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Matthews EZ, Lanham S, White K, Kyriazi ME, Alexaki K, El-Sagheer AH, Brown T, Kanaras AG, J West J, MacArthur BD, Stumpf PS, Oreffo ROC. Single-cell RNA-sequence analysis of human bone marrow reveals new targets for isolation of skeletal stem cells using spherical nucleic acids. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314231169375. [PMID: 37216034 PMCID: PMC10192814 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231169375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a wealth of data indicating human bone marrow contains skeletal stem cells (SSC) with the capacity for osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation. However, current methods to isolate SSCs are restricted by the lack of a defined marker, limiting understanding of SSC fate, immunophenotype, function and clinical application. The current study applied single-cell RNA-sequencing to profile human adult bone marrow populations from 11 donors and identified novel targets for SSC enrichment. Spherical nucleic acids were used to detect these mRNA targets in SSCs. This methodology was able to rapidly isolate potential SSCs found at a frequency of <1 in 1,000,000 in human bone marrow, with the capacity for tri-lineage differentiation in vitro and ectopic bone formation in vivo. The current studies detail the development of a platform to advance SSC enrichment from human bone marrow, offering an invaluable resource for further SSC characterisation, with significant therapeutic impact therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elloise Z Matthews
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of
Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Stuart Lanham
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of
Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kate White
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of
Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Maria-Eleni Kyriazi
- College of Engineering and Technology,
American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | - Konstantina Alexaki
- Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of
Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Afaf H El-Sagheer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chemistry Branch, Department of Science
and Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez,
Egypt
| | - Tom Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Antonios G Kanaras
- Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of
Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University
of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan J West
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of
Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ben D MacArthur
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of
Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University
of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Mathematical Sciences, University of
Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Patrick S Stumpf
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of
Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Joint Research Center for Computational
Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Richard OC Oreffo
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human
Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of
Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University
of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- College of Biomedical Engineering,
China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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2
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Jiang X, Wu F, Xu Y, Yan JX, Wu YD, Li SH, Liao X, Liang JX, Li ZH, Liu HW. A novel role of angiotensin II in epidermal cell lineage determination: Angiotensin II promotes the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into keratinocytes through the p38 MAPK, JNK and JAK2 signalling pathways. Exp Dermatol 2020; 28:59-65. [PMID: 30412649 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that angiotensin II (Ang II) plays a role in cutaneous wound healing. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known as a rich source of cells that re-establish healed skin. However, the potential impact of Ang II on MSC differentiation into keratinocytes is still unknown. OBJECTIVE The present study was conducted to explore the effect of Ang II on the differentiation of bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) into keratinocytes. METHODS Bone marrow-derived MSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow and cultured. The expression of Ang II type 1 (AT1 ) and type 2 (AT2 ) receptors was examined by immunofluorescence staining. The differentiation of BM-MSCs into keratinocytes was investigated by flow cytometry or/and histological observation. RESULTS The BM-MSCs constitutively expressed both AT1 and AT2 receptors. The differentiation of BM-MSCs into keratinocytes was successfully induced. Interestingly, incubation of BM-MSCs with Ang II further promoted the differentiation of BM-MSCs into keratinocyte, which was abolished by pretreament with losartan, an AT1 receptor antagonist, but not by PD123319, an AT2 receptor antagonist. Moreover, the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB203580, the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125 and the Janus-activated kinase (JAK)2 inhibitor AG490 suppressed Ang II-induced differentiation of BM-MSCs into keratinocytes. The phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin and MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 had no effect on BM-MSC differentiation into keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated for the first time that Ang II plays a promotive role in the differentiation of BM-MSC into keratinocytes through the AT1 receptor, and that the p38 MAPK, JNK and JAK2 signalling pathways are involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jiang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Innovative Technology Research Institute of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Innovative Technology Research Institute of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Innovative Technology Research Institute of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian-Xin Yan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Innovative Technology Research Institute of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yin-Di Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Innovative Technology Research Institute of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sheng-Hong Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Innovative Technology Research Institute of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xuan Liao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Innovative Technology Research Institute of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun-Xian Liang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Innovative Technology Research Institute of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ze-Hua Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Innovative Technology Research Institute of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hong-Wei Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Innovative Technology Research Institute of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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3
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Costa V, Carina V, Fontana S, De Luca A, Monteleone F, Pagani S, Sartori M, Setti S, Faldini C, Alessandro R, Fini M, Giavaresi G. Osteogenic commitment and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation. J Cell Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28621452 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) as an adjuvant therapy in in vitro and in vivo bone engineering has proven to be extremely useful. The present study aimed at investigating the effect of 30 mW/cm2 LIPUS stimulation on commercially available human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) cultured in basal or osteogenic medium at different experimental time points (7, 14, 21 days). The hypothesis was that LIPUS would improve the osteogenic differentiation of hMSC and guarantying the maintenance of osteogenic committed fraction, as demonstrated by cell vitality and proteomic analysis. LIPUS stimulation (a) regulated the balance between osteoblast commitment and differentiation by specific networks (activations of RhoA/ROCK signaling and upregulation of Ribosome constituent/Protein metabolic process, Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis, RNA metabolic process/Splicing and Tubulins); (b) allowed the maintenance of a few percentage of osteoblast precursors (21 days CD73+/CD90+: 6%; OCT-3/4+/NANOG+/SOX2+: 10%); (c) induced the activation of osteogenic specific pathways shown by gene expression (early: ALPL, COL1A1, late: RUNX2, BGLAP, MAPK1/6) and related protein release (COL1a1, OPN, OC), in particular in the presence of osteogenic soluble factors able to mimic bone microenvironment. To summarize, LIPUS might be able to improve the osteogenic commitment of hMSCs in vitro, and, at the same time, enhance their osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Costa
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technological Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Carina
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technological Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Fontana
- Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela De Luca
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technological Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Monteleone
- Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefania Pagani
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Sartori
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory BITTA, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Cesare Faldini
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, 2nd Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy.,Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory BITTA, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Innovative Technological Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Palermo, Italy.,Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Bologna, Italy
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4
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Lee JH, Cho JY. Proteomics approaches for the studies of bone metabolism. BMB Rep 2014; 47:141-8. [PMID: 24499667 PMCID: PMC4163882 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.3.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is an active tissue, in which bone formation by osteoblast is followed by bone resorption by osteoclasts, in a repeating cycle. Proteomics approaches may allow the detection of changes in cell signal transduction, and the regulatory mechanism of cell differentiation. LC-MS/MS-based quantitative methods can be used with labeling strategies, such as SILAC, iTRAQ, TMT and enzymatic labeling. When used in combination with specific protein enrichment strategies, quantitative proteomics methods can identify various signaling molecules and modulators, and their interacting proteins in bone metabolism, to elucidate biological functions for the newly identified proteins in the cellular context. In this article, we will briefly review recent major advances in the application of proteomics for bone biology, especially from the aspect of cellular signaling. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(3): 141-148]
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, BK21 and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, BK21 and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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5
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Bryukhovetskiy A, Shevchenko V, Kovalev S, Chekhonin V, Baklaushev V, Bryukhovetskiy I, Zhukova M. To the novel paradigm of proteome-based cell therapy of tumors: through comparative proteome mapping of tumor stem cells and tissue-specific stem cells of humans. Cell Transplant 2014; 23 Suppl 1:S151-70. [PMID: 25303679 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x684907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed proteome mapping (PM), cataloging, and bioinformation analysis of protein lysates of human neural (CD133(+)) progenitor and stem cells (NPSCs) isolated from the olfactory sheath of a nose, multipotent mesenchymal (CD29(+), CD44(+), CD73(+), CD90(+), CD34(-)) stromal cells (MMSCs) isolated from human bone marrow, and tumor (CD133(+)) stem cells (TSCs) isolated from the human U87 glioblastoma (GB) cell line. We identified 1,664 proteins in the examined lysates of stem cells (SCs), 1,052 (63.2%) of which are identical in NPSCs and TSCs and 607 proteins (36.47%) of which are identical in MMSCs and TSCs. Other proteins in U87 GB TSCs are oncospecific or carcinogenesis associated. The biological processes, molecular functions, cell localization, and protein signal pathways of the proteins available in all three proteomes were annotated by PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/), PANTHER (http://www.pantherdb.org/), GeneOntology (http://www.geneontology.org/), and KEGG (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/) databases. It was shown that gliomaspheres of U87 GB had only 10 intracellular signal transduction pathways (ISTP) that were not modified by the neoplastic process, but only two of them (integrin and focal adhesion pathways) were accessible for regulatory action on gene candidates in the TSC nucleus. Carcinogenesis-free membrane proteins, IPST, and genes expressing proteins of these pathways in U87 GB TSCs can be viewed as main targets for regulatory effects on TSCs. We offer a novel concept of proteome-based complex therapy of tumors. This manuscript is published as part of the International Association of Neurorestoratology (IANR) special issue of Cell Transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Bryukhovetskiy
- Federal Research Center for Specialized Types of Medical Assistance and Medical Technologies of FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Mateos J, Pernas PF, Labora JF, Blanco F, Arufe MDC. Proteomic Applications in the Study of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Proteomes 2014; 2:53-71. [PMID: 28250369 PMCID: PMC5302726 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes2010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are undifferentiated cells with an unlimited capacity for self-renewal and able to differentiate towards specific lineages under appropriate conditions. MSCs are, a priori, a good target for cell therapy and clinical trials as an alternative to embryonic stem cells, avoiding ethical problems and the chance for malignant transformation in the host. However, regarding MSCs, several biological implications must be solved before their application in cell therapy, such as safe ex vivo expansion and manipulation to obtain an extensive cell quantity amplification number for use in the host without risk accumulation of genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. Cell surface markers for direct characterization of MSCs remain unknown, and the precise molecular mechanisms whereby growth factors stimulate their differentiation are still missing. In the last decade, quantitative proteomics has emerged as a promising set of techniques to address these questions, the answers to which will determine whether MSCs retain their potential for use in cell therapy. Proteomics provides tools to globally analyze cellular activity at the protein level. This proteomic profiling allows the elucidation of connections between broad cellular pathways and molecules that were previously impossible to determine using only traditional biochemical analysis. However; thus far, the results obtained must be orthogonally validated with other approaches. This review will focus on how these techniques have been applied in the evaluation of MSCs for their future applications in safe therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Mateos
- Rheumatology Division, ProteoRed/ISCIII, INIBIC-Hospital Universitario A Coruña, A Coruña 15006, Spain.
