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Zhang D, Yang J, Huang Q, Zhao D, Wang T, Yu D, Qin L, Zhang K. Molecular functions of HAX1 during disease progress. Virus Genes 2024; 60:435-445. [PMID: 38992331 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-024-02081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
HCLS1-associated protein X-1 (HAX1) is a newly discovered multifunctional cell regulatory protein that is widely expressed in cells and has a close relationship with multiple cellular proteins. HAX1 plays important roles in various processes, including the regulation of apoptosis, maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential stability and calcium homeostasis, occurrence and development of diseases, post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, and host immune response after viral infection. In this article, we have reviewed the research progress on the biological functions of HAX1, thereby laying a theoretical foundation for further exploration of its underlying mechanisms and targeted application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinke Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qi Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengshuai Zhao
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dixi Yu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei Qin
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Keshan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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Cai WF, Jiang L, Liang J, Dutta S, Huang W, He X, Wu Z, Paul C, Gao X, Xu M, Kanisicak O, Zheng J, Wang Y. HAX1-Overexpression Augments Cardioprotective Efficacy of Stem Cell-Based Therapy Through Mediating Hippo-Yap Signaling. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:1569-1586. [PMID: 38713406 PMCID: PMC11319392 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10729-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Although stem/progenitor cell therapy shows potential for myocardial infarction repair, enhancing the therapeutic efficacy could be achieved through additional genetic modifications. HCLS1-associated protein X-1 (HAX1) has been identified as a versatile modulator responsible for cardio-protective signaling, while its role in regulating stem cell survival and functionality remains unknown. In this study, we investigated whether HAX1 can augment the protective potential of Sca1+ cardiac stromal cells (CSCs) for myocardial injury. The overexpression of HAX1 significantly increased cell proliferation and conferred enhanced resistance to hypoxia-induced cell death in CSCs. Mechanistically, HAX1 can interact with Mst1 (a prominent conductor of Hippo signal transduction) and inhibit its kinase activity for protein phosphorylation. This inhibition led to enhanced nuclear translocation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) and activation of downstream therapeutic-related genes. Notably, HAX1 overexpression significantly increased the pro-angiogenic potential of CSCs, as demonstrated by elevated expression of vascular endothelial growth factors. Importantly, implantation of HAX1-overexpressing CSCs promoted neovascularization, protected against functional deterioration, and ameliorated cardiac fibrosis in ischemic mouse hearts. In conclusion, HAX1 emerges as a valuable and efficient inducer for enhancing the effectiveness of cardiac stem or progenitor cell therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Feng Cai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0529, USA
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0529, USA
| | - Jialiang Liang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0529, USA
| | - Suchandrima Dutta
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0529, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0529, USA
| | - Xingyu He
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0529, USA
| | - Zhichao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0529, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Christian Paul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0529, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0529, USA
| | - Meifeng Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0529, USA
| | - Onur Kanisicak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0529, USA
| | - Junmeng Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yigang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0529, USA.
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Rocca C, Soda T, De Francesco EM, Fiorillo M, Moccia F, Viglietto G, Angelone T, Amodio N. Mitochondrial dysfunction at the crossroad of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:635. [PMID: 37726810 PMCID: PMC10507834 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates the existence of a complex pathophysiological relationship between cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Mitochondria are crucial organelles whose optimal activity is determined by quality control systems, which regulate critical cellular events, ranging from intermediary metabolism and calcium signaling to mitochondrial dynamics, cell death and mitophagy. Emerging data indicate that impaired mitochondrial quality control drives myocardial dysfunction occurring in several heart diseases, including cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, ischaemia/reperfusion damage and metabolic cardiomyopathies. On the other hand, diverse human cancers also dysregulate mitochondrial quality control to promote their initiation and progression, suggesting that modulating mitochondrial homeostasis may represent a promising therapeutic strategy both in cardiology and oncology. In this review, first we briefly introduce the physiological mechanisms underlying the mitochondrial quality control system, and then summarize the current understanding about the impact of dysregulated mitochondrial functions in cardiovascular diseases and cancer. We also discuss key mitochondrial mechanisms underlying the increased risk of cardiovascular complications secondary to the main current anticancer strategies, highlighting the potential of strategies aimed at alleviating mitochondrial impairment-related cardiac dysfunction and tumorigenesis. It is hoped that this summary can provide novel insights into precision medicine approaches to reduce cardiovascular and cancer morbidities and mortalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Rocca
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, E and E.S. (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Teresa Soda
- Department of Health Science, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ernestina Marianna De Francesco
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, 95122, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Fiorillo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viglietto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, E and E.S. (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036, Cosenza, Italy.
