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Idrees M, Oh SH, Muhammad T, El-Sheikh M, Song SH, Lee KL, Kong IK. Growth Factors, and Cytokines; Understanding the Role of Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP2 in Gametogenesis and Early Embryo Development. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081798. [PMID: 32751109 PMCID: PMC7465981 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factors and cytokines have vital roles in germ cell development, gamete maturation, and early embryo development. Cell surface receptors are present for growth factors and cytokines to integrate with and trigger protein signaling in the germ and embryo intracellular milieu. Src-homology-2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase (SHP2) is a ubiquitously expressed, multifunctional protein that plays a central role in the signaling pathways involved in growth factor receptors, cytokine receptors, integrins, and G protein-coupled receptors. Over recent decades, researchers have recapitulated the protein signaling networks that influence gamete progenitor specification as well as gamete differentiation and maturation. SHP2 plays an indispensable role in cellular growth, survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration, as well as the basic events in gametogenesis and early embryo development. SHP2, a classic cytosolic protein and a key regulator of signal transduction, displays unconventional nuclear expression in the genital organs. Several observations provided shreds of evidence that this behavior is essential for fertility. The growth factor and cytokine-dependent roles of SHP2 and its nuclear/cytoplasmic presence during gamete maturation, early embryonic development and embryo implantation are fascinating and complex subjects. This review is intended to summarize the previous and recent knowledge about the SHP2 functions in gametogenesis and early embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Idrees
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.I.); (S.-H.O.); (M.E.-S.)
| | - Seon-Hwa Oh
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.I.); (S.-H.O.); (M.E.-S.)
| | - Tahir Muhammad
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Marwa El-Sheikh
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.I.); (S.-H.O.); (M.E.-S.)
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Seok-Hwan Song
- The King Kong Ltd., Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (K.-L.L.)
| | - Kyeong-Lim Lee
- The King Kong Ltd., Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (K.-L.L.)
| | - Il-Keun Kong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (M.I.); (S.-H.O.); (M.E.-S.)
- The King Kong Ltd., Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (K.-L.L.)
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam Province, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1942
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Park S, Arai Y, Kim BJ, Bello A, Ashraf S, Park H, Park KS, Lee SH. Suppression of SPRY4 Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation and Bone Formation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:1646-1657. [PMID: 30982407 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The directed differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) into different cell types has shown great therapeutic potential in treating various diseases. To maximize the therapeutic potentials, researchers have tried manipulating master transcriptional genes that promote efficient differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) such as the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Sprouty (SPRY) is a family of proteins that are known to inhibit the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Although the role of some SPRY isoforms in MSC differentiation is known, the function of SPRY4 isoform has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, the role of SPRY4 in the multilineage differentiation of hASCs has been elucidated. To investigate the role of SPRY4 in hASC differentiation and tissue regeneration, we performed a transient knockdown of SPRY expression via a small interfering RNA (siSPRY4). Western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction results revealed that the treatment of siSPRY4 before induction of differentiation had no significant effect on adipogenic, but reduced chondrogenic, differentiation of hASCs. Interestingly, SPRY4 transient knockdown had a significant effect on the osteogenic differentiation as indicated by the increased messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of osteogenic markers such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP; 2.3-fold) and osteopontin (OPN; 3.5-fold) and increased calcium deposition measured via Alizarin red staining (3.3-fold). Moreover, in vivo tissue regeneration of siSPRY4-treated hASCs in ectopic bone formation and calvarial defect mouse models showed higher bone volume (5.24-fold) and trabecular number (4.59-fold) assessed via histological and microcomputed tomography analyses. We also determined that the enhanced osteogenic differentiation