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Trefoil Factor 3 Inhibits Thyroid Cancer Cell Progression Related to IL-6/JAK/STAT3 Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:2130229. [PMID: 34567204 PMCID: PMC8457945 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2130229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Abnormal expression of trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) in breast, stomach, and colon tumors may be related to the occurrence of tumors, suggesting its role in angiogenesis. In this study, the aim was to explore the role of TFF3 in thyroid cancer. Methods TFF3 expression analysis was performed via GEPIA and RT-PCR. To explore the effects of TFF3 on thyroid cancer cell motility, cell function assays were performed. Furthermore, GSEA pathway analysis and western blot were used to explore the mechanism by which TFF3 represses the progression of thyroid cancer cells. Results Here, we showed that low expression level of TFF3 in thyroid cancer is related to thyroid cancer nodal metastasis. The patients with low TFF3 expression showed worse disease-free survival than those with high level of TFF3. Underexpressed TFF3 increased cell motility and inhibited cell apoptosis. We found that the levels of IL-6, p-JAK2/JAK2, and pSTAT3/STAT3 were inhibited in the pcDNA-TFF3 group compared to the pcDNA-NC group and these factors were upregulated in the si-TFF3 group compared to the si-NC group in BCPAP and TPC-1 cells. Conclusion TFF3 inhibits thyroid cancer cell progression related to IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Jiang M, Liu T, Zhang J, Gao S, Tao B, Cao R, Qiu Y, Liu J, Li Y, Wang Y, Cao F. Rapamycin Promotes Cardiomyocyte Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in a Stage-Dependent Manner. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:1229-1239. [PMID: 32693734 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) are a promising source for cardiac regenerative therapy, and ideal for in vitro cell modeling of cardiovascular diseases and drug screening. Recent studies have shown that rapamycin can promote cardiomyocyte differentiation in various stem cells. However, how rapamycin affects cardiomyocyte differentiation of iPSCs is still not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of rapamycin on cardiomyocyte differentiation based on embryoid body (EB) method. First, to determine the autophagy induction protocol, different concentrations of rapamycin were applied in hEBs on day 6. The autophagy was most significant when applying rapamycin at 1 μM for 48 h, demonstrating by the LC3II/LC3I ratio and p62 expression. Then, 1 μM rapamycin was applied for 48 h at different time points of cardiomyocyte differentiation to investigate the role of rapamycin in this process. Compared with control, rapamycin applied on days 0-4 of differentiation significantly decreased the proportion of beating EBs and expression of cardiomyocyte-specific genes, while rapamycin applied on days 4-14 significantly increased them. Among all groups, rapamycin applied on days 4-6 achieved highest cardiomyocyte differentiation efficiency. Furthermore, using autophagy inhibitor NH4Cl and GSK-3β inhibitor CHIR-99021, we found rapamycin-induced autophagy promoted cardiomyocyte differentiation at middle stage by negatively regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. These results suggest that rapamycin regulates EB-based cardiomyocyte differentiation in a stage-dependent manner, and the negative regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by autophagy was involved in the prodifferentiation effect of rapamycin at middle stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- Department of Cardiology & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Jibin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Cardiology & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Tao
- Department of Cardiology & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihua Cao
- Department of Cardiology & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Qiu
- Department of Cardiology & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Junsong Liu
- Department of Cardiology & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Department of Cardiology & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yabin Wang
- Department of Cardiology & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Cao
- Department of Cardiology & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital & Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
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VE-Cadherin regulates the self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells via LIF/Stat3 signaling pathway. Biomaterials 2018; 158:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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4
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Guo X, Bai Y, Zhang L, Zhang B, Zagidullin N, Carvalho K, Du Z, Cai B. Cardiomyocyte differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow: new regulators and its implications. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:44. [PMID: 29482607 PMCID: PMC5828435 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0773-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past years, cardiac mortality has decreased, but cardiac diseases are still responsible for millions of deaths every year worldwide. Bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transplantation may be a promising therapeutic strategy because of its capacity to differentiate into cardiac cells. Current research indicates that chemical substances, microRNAs, and cytokines have biological functions that regulate the cardiomyocytes differentiation of BMSCs. In this review, we chiefly summarize the regulatory factors that induce BMSCs to differentiate into cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Naufal Zagidullin
