understood. We conducted low-power PBM-type light exposures of isolated mitochondria to 808 nm NIR light, at a number of irradiances. NIR exposure was found to enhance the activity of complex IV, depress the activity of complex III, and had no effect on the activity of complex II. Further, examining the dose-response of complex IV we found NIR enhancement did not exhibit irradiance reciprocity, indicating the effect on complex IV may not have direct photochemical basis. In summary, this research presents a novel method to interrogate the earliest stages of PBM in the mitochondria, and a unique window into the corresponding molecular mechanism(s) of induction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael L Denton
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Bioeffects Division, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, United States.
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Quirk B, Whelan HT. Effect of Red-to-Near Infrared Light and a Nitric Oxide Donor on the Oxygen Consumption of Isolated Cytochrome c Oxidase. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2021; 39:463-470. [PMID: 34115530 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2020.4978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To study the effects of 670 and 830 nm irradiation on oxygen consumption by cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) in a Clark electrode type reaction chamber. To explore the effect of irradiation on the nitric oxide (NO) donor-induced inhibition of oxygen consumption. Background: Most theories of photobiomodulation (PBM) involve the enzyme CCO as a cellular target for red-to-near infrared light (R-NIR) irradiation. Attempts to measure the effect of irradiation on the kinetics of CCO have failed to demonstrate a significant effect. It remains to explore the effects of irradiation on the consumption of oxygen. NO has been proposed as a possible mediator for PBM due to its inhibitory effects on CCO. Studying the effect of R-NIR on NO-induced inhibition of oxygen consumption is needed to explore this thesis. Methods: Oxygen consumption assays at 22°C were performed in a Mitocell MT200A system equipped with a 1302 oxygen electrode. R-NIR irradiation at 670 nm (41 mW/cm2) or 830 nm (31 mW/cm2) was provided to the reaction mixture. Calculated second-order rate constants were compared with control runs at four cytochrome c concentrations. Assays were also performed with or without NO donor and/or light for two substrate concentrations. Results: Kinetics constants for oxygen consumption with or without R-NIR showed no significant differences with either wavelength at any substrate concentration. The NO donor showed significant inhibition that was not relieved by irradiation. Conclusions: This lack of effect by R-NIR calls into question both the CCO activity model and the NO inhibition relief model of PBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Quirk
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Harry T Whelan
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Fuchs C, Schenk MS, Pham L, Cui L, Anderson RR, Tam J. Photobiomodulation Response From 660 nm is Different and More Durable Than That From 980 nm. Lasers Surg Med 2021; 53:1279-1293. [PMID: 33998008 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy uses light at various wavelengths to stimulate wound healing, grow hair, relieve pain, and more-but there is no consensus about optimal wavelengths or dosimetry. PBM therapy works through putative, wavelength-dependent mechanisms including direct stimulation of mitochondrial respiration, and/or activation of transmembrane signaling channels by changes in water activity. A common wavelength used in the visible red spectrum is ~660 nm, whereas recently ~980 nm is being explored and both have been proposed to work via different mechanisms. We aimed to gain more insight into identifying treatment parameters and the putative mechanisms involved. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Fluence-response curves were measured in cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts exposed to 660 or 980 nm from LED sources. Metabolic activity was assessed using the MTT assay for reductases. ATP production, a major event triggered by PBM therapy, was assessed using a luminescence assay. To measure the role of mitochondria, we used an ELISA to measure COX-1 and SDH-A protein levels. The respective contributions of cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase to the PBM effects were gauged using specific inhibitors. RESULTS Keratinocytes and fibroblasts responded differently to exposures at 660 nm (red) and 980 nm (NIR). Although 980 nm required much lower fluence for cell stimulation, the resulting increase in ATP levels was short-term, whereas 660 nm stimulation elevated ATP levels for at least 24 hours. COX-1 protein levels were increased following 660 nm treatment but were unaffected by 980 nm. In fibroblasts, SDH-A levels were affected by both wavelengths, whereas in keratinocytes only 660 nm light impacted SDH-A levels. Inhibition of ATP synthase nearly completely abolished the effects of both wavelengths on ATP synthesis. Interestingly, inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase did not prevent the rise in ATP levels in response to PBM treatment. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of differing kinetics in response to PBM therapy at red versus NIR wavelength. We also found cell-type-specific differences in PBM therapy response to the two wavelengths studied. These findings confirm that different response pathways are involved after 660 and 980 nm exposures and suggest that 660 nm causes a more durable response. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Fuchs
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Merle Sophie Schenk
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Linh Pham
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Lian Cui
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Richard Rox Anderson
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Joshua Tam
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114.,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
