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Li X, Li ZH, Wang YX, Liu TH. A comprehensive review of human trophoblast fusion models: recent developments and challenges. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:372. [PMID: 37816723 PMCID: PMC10564767 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As an essential component of the maternal-fetal interface, the placental syncytiotrophoblast layer contributes to a successful pregnancy by secreting hormones necessary for pregnancy, transporting nutrients, mediating gas exchange, balancing immune tolerance, and resisting pathogen infection. Notably, the deficiency in mononuclear trophoblast cells fusing into multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast has been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, and stillbirth. Despite the availability of many models for the study of trophoblast fusion, there exists a notable disparity from the ideal model, limiting the deeper exploration into the placental development. Here, we reviewed the existing models employed for the investigation of human trophoblast fusion from several aspects, including the development history, latest progress, advantages, disadvantages, scope of application, and challenges. The literature searched covers the monolayer cell lines, primary human trophoblast, placental explants, human trophoblast stem cells, human pluripotent stem cells, three-dimensional cell spheres, organoids, and placenta-on-a-chip from 1938 to 2023. These diverse models have significantly enhanced our comprehension of placental development regulation and the underlying mechanisms of placental-related disorders. Through this review, our objective is to provide readers with a thorough understanding of the existing trophoblast fusion models, making it easier to select most suitable models to address specific experimental requirements or scientific inquiries. Establishment and application of the existing human placental trophoblast fusion models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuo-Hang Li
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, 400016, Chongqing, China
- Medical Laboratory Department, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Yaan, 625099, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying-Xiong Wang
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, 400016, Chongqing, China.
| | - Tai-Hang Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China.
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, 400016, Chongqing, China.
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Wang H, Zhang Z, Li H, Li J, Li H, Liu M, Liang P, Xi Q, Xing Y, Yang L, Zuo Y. A cost-effective machine learning-based method for preeclampsia risk assessment and driver genes discovery. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:41. [PMID: 36849879 PMCID: PMC9972636 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00991-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The placenta, as a unique exchange organ between mother and fetus, is essential for successful human pregnancy and fetal health. Preeclampsia (PE) caused by placental dysfunction contributes to both maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. Accurate identification of PE patients plays a vital role in the formulation of treatment plans. However, the traditional clinical methods of PE have a high misdiagnosis rate. RESULTS Here, we first designed a computational biology method that used single-cell transcriptome (scRNA-seq) of healthy pregnancy (38 wk) and early-onset PE (28-32 wk) to identify pathological cell subpopulations and predict PE risk. Based on machine learning methods and feature selection techniques, we observed that the Tuning ReliefF (TURF) score hybrid with XGBoost (TURF_XGB) achieved optimal performance, with 92.61% accuracy and 92.46% recall for classifying nine cell subpopulations of healthy placentas. Biological landscapes of placenta heterogeneity could be mapped by the 110 marker genes screened by TURF_XGB, which revealed the superiority of the TURF feature mining. Moreover, we processed the PE dataset with LASSO to obtain 497 biomarkers. Integration analysis of the above two gene sets revealed that dendritic cells were closely associated with early-onset PE, and C1QB and C1QC might drive preeclampsia by mediating inflammation. In addition, an ensemble model-based risk stratification card was developed to classify preeclampsia patients, and its area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) could reach 0.99. For broader accessibility, we designed an accessible online web server ( http://bioinfor.imu.edu.cn/placenta ). CONCLUSION Single-cell transcriptome-based preeclampsia risk assessment using an ensemble machine learning framework is a valuable asset for clinical decision-making. C1QB and C1QC may be involved in the development and progression of early-onset PE by affecting the complement and coagulation cascades pathway that mediate inflammation, which has important implications for better understanding the pathogenesis of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- grid.411643.50000 0004 1761 0411The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070 China ,Digital College, Inner Mongolia Intelligent Union Big Data Academy, Inner Mongolia Wesure Date Technology Co., Ltd., Hohhot, 010010 China
| | - Zhaoyue Zhang
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 China
| | - Haicheng Li
- grid.411643.50000 0004 1761 0411The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070 China ,Digital College, Inner Mongolia Intelligent Union Big Data Academy, Inner Mongolia Wesure Date Technology Co., Ltd., Hohhot, 010010 China
| | - Jinzhao Li
- grid.411643.50000 0004 1761 0411The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070 China
| | - Hanshuang Li
- grid.411643.50000 0004 1761 0411The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070 China
| | - Mingzhu Liu
- grid.411643.50000 0004 1761 0411The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070 China ,Digital College, Inner Mongolia Intelligent Union Big Data Academy, Inner Mongolia Wesure Date Technology Co., Ltd., Hohhot, 010010 China
| | - Pengfei Liang
- grid.411643.50000 0004 1761 0411The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070 China
| | - Qilemuge Xi
- grid.411643.50000 0004 1761 0411The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070 China
| | - Yongqiang Xing
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014010, China.