- Department of Internal Diseases, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Katherine Carvalho
- Cell Therapy and Biotechnology in Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Pequeno Príncipe Faculty, Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Institute, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Zhimin Du
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Benzhi Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150081, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Wang D, Sang H, Zhang K, Nie Y, Zhao S, Zhang Y, He N, Wang Y, Xu Y, Xie X, Li Z, Liu N. Stat3 phosphorylation is required for embryonic stem cells ground state maintenance in 2i culture media. Oncotarget 2017; 8:31227-31237. [PMID: 28415722 PMCID: PMC5458203 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) can be maintained its undifferentiated state with feeder cells or LIF, which can activate Jak/Stat3 pathway. Recently, it has been reported a new culture condition comprising serum-free medium with ERK and GSK3β inhibitors (2i) could drive ES cells into a state of pluripotency more like inner cell mass (ICM) in mouse blastocysts called ground state. However, although 2i could sustain ES cells self-renewal, LIF is routinely added. The roles of Stat3 activation are still unclear now. Here we investigated whether Jak/Stat3 might also contribute to the induction of ground state pluripotency. We introduced a lentiviral construct with 7-repeat Stat3-binding sequence to drive Renilla luciferase into ES cells, which can be used as a reporter to detect Stat3 activation by noninvasive bioluminescence imaging. Using this ES cells, we investigated the role of Stat3 activation in ground state maintenance. The results showed that Stat3 could be activated by 2i. Stattic, a chemical inhibitor of Stat3 phosphorylation, could effectively inhibit Stat3 activation in ES cells. When Stat3 activation was suppressed, ground state related genes were down regulated, and ES cells could not be maintained the ground state pluripotency even in 2i medium. All of these results indicate Stat3 activation is required in ground state maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Sang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaiyue Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Nie
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ningning He
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuebing Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xie
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zongjin Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Kameyama H, Kudoh S, Hatakeyama J, Matuo A, Ito T. Significance of Stat3 Signaling in Epithelial Cell Differentiation of Fetal Mouse Lungs. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2017; 50:1-9. [PMID: 28386145 PMCID: PMC5374098 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.16032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the significance of signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 3 in lung epithelial development of fetal mice, we examined fetal mouse lungs, focusing on the expression of Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP), Forkhead box protein J1 (Foxj1), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), phosphorylated Stat3 (Tyr705), and hairy/enhancer of split (Hes) 1, and observed cultured fetal lungs upon treatment with IL-6, a Stat3 activator, or cucurbitacin I, a Stat3 inhibitor. Moreover, the interaction of Stat3 signaling and Hes1 was studied using Hes1 gene-deficient mice. Phosphorylated Stat3 was detected in fetal lungs and, immunohistochemically, phosphorylated Stat3 was found to be co-localized in developing Clara cells, but not in ciliated cells. In the organ culture studies, upon treatment with IL-6, quantitative RT-PCR revealed that CCSP mRNA increased with increasing Stat3 phosphorylation, while cucurbitacin I decreased Hes1, CCSP, Foxj1 and CGRP mRNAs with decreasing Stat3 phosphorylation. In the lungs of Hes1 gene-deficient mice, Stat3 phosphorylation was not markedly different from wild-type mice, the expression of CCSP and CGRP was enhanced, and the treatment of IL-6 or cucurbitacin I induced similar effects on mouse lung epithelial differentiation regardless of Hes1 expression status. Stat3 signaling acts in fetal mouse lung development, and seems to regulate Clara cell differentiation positively. Hes1 could regulate Clara cell differentiation in a manner independent from Stat3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kameyama
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
- Division of Pathology, Kumamoto Health Science University
| | - Shinji Kudoh
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Jun Hatakeyama
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University
| | - Akira Matuo
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Takaaki Ito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
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7
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Brigelius-Flohé R. Mixed results with mixed disulfides. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 595:81-7. [PMID: 27095221 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A period of research with Helmut Sies in the 1980s is recalled. Our experiments aimed at an in-depth understanding of metabolic changes due to oxidative challenges under near-physiological conditions, i.e. perfused organs. A major focus were alterations of the glutathione and the NADPH/NADP(+) system by different kinds of oxidants, in particular formation of glutathione mixed disulfides with proteins. To analyze mixed disulfides, a test was adapted which is widely used until today. The observations in perfused rat livers let us believe that glutathione-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), i.a. might be activated by glutathionylation. Although we did not succeed to verify this hypothesis for the special case of G6PDH, the regulation of enzyme/protein activities by glutathionylation today is an accepted posttranslational mechanism in redox biology in general. Our early experimental approaches are discussed in the context of present knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Brigelius-Flohé