| | - Pablo Fernández Pernas
- CIBER-BBN, INIBIC-Hospital Universitario A Coruña, A Coruña 15006, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, University of A Coruña, A Coruña 15006, Spain.
| | - Juan Fafián Labora
- CIBER-BBN, INIBIC-Hospital Universitario A Coruña, A Coruña 15006, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, University of A Coruña, A Coruña 15006, Spain.
| | - Francisco Blanco
- Rheumatology Division, ProteoRed/ISCIII, INIBIC-Hospital Universitario A Coruña, A Coruña 15006, Spain.
- CIBER-BBN, INIBIC-Hospital Universitario A Coruña, A Coruña 15006, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| | - María Del Carmen Arufe
- CIBER-BBN, INIBIC-Hospital Universitario A Coruña, A Coruña 15006, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, University of A Coruña, A Coruña 15006, Spain.
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7
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Abstract
NADPH oxidase5 (Nox5) is a novel Nox isoform which has recently been recognized as having important roles in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarction, fetal ventricular septal defect and cancer. The activity of Nox5 and production of reactive oxygen species is regulated by intracellular calcium levels and phosphorylation. However, the kinases that phosphorylate Nox5 remain poorly understood. Previous studies have shown that the phosphorylation of Nox5 is PKC dependent, but this contention was based on the use of pharmacological inhibitors and the isoforms of PKC involved remain unknown. Thus, the major goals of this study were to determine whether PKC can directly regulate Nox5 phosphorylation and activity, to identify which isoforms are involved in the process, and to understand the functional significance of this pathway in disease. We found that a relatively specific PKCα inhibitor, Ro-32-0432, dose-dependently inhibited PMA-induced superoxide production from Nox5. PMA-stimulated Nox5 activity was significantly reduced in cells with genetic silencing of PKCα and PKCε, enhanced by loss of PKCδ and the silencing of PKCθ expression was without effect. A constitutively active form of PKCα robustly increased basal and PMA-stimulated Nox5 activity and promoted the phosphorylation of Nox5 on Ser490, Thr494, and Ser498. In contrast, constitutively active PKCε potently inhibited both basal and PMA-dependent Nox5 activity. Co-IP and in vitro kinase assay experiments demonstrated that PKCα directly binds to Nox5 and modifies Nox5 phosphorylation and activity. Exposure of endothelial cells to high glucose significantly increased PKCα activation, and enhanced Nox5 derived superoxide in a manner that was in prevented by a PKCα inhibitor, Go 6976. In summary, our study reveals that PKCα is the primary isoform mediating the activation of Nox5 and this maybe of significance in our understanding of the vascular complications of diabetes and other diseases with increased ROS production.
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8
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Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells potentially represent an unlimited source of cells and tissues for regenerative medicine. Understanding signaling events that drive proliferation and specialization of these cells into various differentiated derivatives is of utmost importance for controlling their behavior in vitro. Major progress has been made in unraveling these signaling events with large-scale studies at the transcriptional level, but analysis of protein expression, interaction and modification has been more limited, since it requires different strategies. Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomics indicate that proteome characterization can contribute significantly to our understanding of embryonic stem cell biology. In this article, we review mass spectrometry-based studies of human and mouse embryonic stem cells and their differentiated progeny, as well as studies of conditioned media that have been reported to support self-renewal of the undifferentiated cells in the absence of the more commonly used feeder cells. In addition, we make concise comparisons with related transcriptome profiling reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Van Hoof
- Netherlands Institute of Developmental Biology, Hubrecht Laboratory, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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9
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Anjos L, Gomes AS, Redruello B, Reinhardt R, Canário AV, Power DM. PTHrP-induced modifications of the sea bream (Sparus auratus) vertebral bone proteome. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 191:102-12. [PMID: 23747812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine factors play an essential role in the formation and turnover of the skeleton in vertebrates. In the present study sea bream vertebral bone transcripts for PTH1R and PTH3R were identified and the action of intermittent administration of parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) on the proteome of vertebral bone was analysed. Treatment of immature sea bream (Sparus auratus, n=6) for 5days with homologous recombinant PTHrP(1-125; 150ng/g body weight) modified bone metabolism and caused a significant (p<0.05) reduction in both tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in relation to control fish. However, the ratio of TRACP: ALP in PTHrP treated fish (1.3 to 2.2 cf. control) suggested it had an anabolic response. A sea bream vertebral bone proteome of 157 protein spots was generated and putative identity assigned to 118 (75.2%) proteins of which 72% had homology to proteins/transcripts from teleosts many of which have not previously been reported in teleost bone. Classification of bone proteins using gene ontology revealed those with protein or metal/ion (e.g., calcium, magnesium, zinc) binding (∼53%) activities were most abundant. The expression of eight proteins was significantly (p<0.05) modified in the vertebra of PTHrP treated compared to control fish; three were up-regulated, betainehomocystein S-methyltransferase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, parvalbumin beta and five were down-regulated, annexin A5, apolipoprotein A1, myosin light chain 2, fast skeletal myosin light chain 3, troponin C. In conclusion, intermittent administration of PTHrP to sea bream is associated with an anabolic response in vertebral bone metabolism and modifies calcium binding proteins in the proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Anjos
- Comparative and Molecular Endocrinology Group, CCMAR, CIMAR Laboratório Associado, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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10
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Yang HY, Kwon J, Kook MS, Kang SS, Kim SE, Sohn S, Jung S, Kwon SO, Kim HS, Lee JH, Lee TH. Proteomic analysis of gingival tissue and alveolar bone during alveolar bone healing. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2674-88. [PMID: 23824910 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.026740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue regeneration is orchestrated by the surrounding supporting tissues and involves the build-up of osteogenic cells, which orchestrate remodeling/healing through the expression of numerous mediators and signaling molecules. Periodontal regeneration models have proven useful for studying the interaction and communication between alveolar bone and supporting soft tissue. We applied a quantitative proteomic approach to analyze and compare proteins with altered expression in gingival soft tissue and alveolar bone following tooth extraction. For target identification and validation, hard and soft tissue were extracted from mini-pigs at the indicated times after tooth extraction. From triplicate experiments, 56 proteins in soft tissue and 27 proteins in alveolar bone were found to be differentially expressed before and after tooth extraction. The expression of 21 of those proteins was altered in both soft tissue and bone. Comparison of the activated networks in soft tissue and alveolar bone highlighted their distinct responsibilities in bone and tissue healing. Moreover, we found that there is crosstalk between identified proteins in soft tissue and alveolar bone with respect to cellular assembly, organization, and communication. Among these proteins, we examined in detail the expression patterns and associated networks of ATP5B and fibronectin 1. ATP5B is involved in nucleic acid metabolism, small molecule biochemistry, and neurological disease, and fibronectin 1 is involved in cellular assembly, organization, and maintenance. Collectively, our findings indicate that bone regeneration is accompanied by a profound interaction among networks regulating cellular resources, and they provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the healing of periodontal tissue after tooth extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Young Yang
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental Science Research Institute and the BK21 Project, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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11
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Alfaro MP, Deskins DL, Wallus M, DasGupta J, Davidson JM, Nanney LB, Guney MA, Gannon M, Young PP. A physiological role for connective tissue growth factor in early wound healing. J Transl Med 2013; 93:81-95. [PMID: 23212098 PMCID: PMC3720136 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that overexpress secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (sFRP2) exhibit an enhanced reparative phenotype. The secretomes of sFRP2-overexpressing MSCs and vector control-MSCs were compared through liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Proteomic profiling revealed that connective tissue growth factor (CTGF; CCN2) was overrepresented in the conditioned media of sFRP2-overexpressing MSCs and MSC-derived CTGF could thus be an important paracrine effector. Subcutaneously implanted, MSC-loaded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sponges and stented excisional wounds were used as wound models to study the dynamics of CTGF expression. Granulation tissue generated within the sponges and full-thickness skin wounds showed transient upregulation of CTGF expression by MSCs and fibroblasts, implying a role for this molecule in early tissue repair. Although collagen and COL1A2 mRNA were not increased when recombinant CTGF was administered to sponges during the early phase (day 1-6) of tissue repair, prolonged administration (>15 days) of exogenous CTGF into PVA sponges resulted in fibroblast proliferation and increased deposition of collagen within the experimental granulation tissue. In support of its physiological role, CTGF immunoinhibition during early repair (days 0-7) reduced the quantity, organizational quality and vascularity of experimental granulation tissue in the sponge model. However, CTGF haploinsufficiency was not enough to reduce collagen deposition in excisional wounds. Similar to acute murine wound models, CTGF was transiently present in the early phase of human acute burn wound healing. Together, these results further support a physiological role for CTGF in wound repair and demonstrate that when CTGF expression is confined to early tissue repair, it serves a pro-reparative role. These data also further illustrate the potential of MSC-derived paracrine modulators to enhance tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Alfaro