| | - Lei Yang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Yongchun Zuo
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China. .,Digital College, Inner Mongolia Intelligent Union Big Data Academy, Inner Mongolia Wesure Date Technology Co., Ltd., Hohhot, 010010, China.
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Chapouly C, Tadesse Argaw A, Horng S, Castro K, Zhang J, Asp L, Loo H, Laitman BM, Mariani JN, Straus Farber R, Zaslavsky E, Nudelman G, Raine CS, John GR. Astrocytic TYMP and VEGFA drive blood-brain barrier opening in inflammatory central nervous system lesions. Brain 2015; 138:1548-67. [PMID: 25805644 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In inflammatory central nervous system conditions such as multiple sclerosis, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier is a key event in lesion pathogenesis, predisposing to oedema, excitotoxicity, and ingress of plasma proteins and inflammatory cells. Recently, we showed that reactive astrocytes drive blood-brain barrier opening, via production of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). Here, we now identify thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP; previously known as endothelial cell growth factor 1, ECGF1) as a second key astrocyte-derived permeability factor, which interacts with VEGFA to induce blood-brain barrier disruption. The two are co-induced NFκB1-dependently in human astrocytes by the cytokine interleukin 1 beta (IL1B), and inactivation of Vegfa in vivo potentiates TYMP induction. In human central nervous system microvascular endothelial cells, VEGFA and the TYMP product 2-deoxy-d-ribose cooperatively repress tight junction proteins, driving permeability. Notably, this response represents part of a wider pattern of endothelial plasticity: 2-deoxy-d-ribose and VEGFA produce transcriptional programs encompassing angiogenic and permeability genes, and together regulate a third unique cohort. Functionally, each promotes proliferation and viability, and they cooperatively drive motility and angiogenesis. Importantly, introduction of either into mouse cortex promotes blood-brain barrier breakdown, and together they induce severe barrier disruption. In the multiple sclerosis model experimental autoimmune encephalitis, TYMP and VEGFA co-localize to reactive astrocytes, and correlate with blood-brain barrier permeability. Critically, blockade of either reduces neurologic deficit, blood-brain barrier disruption and pathology, and inhibiting both in combination enhances tissue preservation. Suggesting importance in human disease, TYMP and VEGFA both localize to reactive astrocytes in multiple sclerosis lesion samples. Collectively, these data identify TYMP as an astrocyte-derived permeability factor, and suggest TYMP and VEGFA together promote blood-brain barrier breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Chapouly
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Azeb Tadesse Argaw
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Sam Horng
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Kamilah Castro
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Jingya Zhang
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Linnea Asp
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Hannah Loo
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Benjamin M Laitman
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - John N Mariani
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Rebecca Straus Farber
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Elena Zaslavsky
- 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 4 Department of Systems Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - German Nudelman
- 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 4 Department of Systems Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Cedric S Raine
- 5 Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gareth R John
- 1 Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Centre for MS, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 2 Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA 3 Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