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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8
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Chen Y, Wang C, Huang Q, Wu D, Cao J, Xu X, Yang C, Li X. Caveolin-1 Plays an Important Role in the Differentiation of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Cardiomyocytes. Cardiology 2016; 136:40-48. [PMID: 27554796 DOI: 10.1159/000446869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) may transdifferentiate into cardiomyocytes, making BMSCs a promising source of cardiomyocytes for transplantation. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying myogenic conversion of BMSCs. METHODS This study was designed to investigate the functional role of caveolin-1 in the cardiomyocyte differentiation of BMSCs and to explore the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. RESULTS BMSC differentiation was induced by treatment with 10 μM 5-azacytidine, and immunofluorescence assay showed that the expression of cardiomyocyte marker cardiac troponin T (cTnT) was significantly increased compared with a control group. Meanwhile, an increased caveolin-1 expression was found during the 5-azacytidine-induced BMSC differentiation. Additionally, the role of caveolin-1 in the differentiation process was then studied by using caveolin-1 siRNAs. We found that silencing caveolin-1 during induction remarkably enhanced the expression of cardiomyocyte marker genes, including cTnT, Nkx2.5 (cardiac-specific transcription factor), α-cardiac actin and α-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC). Moreover, we observed that downregulation of caveolin-1 was accompanied by inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings demonstrate that caveolin-1 plays an important role in the differentiation of BMSCs into cardiomyocytes in conjunction with the STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
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9
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Gao J, Wang F, Chen J, Wang J, Cai M, Xu H, Jiang J, Wang H. Super-resolution imaging of STAT3 cellular clustering during nuclear transport. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09591g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
STAT3 cellular clustering revealed by super-resolution fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Institute of Immunology
- The First Bethune Hospital Academy of Translational Medicine
- Jilin University
- Changchun, China
| | - Junling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- School of Computer Science and Information Technology
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun, China
| | - Mingjun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, China
| | - Haijiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, China
| | - Junguang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, China
| | - Hongda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, China
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10
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Huang G, Ye S, Zhou X, Liu D, Ying QL. Molecular basis of embryonic stem cell self-renewal: from signaling pathways to pluripotency network. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1741-57. [PMID: 25595304 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be maintained in culture indefinitely while retaining the capacity to generate any type of cell in the body, and therefore not only hold great promise for tissue repair and regeneration, but also provide a powerful tool for modeling human disease and understanding biological development. In order to fulfill the full potential of ESCs, it is critical to understand how ESC fate, whether to self-renew or to differentiate into specialized cells, is regulated. On the molecular level, ESC fate is controlled by the intracellular transcriptional regulatory networks that respond to various extrinsic signaling stimuli. In this review, we discuss and compare important signaling pathways in the self-renewal and differentiation of mouse, rat, and human ESCs with an emphasis on how these pathways integrate into ESC-specific transcription circuitries. This will be beneficial for understanding the common and conserved mechanisms that govern self-renewal, and for developing novel culture conditions that support ESC derivation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyi Huang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
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11
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Abstract
Although cellular therapies hold great promise for the treatment of human disease, results from several initial clinical trials have not shown a level of efficacy required for their use as a first line therapy. Here we discuss how in vivo molecular imaging has helped identify barriers to clinical translation and potential strategies that may contribute to successful transplantation and improved outcomes, with a focus on cardiovascular and neurological diseases. We conclude with a perspective on the future role of molecular imaging in defining safety and efficacy for clinical implementation of stem cell therapies.