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Desirae L Deskins
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Meredith Wallus
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jayasri DasGupta
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Davidson
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
,The Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lillian B Nanney
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michelle A Guney
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maureen Gannon
- The Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pampee P Young
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
,The Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
,Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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12
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Faça VM. Human mesenchymal stromal cell proteomics: contribution for identification of new markers and targets for medicine intervention. Expert Rev Proteomics 2012; 9:217-30. [PMID: 22462791 DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSCs) have become of great interest for cell-based therapy owing to their roles in tissue repair and immune suppression. MSCs have the ability to differentiate into specialized tissues, including bone, cartilage and muscle, among several others. Furthermore, it has been found that MSCs can also serve as cellular factories that secrete mediators to stimulate in situ regeneration of injured tissues. Proteomics has contributed significantly to the identification of new proteins to improve cellular characterization of MSCs, to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention and to elucidate important pathways utilized by MSCs to differentiate into distinct tissues. As proteomics technology advances, several studies can be revisited and analyzed in depth, employing state-of-the-art approaches, helping to uncover the cellular mechanisms utilized by MSCs to exert their regenerative functionalities. In this article, we will review the progress made so far and discuss further opportunities for proteomics to contribute to the clinical applications of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Marcel Faça
- Department of Biochemistry & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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13
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Novak A, Amit M, Ziv T, Segev H, Fishman B, Admon A, Itskovitz-Eldor J. Proteomics profiling of human embryonic stem cells in the early differentiation stage. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:137-49. [PMID: 21732092 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory pathways responsible for maintaining human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in an undifferentiated state have yet to be elucidated. Since these pathways are thought to be governed by complex protein cues, deciphering the changes that occur in the proteomes of the ESCs during differentiation is important for understanding the expansion and differentiation processes involved. In this study, we present the first quantitative comparison of the hESC protein profile in the undifferentiated and early differentiated states. We used iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification) labeling combined with two dimensional capillary chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (μLC-MS/MS) to achieve comparative proteomics of hESCs at the undifferentiated stage, and at 6, 48, and 72 h after initiation of differentiation. In addition, two dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) was performed on differentiating hESCs at eleven points of time during the first 72 h of differentiation. The results indicate that during the first 48 h of hESC differentiation, many processes are initiated and are later reversed, including chromatin remodeling, heterochromatin spreading, a decrease in transcription and translation, a decrease in glycolytic proteins and cytoskeleton remodeling, and a decrease in focal and cell adhesion. Only 72 h after differentiation induction did the expression of the homeobox prox1 protein increase, indicating the beginning of developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atara Novak
- Sohnis and Forman Families Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration Research, Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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14
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Niehage C, Steenblock C, Pursche T, Bornhäuser M, Corbeil D, Hoflack B. The cell surface proteome of human mesenchymal stromal cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20399. [PMID: 21637820 PMCID: PMC3102717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multipotent human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) are considered as promising biological tools for regenerative medicine. Their antibody-based isolation relies on the identification of reliable cell surface markers. Methodology/Principal Findings To obtain a comprehensive view of the cell surface proteome of bone marrow-derived hMSCs, we have developed an analytical pipeline relying on cell surface biotinylation of intact cells using cell impermeable, cleavable sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin to enrich the plasma membrane proteins and mass spectrometry for identification with extremely high confidence. Among the 888 proteins identified, we found ≈200 bona fide plasma membrane proteins including 33 cell adhesion molecules and 26 signaling receptors. In total 41 CD markers including 5 novel ones (CD97, CD112, CD239, CD276, and CD316) were identified. The CD markers are distributed homogenously within plastic-adherent hMSC populations and their expression is modulated during the process of adipogenesis or osteogenesis. Moreover, our in silico analysis revealed a significant difference between the cell surface proteome of hMSCs and that of human embryonic stem cells reported previously. Conclusions/Significance Collectively, our analytical methods not only provide a basis for further studies of mechanisms maintaining the multipotency of hMSCs within their niches and triggering their differentiation after signaling, but also a toolbox for a refined antibody-based identification of hMSC populations from different tissues and their isolation for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Niehage
- Biotechnology Center, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Theresia Pursche
- Biotechnology Center, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Bornhäuser
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Denis Corbeil
- Biotechnology Center, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernard Hoflack
- Biotechnology Center, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
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15
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Wang W, Gou L, Yang J. What can proteomics teach us about bone marrow aging? Expert Rev Proteomics 2010; 7:799-802. [PMID: 21142879 DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Mareddy S, Dhaliwal N, Crawford R, Xiao Y. Stem cell-related gene expression in clonal populations of mesenchymal stromal cells from bone marrow. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:749-58. [PMID: 19772457 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Decline in the frequency of potent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been implicated in ageing and degenerative diseases. Increasing the circulating stem cell population can lead to renewed recruitment of these potent cells at sites of damage. Therefore, identifying the ideal cells for ex vivo expansion will form a major pursuit of clinical applications. This study is a follow-up of previous work that demonstrated the occurrence of fast-growing multipotential cells from the bone marrow samples. To investigate the molecular processes involved in the existence of such varying populations, gene expression studies were performed between fast- and slow-growing clonal populations to identify potential genetic markers associated with stemness using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction comprising a series of 84 genes related to stem cell pathways. A group of 10 genes were commonly overrepresented in the fast-growing stem cell clones. These included genes that encode proteins involved in the maintenance of embryonic and neural stem cell renewal (sex-determining region Y-box 2, notch homolog 1, and delta-like 3), proteins associated with chondrogenesis (aggrecan and collagen 2 A1), growth factors (bone morphogenetic protein 2 and insulin-like growth factor 1), an endodermal organogenesis protein (forkhead box a2), and proteins associated with cell-fate specification (fibroblast growth factor 2 and cell division cycle 2). Expression of diverse differentiation genes in MSC clones suggests that these commonly expressed genes may confer the maintenance of multipotentiality and self-renewal of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Mareddy
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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17