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Sarkar P, Randall SM, Collier TS, Nero A, Russell TA, Muddiman DC, Rao BM. Activin/nodal signaling switches the terminal fate of human embryonic stem cell-derived trophoblasts. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8834-48. [PMID: 25670856 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.620641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have been routinely treated with bone morphogenetic protein and/or inhibitors of activin/nodal signaling to obtain cells that express trophoblast markers. Trophoblasts can terminally differentiate to either extravillous trophoblasts or syncytiotrophoblasts. The signaling pathways that govern the terminal fate of these trophoblasts are not understood. We show that activin/nodal signaling switches the terminal fate of these hESC-derived trophoblasts. Inhibition of activin/nodal signaling leads to formation of extravillous trophoblast, whereas loss of activin/nodal inhibition leads to the formation of syncytiotrophoblasts. Also, the ability of hESCs to form bona fide trophoblasts has been intensely debated. We have examined hESC-derived trophoblasts in the light of stringent criteria that were proposed recently, such as hypomethylation of the ELF5-2b promoter region and down-regulation of HLA class I antigens. We report that trophoblasts that possess these properties can indeed be obtained from hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shan M Randall
- the W. M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, and
| | - Timothy S Collier
- the W. M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, and
| | - Anthony Nero
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
| | - Teal A Russell
- the Department of Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - David C Muddiman
- the W. M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, and
| | - Balaji M Rao
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
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5
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Placental trophoblast cell differentiation: Physiological regulation and pathological relevance to preeclampsia. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:981-1023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tiruthani K, Sarkar P, Rao B. Trophoblast differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:421-33. [PMID: 23325630 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms regulating human trophoblast differentiation remain poorly understood due to difficulties in obtaining primary tissues from very early developmental stages in humans. Therefore, the use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as a source for generating trophoblast tissues is of significant interest. Trophoblast-like cells have been obtained through treatment of hESCs with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) or inhibitors of activin/nodal/transforming growth factor-β signaling, or through protocols involving formation of embryoid bodies (EBs); however, there is controversy over whether hESC-derived cells are indeed analogous to true trophoblasts found in vivo. In this review, we provide an overview of previously described efforts to obtain trophoblasts from hESCs. We also discuss the merits and limitations of hESCs as a source of trophoblast derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Tiruthani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, NC 27695, USA
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James JL, Carter AM, Chamley LW. Human placentation from nidation to 5 weeks of gestation. Part II: Tools to model the crucial first days. Placenta 2012; 33:335-42. [PMID: 22365889 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human pregnancy is unusual with respect to monthly spontaneous decidualisation as well as the degree of placental invasion and interaction with the decidualised endometrial stroma. This review covers in vivo animal models and in vitro cell culture models that have been used to study the earliest stages of human implantation and placentation from nidation to 5 weeks of gestation. The field has expanded rapidly in recent years due to the generation of human embryonic stem cell lines and the ability of some scientists to culture human blastocysts. These models have enabled researchers to begin to elucidate the interactions involved in human blastocyst apposition, adhesion and implantation. However, we still understand very little about the differentiation processes involved in the formation of the placenta. Continued improvements to current models, including the potential isolation of a human trophoblast stem cell, will significantly enhance our ability to define the molecular and structural events occurring during human implantation and early placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L James
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand.
