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Mehrjardi NZ, Molcanyi M, Hatay FF, Timmer M, Shahbazi E, Ackermann JP, Herms S, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Wunderlich TF, Prochnow N, Haghikia A, Lampert A, Hescheler J, Neugebauer EAM, Baharvand H, Šarić T. Acquisition of chromosome 1q duplication in parental and genome-edited human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells results in their higher proliferation rate in vitro and in vivo. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12892. [PMID: 32918782 PMCID: PMC7574866 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Genetic engineering of human‐induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived neural stem cells (hiPSC‐NSC) may increase the risk of genomic aberrations. Therefore, we asked whether genetic modification of hiPSC‐NSCs exacerbates chromosomal abnormalities that may occur during passaging and whether they may cause any functional perturbations in NSCs in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods The transgenic cassette was inserted into the AAVS1 locus, and the genetic integrity of zinc‐finger nuclease (ZFN)‐modified hiPSC‐NSCs was assessed by the SNP‐based karyotyping. The hiPSC‐NSC proliferation was assessed in vitro by the EdU incorporation assay and in vivo by staining of brain slices with Ki‐67 antibody at 2 and 8 weeks after transplantation of ZFN‐NSCs with and without chromosomal aberration into the striatum of immunodeficient rats. Results During early passages, no chromosomal abnormalities were detected in unmodified or ZFN‐modified hiPSC‐NSCs. However, at higher passages both cell populations acquired duplication of the entire long arm of chromosome 1, dup(1)q. ZNF‐NSCs carrying dup(1)q exhibited higher proliferation rate than karyotypically intact cells, which was partly mediated by increased expression of AKT3 located on Chr1q. Compared to karyotypically normal ZNF‐NSCs, cells with dup(1)q also exhibited increased proliferation in vivo 2 weeks, but not 2 months, after transplantation. Conclusions These results demonstrate that, independently of ZFN‐editing, hiPSC‐NSCs have a propensity for acquiring dup(1)q and this aberration results in increased proliferation which might compromise downstream hiPSC‐NSC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Zare Mehrjardi
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marek Molcanyi
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Firuze Fulya Hatay
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marco Timmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ebrahim Shahbazi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Justus P Ackermann
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Herms
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Institute for Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, Medical Genetics, Research Group Genomics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Institute for Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas F Wunderlich
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research and Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Nora Prochnow
- Clinic for Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Clinic of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Aiden Haghikia
- Clinic for Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Clinic of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Angelika Lampert
- Institute of Physiology, Uniklinik, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Edmund A M Neugebauer
- Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg Theodor Fontane, Campus Neuruppin, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tomo Šarić
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Disease-modifying therapies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropharmacology 2020; 167:107986. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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3
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Mazzini L, Ferrari D, Andjus PR, Buzanska L, Cantello R, De Marchi F, Gelati M, Giniatullin R, Glover JC, Grilli M, Kozlova EN, Maioli M, Mitrečić D, Pivoriunas A, Sanchez-Pernaute R, Sarnowska A, Vescovi AL. Advances in stem cell therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 18:865-881. [PMID: 30025485 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1503248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, incurable neurodegenerative disease that targets motoneurons. Cell-based therapies have generated widespread interest as a potential therapeutic approach but no conclusive results have yet been reported either from pre-clinical or clinical studies. AREAS COVERED This is an integrated review of pre-clinical and clinical studies focused on the development of cell-based therapies for ALS. We analyze the biology of stem cell treatments and results obtained from pre-clinical models of ALS and examine the methods and the results obtained to date from clinical trials. We discuss scientific, clinical, and ethical issues and propose some directions for future studies. EXPERT OPINION While data from individual studies are encouraging, stem-cell-based therapies do not yet represent a satisfactory, reliable clinical option. The field will critically benefit from the introduction of well-designed, randomized and reproducible, powered clinical trials. Comparative studies addressing key issues such as the nature, properties, and number of donor cells, the delivery mode and the selection of proper patient populations that may benefit the most from cell-based therapies are now of the essence. Multidisciplinary networks of experts should be established to empower effective translation of research into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Mazzini
- a ALS Centre Department of Neurology , "Maggiore della Carità" University Hospital Novara , Novara , Italy
| | - Daniela Ferrari