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Kim S, Min WK, Chun S, Lee W, Chung HJ, Choi SJ, Yang SE, Yang YS, Yoo JI. Protein expression profiles during osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human umbilical cord blood. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2010; 221:141-50. [PMID: 20495303 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.221.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can potentially differentiate along multiple lineages and be expanded in vitro, making them highly attractive candidates for cell therapy and tissue engineering applications. This study sought to investigate the critical proteins involved in osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from umbilical cord blood (UCB-MSCs). MSCs, which were isolated from three different preparations of human UCB, were osteoinduced, and total proteins were extracted from the cells. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) was performed on the day (d) of induction d0, and on d2, d7, and d21 of differentiation. The optical density (OD) of each spot was measured, and spots with a mean OD of three cell lines of MSCs that increased > 30 or decreased < 0.1 relative to a previous time point were selected. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) was used to identify the proteins. Through database searches, the properties and functions of the proteins were investigated and then classified according to the Gene Ontology classification. Among the 308 spots observed in the 2-D gel, 16 proteins with a mean OD ratio > 30, and 20 proteins with a mean OD ratio < 0.1 were identified during the differentiation process. Additionally, the distribution of differentially expressed proteins according to cellular component and molecular function criteria differed depending on whether protein expression increased or decreased during differentiation. The results of this study will comprise an initial proteomic database for UCB-MSCs differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sollip Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Abstract
Ectomesenchymal dental stem cells could be feasible tools for dental tissue engineering. Dental follicle cells are a promising example, since they are capable of differentiation into various dental tissue cells, such as osteoblasts or cementoblasts. However, cellular mechanisms of cell proliferation and differentiation are not understood in detail. Basic knowledge of these molecular processes may shorten the time before ectomesenchymal dental stem cells can be exploited for bone augmentation in regenerative medicine. Recent developments in proteomics and transcriptomics have made information about genome-wide expression profiles accessible, which can aid in clarifying molecular mechanisms of cells. This review describes the transcriptomes and proteomes of dental follicle cells before and after differentiation, and compares them with differentially expressed populations from dental tissue or bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Morsczeck
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - G. Schmalz
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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19
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D'Alessandro A, Liumbruno G, Grazzini G, Pupella S, Lombardini L, Zolla L. Umbilical cord blood stem cells: Towards a proteomic approach. J Proteomics 2010; 73:468-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Lee SK, Kim Y, Kim SS, Lee JH, Cho K, Lee SS, Lee ZW, Kwon KH, Kim YH, Suh-Kim H, Yoo JS, Park YM. Differential expression of cell surface proteins in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells cultured with or without basic fibroblast growth factor containing medium. Proteomics 2009; 9:4389-405. [PMID: 19655310 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells, which have the capability to differentiate into various mesenchymal tissues such as bone, cartilage, fat, tendon, muscle, and marrow stroma. However, they lose the capability of multi-lineage differentiation after several passages. It is known that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) increases growth rate, differentiation potential, and morphological changes of MSCs in vitro. In this report, we have used 2-DE coupled to MS to identify differentially expressed proteins at the cell membrane level in MSCs growing in bFGF containing medium. The cell surface proteins isolated by the biotin-avidin affinity column were separated by 2-DE in triplicate experiments. A total of 15 differentially expressed proteins were identified by quadrupole-time of flight tandem MS. Nine of the proteins were upregulated and six proteins were downregulated in the MSCs cultured with bFGF containing medium. The expression level of three actin-related proteins, F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-1, actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 2, and myosin regulatory light chain 2, was confirmed by Western blot analysis. The results indicate that the expression levels of F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-1, actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 2, and myosin regulatory light chain 2 are important in bFGF-induced morphological change of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Kwang Lee
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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21
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Kasper G, Mao L, Geissler S, Draycheva A, Trippens J, Kühnisch J, Tschirschmann M, Kaspar K, Perka C, Duda GN, Klose J. Insights into mesenchymal stem cell aging: involvement of antioxidant defense and actin cytoskeleton. Stem Cells 2009; 27:1288-97. [PMID: 19492299 DOI: 10.1002/stem.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Progenitor cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have elicited great hopes for therapeutic augmentation of physiological regeneration processes, e.g., for bone fracture healing. However, regeneration potential decreases with age, which raises questions about the efficiency of autologous approaches in elderly patients. To elucidate the mechanisms and cellular consequences of aging, the functional and proteomic changes in MSCs derived from young and old Sprague-Dawley rats were studied concurrently. We demonstrate not only that MSC concentration in bone marrow declines with age but also that their function is altered, especially their migratory capacity and susceptibility toward senescence. High-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of the MSC proteome, under conditions of in vitro self-renewal as well as osteogenic stimulation, identified several age-dependent proteins, including members of the calponin protein family as well as galectin-3. Functional annotation clustering revealed that age-affected molecular functions are associated with cytoskeleton organization and antioxidant defense. These proteome screening results are supported by lower actin turnover and diminished antioxidant power in aged MSCs, respectively. Thus, we postulate two main reasons for the compromised cellular function of aged MSCs: (a) declined responsiveness to biological and mechanical signals due to a less dynamic actin cytoskeleton and (b) increased oxidative stress exposure favoring macromolecular damage and senescence. These results, along with the observed similar differentiation potentials, imply that MSC-based therapeutic approaches for the elderly should focus on attracting the cells to the site of injury and oxidative stress protection, rather than merely stimulating differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grit Kasper
- Julius Wolff Institute and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Lisignoli G, Codeluppi K, Todoerti K, Manferdini C, Piacentini A, Zini N, Grassi F, Cattini L, Piva R, Rizzoli V, Facchini A, Giuliani N, Neri A. Gene array profile identifies collagen type XV as a novel human osteoblast-secreted matrix protein. J Cell Physiol 2009; 220:401-9. [PMID: 19365806 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) and osteoblasts are the two main non-haematopoietic cellular components of human bone tissue. To identify novel osteoblast-related molecules, we performed a gene expression profiling analysis comparing MSCs and osteoblasts isolated from the same donors. Genes differentially overexpressed in osteoblasts were mainly related to the negative control of cell proliferation, pro-apoptotic processes, protein metabolism and bone remodelling. Notably, we also identified the collagen XV (COL15A1) gene as the most up-regulated gene in osteoblasts compared with MSCs, previously described as being expressed in the basement membrane in other cell types. The expression of collagen type XV was confirmed at the protein level on isolated osteoblasts and we demonstrated that it significantly increases during the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs in vitro and that free ionised extracellular calcium significantly down-modulates its expression. Moreover, light and electron microscopy showed that collagen type XV is expressed in bone tissue biopsies mainly by working osteoblasts forming new bone tissue or lining bone trabeculae. To our knowledge, these data represent the first evidence of the expression of collagen type XV in human osteoblasts, a calcium-regulated protein which correlates to a specific functional state of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Lisignoli
- Laboratorio di Immunologia e Genetica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
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23
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Mareddy S, Broadbent J, Crawford R, Xiao Y. Proteomic profiling of distinct clonal populations of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:776-86. [PMID: 19229859 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted immense research interest in the field of regenerative medicine due to their ability to be cultured for successive passages and multi-lineage differentiation. The molecular mechanisms governing MSC self-renewal and differentiation remain largely unknown. The development of sophisticated techniques, in particular clinical proteomics, has enabled researchers in various fields to identify and characterize cell specific biomarkers for therapeutic purposes. This study seeks to understand the cellular and sub-cellular processes responsible for the existence of stem cell populations in bone marrow samples by revealing the whole cell proteome of the clonal cultures of bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs). Protein profiling of the MSC clonal populations was conducted by Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography/Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation (MALDI) Mass Spectrometry (MS). A total of 83 proteins were identified with high confidence of which 11 showed differential expression between subpopulations, which included cytoskeletal and structural proteins, calcium binding proteins, cytokinetic proteins, and members of the intermediate filament family. This study generated a proteome reference map of BMSCs from the clonal populations, which will be valuable to better understand the underlying mechanism of BMSC self-renewal and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Mareddy
- Medical Device Domain, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
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24