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8
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Gallagher MF, Heffron CC, Laios A, O'Toole SA, Ffrench B, Smyth PC, Flavin RJ, Elbaruni SA, Spillane CD, Martin CM, Sheils OM, O'Leary JJ. Suppression of cancer stemness p21-regulating mRNA and microRNA signatures in recurrent ovarian cancer patient samples. J Ovarian Res 2012; 5:2. [PMID: 22260314 PMCID: PMC3285047 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-5-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant ovarian disease is characterised by high rates of mortality due to high rates of recurrent chemoresistant disease. Anecdotal evidence indicates this may be due to chemoresistant properties of cancer stem cells (CSCs). However, our understanding of the role of CSCs in recurrent ovarian disease remains sparse. In this study we used gene microarrays and meta-analysis of our previously published microRNA (miRNA) data to assess the involvement of cancer stemness signatures in recurrent ovarian disease. Methods Microarray analysis was used to characterise early regulation events in an embryonal carcinoma (EC) model of cancer stemness. This was then compared to our previously published microarray data from a study of primary versus recurrent ovarian disease. In parallel, meta-analysis was used to identify cancer stemness miRNA signatures in tumor patient samples. Results Microarray analysis demonstrated a 90% difference between gene expression events involved in early regulation of differentiation in murine EC (mEC) and embryonic stem (mES) cells. This contrasts the known parallels between mEC and mES cells in the undifferentiated and well-differentiated states. Genelist comparisons identified a cancer stemness signature set of genes in primary versus recurrent data, a subset of which are known p53-p21 regulators. This signature is present in primary and recurrent or in primary alone but essentially never in recurrent tumors specifically. Meta-analysis of miRNA expression showed a much stronger cancer stemness signature within tumor samples. This miRNA signature again related to p53-p21 regulation and was expressed prominently in recurrent tumors. Our data indicate that the regulation of p53-p21 in ovarian cancer involves, at least partially, a cancer stemness component. Conclusion We present a p53-p21 cancer stemness signature model for ovarian cancer. We propose that this may, at least partially, differentially regulate the p53-p21 mechanism in ovarian disease. Targeting CSCs within ovarian cancer represents a potential therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Gallagher
- Department of Histopathology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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L. Shirley M, Venable A, R. Rao R, L. Boyd N, L. Stice S, Puett D, Narayan P. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 affects both trophoblast and non-trophoblast lineage-associated gene expression in human embryonic stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/scd.2012.24021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Barbet R, Peiffer I, Hatzfeld A, Charbord P, Hatzfeld JA. Comparison of Gene Expression in Human Embryonic Stem Cells, hESC-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:368192. [PMID: 21941565 PMCID: PMC3166576 DOI: 10.4061/2011/368192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a strategy to identify developmental/differentiation and
plasma membrane marker genes of the most primitive human Mesenchymal
Stem Cells (hMSCs). Using sensitive and quantitative TaqMan Low
Density Arrays (TLDA) methodology, we compared the expression of 381
genes in human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs), hESC-derived MSCs
(hES-MSCs), and hMSCs. Analysis of differentiation genes indicated
that hES-MSCs express the sarcomeric muscle lineage in addition to the
classical mesenchymal lineages, suggesting they are more primitive
than hMSCs. Transcript analysis of membrane antigens suggests that IL1R1low, BMPR1Blow, FLT4low, LRRC32low, and CD34 may be good candidates for the detection and
isolation of the most primitive hMSCs. The expression in hMSCs of
cytokine genes, such as IL6, IL8, or FLT3LG, without expression of the
corresponding receptor, suggests a role for these cytokines in the
paracrine control of stem cell niches. Our database may be shared with
other laboratories in order to explore the considerable clinical
potential of hES-MSCs, which appear to represent an intermediate
developmental stage between hESCs and hMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Barbet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, 7, Rue Guy Moquet, 94800 Villejuif, France
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Marchand M, Horcajadas JA, Esteban FJ, McElroy SL, Fisher SJ, Giudice LC. Transcriptomic Signature of Trophoblast Differentiation in a Human Embryonic Stem Cell Model1. Biol Reprod 2011; 84:1258-71. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.086413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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12