- b Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences , University Milano Bicocca , Milano , Italy
| | - Pavle R Andjus
- c Center for laser microscopy, Faculty of Biology , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Leonora Buzanska
- d Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit , Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Roberto Cantello
- a ALS Centre Department of Neurology , "Maggiore della Carità" University Hospital Novara , Novara , Italy
| | - Fabiola De Marchi
- a ALS Centre Department of Neurology , "Maggiore della Carità" University Hospital Novara , Novara , Italy
| | - Maurizio Gelati
- e Scientific Direction , IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo , Foggia , Italy.,f Cell Factory e biobanca, Fondazione Cellule Staminali , Terni , Italy
| | - Rashid Giniatullin
- g A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , Neulaniementie 2, Kuopio , FINLAND
| | - Joel C Glover
- h Department of Molecular Medicine , Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo and Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Mariagrazia Grilli
- i Department Pharmaceutical Sciences , Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, University of Piemonte Orientale , Novara , Italy
| | - Elena N Kozlova
- j Department of Neuroscience , Uppsala University Biomedical Centre , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Margherita Maioli
- k Department of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Developmental Biology and Reprogramming (CEDEBIOR) , University of Sassari, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) , Sassari , Italy
| | - Dinko Mitrečić
- l Laboratory for Stem Cells, Croatian Institute for Brain Research , University of Zagreb School of Medicine , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Augustas Pivoriunas
- m Department of Stem Cell Biology , State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Rosario Sanchez-Pernaute
- n Preclinical Research , Andalusian Initiative for Advanced Therapies, Andalusian Health Ministry , Sevilla , Spain
| | - Anna Sarnowska
- d Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit , Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Angelo L Vescovi
- b Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences , University Milano Bicocca , Milano , Italy.,f Cell Factory e biobanca, Fondazione Cellule Staminali , Terni , Italy
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Rohani L, Johnson AA, Naghsh P, Rancourt DE, Ulrich H, Holland H. Concise Review: Molecular Cytogenetics and Quality Control: Clinical Guardians for Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 7:867-875. [PMID: 30218497 PMCID: PMC6265634 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Now that induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐based transplants have been performed in humans and organizations have begun producing clinical‐grade iPSCs, it is imperative that strict quality control standards are agreed upon. This is essential as both ESCs and iPSCs have been shown to accumulate genomic aberrations during long‐term culturing. These aberrations can include copy number variations, trisomy, amplifications of chromosomal regions, deletions of chromosomal regions, loss of heterozygosity, and epigenetic abnormalities. Moreover, although the differences between iPSCs and ESCs appear largely negligible when a high enough n number is used for comparison, the reprogramming process can generate further aberrations in iPSCs, including copy number variations and deletions in tumor‐suppressor genes. If mutations or epigenetic signatures are present in parental cells, these can also be carried over into iPSCs. To maximize patient safety, we recommend a set of standards to be utilized when preparing iPSCs for clinical use. Reprogramming methods that do not involve genomic integration should be used. Cultured cells should be grown using feeder‐free and serum‐free systems to avoid animal contamination. Karyotyping, whole‐genome sequencing, gene expression analyses, and standard sterility tests should all become routine quality control tests. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA integrity, whole‐epigenome analyses, as well as single‐cell genome sequencing of large cell populations may also prove beneficial. Furthermore, clinical‐grade stem cells need to be produced under accepted regulatory good manufacturing process standards. The creation of haplobanks that provide major histocompatibility complex matching is also recommended to improve allogeneic stem cell engraftment. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2018;7:867–875
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Rohani
- Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adiv A Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Pooyan Naghsh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derrick E Rancourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heidrun Holland
- Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Lee SW, Wu G, Choi NY, Lee HJ, Bang JS, Lee Y, Lee M, Ko K, Schöler HR, Ko K. Self-Reprogramming of Spermatogonial Stem Cells into Pluripotent Stem Cells without Microenvironment of Feeder Cells. Mol Cells 2018; 41:631-638. [PMID: 29991673 PMCID: PMC6078851 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) derived from mouse testis are unipotent in regard of spermatogenesis. Our previous study demonstrated that SSCs can be fully reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells, so called germline-derived pluripotent stem cells (gPS cells), on feeder cells (mouse embryonic fibroblasts), which supports SSC proliferation and induction of pluripotency. Because of an uncontrollable microenvironment caused by interactions with feeder cells, feeder-based SSC reprogramming is not suitable for elucidation of the self-reprogramming mechanism by which SSCs are converted into pluripotent stem cells. Recently, we have established a Matrigel-based SSC expansion culture system that allows long-term SSC proliferation without mouse embryonic fibroblast support. In this study, we developed a new feeder-free SSC self-reprogramming protocol based on the Matrigel-based culture system. The gPS cells generated using a feeder-free reprogramming system showed pluripotency at the molecular and cellular levels. The differentiation potential of gPS cells was confirmed in vitro and in vivo. Our study shows for the first time that the induction of SSC pluripotency can be achieved without feeder cells. The newly developed feeder-free self-reprogramming system could be a useful tool to reveal the mechanism by which unipotent cells are self-reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Won Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Guangming Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster,