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research (I.N.R.C.), 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Nicola Amodio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
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The Journey of Mitochondrial Protein Import and the Roadmap to Follow. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032479. [PMID: 36768800 PMCID: PMC9916854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are double membrane-bound organelles that play critical functions in cells including metabolism, energy production, regulation of intrinsic apoptosis, and maintenance of calcium homeostasis. Mitochondria are fascinatingly equipped with their own genome and machinery for transcribing and translating 13 essential proteins of the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS). The rest of the proteins (99%) that function in mitochondria in the various pathways described above are nuclear-transcribed and synthesized as precursors in the cytosol. These proteins are imported into the mitochondria by the unique mitochondrial protein import system that consists of seven machineries. Proper functioning of the mitochondrial protein import system is crucial for optimal mitochondrial deliverables, as well as mitochondrial and cellular homeostasis. Impaired mitochondrial protein import leads to proteotoxic stress in both mitochondria and cytosol, inducing mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). Altered UPRmt is associated with the development of various disease conditions including neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, as well as cancer. This review sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the import of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins, the consequences of defective mitochondrial protein import, and the pathological conditions that arise due to altered UPRmt.
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Li F, Sun H, Lin X, Li Q, Zhao D, Cheng Z, Liu J, Fan Q. Increased cytochrome C threonine 50 phosphorylation in aging heart as a novel defensive signaling against hypoxia/reoxygenation induced apoptosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:5699-5709. [PMID: 35896004 PMCID: PMC9365549 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that aging promotes myocardial apoptosis. However, the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. Our recent studies revealed that aging not only activates apoptosis, but also activates some anti-apoptotic factors. By quantitative phosphoproteomics, here we demonstrated that aging increases cytochrome c (Cytc) phosphorylation at threonine 50 (T50), a post-translational modification with unknown functional impact. With point mutation and lentivirus transfection, cardiomyocytes were divided into four groups: empty vector group, WT (wild type), T50E (as a phosphomimic variant), and T50A (non-phosphorylatable). TUNEL staining and flow cytometry were used to determine the apoptosis ratio in different groups after hypoxic/reoxygenated (H/R) treatment. The results showed that T50-phosphorylated Cytc suppressed myocardial apoptosis induced by H/R. Furthermore, Western Blot and ELISA measurements revealed that Cytc T50 phosphorylation inhibited caspase-9 and caspase-3 activity without altering caspase-8, BCL-2, BCL-XL, and Bax expression. In our study, we demonstrated that aging increases phosphorylation Cytc at T50 and this aging-increasing phosphorylation site can suppress H/R-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanqi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Haoxuan Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Donghui Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Zichao Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
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Wu L, Li X, Chen X, Wu F, Sun G, Cheng Y, Tang W, Zhang W, Lv C. mRNA microarray profiling identifies a novel circulating HTRA2 for detection of gastric cancer. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e24054. [PMID: 34708890 PMCID: PMC8649374 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background mRNAs have been shown to be critical biomarkers or therapeutic targets for human diseases. However, only a few of them have been studied as blood‐based biomarkers for gastric carcinoma (GC) detection. Methods mRNA expression profiles for GC were screened using plasma samples from 10 GC patients with different TNM stages and 5 healthy individuals as controls. One candidate tumor‐related mRNA named HTRA2 was then evaluated in GC samples with quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). TCGAportal, UALCAN, and TISCH database were used to explore the function of HTRA2 in GC. Finally, the effect generated by HTRA2 expression on cell proliferating, invading, and migrating processes was assessed in vitro with knockdown and over‐expression strategies. Results HTRA2 displayed noticeable increase inside GC plasma compared with control cases. Higher expression of HTRA2 displayed a correlation to higher clinicopathological stage and worse prognosis. HTRA2 knocking down down‐regulated GC cells' proliferating, invading, and migrating states, while HTRA2 over‐expression exerted the inconsistent influence. HTRA2 protein, which may interact with PINK1, PARL, and CYCS, was mainly located in the mitochondria of cells and primarily involved cellular response and metabolic signaling pathway. Immune factors may interact with HTRA2 in GC, and HTRA2 was found noticeably linked with immunosuppressor such as CD274, IDO1, and TIGIT. Conclusion One plasma HTRA2 can be an emerging diagnosis‐related biomarker to achieve GC detecting process, but the particular regulatory effect still needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangshun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenling Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengyu Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Wei X, Wu YE, Wang W, Zhang S, Liu D, Liu H. Decreased dynamin-related protein 1-related mitophagy induces myocardial apoptosis in the aging heart. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:1354-1366. [PMID: 34532739 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in cardiomyocyte apoptosis is the main contributor to the observed high morbidity of cardiac disease during aging. Mitochondria play important roles in cardiac apoptosis, and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) is the critical factor that participates in mitochondrial fission and induces mitophagy to maintain mitochondria quality. However, whether Drp1 is involved in the increase of apoptosis in aging heart remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Drp1 participates in inducing the apoptosis through regulating mitophagy in aging myocardium. To explore the effect of mitophagy and apoptosis in aging heart, we detected the expression of COX IV and the co-localization of COX IV and LC3 II, which reflect mitophagy, and measured adenosine triphosphate and reactive oxygen species contents, which reflect mitochondrial injury. Cell apoptosis was detected by measuring the activity of caspase-3 and the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and further confirmed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The results showed an increase in apoptosis and a decrease in mitophagy in aging cardiomyocytes, and apoptosis was ameliorated after the induction of mitophagy by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (a mitophagy activator) in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced senescence H9c2 cells. To clarify the role of Drp1 in apoptosis, we knocked down Drp1 by transfecting si-Drp1, or overexpressed Drp1 in senescent cells, and then detected mitophagy, mitochondrial injury, and apoptosis. The data showed that downregulated Drp1 induces mitochondrial damage and apoptosis. In addition, to explore the regulatory relationship between Drp1 and phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN)-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, we detected the expressions of PINK1 and Parkin after the overexpression of Drp1 in the D-gal group cells and found that Drp1-mediated mitophagy inhibited the PINK1/Parkin pathway in senescent cells. Our results demonstrated that insufficient Drp1 induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis by inhibiting mitophagy, and Drp1 affects the PINK1/Parkin pathway of mitophagy in the aging heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Y E Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Suli Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Yan Jing Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101300, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Huirong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing 100069, China
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Beutgen VM, Schmelter C, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Contribution of the Commensal Microflora to the Immunological Homeostasis and the Importance of Immune-Related Drug Development for Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8896. [PMID: 34445599 PMCID: PMC8396286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Not long ago, self-reactive immune activity was considered as pathological trait. A paradigm shift has now led to the recognition of autoimmune processes as part of natural maintenance of molecular homeostasis. The immune system is assigned further roles beneath the defense against pathogenic organisms. Regarding the humoral immune system, the investigation of natural autoantibodies that are frequently found in healthy individuals has led to further hypotheses involving natural autoimmunity in other processes as the clearing of cellular debris or decrease in inflammatory processes. However, their role and origin have not been entirely clarified, but accumulating evidence links their formation to immune reactions against the gut microbiome. Antibodies targeting highly conserved proteins of the commensal microflora are suggested to show self-reactive properties, following the paradigm of the molecular mimicry. Here, we discuss recent findings, which demonstrate potential links of the commensal microflora to the immunological homeostasis and highlight the possible implications for various diseases. Furthermore, specific components of the immune system, especially antibodies, have become a focus of attention for the medical management of various diseases and provide attractive treatment options in the future. Nevertheless, the development and optimization of such macromolecules still represents a very time-consuming task, shifting the need to more medical agents with simple structural properties and low manufacturing costs. Synthesizing only the biologically active sites of antibodies has become of great interest for the pharmaceutical industry and offers a wide range of therapeutic application areas as it will be discussed in the present review article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Franz H. Grus
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (V.M.B.); (C.S.); (N.P.)