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12
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Larabee SM, Coia H, Jones S, Cheung E, Gallicano GI. miRNA-17 members that target Bmpr2 influence signaling mechanisms important for embryonic stem cell differentiation in vitro and gastrulation in embryos. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 24:354-71. [PMID: 25209090 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Body axes and germ layers evolve at gastrulation, and in mammals are driven by many genes; however, what orchestrates the genetic pathways during gastrulation remains elusive. Previously, we presented evidence that microRNA-17 (miRNA-17) family members, miR-17-5p, miR-20a, miR-93, and miR-106a were differentially expressed in mouse embryos and functioned to control differentiation of the stem cell population. Here, we identify function(s) that these miRNAs have during gastrulation. Fluorescent in situ hybridization miRNA probes reveal that these miRNAs are localized at the mid/posterior primitive streak (ps) in distinct populations of primitive ectoderm, mesendoderm, and mesoderm. Seven different miRNA prediction algorithms are identified in silico bone morphogenic protein receptor 2 (Bmpr2) as a target of these miRNAs. Bmpr2 is a member of the TGFβ pathway and invokes stage-specific changes during gastrulation. Recently, Bmpr2 was shown regulating cytoskeletal dynamics, cell movement, and invasion. Our previous and current data led to a hypothesis by which members of the miR-17 family influence gastrulation by suppressing Bmpr2 expression at the primitive streak. This suppression influences fate decisions of cells by affecting genes downstream of BMPR2 as well as mesoderm invasion through regulation of actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Larabee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington, District of Columbia
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13
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Pinzon-Guzman C, Xing T, Zhang SSM, Barnstable CJ. Regulation of rod photoreceptor differentiation by STAT3 is controlled by a tyrosine phosphatase. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:152-159. [PMID: 25108518 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0397-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Signal pathways that reduce the levels of tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) allow late retinal progenitors to exit the cell cycle and enter a terminal differentiation pathway into rod photoreceptors. In the mouse retina, we previously identified PKC-β1 and PKC-γ isoforms as essential components of a key signal pathway and IGF-1 as a major extrinsic factor regulating rod formation. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that PKC decreases phosphotyrosine but not phosphoserine on STAT3 in neonatal mouse retinas. Neither IGF-1 nor PMA induced a significant change in the levels of STAT3 or in the levels of the key proteins regulating STAT3 degradation, SOCS3, and PIAS3. Treatment of neonatal mouse retinal explants with sodium orthovanadate inhibited the PKC-mediated reduction in pSTAT3, indicating a role for a phosphatase. Addition of the PTEN inhibitor bpV(phen) to explant cultures treated with IGF-1 or PMA had no effect on the reduction in pSTAT3 levels, but the effect of both IGF-1 and PMA was blocked by a concentration of the inhibitor NSC87877 that is selective for the phosphatases Shp1 and Shp2. Inhibition of Shp1/2 phosphatases was also sufficient to abolish the IGF1-mediated induction of rod photoreceptor differentiation in the retina explant cultures. We conclude that one or both of these phosphatases are key components regulating the formation of rod photoreceptors in mouse retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Pinzon-Guzman
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033-2255, USA
| | - Tiaosi Xing
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033-2255, USA
| | - Samuel Shao-Min Zhang
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033-2255, USA
| | - Colin J Barnstable
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033-2255, USA.