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Placzek MR, Chung IM, Macedo HM, Ismail S, Mortera Blanco T, Lim M, Cha JM, Fauzi I, Kang Y, Yeo DCL, Ma CYJ, Polak JM, Panoskaltsis N, Mantalaris A. Stem cell bioprocessing: fundamentals and principles. J R Soc Interface 2009; 6:209-32. [PMID: 19033137 PMCID: PMC2659585 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the potential of stem cell research for tissue engineering-based therapies and regenerative medicine clinical applications has become well established. In 2006, Chung pioneered the first entire organ transplant using adult stem cells and a scaffold for clinical evaluation. With this a new milestone was achieved, with seven patients with myelomeningocele receiving stem cell-derived bladder transplants resulting in substantial improvements in their quality of life. While a bladder is a relatively simple organ, the breakthrough highlights the incredible benefits that can be gained from the cross-disciplinary nature of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) that encompasses stem cell research and stem cell bioprocessing. Unquestionably, the development of bioprocess technologies for the transfer of the current laboratory-based practice of stem cell tissue culture to the clinic as therapeutics necessitates the application of engineering principles and practices to achieve control, reproducibility, automation, validation and safety of the process and the product. The successful translation will require contributions from fundamental research (from developmental biology to the 'omics' technologies and advances in immunology) and from existing industrial practice (biologics), especially on automation, quality assurance and regulation. The timely development, integration and execution of various components will be critical-failures of the past (such as in the commercialization of skin equivalents) on marketing, pricing, production and advertising should not be repeated. This review aims to address the principles required for successful stem cell bioprocessing so that they can be applied deftly to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Placzek
- Biological Systems Engineering Laboratory, Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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25
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Çelebi B, Elçin YM. Proteome Analysis of Rat Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Subcultures. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:2164-72. [DOI: 10.1021/pr800590g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Betül Çelebi
- Ankara University, Faculty of Science and Biotechnology Institute, AU-TEBNL, Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Y. Murat Elçin
- Ankara University, Faculty of Science and Biotechnology Institute, AU-TEBNL, Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
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26
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Kubo H, Shimizu M, Taya Y, Kawamoto T, Michida M, Kaneko E, Igarashi A, Nishimura M, Segoshi K, Shimazu Y, Tsuji K, Aoba T, Kato Y. Identification of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-transcription factors by microarray and knockdown analyses, and signature molecule-marked MSC in bone marrow by immunohistochemistry. Genes Cells 2009; 14:407-24. [PMID: 19228201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2009.01281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although ex vivo expanded mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been used in numerous studies, the molecular signature and in vivo distribution status of MSC remain unknown. To address this matter, we identified numerous human MSC-characteristic genes--including nine transcription factor genes--using DNA microarray and real-time RT-PCR analyses: Most of the MSC-characteristic genes were down-regulated 24 h after incubation with osteogenesis-, chondrogenesis- or adipogenesis-induction medium, or 48-72 h after knockdown of the nine transcription factors. Furthermore, knockdowns of ETV1, ETV5, FOXP1, GATA6, HMGA2, SIM2 or SOX11 suppressed the self-renewal capacity of MSC, whereas those of FOXP1, SOX11, ETV1, SIM2 or PRDM16 reduced the osteogenic- and/or adipogenic potential. In addition, immunohistochemistry using antibodies for the MSC characteristic molecules--including GATA6, TRPC4, FLG and TGM2--revealed that MSC-like cells were present near the endosteum and in the interior of bone marrow of adult mice. These findings indicate that MSC synthesize a set of MSC markers in vitro and in vivo, and that MSC-characteristic transcription factors are involved in MSC stemness regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kubo
- Department of Dental and Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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27
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Carpi D, Korkalainen M, Airoldi L, Fanelli R, Hakansson H, Muhonen V, Tuukkanen J, Viluksela M, Pastorelli R. Dioxin-Sensitive Proteins in Differentiating Osteoblasts: Effects on Bone Formation In Vitro. Toxicol Sci 2009; 108:330-43. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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28
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Yener B, Acar E, Aguis P, Bennett K, Vandenberg SL, Plopper GE. Multiway modeling and analysis in stem cell systems biology. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2008; 2:63. [PMID: 18625054 PMCID: PMC2527292 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-2-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Systems biology refers to multidisciplinary approaches designed to uncover emergent properties of biological systems. Stem cells are an attractive target for this analysis, due to their broad therapeutic potential. A central theme of systems biology is the use of computational modeling to reconstruct complex systems from a wealth of reductionist, molecular data (e.g., gene/protein expression, signal transduction activity, metabolic activity, etc.). A number of deterministic, probabilistic, and statistical learning models are used to understand sophisticated cellular behaviors such as protein expression during cellular differentiation and the activity of signaling networks. However, many of these models are bimodal i.e., they only consider row-column relationships. In contrast, multiway modeling techniques (also known as tensor models) can analyze multimodal data, which capture much more information about complex behaviors such as cell differentiation. In particular, tensors can be very powerful tools for modeling the dynamic activity of biological networks over time. Here, we review the application of systems biology to stem cells and illustrate application of tensor analysis to model collagen-induced osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Results We applied Tucker1, Tucker3, and Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) models to identify protein/gene expression patterns during extracellular matrix-induced osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. In one case, we organized our data into a tensor of type protein/gene locus link × gene ontology category × osteogenic stimulant, and found that our cells expressed two distinct, stimulus-dependent sets of functionally related genes as they underwent osteogenic differentiation. In a second case, we organized DNA microarray data in a three-way tensor of gene IDs × osteogenic stimulus × replicates, and found that application of tensile strain to a collagen I substrate accelerated the osteogenic differentiation induced by a static collagen I substrate. Conclusion Our results suggest gene- and protein-level models whereby stem cells undergo transdifferentiation to osteoblasts, and lay the foundation for mechanistic, hypothesis-driven studies. Our analysis methods are applicable to a wide range of stem cell differentiation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bülent Yener
- Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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29
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Tondreau T, Dejeneffe M, Meuleman N, Stamatopoulos B, Delforge A, Martiat P, Bron D, Lagneaux L. Gene expression pattern of functional neuronal cells derived from human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:166. [PMID: 18405367 PMCID: PMC2358905 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal tissue has limited potential to self-renew or repair after neurological diseases. Cellular therapies using stem cells are promising approaches for the treatment of neurological diseases. However, the clinical use of embryonic stem cells or foetal tissues is limited by ethical considerations and other scientific problems. Thus, bone marrow mesenchymal stomal cells (BM-MSC) could represent an alternative source of stem cells for cell replacement therapies. Indeed, many studies have demonstrated that MSC can give rise to neuronal cells as well as many tissue-specific cell phenotypes. METHODS BM-MSC were differentiated in neuron-like cells under specific induction (NPBM + cAMP + IBMX + NGF + Insulin). By day ten, differentiated cells presented an expression profile of real neurons. Functionality of these differentiated cells was evaluated by calcium influx through glutamate receptor AMPA3. RESULTS Using microarray analysis, we compared gene expression profile of these different samples, before and after neurogenic differentiation. Among the 1943 genes differentially expressed, genes down-regulated are involved in osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, adipogenesis, myogenesis and extracellular matrix component (tuftelin, AGC1, FADS3, tropomyosin, fibronectin, ECM2, HAPLN1, vimentin). Interestingly, genes implicated in neurogenesis are increased. Most of them are involved in the synaptic transmission and long term potentialisation as cortactin, CASK, SYNCRIP, SYNTL4 and STX1. Other genes are involved in neurite outgrowth, early neuronal cell development, neuropeptide signaling/synthesis and neuronal receptor (FK506, ARHGAP6, CDKRAP2, PMCH, GFPT2, GRIA3, MCT6, BDNF, PENK, amphiregulin, neurofilament 3, Epha4, synaptotagmin). Using real time RT-PCR, we confirmed the expression of selected neuronal genes: NEGR1, GRIA3 (AMPA3), NEF3, PENK and Epha4. Functionality of these neuron-like cells was demonstrated by Ca2+ influx through glutamate receptor channel (AMPA3) in the presence of two agonist glutamate, AMPA or CNQX antagonist. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that BM-MSC have the potential to differentiate in neuronal cells with specific gene expression and functional properties. BM-MSC are thus promising candidates for cell-based therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Tondreau
- Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, 121, Bd de Waterloo, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