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Plavskii V, Mikulich A, Barulin N, Ananich T, Plavskaya L, Tretyakova A, Leusenka I. Comparative Effect of Low‐intensity Laser Radiation in Green and Red Spectral Regions on Functional Characteristics of Sturgeon Sperm. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:1294-1313. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Plavskii
- The State Scientific Institution «B.I.Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus» Minsk Belarus
| | - Aliaksandr Mikulich
- The State Scientific Institution «B.I.Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus» Minsk Belarus
| | | | - Tatsiana Ananich
- The State Scientific Institution «B.I.Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus» Minsk Belarus
| | - Ludmila Plavskaya
- The State Scientific Institution «B.I.Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus» Minsk Belarus
| | - Antonina Tretyakova
- The State Scientific Institution «B.I.Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus» Minsk Belarus
| | - Ihar Leusenka
- The State Scientific Institution «B.I.Stepanov Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus» Minsk Belarus
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Pope NJ, Powell SM, Wigle JC, Denton ML. Wavelength- and irradiance-dependent changes in intracellular nitric oxide level. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-20. [PMID: 32790251 PMCID: PMC7423318 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.8.085001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Photobiomodulation (PBM) refers to the beneficial effects of low-energy light absorption. Although there is a large body of literature describing downstream physiological benefits of PBM, there is a limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. At present, the most popular hypothesis is that light absorption induces release of nitric oxide (NO) from the active site of cytochrome c oxidase (COX), allowing it to bind O2 instead. This is believed to increase mitochondrial respiration, and result in greater overall health of the cell due to increased adenosine triphosphate production. AIM Although NO itself is a powerful signaling molecule involved in a host of biological responses, less attention has been devoted to NO mechanisms in the context of PBM. The purpose of our work is to investigate wavelength-specific effects on intracellular NO release in living cells. APPROACH We have conducted in-depth dosimetry analyses of NO production and function in an in vitro retinal model in response to low-energy exposure to one or more wavelengths of laser light. RESULTS We found statistically significant wavelength-dependent elevations (10% to 30%) in intracellular NO levels following laser exposures at 447, 532, 635, or 808 nm. Sequential or simultaneous exposures to light at two different wavelengths enhanced the NO modulation up to 50% of unexposed controls. Additionally, the immediate increases in cellular NO levels were independent of the function of NO synthase, depended greatly on the substrate source of electrons entering the electron transport chain, and did not result in increased levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate. CONCLUSIONS Our study concludes the simple model of light-mediated release of NO from COX is unlikely to explain the wide variety of PBM effects reported in the literature. Our multiwavelength method provides a novel tool for studying immediate and early mechanisms of PBM as well as exploring intracellular NO signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J. Pope
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Air Force Research Laboratory, Joint Base San Antonio Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Samantha M. Powell
- National Research Council, Air Force Research Laboratory, Joint Base San Antonio Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Wigle
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Joint Base San Antonio Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Michael L. Denton
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Joint Base San Antonio Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States
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Quirk BJ, Whelan HT. What Lies at the Heart of Photobiomodulation: Light, Cytochrome C Oxidase, and Nitric Oxide-Review of the Evidence. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2020; 38:527-530. [PMID: 32716711 PMCID: PMC7495914 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2020.4905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The underlying mechanisms of photobiomodulation (PBM) remain elusive. The most attractive hypotheses revolve around the role of cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) and cellular energetics. Background: No reliable demonstration of any PBM-related light-induced mechanistic effect on CCO has been reported. Studies on PBM have proven to be either nonreproducible, of questionable relevance, or involve wavelengths unlikely to be operative in vivo. The literature reveals very few demonstrable mechanistic light effects of any sort on CCO. Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in a number of the reported light effects on CCO. NO inhibits CCO at high reductive pressures by binding to the heme a3 moiety. This complex is white light labile. Methods: The reported photolability of the heme-NO complex seems to be a prime target for PBM studies, as removal of inhibiting NO from the active site of CCO could restore normal activity to inhibited CCO. Another aspect of CCO-NO chemistry has been revealed that shows intriguing possibilities. Results: A novel nitrite reductase activity of solubilized mitochondria has been demonstrated attributable to CCO. NO production was optimal under hypoxic conditions. It was also found that 590 nm irradiation increased NO production by enhancing NO release. The presence of cellular NO has usually been considered metabolically detrimental, but current thinking has expanded the importance and the physiological roles of NO. Evidence shows that NO production is likely to play a role in cardioprotection and defenses against hypoxic damage. Conclusions: Studies combining PBM and hypoxia also point to a connection between light irradiation, hypoxia protection, and NO production. This leads the authors to the possibility that the intrinsic nature of PBM involves the production of NO. The combination of CCO and hemoglobin/myoglobin NO production with photorelease of NO may constitute the heart of PBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J. Quirk