in SPRY4-treated hASCs was due to the induction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Taken together, our results suggest that the regulation of SPRY4 through MAPK signaling is a potentially critical aspect on the osteogenic differentiation of hASCs and for bone tissue regeneration, and thus, may be utilized as a potent technique in the development of effective bone therapeutics. Impact Statement This study tried to expand our current understanding of the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. The transient downregulation of the SPRY4 expression via small interfering RNA (siRNA) showed significant enhancement of the osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells via the induction of ERK 1/2 phosphorylation. This suggests the possible mechanism to maximize the potential of stem cell as therapeutics and has a great potential in treating various bone-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghyun Park
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoshie Arai
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Ju Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Alvin Bello
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sajjad Ashraf
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansoo Park
- Department of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hong Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
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Gu X, Su X, Jia C, Lin L, Liu S, Zhang P, Wang X, Jiang X. Sprouty1 regulates neuritogenesis and survival of cortical neurons. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:12847-12864. [PMID: 30569452 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) control a variety of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. Sprouty (SPRY) proteins represent an important class of ligand-inducible inhibitors of RTK-dependent signaling pathways. Here, we investigated the role of SPRY1 in cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Expression of SPRY1 was substantially higher in neural stem cells than in cortical neurons and was increased during neuronal differentiation of cortical neurons. We found that SPRY1 was a direct target gene of the CNS-specific microRNA, miR-124 and miR-132. In primary cultures of cortical neurons, the neurotrophic factors brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) downregulated SPRY1 expression to positively regulate their own functions. In immature cortical neurons and mouse N2 A cells, we found that overexpression of SPRY1 inhibited neurite development, whereas knockdown of SPRY1 expression promoted neurite development. In mature neurons, overexpression of SPRY1 inhibited the prosurvival effects of both BDNF and FGF2 on glutamate-mediated neuronal cell death. SPRY1 was also upregulated upon glutamate treatment in mature neurons and partially contributed to the cytotoxic effect of glutamate. Together, our results indicate that SPRY1 contributes to the regulation of CNS functions by influencing both neuronal differentiation under normal physiological processes and neuronal survival under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Su
- Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Jia
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lifang Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuhu Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peidong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Guangzhou, China
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SHP2-Mediated Signal Networks in Stem Cell Homeostasis and Dysfunction. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:8351374. [PMID: 29983715 PMCID: PMC6015663 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8351374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and adult stem cells, play a central role in mammal organism development and homeostasis. They have two unique properties: the capacity for self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into many specialized cell types. Src homology region 2- (SH2-) containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2), a nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase encoded by protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 11 gene (PTPN11), regulates multicellular differentiation, proliferation, and survival through numerous conserved signal pathways. Gain-of-function (GOF) or loss-of-function (LOF) SHP2 in various cells, especially for stem cells, disrupt organism self-balance and lead to a plethora of diseases, such as cancer, maldevelopment, and excessive hyperblastosis. However, the exact mechanisms of SHP2 dysfunction in stem cells remain unclear. In this review, we intended to raise the attention and clarify the framework of SHP2-mediated signal pathways in various stem cells. Establishment of integrated signal architecture, from ESCs to adult stem cells, will help us to understand the changes of dynamic, multilayered pathways in response to SHP2 dysfunction. Overall, better understanding the functions of SHP2 in stem cells provides a new avenue to treat SHP2-associated diseases.