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Udayashankar R, Baker D, Tuckerman E, Laird S, Li TC, Moore HD. Characterization of invasive trophoblasts generated from human embryonic stem cells. Hum Reprod 2010; 26:398-406. [PMID: 21163855 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deq350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal human embryo implantation leads to poor foetal development and miscarriage, or pre-eclampsia. Ethical and practical considerations concerning implantation limit its investigation, and it is often difficult to extrapolate findings in laboratory animals when implantation processes show diverse species differences. Therefore, it is important to develop new in vitro models to study the earliest events of human implantation. The aim of this study was to derive trophoblast cell lines from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) by a robust protocol and co-culture of these cells with an established endometrial cell culture system to validate a model of trophoblast invasion at implantation. METHODS Derivation of trophoblast cell lines from hESC lines was established by spontaneous and induced differentiation of embryoid bodies and by initial measurement of hCGβ secretion by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and their phenotype investigated using gene- and protein-expression markers. Vesicles formed from an aggregating trophoblast were co-cultured with decidualized human endometrial stromal cells in hypoxic (2% oxygen) and normoxic (20% oxygen) environments. RESULTS Derived villous cytotrophoblast cell (CTB) lines further differentiated to invasive, extra-villous CTBs. Eventually, cells lost their proliferative capacity, with some lines acquiring karyotypic changes, such as a gain in the X chromosome. Cell-invasion assays confirmed that the extra-villous CTBs were invasive and erosion of the endometrial stromal layer occurred, particularly under hypoxic conditions in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Trophoblast cell lines derived from hESCs differentiate and adapt in vitro and can be used as a model to study the mechanisms of early trophoblast invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Udayashankar
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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Giakoumopoulos M, Siegfried LM, Dambaeva SV, Garthwaite MA, Glennon MC, Golos TG. Placental-derived mesenchyme influences chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone secretion of human embryonic stem cell-derived trophoblasts. Reprod Sci 2010; 17:798-808. [PMID: 20601539 PMCID: PMC3065864 DOI: 10.1177/1933719110371853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies of early placental development in humans are difficult because of limitations on experimental material availability from the perimplantation period. We used a coculture system to determine the effects of various effector cell types on trophoblast differentiation. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing H1 human embryonic stem cells were used in co-suspension with human term placental fibroblasts (TPFs) and dermal fibroblasts (CI2F) to form combination embryoid bodies (EBs), with the goal of recapitulating placental morphogenesis through incorporation of placental mesenchymal cells. Overall, the results demonstrated that when using mesenchymal cells for EB preparation from term placentas (TPF), combination EB-derived trophoblasts secrete higher levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and progesterone compared to EBs made without effector cells, whereas there was no effect of dermal fibroblasts. This is due to the secretory activity of the EB-derived trophoblasts and not due to the number of differentiated trophoblasts per EB, demonstrating that nontrophoblast cells of the placenta can influence trophoblast endocrine activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giakoumopoulos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Leah M. Siegfried
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Svetlana V. Dambaeva
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark A. Garthwaite
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M. Clay Glennon
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thaddeus G. Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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14
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Knöfler M. Critical growth factors and signalling pathways controlling human trophoblast invasion. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010; 54:269-80. [PMID: 19876833 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.082769mk] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Invasion of placental trophoblasts into uterine tissue and vessels is an essential process of human pregnancy and fetal development. Due to their remarkable plasticity invasive trophoblasts fulfil numerous functions, i.e. anchorage of the placenta, secretion of hormones, modulation of decidual angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis and remodelling of maternal spiral arteries. The latter is required to increase blood flow to the placenta, thereby ensuring appropriate transfer of nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus. Since failures in vascular changes of the placental bed are associated with pregnancy diseases such as preeclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction, basic research in this particular field focuses on molecular mechanisms controlling trophoblast invasion under physiological and pathological conditions. Throughout the years, an increasing number of growth factors, cytokines and angiogenic molecules controlling trophoblast motility have been identified. These factors are secreted from numerous cells such as trophoblast, maternal epithelial and stromal cells, as well as uterine NK cells and macrophages, suggesting that a complex network of cell types, mediators and signalling pathways regulates trophoblast invasiveness. Whereas essential features of the invasive trophoblast such as expression of critical proteases and adhesion molecules have been well characterised, the interplay between different cell types and growth factors and the cross-talk between distinct signalling cascades remain largely elusive. Similarly, key-regulatory transcription factors committing and differentiating invasive trophoblasts are mostly unknown. This review will summarise our current understanding of growth factors and signal transduction pathways regulating human trophoblast invasion/migration, as well as give insights into novel mechanisms involved in the particular differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Knöfler