Germany
| | - Na Young Choi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Jin Seok Bang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Yukyeong Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Minseong Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Kisung Ko
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974,
Korea
| | - Hans R. Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster,
Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster,
Germany
| | - Kinarm Ko
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Institute of Advanced Biomedical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- The University Open-Innovation Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
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Ferrari D, Gelati M, Profico DC, Vescovi AL. Human Fetal Neural Stem Cells for Neurodegenerative Disease Treatment. Results Probl Cell Differ 2018; 66:307-329. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93485-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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7
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Fasler-Kan E, Aliu N, Wunderlich K, Ketterer S, Ruggiero S, Berger S, Meyer P. The Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Line (ARPE-19) Displays Mosaic Structural Chromosomal Aberrations. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1745:305-314. [PMID: 29476476 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7680-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19 was established in 1996 and remains widely used today for biomedical and in particular ophthalmology research. We have analyzed the chromosomes of the ARPE-19 cell line and found cultured cells exist as a heterogeneous mixture having both normal karyotypes and chromosomal rearrangements. In ARPE-19 cells, we observed metaphases with a single translocation t(15;19) and metaphases with two translocations t(5;15) and t(15;19) and a derivative chromosome 9. Aneuploidies have also been detected (monosomy: -16; trisomy: +11, +18). Multiple attempts to isolate clones with a normal karyotype from those with aberrant karyotypes failed due to senescence of cells of normal karyotypes. We could, however, isolate clones with the translocation t(15;19) and clones with two translocations t(5;15) and t(15;19). In continued cell culture after second subcloning for 30 passages, all clones maintained their cytogenetic integrity.We have further investigated the chromosomal profiles of the ARPE-19 cell line from another laboratory and observed cells with a normal karyotype as well as abnormalities in chromosomes 6p and 11q. The DNA profiles of the ARPE-19 cells from both labs were identical to the ATCC profiles, excluding contamination with other cell lines. Since chromosomal translocations in ARPE-19 cells differ from lab to lab and display a mosaicism for structural chromosomal aberrations, researchers dealing with ARPE-19 cells should screen their stocks for chromosomal aberrations and proceed with caution against misinterpretations during experimental manipulations with this cell line. This chapter describes in detail our laboratory methods for single cell cloning, karyotype analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), which we used for the identification and characterization of chromosomal translocations in the retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Fasler-Kan
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Nijas Aliu
- Department of Human Genetics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Wunderlich
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Ketterer
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Ruggiero
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Berger
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Hwang SH, Lee W, Park SH, Lee HJ, Park SH, Lee DC, Lim MH, Back SA, Yun BG, Jeun JH, Lim JY, Kang JM, Kim SW. Evaluation of characteristic of human turbinate derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured in the serum free media. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186249. [PMID: 29049314 PMCID: PMC5648157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of serum-free and xeno-cultivation (SFXFM) on the characterization, proliferation, and differentiation properties of human nasal stem cells (airway tissue; hTMSCs). hTMSCs were isolated from 10 patients, after which patient samples were separated into two groups, an SFXFM group and a control group. The control group was treated with bovine serum-containing medium. FACS analysis revealed that SFXFM-cultured hTMSCs maintained a characteristic mesenchymal stem cell phenotype. hTMSC proliferation was not influenced by SFXFM. In addition, upregulation of IL-8 and GM-CSF and downregulation of RANTES expression were shown in response to SFXFM. Moreover, two-lineage differentiation properties (osteocyte and adipocyte) of hTMSCs were enhanced under SFXFM. Finally, the genetic stability of SFXFM-cultured hTMSCs was demonstrated by normal karyotype results. SFXFM enables good expansion, multipotentiality, and normal genotype maintenance of MSCs. Moreover, this approach serves as a substitute to conventional media for the cultivation of capable MSCs for upcoming medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hwan Hwang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - WeonSun Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hi Park