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lncRNA NONHSAT069381 and NONHSAT140844 Increase in Aging Human Blood, Regulating Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9465300. [PMID: 34336120 PMCID: PMC8321741 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9465300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Aging augments postischemic apoptosis via incomplete mechanisms. Our previous animal study suggests that in addition to proapoptotic effects, lncRNAs also exert antiapoptotic effects in cardiomyocytes. However, whether this unexpected phenomenon exists in humans is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between aging and apoptosis regulation in human blood samples and confirmed their role by utilizing the cardiomyocyte lines (AC16 cells). Human blood samples were collected from 20 pairs of older adult and young volunteers. Age-different apoptotic regulatory lncRNAs and miRNAs were identified by microarray and bioinformatics analysis. The results indicated that lncRNA (NONHSAT069381 and NONHSAT140844) and miRNA (hsa-miR-124-5p and hsa-miR-6507-5p) were increased in aging human blood, confirmed by both bioinformatics analysis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Overexpression of NONHSAT069381 in AC16 cells increased caspase-3 levels and increased cardiomyocyte apoptotic cell death (determined by TUNEL staining and caspase activity assays) after hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R), while overexpression of NONHSAT140844 increased X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) content and decreased the myocardial apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assay revealed that hsa-miR-124-5p might be a mediator between NONHSAT069381 and mCASP3 and hsa-miR-6507-5p might be a mediator between NONHSAT140844 and mXIAP. Overexpression of hsa-miR-124-5p decreased caspase-3 levels and overexpression of hsa-miR-6507-5p decreased XIAP content in AC16 cells. We have found evidence that lncRNAs are important regulatory molecules in aging-mediated effects upon apoptosis. More interestingly, besides apoptosis-promoting effects, aging also inhibits myocardial apoptosis after H/R. This phenomenon also exists in the human cardiomyocyte line.
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Svaguša T, Martinić M, Martinić M, Kovačević L, Šepac A, Miličić D, Bulum J, Starčević B, Sirotković-Skerlev M, Seiwerth F, Kulić A, Sedlić F. Mitochondrial unfolded protein response, mitophagy and other mitochondrial quality control mechanisms in heart disease and aged heart. Croat Med J 2020. [PMID: 32378379 PMCID: PMC7230417 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2020.61.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are involved in crucial homeostatic processes in the cell: the production of adenosine triphosphate and reactive oxygen species, and the release of pro-apoptotic molecules. Thus, cell survival depends on the maintenance of proper mitochondrial function by mitochondrial quality control. The most important mitochondrial quality control mechanisms are mitochondrial unfolded protein response, mitophagy, biogenesis, and fusion-fission dynamics. This review deals with mitochondrial quality control in heart diseases, especially myocardial infarction and heart failure. Some previous studies have demonstrated that the activation of mitochondrial quality control mechanisms may be beneficial for the heart, while others have shown that it may lead to heart damage. Our aim was to describe the mechanisms by which mitochondrial quality control contributes to heart protection or damage and to provide evidence that may resolve the seemingly contradictory results from the previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Filip Sedlić
- Filip Sedlić, Department of Pathophysiology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Kišpatićeva 12, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia,
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11
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Wu L, Liu D, Wu Y, Wei X, Wang Z, Wang W, Zhang S, Yang H, Yi M, Liu H. p53 mediated transcription of Omi/HtrA2 in aging myocardium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 519:734-739. [PMID: 31543347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Omi/HtrA2 is a pro-apoptotic protein, increased mRNA and protein levels of Omi/HtrA2 in aging myocardium facilitates apoptosis and affects mitochondrial homeostasis. Our previous study found that p53 can bind to the Omi/HtrA2 promoter. The purpose of this study was to determine whether p53 participates in regulating the expression of Omi/HtrA2 in aging myocardium. METHODS AND RESULTS we used Western blot to detect the expression of Omi/HtrA2 and p53 nucleoprotein, and then found that both of them were elevated in aging heart. Furthermore, we also observed the increased binding of p53 to Omi/HtrA2 promoter by chromatin immunoprecipitation. To initially explore the regulation mechanism of Omi/HtrA2, plasmid transfection and RNA interference in NIH3T3 cells were used to upregulate or knock down p53, respectively. The mRNA and protein levels of Omi/HtrA2 were increased with the overexpression of p53 by real-time PCR and Western blot, and Omi/HtrA2 promoter activity enhanced after transfected with pcDNA3.1-p53. The result from RNA interference was quite the contrary.Our study demonstrated that the binding ability of p53 to Omi/HtrA2 promoter was increased in aging myocardium, and increased p53 promoted the mRNA and protein levels of Omi/HtrA2 by enhancing the promoter activity of Omi/HtrA2. CONCLUSIONS p53 acts as a transcriptional factor that induces Omi/HtrA2 expression in aged cardiomyocytes.These results provide a new way to explore the mechanism of increased Omi/HtrA2 in the aging process of heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linguo Wu
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Luhe Hospital,Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101100, China.
| | - Dan Liu
- Yan Jing Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101300, China.