- Department of Neurology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Harry T. Whelan
- Department of Neurology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Sommer AP, Schemmer P, Pavláth AE, Försterling HD, Mester ÁR, Trelles MA. Quantum biology in low level light therapy: death of a dogma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:440. [PMID: 32395484 PMCID: PMC7210155 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.03.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background It is shown that despite exponential increase in the number of clinically exciting results in low level light therapy (LLLT), scientific progress in the field is retarded by a wrong fundamental model employed to explain the photon-cell interaction as well as by an inadequate terminology. This is reflected by a methodological stagnation in LLLT, persisting since 1985. The choice of the topics is, by necessity, somewhat arbitrary. Obviously, we are writing more about the fields we know more about. In some cases, there are obvious objective reasons for the choice. Progress in LLLT is currently realized by a trial and error process, as opposed to a systematic approach based on a valid photon-cell interaction model. Methods The strategy to overcome the current problem consists in a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical foundation of LLLT, and if necessary, by introducing new interaction models and checking their validity on the basis of the two pillars of scientific advance (I) agreement with experiment and (II) predictive capability. The list of references used in this work, does contain a representative part of what has been done in the photon-cell interaction theory in recent years, considered as ascertained by the scientific community. Results Despite the immense literature on the involvement of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) in LLLT, the assumption that COX is the main mitochondrial photoacceptor for R-NIR photons no longer can be counted as part of the theoretical framework proper, at least not after we have addressed the misleading points in the literature. Here, we report the discovery of a coupled system in mitochondria whose working principle corresponds to that of field-effect transistor (FET). The functional interplay of cytochrome c (emitter) and COX (drain) with a nanoscopic interfacial water layer (gate) between the two enzymes forms a biological FET in which the gate is controlled by R-NIR photons. By reducing the viscosity of the nanoscopic interfacial water layers within and around the mitochondrial rotary motor in oxidatively stressed cells R-NIR light promotes the synthesis of extra adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Conclusions Based on the results of our own work and a review of the published literature, we present the effect of R-NIR photons on nanoscopic interfacial water layers in mitochondria and cells as a novel understanding of the biomedical effects R-NIR light. The novel paradigm is in radical contrast to the theory that COX is the main absorber for R-NIR photons and responsible for the increase in ATP synthesis, a dogma propagated for more than 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Schemmer
- General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Attila E Pavláth
- Past President American Chemical Society, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, USA
| | | | - Ádám R Mester
- National Laser Therapy Centre, Péterfy Sándor Teaching Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mario A Trelles
- Plastic-Aesthetic Surgery, Vilafortuny Laser Centre, Jumeirah, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Serrage H, Heiskanen V, Palin WM, Cooper PR, Milward MR, Hadis M, Hamblin MR. Under the spotlight: mechanisms of photobiomodulation concentrating on blue and green light. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1877-1909. [PMID: 31183484 PMCID: PMC6685747 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00089e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) describes the application of light at wavelengths ranging from 400-1100 nm to promote tissue healing, reduce inflammation and promote analgesia. Traditionally, red and near-infra red (NIR) light have been used therapeutically, however recent studies indicate that other wavelengths within the visible spectrum could prove beneficial including blue and green light. This review aims to evaluate the literature surrounding the potential therapeutic effects of PBM with particular emphasis on the effects of blue and green light. In particular focus is on the possible primary and secondary molecular mechanisms of PBM and also evaluation of the potential effective parameters for application both in vitro and in vivo. Studies have reported that PBM affects an array of molecular targets, including chromophores such as signalling molecules containing flavins and porphyrins as well as components of the electron transport chain. However, secondary mechanisms tend to converge on pathways induced by increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Systematic evaluation of the literature indicated 72% of publications reported beneficial effects of blue light and 75% reported therapeutic effects of green light. However, of the publications evaluating the effects of green light, reporting of treatment parameters was uneven with 41% failing to report irradiance (mW cm-2) and 44% failing to report radiant exposure (J cm-2). This review highlights the potential of PBM to exert broad effects on a range of different chromophores within the body, dependent upon the wavelength of light applied. Emphasis still remains on the need to report exposure and treatment parameters, as this will enable direct comparison between different studies and hence enable the determination of the full potential of PBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Serrage
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK.