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Hwa Park
- Department of biomedical science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Chang Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Hyun Lim
- Department of biomedical science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang A. Back
- Department of biomedical science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeong Gon Yun
- Department of biomedical science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Ho Jeun
- Department of biomedical science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Lim
- Department of biomedical science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Myung Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SWK); (JMK)
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SWK); (JMK)
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9
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Irion S, Zabierowski SE, Tomishima MJ. Bringing Neural Cell Therapies to the Clinic: Past and Future Strategies. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2017; 4:72-82. [PMID: 28344993 PMCID: PMC5363320 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy in the nervous system has a rich history, with ∼40 years of research and ∼30 years of clinical experience. There is compelling evidence that appropriate cells can integrate and function in the dysfunctioning human nervous system, but the clinical results are mixed in practice. A number of factors conspire to vary patient outcome: the indication, cell source, patient selection, and team performing transplantation are all variables that can affect efficacy. Most early clinical trials have used fetal cells, a limited cell source that resists scale and standardization. Direct fetal cell transplantation creates significant challenges to commercialization that is the ultimate goal of an effective cell therapy. One approach to help scale and standardize fetal cell preparations is the expansion of neural cells in vitro. Expansion is achieved by transformation or through the application of mitogens before cryopreservation. Recently, neural cells derived from pluripotent stem cells have provided a scalable alternative. Pluripotent stem cells are desirable for manufacturing but present alternative concerns and manufacturing obstacles. All cell sources require robust and reproducible manufacturing to make nervous system cell replacement therapy an option for patients. Here, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for cell replacement in the nervous system. In this review, we give an overview of completed and ongoing neural cell transplantation clinical trials, and we discuss the challenges and opportunities for future cell replacement trials with a particular focus on pluripotent stem cell-derived therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Irion
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Susan E. Zabierowski
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
- SKI Stem Cell Research Facility and Cell Therapy and Cell Engineering Facility, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mark J. Tomishima
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
- SKI Stem Cell Research Facility, Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
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10
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Rebuzzini P, Zuccotti M, Redi CA, Garagna S. Chromosomal Abnormalities in Embryonic and Somatic Stem Cells. Cytogenet Genome Res 2015; 147:1-9. [PMID: 26583376 DOI: 10.1159/000441645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential use of stem cells (SCs) for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, disease modeling, toxicological studies, drug delivery, and as in vitro model for the study of basic developmental processes implies large-scale in vitro culture. Here, after a brief description of the main techniques used for karyotype analysis, we will give a detailed overview of the chromosome abnormalities described in pluripotent (embryonic and induced pluripotent SCs) and somatic SCs, and the possible causes of their origin during culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rebuzzini
- Laboratorio di Biologia dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Universitx00E0; degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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11
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Sverdlov ED, Mineev K. Mutation rate in stem cells: an underestimated barrier on the way to therapy. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:273-80. [PMID: 23481596 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) are thought to have great therapeutic potential, but due to continuously and stochastically arising new mutations that unpredictably change the composition of a cell population, the large-scale manufacturing of SCs with uniform properties and predictable behavior is a challenge. Quantitative evaluation of the characteristic mutation rate of a given stem cell line could be an important criterion in making the decision to use the line in medical practice. Such an evaluation could provide a new quality standard for newly derived human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines prior to depositing them in stem cell banks. Here, we substantiate this view with simple calculations showing the effect of the mutation rate on changes in the cell population composition due to amplification. Selection of SCs with low mutation rate could reduce the risk of negative side effects during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene D Sverdlov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., Moscow, 123182, Russia.