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Zhaojia Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Suli Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Hong Yang
- Yan Jing Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101300, China.
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Huirong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, 100069, China.
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12
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Structural modeling and role of HAX-1 as a positive allosteric modulator of human serine protease HtrA2. Biochem J 2019; 476:2965-2980. [PMID: 31548268 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HAX-1, a multifunctional protein involved in cell proliferation, calcium homeostasis, and regulation of apoptosis, is a promising therapeutic target. It regulates apoptosis through multiple pathways, understanding of which is limited by the obscurity of its structural details and its intricate interaction with its cellular partners. Therefore, using computational modeling, biochemical, functional enzymology and spectroscopic tools, we predicted the structure of HAX-1 as well as delineated its interaction with one of it pro-apoptotic partner, HtrA2. In this study, three-dimensional structure of HAX-1 was predicted by threading and ab initio tools that were validated using limited proteolysis and fluorescence quenching studies. Our pull-down studies distinctly demonstrate that the interaction of HtrA2 with HAX-1 is directly through its protease domain and not via the conventional PDZ domain. Enzymology studies further depicted that HAX-1 acts as an allosteric activator of HtrA2. This 'allosteric regulation' offers promising opportunities for the specific control and functional modulation of a wide range of biological processes associated with HtrA2. Hence, this study for the first time dissects the structural architecture of HAX-1 and elucidates its role in PDZ-independent activation of HtrA2.
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Liu D, Wu L, Wu Y, Wei X, Wang W, Zhang S, Yi M, Li J, Liu H, Ma X. Heat shock factor 1-mediated transcription activation of Omi/HtrA2 induces myocardial mitochondrial apoptosis in the aging heart. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:8982-8997. [PMID: 31627188 PMCID: PMC6834417 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased cardiac apoptosis is a hallmark of the elderly, which in turn increases the risk for developing cardiac disease. The overexpression of Omi/HtrA2 mRNA and protein contributes to apoptosis in the aged heart. Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is a transcription factor that binds to the promoter of Omi/HtrA2 in the aging myocardium. However, whether HSF1 participates in cardiomyocyte apoptosis via transcriptional regulation of Omi/HtrA2 remains unclear. The present study was designed to investigate whether HSF1 plays a role in Omi/HtrA2 transcriptional regulation and myocardial apoptosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Assessment of the hearts of mice of different ages was performed, which indicated a decrease in cardiac function reserve and an increase in mitochondrial apoptosis. Omi/HtrA2 overexpression in the elderly was negatively correlated with left ventricular function after exercise overload and positively correlated with myocardial Caspase-9 apoptosis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of aging hearts and plasmid transfection/RNA interference of H9C2 cells revealed that enhancement of HSF1 expression promotes Omi/HtrA2 expression by inducing the promoter activity of Omi/HtrA2 while also increasing mitochondrial apoptosis by upregulating Omi/HtrA2 expression. CONCLUSIONS HSF1 acts as a transcriptional factor that induces Omi/HtrA2 expression and Caspase-9 apoptosis in aged cardiomyocytes, while also decreasing cardiac function reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yan Jing Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Linguo Wu
- Department of Pathology, Beijing LuHe Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 101100, China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Suli Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Cardiology, XuanWu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Huirong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xinliang Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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14
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Zhang C, He A, Liu S, He Q, Luo Y, He Z, Chen Y, Tao A, Yan J. Inhibition of HtrA2 alleviated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis by preventing necroptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:344. [PMID: 31019191 PMCID: PMC6482197 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1580-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis of intestinal epithelial cells has been indicated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The identification of dysregulated proteins that can regulate necroptosis in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis is the key to the rational design of therapeutic strategies for colitis. Through tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics, HtrA2 was found to be downregulated in the colon of DSS-treated mice. UCF-101, a specific serine protease inhibitor of HtrA2, significantly alleviated DSS-induced colitis as indicated by prevention of body weight loss and decreased mortality. UCF-101 decreased DSS-induced colonic inflammation, prevented intestinal barrier function loss and inhibited necroptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. In vitro, UCF-101 or silencing of HtrA2 decreased necroptosis of HT-29 and L929 cells. UCF-101 decreased phosphorylation of RIPK1 and subsequent phosphorylation of RIPK3 and MLKL during necroptosis. Upon necroptotic stimulation, HtrA2 translocated from mitochondria to cytosol. HtrA2 directly interacted with RIPK1 and promoted its degradation during a specific time phase of necroptosis. Our findings highlight the importance of HtrA2 in regulating colitis by modulation of necroptosis and suggest HtrA2 as an attractive target for anti-colitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Andong He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiaoling He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqin Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhilan He
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujiao Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ailin Tao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jie Yan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260, Guangzhou, China.