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Varas L, Ohlsson LB, Honeth G, Olsson A, Bengtsson T, Wiberg C, Bockermann R, Järnum S, Richter J, Pennington D, Johnstone B, Lundgren-Akerlund E, Kjellman C. Alpha10 integrin expression is up-regulated on fibroblast growth factor-2-treated mesenchymal stem cells with improved chondrogenic differentiation potential. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 16:965-78. [PMID: 18047418 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that have the capacity to differentiate into various different cell lineages and can generate bone, cartilage and adipose tissue. MSCs are presently characterized using a broad range of different cell-surface markers that are not exclusive to MSCs and not sensitive to culture conditions or differentiation capacity. We show that the integrin subunits alpha10 and alpha11 of the collagen binding integrins alpha10beta1 and alpha11beta1 are expressed by human MSCs in monolayer cultures. We also demonstrate that the expression of alpha10 increases, while alpha1 and alpha11 decrease, during aggregate culture of MSCs in chondrogenic medium. Alpha10beta1 is expressed by chondrocytes in cartilage, whereas alpha11beta1 integrins are predominantly expressed by subsets of the fibroblastic lineage. In extensive monolayer cultures of MSCs, alpha10 expression is down-regulated. We show that this down-regulation is reversed by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) treatment. Addition of FGF-2 to MSCs not only results in increased alpha10 expression, but also in decreased alpha11 expression. FGF-2 treatment of MSCs has been shown to keep the cells more multipotent and also induces cell proliferation and Sox-9 up-regulation. We demonstrate improved chondrogenecity as well as increased collagen-dependant migratory potential of FGF-2-treated MSCs having a high alpha10 expression. We also demonstrate expression of alpha10 and alpha11 integrin subunits in the endosteum and periosteum of mice, but very low or not detectable expression levels in freshly aspired human or mouse BM. We show that MSCs with high chondrogenic differentiation potential are highly alpha10 positive and propose alpha10 as a potential marker to predict the differentiation state of MSCs.
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Guo Y, Yang TL, Pan F, Xu XH, Dong SS, Deng HW. Molecular genetic studies of gene identification for osteoporosis. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2008; 3:223-267. [PMID: 30764094 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.3.2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review comprehensively summarizes the most important and representative molecular genetics studies of gene identification for osteoporosis published up to the end of September 2007. It is intended to constitute a sequential update of our previously published reviews covering the available data up to the end of 2004. Evidence from candidate gene-association studies, genome-wide linkage and association studies, as well as functional genomic studies (including gene-expression microarray and proteomics) on osteogenesis and osteoporosis, are reviewed separately. Studies of transgenic and knockout mice models relevant to osteoporosis are summarized. The major results of all studies are tabulated for comparison and ease of reference. Comments are made on the most notable findings and representative studies for their potential influence and implications on our present understanding of genetics of osteoporosis. The format adopted by this review should be ideal for accommodating future new advances and studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Tie-Lin Yang
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Feng Pan
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Xiang-Hong Xu
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Shan-Shan Dong
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- b The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China and Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Basic Medical Sciences, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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Scatena R, Bottoni P, Giardina B. Modulation of cancer cell line differentiation: A neglected proteomic analysis with potential implications in pathophysiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of cancer. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:229-37. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Ward DF, Salasznyk RM, Klees RF, Backiel J, Agius P, Bennett K, Boskey A, Plopper GE. Mechanical strain enhances extracellular matrix-induced gene focusing and promotes osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells through an extracellular-related kinase-dependent pathway. Stem Cells Dev 2007; 16:467-80. [PMID: 17610377 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are a population of multipotent bone marrow cells capable of differentiating along multiple lineages, including bone. Our recently published proteomics studies suggest that focusing of gene expression is the basis of hMSC osteogenic transdifferentiation, and that extracellular matrix proteins play an important role in controlling this focusing. Here, we show that application of a 3-5% tensile strain to a collagen I substrate stimulates osteogenesis in the attached hMSCs through gene focusing via a MAP kinase signaling pathway. Mechanical strain increases expression levels of well-established osteogenic marker genes while simultaneously reducing expression levels of marker genes from three alternate lineages (chondrogenic, adipogenic, and neurogenic). Mechanical strain also increases matrix mineralization (a hallmark of osteogenic differentiation) and activation of extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK). Addition of the MEK inhibitor PD98059 to reduce ERK activation decreases osteogenic gene expression and matrix mineralization while also blocking strain-induced down-regulation of nonosteogenic lineage marker genes. These results demonstrate that mechanical strain enhances collagen I-induced gene focusing and osteogenic differentiation in hMSCs through the ERK MAP kinase signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Ward
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3596, USA
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Abstract
Proteomics has evolved, in recent years, into effective tools for basic and applied stem cell research, and has been extensively used to facilitate the identification of changes in signal transduction components, especially with regard to plasticity, proliferation, and differentiation. Several recent reports have also employed proteomic strategies to characterize human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) and their differentiated derivatives. Although these approaches have yielded valuable data, the results highlight the fact that only the limited numbers of proteins are characterized at the protein level in these cells, thus necessitating expandable MSC proteome dataset. This review presents, for the first time, an expandable list of MSC proteins, which will function as a starting point for the generation of a comprehensive reference map of their proteome. Also, the better way to bridge current gap between genomics and proteomics study such as integrated proteomic and transcriptomic analyses is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Park
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Bennett KP, Bergeron C, Acar E, Klees RF, Vandenberg SL, Yener B, Plopper GE. Proteomics reveals multiple routes to the osteogenic phenotype in mesenchymal stem cells. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:380. [PMID: 17949499 PMCID: PMC2148065 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, we demonstrated that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) stimulated with dexamethazone undergo gene focusing during osteogenic differentiation (Stem Cells Dev 14(6): 1608-20, 2005). Here, we examine the protein expression profiles of three additional populations of hMSC stimulated to undergo osteogenic differentiation via either contact with pro-osteogenic extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (collagen I, vitronectin, or laminin-5) or osteogenic media supplements (OS media). Specifically, we annotate these four protein expression profiles, as well as profiles from naïve hMSC and differentiated human osteoblasts (hOST), with known gene ontologies and analyze them as a tensor with modes for the expressed proteins, gene ontologies, and stimulants. RESULTS Direct component analysis in the gene ontology space identifies three components that account for 90% of the variance between hMSC, osteoblasts, and the four stimulated hMSC populations. The directed component maps the differentiation stages of the stimulated stem cell populations along the differentiation axis created by the difference in the expression profiles of hMSC and hOST. Surprisingly, hMSC treated with ECM proteins lie closer to osteoblasts than do hMSC treated with OS media. Additionally, the second component demonstrates that proteomic profiles of collagen I- and vitronectin-stimulated hMSC are distinct from those of OS-stimulated cells. A three-mode tensor analysis reveals additional focus proteins critical for characterizing the phenotypic variations between naïve hMSC, partially differentiated hMSC, and hOST. CONCLUSION The differences between the proteomic profiles of OS-stimulated hMSC and ECM-hMSC characterize different transitional phenotypes en route to becoming osteoblasts. This conclusion is arrived at via a three-mode tensor analysis validated using hMSC plated on laminin-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin P Bennett
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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Madlambayan G, Rogers I. Umbilical cord-derived stem cells for tissue therapy: current and future uses. Regen Med 2007; 1:777-87. [PMID: 17465759 DOI: 10.2217/17460751.1.6.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ and tissue transplants provide a means to correct disease but are limited, mostly owing to the lack of available donor tissue. Tissue matching and speed of procurement are important parameters that must be met for a successful graft, however the lack of available donors leads to expanding waiting lists and suboptimal human leukocyte antigen-matching, often leading to reduced transplant success. The discovery of embryonic stem cells and tissue-specific stem cells has provided hope for many patients. Stem cell-based therapy has provided possible new sources of human leukocyte antigen-matched tissue but, before routine clinical application of stem cells becomes a reality, many obstacles must first be overcome. Focusing on umbilical cord blood cells, we discuss some of the challenges that stem cell therapy faces, including obtaining clinically relevant numbers of stem cells and the ability of stem cells to provide for permanent engraftment of multiple tissue types. We discuss possible solutions to these problems, such as in vitro stem cell expansion and the differentiation potential of tissue-specific stem cells.