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12
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Abstract
In vitro studies of neural progenitors isolated from the developing mouse have provided important insights into intrinsic and extrinsic pathways that control their behavior. However, use of primary cultures or neurospheres established from fetal tissues in cell population-based assays can be compromised by cellular heterogeneity. A complementary approach that addresses this issue is the establishment of adherent clonal neural stem (NS) cell lines. Here I describe protocols and troubleshooting advice for establishing adherent NS cell lines from the mouse fetal forebrain. NS cells grow as pure cultures in defined serum-free conditions as adherent monolayers and are therefore amenable to chemical/genetic screens, biochemical studies, and population-based analysis of gene expression or transcriptional regulation (e.g. RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq). NS cell lines therefore represent a tractable cellular model system to explore the molecular and cellular biology of neural stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Similar protocols can be extended to rat and human embryos, as well as human brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Pollard
- Department of Cancer Biology, Samantha Dickson Brain Cancer Unit, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
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13
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Conforti P, Camnasio S, Mutti C, Valenza M, Thompson M, Fossale E, Zeitlin S, MacDonald ME, Zuccato C, Cattaneo E. Lack of huntingtin promotes neural stem cells differentiation into glial cells while neurons expressing huntingtin with expanded polyglutamine tracts undergo cell death. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 50:160-70. [PMID: 23089356 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects muscle coordination and diminishes cognitive abilities. The genetic basis of the disease is an expansion of CAG repeats in the Huntingtin (Htt) gene. Here we aimed to generate a series of mouse neural stem (NS) cell lines that carried varying numbers of CAG repeats in the mouse Htt gene (Hdh CAG knock-in NS cells) or that had Hdh null alleles (Hdh knock-out NS cells). Towards this end, Hdh CAG knock-in mouse ES cell lines that carried an Htt gene with 20, 50, 111, or 140 CAG repeats or that were Htt null were neuralized and converted into self-renewing NS cells. The resulting NS cell lines were immunopositive for the neural stem cell markers NESTIN, SOX2, and BLBP and had similar proliferative rates and cell cycle distributions. After 14 days in vitro, wild-type NS cells gave rise to cultures composed of 70% MAP2(+) neurons and 30% GFAP(+) astrocytes. In contrast, NS cells with expanded CAG repeats underwent neuronal cell death, with only 38%±15% of the MAP2(+) cells remaining at the end of the differentiation period. Cell death was verified by increased caspase 3/7 activity on day 14 of the neuronal differentiation protocol. Interestingly, Hdh knock-out NS cells treated using the same neuronal differentiation protocol showed a dramatic increase in the number of GFAP(+) cells on day 14 (61%±20% versus 24%±10% in controls), and a massive decrease of MAP2(+) neurons (30%±11% versus 64%±17% in controls). Both Hdh CAG knock-in NS cells and Hdh knock-out NS cells showed reduced levels of Bdnf mRNA during neuronal differentiation, in agreement with data obtained previously in HD mouse models and in post-mortem brain samples from HD patients. We concluded that Hdh CAG knock-in and Hdh knock-out NS cells have potential as tools for investigating the roles of normal and mutant HTT in differentiated neurons and glial cells of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Conforti
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20113 Milan, Italy
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14