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Lu X, Xue P, Fu L, Zhang J, Jiang J, Guo X, Bao G, Xu G, Sun Y, Chen J, Cui Z. HAX1 is associated with neuronal apoptosis and astrocyte proliferation after spinal cord injury. Tissue Cell 2018; 54:1-9. [PMID: 30309497 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HS1-associated protein X-1 (HAX1) is a class of multifunctional protein, participated in various physiological processes such as cell apoptosis, proliferation and motility. However, the HAX1 expression and function in the spinal cord injury (SCI) pathological process have not been investigated. In our current research, the rat model of SCI was established, and then we explored the possible role of HAX1 after SCI. The results of western blot indicated that HAX1 was present in sham operated control group and significantly elevated at 3 days post SCI, then declined gradually. Immunohistochemical studies indicated HAX1 expression was enhanced significantly in white and gray matter at 3 days post SCI compared with sham operated group. Double immunofluorescence staining showed the proportion of cells, double-labeled HAX1 and neurons, astrocytes, increased significantly at 3 days post SCI. In addition, co-localization of HAX1/active caspase-3 and HAX1/PCNA was tested in cells. Furthermore, over-expression of HAX1 inhibited neuronal apoptosis in vitro, and in astrocytes HAX1 silencing could down-regulate PCNA expression post LPS treatment. Meanwhile, CCK8 assay showed that knockdown of HAX1 could inhibit the astrocyte proliferation. In summary, our data indicated that HAX1 might play significant roles in pathological process of neuronal apoptosis and astrocyte proliferation during SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongsong Lu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Haier Lane North Road No. 6, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Medical College, Nantong University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Xue
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Haier Lane North Road No. 6, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyu Fu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nantong University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Haier Lane North Road No. 6, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Haier Lane North Road No. 6, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Haier Lane North Road No. 6, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Bao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Haier Lane North Road No. 6, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanhua Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Haier Lane North Road No. 6, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyu Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Haier Lane North Road No. 6, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Haier Lane North Road No. 6, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiming Cui
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Haier Lane North Road No. 6, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Zhong C, Qiu H, Chen J, Liu H. Effects of volatile anesthetic preconditioning on expression of NFkB-regulated genes in aged rat myocardium. J Biomed Res 2017; 33:264. [PMID: 29569577 PMCID: PMC6813522 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.32.20170071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile anesthetic preconditioning has been shown to be a potent way to provide myocardium protection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, this cardioprotection is lost in senescent animal models and elderly patients. NFkB-regulated genes have been linked to myocardial I/R injury and anesthetic preconditioning. Here, we investigated NFkB activation related to anesthetic preconditioning in aging rat myocardium. Isolated, Langendorff perfused rat hearts from Fischer 344 male rats, 24 months old, were randomly assigned to one of the three groups. The hearts of the control group were perfused with physiologic solution without any intervention. The hearts in the I/R group were subjected to 25 minutes ischemia and followed by 60 minutes reperfusion. The hearts in the treatment group were subjected to 10 minutes 2.5% sevoflurane, followed by 20 minutes washout and by 25 minutes ischemia and 60 minutes of reperfusion, respectively. Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were measured. Western blot analysis was used to measure inhibitor of kB (IkB) and anti-apoptotic genes: A1, ILP, c-IAP-2, Bcl-2, caspase 8 and caspase 9. Ischemia and reperfusion significantly decreased LVDP and increased LVEDP in aged rat hearts. Anesthetic preconditioning with sevoflurane did not change the effects I/R on LVDP and LVEDP, despite the fact that after treatment with anesthetic preconditioning, the levels of IκB, A1, ILP, caspase 8 and caspase 9 were significantly different compared to those of the control hearts. In conclusion, anesthetic preconditioning with sevoflurane does not improve myocardial systolic and diastolic functions. Our results suggest that the activation of NFkB regulated genes is different in the senescent myocardium and could account for loss of cardioprotection with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Zhong
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Hong Qiu
- Department of Pathology, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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