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Buxton PG, Cobourne MT. Regenerative approaches in the craniofacial region: manipulating cellular progenitors for oro-facial repair. Oral Dis 2007; 13:452-60. [PMID: 17714347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007.01403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to highlight the potential for regeneration that resides within the bony tissues of the craniofacial region. We examine the five main cues which determine osteogenic differentiation: heritage of the cell, mechanical cues, the influence of the matrix, growth factor stimulation and cell-to-cell contact. We review how successful clinical procedures, such as guided tissue regeneration and distraction osteogenesis exploit this resident ability. We explore the developmental origins of the flat bones of the skull to see how such programmes of differentiation may inform new therapies or regenerative techniques. Finally we compare and contrast existing approaches of hard tissue reconstruction with future approaches inspired by the regenerative medicine philosophy, with particular emphasis on the potential for using chondrocyte-inspired factors and replaceable scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Buxton
- Eastman Dental Institute, UCL, London, UK.
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Zhang AX, Yu WH, Ma BF, Yu XB, Mao FF, Liu W, Zhang JQ, Zhang XM, Li SN, Li MT, Lahn BT, Xiang AP. Proteomic identification of differently expressed proteins responsible for osteoblast differentiation from human mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 304:167-79. [PMID: 17530189 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9497-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) are a population of multipotent cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and other cells. The exact mechanism governing the differentiation of hMSC into osteoblasts remains largely unknown. Here, we analyzed protein expression profiles of undifferentiated as well as osteogenic induced hMSC using 2-D gel electrophoresis (2-DE), mass spectrometry (MS), and peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) to investigate the early gene expression in osteoblast differentiation. We have generated proteome maps of undifferentiated hMSC and osteogenic induced hMSC on day 3 and day 7. 2-DE revealed 102 spots with at least 2.0-fold changes in expression and 52 differently expressed proteins were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF-MS. These proteins were classified into 7 functional categories: metabolism, signal transduction, transcription, calcium-binding protein, protein degradation, protein folding and others. The expression of some identified proteins was confirmed by further RT-PCR analyses. This study clarifies the global proteome during osteoblast differentiation. Our results will play an important role in better elucidating the underlying molecular mechanism in hMSC differentiation into osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Xia Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Schreiweis MA, Butler JP, Kulkarni NH, Knierman MD, Higgs RE, Halladay DL, Onyia JE, Hale JE. A proteomic analysis of adult rat bone reveals the presence of cartilage/chondrocyte markers. J Cell Biochem 2007; 101:466-76. [PMID: 17205546 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The non-mineral component of bone matrix consists of 90% collagenous, 10% non-collagenous proteins. These proteins regulate mineralization, growth, cell signaling and differentiation, and provide bone with its tensile strength. Expression of bone matrix proteins have historically been studied individually or in small numbers owing to limitations in analytical technologies. Current mass-spectrometric and separations technologies allow a global view of protein expression patterns in complex samples. To our knowledge, no proteome profile of bone matrix has yet been reported. Therefore, we have used mass spectrometry as a tool to generate a profile of proteins present in the extracellular matrix of adult rat bone. Overall, 108 and 25 proteins were identified with high confidence in the metaphysis and diaphysis, respectively, using a bottom up proteomic technique. Twenty-one of these proteins were present in both the metaphysis and diaphysis including the bone specific proteins, osteocalcin, type I collagen, osteopontin, osteoregulin, and bone sialoprotein. Interestingly, type II collagen, a protein thought to be exclusively expressed in cartilage, was identified in both the metaphysis and diaphysis. This observation was validated by Western blot. Additionally, the presence of aggrecan, another protein expressed in cartilage was identified in the bone matrix extracts by Western blot. The proteome profile generated using this technology represents an initial survey of the acid soluble proteins of bone matrix which provides a reference for the analysis of deviations from the normal composition due to perturbations or disease states.
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Abstract
Gene expression analyses of stem cells (SCs) will help to uncover or further define signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in the maintenance of self-renewal, pluripotency, and/or multipotency. In recent years, proteomic approaches have produced a wealth of data identifying proteins and mechanisms involved in SC proliferation and differentiation. Although many proteomics techniques have been developed and improved in peptide and protein separation, as well as mass spectrometry, several important issues, including sample heterogeneity, post-translational modifications, protein-protein interaction, and high-throughput quantification of hydrophobic and low-abundance proteins, still remain to be addressed and require further technical optimization. This review summarizes the methodologies used and the information gathered with proteome analyses of SCs, and it discusses biological and technical challenges for proteomic study of SCs. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Klees RF, Salasznyk RM, Vandenberg S, Bennett K, Plopper GE. Laminin-5 activates extracellular matrix production and osteogenic gene focusing in human mesenchymal stem cells. Matrix Biol 2007; 26:106-14. [PMID: 17137774 PMCID: PMC1852504 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that laminin-5, expressed by human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC), stimulates osteogenic gene expression in these cells in the absence of any other osteogenic stimulus. Here we employ two-dimensional liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, along with the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), to obtain a more comprehensive profile of the protein (and hence gene) expression changes occurring during laminin-5-induced osteogenesis of hMSC. Specifically, we compare the protein expression profiles of undifferentiated hMSC, hMSC cultured on laminin-5 (Ln-5 hMSC), and fully differentiated human osteoblasts (hOST) with profiles from hMSC treated with well-established osteogenic stimuli (collagen I, vitronectin, or dexamethazone). We find a marked reduction in the number of proteins (e.g., those involved with calcium signaling and cellular metabolism) expressed in Ln-5 hMSC compared to hMSC, consistent with our previous finding that hOST express far fewer proteins than do their hMSC progenitors, a pattern we call "osteogenic gene focusing." This focused set, which resembles an intermediate stage between hMSC and mature hOST, mirrors the expression profiles of hMSC exposed to established osteogenic stimuli and includes osteogenic extracellular matrix proteins (collagen, vitronectin) and their integrin receptors, calcium signaling proteins, and enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. These results provide direct evidence that laminin-5 alone stimulates global changes in gene/protein expression in hMSC that lead to commitment of these cells to the osteogenic phenotype, and that this commitment correlates with extracellular matrix production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Klees
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3596, USA.