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Ritch JJ, Valencia A, Alexander J, Sapp E, Gatune L, Sangrey GR, Sinha S, Scherber CM, Zeitlin S, Sadri-Vakili G, Irimia D, Difiglia M, Kegel KB. Multiple phenotypes in Huntington disease mouse neural stem cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 50:70-81. [PMID: 22508027 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem (NS) cells are a limitless resource, and thus superior to primary neurons for drug discovery provided they exhibit appropriate disease phenotypes. Here we established NS cells for cellular studies of Huntington's disease (HD). HD is a heritable neurodegenerative disease caused by a mutation resulting in an increased number of glutamines (Q) within a polyglutamine tract in Huntingtin (Htt). NS cells were isolated from embryonic wild-type (Htt(7Q/7Q)) and "knock-in" HD (Htt(140Q/140Q)) mice expressing full-length endogenous normal or mutant Htt. NS cells were also developed from mouse embryonic stem cells that were devoid of Htt (Htt(-/-)), or knock-in cells containing human exon1 with an N-terminal FLAG epitope tag and with 7Q or 140Q inserted into one of the mouse alleles (Htt(F7Q/7Q) and Htt(F140Q/7Q)). Compared to Htt(7Q/7Q) NS cells, HD Htt(140Q/140Q) NS cells showed significantly reduced levels of cholesterol, increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and impaired motility. The heterozygous Htt(F140Q/7Q) NS cells had increased ROS and decreased motility compared to Htt(F7Q/7Q). These phenotypes of HD NS cells replicate those seen in HD patients or in primary cell or in vivo models of HD. Huntingtin "knock-out" NS cells (Htt(-/-)) also had impaired motility, but in contrast to HD cells had increased cholesterol. In addition, Htt(140Q/140Q) NS cells had higher phospho-AKT/AKT ratios than Htt(7Q/7Q) NS cells in resting conditions and after BDNF stimulation, suggesting mutant htt affects AKT dependent growth factor signaling. Upon differentiation, the Htt(7Q/7Q) and Htt(140Q/140Q) generated numerous Beta(III)-Tubulin- and GABA-positive neurons; however, after 15 days the cellular architecture of the differentiated Htt(140Q/140Q) cultures changed compared to Htt(7Q/7Q) cultures and included a marked increase of GFAP-positive cells. Our findings suggest that NS cells expressing endogenous mutant Htt will be useful for study of mechanisms of HD and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Ritch
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
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15
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Varela C, Denis JA, Peschanski M, Lefort N. [Jumping translocations of chromosome 1q are recurring chromosomal -aberrations in neural derivatives of pluripotent stem cells]. Med Sci (Paris) 2012; 28:219-21. [PMID: 22377313 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2012282023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Varela
- CECS /AFM, centre d'étude des cellules souches, Évry Cedex, France
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16
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Harrison NJ. Genetic instability in neural stem cells: an inconvenient truth? J Clin Invest 2012; 122:484-6. [PMID: 22269327 DOI: 10.1172/jci62002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary struggles from which mutants arise have been documented in almost every living system. In this issue of the JCI, Varela and colleagues extend this list of systems to include neural derivatives of human embryonic stem cells, which they show exhibit a repeated gain of material from chromosome 1q. Although this raises safety issues for therapeutic use of such cells, the frequent observation of a particular change may direct screening strategies for detection and removal of these unwanted cellular variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Harrison
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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17
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Diaferia GR, Cardano M, Cattaneo M, Spinelli CC, Dessì SS, DeBlasio P, Biunno I. The science of stem cell biobanking: Investing in the future. J Cell Physiol 2011; 227:14-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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