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Vidak M, Jovcevska I, Samec N, Zottel A, Liovic M, Rozman D, Dzeroski S, Juvan P, Komel R. Meta-Analysis and Experimental Validation Identified FREM2 and SPRY1 as New Glioblastoma Marker Candidates. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051369. [PMID: 29734672 PMCID: PMC5983642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive brain malignancy. Although some potential glioblastoma biomarkers have already been identified, there is a lack of cell membrane-bound biomarkers capable of distinguishing brain tissue from glioblastoma and/or glioblastoma stem cells (GSC), which are responsible for the rapid post-operative tumor reoccurrence. In order to find new GB/GSC marker candidates that would be cell surface proteins (CSP), we have performed meta-analysis of genome-scale mRNA expression data from three data repositories (GEO, ArrayExpress and GLIOMASdb). The search yielded ten appropriate datasets, and three (GSE4290/GDS1962, GSE23806/GDS3885, and GLIOMASdb) were used for selection of new GB/GSC marker candidates, while the other seven (GSE4412/GDS1975, GSE4412/GDS1976, E-GEOD-52009, E-GEOD-68848, E-GEOD-16011, E-GEOD-4536, and E-GEOD-74571) were used for bioinformatic validation. The selection identified four new CSP-encoding candidate genes—CD276, FREM2, SPRY1, and SLC47A1—and the bioinformatic validation confirmed these findings. A review of the literature revealed that CD276 is not a novel candidate, while SLC47A1 had lower validation test scores than the other new candidates and was therefore not considered for experimental validation. This validation revealed that the expression of FREM2—but not SPRY1—is higher in glioblastoma cell lines when compared to non-malignant astrocytes. In addition, FREM2 gene and protein expression levels are higher in GB stem-like cell lines than in conventional glioblastoma cell lines. FREM2 is thus proposed as a novel GB biomarker and a putative biomarker of glioblastoma stem cells. Both FREM2 and SPRY1 are expressed on the surface of the GB cells, while SPRY1 alone was found overexpressed in the cytosol of non-malignant astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Vidak
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Ivana Jovcevska
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Neja Samec
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Alja Zottel
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Mirjana Liovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Saso Dzeroski
- Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Peter Juvan
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Radovan Komel
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
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Mzoughi S, Zhang J, Hequet D, Teo SX, Fang H, Xing QR, Bezzi M, Seah MKY, Ong SLM, Shin EM, Wollmann H, Wong ESM, Al-Haddawi M, Stewart CL, Tergaonkar V, Loh YH, Dunn NR, Messerschmidt DM, Guccione E. PRDM15 safeguards naive pluripotency by transcriptionally regulating WNT and MAPK-ERK signaling. Nat Genet 2017; 49:1354-1363. [PMID: 28740264 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional network acting downstream of LIF, WNT and MAPK-ERK to stabilize mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in their naive state has been extensively characterized. However, the upstream factors regulating these three signaling pathways remain largely uncharted. PR-domain-containing proteins (PRDMs) are zinc-finger sequence-specific chromatin factors that have essential roles in embryonic development and cell fate decisions. Here we characterize the transcriptional regulator PRDM15, which acts independently of PRDM14 to regulate the naive state of mouse ESCs. Mechanistically, PRDM15 modulates WNT and MAPK-ERK signaling by directly promoting the expression of Rspo1 (R-spondin1) and Spry1 (Sprouty1). Consistent with these findings, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated disruption of PRDM15-binding sites in the Rspo1 and Spry1 promoters recapitulates PRDM15 depletion, both in terms of local chromatin organization and the transcriptional modulation of these genes. Collectively, our findings uncover an essential role for PRDM15 as a chromatin factor that modulates the transcription of upstream regulators of WNT and MAPK-ERK signaling to safeguard naive pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slim Mzoughi
- Methyltransferases in Development and Disease Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jingxian Zhang
- Methyltransferases in Development and Disease Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Delphine Hequet
- Methyltransferases in Development and Disease Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Shun Xie Teo
- Methyltransferases in Development and Disease Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Haitong Fang
- Epigenetics and Cell Fates Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Qiao Rui Xing
- Epigenetics and Cell Fates Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Marco Bezzi
- Methyltransferases in Development and Disease Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michelle Kay Yi Seah
- Developmental Epigenetics and Disease Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Sheena L M Ong
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Eun Myoung Shin
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore (CSI), National University of Singapore, Singapore.,NF-κB Signaling in Human Ailments, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Heike Wollmann
- DNA Sequencing Facility NGS Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Esther S M Wong
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | | | - Colin L Stewart