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14
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Cai B, Li J, Wang J, Luo X, Ai J, Liu Y, Wang N, Liang H, Zhang M, Chen N, Wang G, Xing S, Zhou X, Yang B, Wang X, Lu Y. microRNA-124 regulates cardiomyocyte differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells via targeting STAT3 signaling. Stem Cells 2013; 30:1746-55. [PMID: 22696253 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrated that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) may transdifferentiate into cardiomyocytes and replace apoptotic myocardium so as to improve functions of damaged hearts. However, little information is known about molecular mechanisms underlying myogenic conversion of BMSCs. microRNAs as endogenous noncoding small molecules function to inhibit protein translation post-transcriptionally by binding to complementary sequences of targeted mRNAs. Here, we reported that miR-124 was remarkably downregulated during cardiomyocyte differentiation of BMSCs induced by coculture with cardiomyocytes. Forced expression of miR-124 led to a significant downregulation of cardiac-specific markers-ANP, TNT, and α-MHC proteins as well as reduction of cardiac potassium channel currents in cocultured BMSCs. On the contrary, the inhibition of endogenous miR-124 with its antisense oligonucleotide AMO-124 obviously reversed the changes of ANP, TNT, and α-MHC proteins and increased cardiac potassium channel currents. Further study revealed that miR-124 targeted the 3'UTR of STAT3 gene so as to suppress the expression of STAT3 protein but did not affect its mRNA level. STAT3 inhibitors AG490, WP1066, and S3I-201 were shown to attenuate the augmented expression of ANP, TNT, α-MHC, GATA-4 proteins, and mRNAs in cocultured BMSCs with AMO-124 transfection. Moreover, GATA-4 siRNA reduced the expression of ANP, TNT, α-MHC, and GATA-4 proteins but did not impact STAT3 protein in cocultured BMSCs, indicating GATA-4 serves as an effector of STAT3. In summary, we found that miR-124 regulated myogenic differentiation of BMSCs via targeting STAT3 mRNA, which provides new insights into molecular mechanisms of cardiomyogenesis of BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benzhi Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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15
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Li W, Jiang K, Ding S. Concise review: A chemical approach to control cell fate and function. Stem Cells 2012; 30:61-8. [PMID: 22028211 DOI: 10.1002/stem.768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis and mediating physiological and pathological regeneration. Recent breakthroughs in stem cell biology have generated tremendous enthusiasm and hope for the therapeutic potential of stem cells in regenerative medicine. However, this research is still in an early development stage. An improved understanding of stem cell biology is required to precisely manipulate stem cell fate and to harness these cells for regenerative medicine. Small molecules, targeting specific signaling pathways and mechanisms, are powerful tools for manipulating stem cells for desired outcomes. Those small molecules are increasingly important in probing the fundamental mechanisms of stem cell biology and facilitating the development of therapeutic approaches for regenerative medicine. These could involve cell replacement therapies with homogenous functional cells produced under chemically defined conditions in vitro and the development of small-molecule drugs that modulate patient's endogenous cells for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, USA
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Wang L, Su W, Liu Z, Zhou M, Chen S, Chen Y, Lu D, Liu Y, Fan Y, Zheng Y, Han Z, Kong D, Wu JC, Xiang R, Li Z. CD44 antibody-targeted liposomal nanoparticles for molecular imaging and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomaterials 2012; 33:5107-14. [PMID: 22494888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Most hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapies fail to target cancer stem cells (CSCs) and monitor cancer progression or regression. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possibility of cancer imaging and simultaneously monitoring targeted therapy in a single animal by anti-CD44 antibody-mediated liposomal nanoparticle. In this study, an in situ liver tumor model was applied for therapy by injecting 1.0 × 10(6) HepG2 cells carrying a reporter system encoding a double fusion (DF) reporter gene consisting of firefly luciferase (Fluc) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) into the liver of NOD/SCID mice. A strategy was developed which specifically targeted HCC via anti-CD44 antibody-mediated liposomal nanoparticle delivery, loaded of either doxorubicin (Dox) or a triple fusion (TF) gene containing the herpes simplex virus truncated thymidine kinase (HSV-ttk) and renilla luciferase (Rluc) and red fluorescent protein (RFP). The NOD/SCID mice were subsequently treated with ganciclovir (GCV) and the growth status of tumor was monitored by optical bioluminescence imaging (BLI) of Fluc and specific targeting of the liposomal nanoparticle was tracked by Rluc imaging. CD44 antibody-mediated liposomal nanoparticle, loaded of TF plasmids, were shown to be useful for monitoring and evaluating targeting efficacy and gene therapy by non-invasive molecular imaging. Here, we demonstrate the time intensive preclinical steps involved in molecular target identification, validation, and characterization by dual molecular imaging. This targeted and traceable therapeutic strategy has potential advantages to overcome the problems of conventional tumor therapy and may open a new application for the treatment of HCC by targeting CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin 300071, China