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Chaturvedi G, Simone PD, Ain R, Soares MJ, Wolfe MW. Noggin maintains pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells grown on Matrigel. Cell Prolif 2009; 42:425-33. [PMID: 19500111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2009.00616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spontaneous differentiation of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) cultures is a major concern in stem cell research. Physical removal of differentiated areas in a stem cell colony is the current approach used to keep the cultures in a pluripotent state for a prolonged period of time. All hESCs available for research require unidentified soluble factors secreted from feeder layers to maintain the undifferentiated state and pluripotency. Under experimental conditions, stem cells are grown on various matrices, the most commonly used being Matrigel. MATERIALS AND METHODS We propose an alternative method to prevent spontaneous differentiation of hESCs grown on Matrigel that uses low amounts of recombinant noggin. We make use of the porosity of Matrigel to serve as a matrix that traps noggin and gradually releases it into the culture to antagonize bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP). BMPs are known to initiate differentiation of hESCs and are either present in the conditioned medium or are secreted by hESCs themselves. RESULTS hESCs grown on Matrigel supplemented with noggin in conditioned medium from feeder layers (irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblasts) retained both normal karyotype and markers of hESC pluripotency for 14 days. In addition, these cultures were found to have increased cell proliferation of stem cells as compared to hESCs grown on Matrigel alone. CONCLUSION Noggin can be utilized for short term prevention of spontaneous differentiation of stem cells grown on Matrigel.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chaturvedi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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16
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Li Z, Han Z, Wu JC. Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells for vascular diseases. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:194-9. [PMID: 19097085 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Using endothelial cells for therapeutic angiogenesis/vasculogenesis of ischemia diseases has led to exploring human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as a potentially unlimited source for endothelial progenitor cells. With their capacity for self-renewal and pluripotency, hESCs and their derived endothelial cells (hESC-ECs) may be more advantageous than other endothelial cells obtained from diseased populations. However, hESC-ECs' poor differentiation efficiency and poorly characterized in vivo function after transplantation present significant challenges for their future clinical application. This review will focus on the differentiation pathways of hESCs and their therapeutic potential for vascular diseases, as well as the monitoring of transplanted cells' fate via molecular imaging. Finally, cell enhancement strategies to improve the engraftment efficiency of hESC-ECs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjin Li
- The Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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17
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Peiffer I, Barbet R, Zhou YP, Li ML, Monier MN, Hatzfeld A, Hatzfeld JA. Use of Xenofree Matrices and Molecularly-Defined Media to Control Human Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency: Effect of Low Physiological TGF-βConcentrations. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:519-33. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Peiffer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
- Currently, CNRS, Institut de Génétique Humaine, Montpellier, France
| | - Romain Barbet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
| | - Yi-Ping Zhou
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
- Currently, Key Laboratory of Yunnan of Pharmacology for Nature Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ma-Lin Li
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
- Currently, Key Laboratory of Yunnan of Pharmacology for Nature Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Marie-Noëlle Monier
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
| | - Antoinette Hatzfeld
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
| | - Jacques A. Hatzfeld
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
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18
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Schulz LC, Ezashi T, Das P, Westfall SD, Livingston KA, Roberts RM. Human embryonic stem cells as models for trophoblast differentiation. Placenta 2007; 29 Suppl A:S10-6. [PMID: 18054384 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Trophectoderm is specified from pluripotent blastomeres at some time prior to blastocyst formation. Proliferating cytotrophoblast derived from trophectoderm is the forerunner of the entire trophoblast component of the mature human placenta, including extravillous cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. Recently human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been employed to study these events in an in vitro situation. Here we review some of the work in this emerging area of trophoblast biology. We concentrate primarily on a model in which colonies of hESC are exposed to BMP4 in stem cell growth medium lacking FGF2. Under both low (4%) and high (20%) O(2) conditions, differentiation proceeds unidirectionally towards trophoblast from the outside of the colonies inwards, with the progression fastest under high O(2). Immunohistochemical observations performed on whole colonies combined with microarray analysis of mRNA can be employed to track developmental transitions as they occur over time and in two-dimensional space as the cells respond to BMP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Schulz
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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