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Battersby A, Jones RD, Lilley KS, McFarlane RJ, Braig HR, Allen ND, Wakeman JA. Comparative proteomic analysis reveals differential expression of Hsp25 following the directed differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1773:147-56. [PMID: 17030443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Murine embryonic stem (ES) cells can be committed to neural differentiation with high efficiency in culture through the use of feeder- and serum-free media. This system is proving to be an excellent model to study processes involved in ES cell commitment to neural cell fate. We used this approach to generate neurogenic embryoid bodies (NEBs) in a serum-free culture system to perform proteomic analysis of soluble fractions and identify early changes in protein expression as ES cells differentiate. Ten candidate proteins were altered significantly in expression levels. One of the most significant alterations was for the small heat shock protein Hsp25. Three species of Hsp25 are detected in ES cells, and this expression pattern changes during the first 24 h of differentiation until expression is decreased to levels that are barely detectable at 4 days following differentiation. We used immunofluorescence studies to confirm that following ES cell differentiation, expression of Hsp25 becomes excluded from neural precursors as well as other differentiating cells, making it a potentially useful marker of early ES cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia Battersby
- North West Cancer Research Fund Institute, University of Wales Bangor, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
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Ma L, Sun B, Hood L, Tian Q. Molecular profiling of stem cells. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 378:24-32. [PMID: 17266947 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells, with their profound implication in development and enormous potential in regenerative medicine, have been the subject of extensive molecular profiling studies in search of better markers and regulatory schema governing self-renewal versus differentiation. In this review article, we will discuss current advancement in high throughput technologies dedicated to the transcriptome, proteome and genome-wide localization analyses, and how they have been adopted in molecular profiling of stem cells with an emphasis on embryonic stem cell (ESC), hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and neural stem cell (NSC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Institute for Systems Biology, 1441 N 34th St., Seattle, WA 98103, United States
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Abstract
The major event that triggers osteogenesis is the transition of mesenchymal stem cells into bone-forming, differentiating osteoblast cells. Osteoblast differentiation is the primary event of bone formation, exemplified by the synthesis, deposition and mineralization of extracellular matrix. Osteoblast differentiation is controlled tightly by sequential activation of diverse transcription factors that regulate the expression of specific genes. The spatial and temporal regulation of the differentiation process is not completely understood at the cellular or molecular level. Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomics have allowed for the systematic qualitative and quantitative profiling of differentiating osteoblasts, enabling a better understanding of the multiple factors and signaling events that control the differentiation process at a molecular level. This review focuses on recent developments in the proteomic analysis of differentiating osteoblasts, including advances, challenges and future prospects of using mass spectrometry to investigate the local and systemic factors regulating bone formation and its homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Blonder
- National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick Inc., PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Salasznyk RM, Klees RF, Williams WA, Boskey A, Plopper GE. Focal adhesion kinase signaling pathways regulate the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2006; 313:22-37. [PMID: 17081517 PMCID: PMC1780174 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular signaling events controlling human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) differentiation into osteoblasts are not entirely understood. We recently demonstrated that contact with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins is sufficient to induce osteogenic differentiation of hMSC through an ERK-dependent pathway. We hypothesized that FAK signaling pathways provide a link between activation of ERK1/2 by ECM, and stimulate subsequent phosphorylation of the Runx2/Cbfa-1 transcription factor that controls osteogenic gene expression. We plated hMSC on purified collagen I (COLL-I) and vitronectin (VN) in the presence or absence of FAK-specific siRNA, and assayed for phosphorylation of Runx2/Cbfa-1 as well as expression of established osteogenic differentiation markers (bone sialoprotein-2, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, calcium deposition, and spectroscopically determined mineral:matrix ratio). We found that siRNA treatment reduced FAK mRNA levels by >40% and decreased ECM-mediated phosphorylation of FAK Y397 and ERK1/2. Serine phosphorylation of Runx2/Cbfa-1 was significantly reduced after 8 days in treated cells. Finally, FAK inhibition blocked osterix transcriptional activity and the osteogenic differentiation of hMSC, as assessed by lowered expression of osteogenic genes (RT-PCR), decreased alkaline phosphatase activity, greatly reduced calcium deposition, and a lower mineral:matrix ratio after 28 days in culture. These results suggest that FAK signaling plays an important role in regulating ECM-induced osteogenic differentiation of hMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman M. Salasznyk
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3596 and
| | - Robert F. Klees
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3596 and
| | - William A. Williams
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3596 and
| | - Adele Boskey
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021
| | - George E. Plopper
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180-3596 and
- Corresponding Author: George E. Plopper, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8 Street, Troy, NY 12180-3596, (518) 276-8288 phone, (518) 276-2162 fax, , http://www.rpi.edu/~ploppg
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Diekwisch TGH. When genomes and stem cells meet: New perspectives for medical applications of stem cell research through the Australian/U.S. collaborative. Stem Cells Dev 2006; 15:475-7. [PMID: 16978050 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2006.15.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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47
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Lammi MJ, Häyrinen J, Mahonen A. Proteomic analysis of cartilage- and bone-associated samples. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2687-701. [PMID: 16739228 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The skeleton of the human body is built of cartilage and bone, which are tissues that contain extensive amounts of extracellular matrix (ECM). In bone, inorganic mineral hydroxyapatite forms 50-70% of the whole weight of the tissue. Although the organic matrix of bone consists of numerous proteins, 90% of it is composed of type I collagen. In cartilage, ECM forms a major fraction of the tissue, type II collagen and aggrecans being the most abundant macromolecules. It is obvious that the high content of ECM components causes analytical problems in the proteomic analysis of cartilage and bone, analogous to those in the analysis of low-abundance proteins present in serum. The massive contents of carbohydrates present in cartilage proteoglycans, and hydroxyapatite in bone, further complicate the situation. However, the development of proteomic tools makes them more and more tempting also for research of musculoskeletal tissues. Application of proteomic techniques to the research of chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts in cell cultures can immediately benefit from the present knowledge. Here we make an overview to previous proteomic research of cartilage- and bone-associated samples and evaluate the future prospects of applying proteomic techniques to investigate key events, such as cellular signal transduction, in cartilage- and bone-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko J Lammi
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Kuopio, Finland.
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Stem cells and proteomics. Chin J Cancer Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-006-0161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Roche S, Provansal M, Tiers L, Jorgensen C, Lehmann S. Proteomics of primary mesenchymal stem cells. Regen Med 2006; 1:511-7. [PMID: 17465845 DOI: 10.2217/17460751.1.4.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue and functional regeneration takes place in the body at various stages throughout life. However, bone, cartilage, tendons, blood vessels and cardiac muscle have a limited capacity for self repair and, after injury or disease, the regenerative ability of these adult tissues is often insufficient and leads to nonfunctional scar tissue. In this context, mesenchymal stem cells, which are adult multipotential progenitors of mesoderm cells (osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes and stroma cells), represent a major hope for tissue-engineered replacement and regenerative medicine. Furthermore, the autologous use of these cells prevents immunological responses against new tissues and the risks of disease transmission from donors, which are both common problems of organ transplantation. While the existence of mesenchymal stem cells is undisputed, many questions remain regarding their self-renewal and capacity to differentiate, their homogenous nature as a cell population throughout the body and their true potential in regenerative medicine. In this article, the proteomics studies carried out to characterize mesenchymal stem cells and to help understand their physiology are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Roche
- Institut de Génétique Humaine du CNRS, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier, France
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Lukas TJ, Luo WW, Mao H, Cole N, Siddique T. Informatics-assisted Protein Profiling in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006; 5:1233-44. [PMID: 16571896 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m500431-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the causes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is due to mutations in Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1). The mutant protein exhibits a toxic gain of function that adversely affects the function of neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem, and motor cortex. A proteomic analysis of protein expression in a widely used mouse model of ALS was undertaken to identify differences in protein expression in the spinal cords of mice expressing a mutant protein with the G93A mutation found in human ALS. Protein profiling was done on soluble and particulate fractions of spinal cord extracts using high throughput two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. An integrated proteomics-informatics platform was used to identify relevant differences in protein expression based upon the abundance of peptides identified by database searching of mass spectrometry data. Changes in the expression of proteins associated with mitochondria were particularly prevalent in spinal cord proteins from both mutant G93A-SOD1 and wild-type SOD1 transgenic mice. G93A-SOD1 mouse spinal cord also exhibited differences in proteins associated with metabolism, protein kinase regulation, antioxidant activity, and lysosomes. Using gene ontology analysis, we found an overlap of changes in mRNA expression in presymptomatic mice (from microarray analysis) in three different gene categories. These included selected protein kinase signaling systems, ATP-driven ion transport, and neurotransmission. Therefore, alterations in selected cellular processes are detectable before symptomatic onset in ALS mouse models. However, in late stage disease, mRNA expression analysis did not reveal significant changes in mitochondrial gene expression but did reveal concordant changes in lipid metabolism, lysosomes, and the regulation of neurotransmission. Thus, concordance of proteomic and mRNA expression data within multiple categories validates the use of gene ontology analysis to compare different types of "omic" data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Lukas
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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