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Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) family of enzymes regulates cell physiology through phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues of many proteins in most cell types. Here we identify PKC-β1 and PKC-γ as isoforms that are essential for rod photoreceptor differentiation in mouse retinas. Using ex vivo retinal explants, we found that phorbol ester 12-myristate 13-acetate and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) induced rod differentiation, as defined by opsin or Crx expression, in a PKC-dependent manner days ahead of rod development in untreated explants. PKC-β1 and PKC-γ were colocalized with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)- and STAT3-positive progenitors through the later differentiation period. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of either isoform resulted in a partial reduction in the appearance of rods, whereas removing both isoforms resulted in their complete absence. Furthermore, a significant decline of STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation was observed by activation of PKC, while inhibition of PKC resulted in an increase of phosphorylated STAT3 along with a delayed cell cycle exit of progenitors with prolonged PCNA expression. In adult retinas, IGF1 activates PI-3 kinase (PI3K), but in neonatal retinas its action is identical to the action of an PI3K inhibitor. These data unveil a novel signaling cascade that coordinates and regulates rod differentiation through specific PKC isoforms in mammals.
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18
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Keyaerts M, Caveliers V, Lahoutte T. Bioluminescence imaging: looking beyond the light. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:164-72. [PMID: 22321645 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) enables in vivo imaging of molecular and cellular processes. It has gained in popularity over the past decade because of its easy translation from in vitro to in vivo experiments, its sensitivity, and its ease of use. However, experience in applying BLI in living subjects is still limited, and many researchers have encountered unexpected or biased BLI readout and reported important influencing factors. In this review, we summarize both the biological and physical effects that occur at the enzyme level or during light propagation towards the camera. The knowledge and detection of such factors, together with the development of new strategies and better BLI compounds, will improve the accuracy of the technique in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Keyaerts
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging (ICMI) Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Nguyen PK, Lan F, Wang Y, Wu JC. Imaging: guiding the clinical translation of cardiac stem cell therapy. Circ Res 2011; 109:962-79. [PMID: 21960727 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.242909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have been touted as the holy grail of medical therapy, with promises to regenerate cardiac tissue, but it appears the jury is still out on this novel therapy. Using advanced imaging technology, scientists have discovered that these cells do not survive nor engraft long-term. In addition, only marginal benefit has been observed in large-animal studies and human trials. However, all is not lost. Further application of advanced imaging technology will help scientists unravel the mysteries of stem cell therapy and address the clinical hurdles facing its routine implementation. In this review, we will discuss how advanced imaging technology will help investigators better define the optimal delivery method, improve survival and engraftment, and evaluate efficacy and safety. Insights gained from this review may direct the development of future preclinical investigations and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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The Role of the Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) - Pathway in Derivation and Maintenance of Murine Pluripotent Stem Cells. Genes (Basel) 2011; 2:280-97. [PMID: 24710148 PMCID: PMC3924847 DOI: 10.3390/genes2010280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental biology, regenerative medicine and cancer biology are more and more interested in understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling pluripotency and self-renewal in stem cells. Pluripotency is maintained by a synergistic interplay between extrinsic stimuli and intrinsic circuitries, which allow sustainment of the undifferentiated and