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Sommer AP. Revisiting the Photon/Cell Interaction Mechanism in Low-Level Light Therapy. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2019; 37:336-341. [PMID: 31107170 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2018.4606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Several reports claim that the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) is the primary absorber for red-to-near-infrared (R-NIR) light in cells and causal for mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) upregulation, and that pulsed R-NIR light has frequent therapeutic effects, which are superior to those of the continuous wave (CW) mode used in low-level light therapy (LLLT). Background data: Convincing evidence that the absorption of R-NIR photons by CCO is involved in mitochondrial ATP upregulations as well as a coherent explanation for the superiority of the pulsed irradiation mode is presently lacking in the literature. Methods: A comprehensive literature search and rigorous analysis of the data published on the idea that CCO is the primary absorber for R-NIR light, and of the claim that the effectivity of the pulsed irradiation mode can be derived from the absorption of R-NIR photons by CCO, reveal a number of severe inconsistencies. Results: A systematical analysis covering both the theory that CCO is the primary acceptor for R-NIR light and of its use to interpret differences between the biological effect of pulsed light and CW casts doubt on the general validity of the CCO-based hypothesis. Instead, we are offered a simple and conflict-free model accounting for both ATP upregulation and superiority of the pulsed mode in LLLT, which is in agreement with the results of recent laboratory experiments. Conclusions: CCO is not the primary acceptor for R-NIR light.
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Sommer AP. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase is not the primary acceptor for near infrared light-it is mitochondrial bound water: the principles of low-level light therapy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:S13. [PMID: 31032294 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.01.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Quirk BJ, Girotti AW, Whelan HT. Is Photodynamic Therapy Resistance a Special Case of Photobiomodulation? Photomed Laser Surg 2018; 36:397-398. [PMID: 30089080 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2018.4501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J Quirk
- 1 Department of Neurology, The Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Albert W Girotti
- 2 Department of Biochemistry, The Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Harry T Whelan
- 1 Department of Neurology, The Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Liebert A, Krause A, Goonetilleke N, Bicknell B, Kiat H. A Role for Photobiomodulation in the Prevention of Myocardial Ischemic Reperfusion Injury: A Systematic Review and Potential Molecular Mechanisms. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42386. [PMID: 28181487 PMCID: PMC5299427 DOI: 10.1038/srep42386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury is a negative pathophysiological event that may result in cardiac cell apoptosis and is a result of coronary revascularization and cardiac intervention procedures. The resulting loss of cardiomyocyte cells and the formation of scar tissue, leads to impaired heart function, a major prognostic determinant of long-term cardiac outcomes. Photobiomodulation is a novel cardiac intervention that has displayed therapeutic effects in reducing myocardial ischemia reperfusion related myocardial injury in animal models. A growing body of evidence supporting the use of photobiomodulation in myocardial infarct models has implicated multiple molecular interactions. A systematic review was conducted to identify the strength of the evidence for the therapeutic effect of photobiomodulation and to summarise the current evidence as to its mechanisms. Photobiomodulation in animal models showed consistently positive effects over a range of wavelengths and application parameters, with reductions in total infarct size (up to 76%), decreases in inflammation and scarring, and increases in tissue repair. Multiple molecular pathways were identified, including modulation of inflammatory cytokines, signalling molecules, transcription factors, enzymes and antioxidants. Current evidence regarding the use of photobiomodulation in acute and planned cardiac intervention is at an early stage but is sufficient to inform on clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Liebert
- Australasian Research Institute, Wahroonga, Australia
- Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Neil Goonetilleke
- Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brian Bicknell
- Australasian Research Institute, Wahroonga, Australia
- Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, Australia
| | - Hosen Kiat
- University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
- Macquarie University, Marsfield, Australia
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Sommer AP, Jaganathan S, Maduro MR, Hancke K, Janni W, Fecht HJ. Genesis on diamonds II: contact with diamond enhances human sperm performance by 300. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:407. [PMID: 27867959 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.08.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei P Sommer
- Institute of Micro and Nanomaterials, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Maria R Maduro
- Universitätsfrauenklinik Ulm, Ulm, Germany;; Yale Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | | | | | - Hans-Jörg Fecht
- Institute of Micro and Nanomaterials, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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