self-renewing state. Nevertheless, even though a lot of efforts have been made in the past years, the precise mechanisms regulating these processes remain unclear. One of the key extrinsic factors is leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) that is largely used for the cultivation and derivation of mouse embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. LIF acts through the LIFR/gp130 receptor and activates STAT3, an important regulator of mouse embryonic stem cell self-renewal. STAT3 is known to inhibit differentiation into both mesoderm and endoderm lineages by preventing the activation of lineage-specific differentiation programs. However, LIF activates also parallel circuitries like the PI3K-pathway and the MEK/ERK-pathway, but its mechanisms of action remain to be better elucidated. This review article aims at summarizing the actual knowledge on the importance of LIF in the maintenance of pluripotency and self-renewal in embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Lorberbaum DS, Gottlieb D. Regulated expression of transgenes in embryonic stem cell-derived neural cells. Genesis 2011; 49:66-74. [PMID: 21344609 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Discovery and characterization of gene promoters, enhancers and repressor binding elements is an important research area in neuroscience. Here, the suitability of embryonic stem cells and their neural derivatives as a model system for this research is investigated. Three neural transgenic constructs (from the Mnx1, Fabp7, and tuba1a genes) that have been validated in transgenic mice were inserted into embryonic stem cells as stable transgenes. These transgenic embryonic stem cells were differentiated into neural cultures and the pattern of transgene expression across a series of inducing conditions determined. The pattern of expression matched that predicted from transgenic mouse experiments for each of the three transgenes. The results show that embryonic stem cells and their neural derivatives comprise a promising model for investigating the mechanisms that control cell- and temporal-specific neural gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Lorberbaum
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Missouri, USA
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22
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Construct Double Reporter Vector Enhanced by CK19 Promoter and Its Application in Differentiation of Hepatic Progenitor Cells*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2010.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Setati MM, Prinsloo E, Longshaw VM, Murray PA, Edgar DH, Blatch GL. Leukemia inhibitory factor promotes Hsp90 association with STAT3 in mouse embryonic stem cells. IUBMB Life 2010; 62:61-6. [PMID: 20014282 DOI: 10.1002/iub.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Self-renewal of in vitro cultured mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells is dependent on the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). LIF induces overexpression and tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) and its subsequent nuclear translocation. The molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is involved in the activation and maturation of a wide variety of substrate proteins. We investigated the effect of LIF withdrawal on the protein expression levels of STAT3 and Hsp90 and on the interactions between STAT3 and Hsp90. Taken together the data presented here suggest that LIF promotes the interaction of Hsp90 with STAT3 during self-renewal, indicating a potentially pivotal role for Hsp90 in the LIF-based maintenance of self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokgadi M Setati
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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25
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Long term non-invasive imaging of embryonic stem cells using reporter genes. Nat Protoc 2009; 4:1192-201. [PMID: 19617890 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2009.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Development of non-invasive and accurate methods to track cell fate after delivery will greatly expedite transition of embryonic stem (ES) cell therapy to the clinic. In this protocol, we describe the in vivo monitoring of stem cell survival, proliferation and migration using reporter genes. We established stable ES cell lines constitutively expressing double fusion (DF; enhanced green fluorescent protein and firefly luciferase) or triple fusion (TF; monomeric red fluorescent protein, firefly luciferase and herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk)) reporter genes using lentiviral transduction. We used fluorescence-activated cell sorting to purify these populations in vitro, bioluminescence imaging and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to track them in vivo and fluorescence immunostaining to confirm the results ex vivo. Unlike other methods of cell tracking, such as iron particle and radionuclide labeling, reporter genes are inherited genetically and can be used to monitor cell proliferation and survival for the lifetime of transplanted cells and their progeny.
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