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,NF-κB Signaling in Human Ailments, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yuin-Han Loh
- Epigenetics and Cell Fates Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - N Ray Dunn
- Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Daniel M Messerschmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Developmental Epigenetics and Disease Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Methyltransferases in Development and Disease Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore (CSI), National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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7
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Lee JY, Park S, Kim KS, Ko JJ, Lee S, Kim KP, Park KS. Novel Function of Sprouty4 as a Regulator of Stemness and Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells. Dev Reprod 2016; 20:171-7. [PMID: 27660833 PMCID: PMC5027223 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2016.20.2.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sprouty (Spry) genes encode inhibitors of the receptor tyrosine kinase signaling cascade, which plays important roles in stem cells. However, the role of Spry4 in the stemness of embryonic stem cells has not been fully elucidated. Here, we used mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) as a model system to investigate the role of Spry4 in the stem cells. Suppression of Spry4 expression results in the decreases of cell proliferation, EB formation and stemness marker expression, suggesting that Spry4 activity is associated with stemness of mESCs. Teratoma assay showed that the cartilage maturation was facilitated in Spry4 knocked down mESCs. Our results suggest that Spry4 is an important regulator of the stemness and differentiation of mESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Lee
- Dept. of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul 06135, Korea
| | - Sunghyun Park
- Dept. of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul 06135, Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Dept. of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul 06135, Korea
| | - Jeong-Jae Ko
- Dept. of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul 06135, Korea
| | - Soohong Lee
- Dept. of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul 06135, Korea
| | - Keun Pil Kim
- Dept. of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06975, Korea
| | - Kyung-Soon Park
- Dept. of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul 06135, Korea
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Jing H, Liaw L, Friesel R, Vary C, Hua S, Yang X. Suppression of Spry4 enhances cancer stem cell properties of human MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:19. [PMID: 26973433 PMCID: PMC4787021 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells contribute to tumor initiation, heterogeneity, and recurrence, and are critical targets in cancer therapy. Sprouty4 (Spry4) is a potent inhibitor of signal transduction pathways elicited by receptor tyrosine kinases, and has roles in regulating cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Spry4 has been implicated as a tumor suppressor and in modulating embryonic stem cells. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this research was to test the novel idea that Spry4 regulates cancer stem cell properties in breast cancer. METHODS Loss-of function of Spry4 in human MDA-MB-231 cell was used to test our hypothesis. Spry4 knockdown or control cell lines were generated using lentiviral delivery of human Spry4 or non-targeting control shRNAs, and then selected with 2 μg/ml puromycin. Cell growth and migratory abilities were determined using growth curve and cell cycle flow cytometry analyses and scratch assays, respectively. Xenograft tumor model was used to determine the tumorigenic activity and metastasis in vivo. Cancer stem cell related markers were evaluated using immunoblotting assays and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Cancer stem cell phenotype was evaluated using in vitro mammosphere formation and drug sensitivity tests, and in vivo limiting dilution tumor formation assay. RESULTS Two out of three tested human Spry4 shRNAs significantly suppressed the expression of endogenous Spry4 in MDA-MB-231 cells. Suppressing Spry4 expression increased MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation and migration. Suppressing Spry4 increased β3-integrin expression, and CD133(+)CD44(+) subpopulation. Suppressing Spry4 increased mammosphere formation, while decreasing the sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 cells to Paclitaxel treatment. Finally, suppressing Spry4 increased the potency of MDA-MB-231 cell tumor initiation, a feature attributed to cancer stem cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide novel evidence that endogenous Spry4 may have tumor suppressive activity in breast cancer by suppressing cancer stem cell properties in addition to negative effects on tumor cell proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Jing
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074 USA ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin Province China
| | - Lucy Liaw
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074 USA
| | - Robert Friesel
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074 USA
| | - Calvin Vary
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074 USA
| | - Shucheng Hua
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin Province China
| | - Xuehui Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074 USA
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Abstract
Sprouty proteins are evolutionarily conserved modulators of MAPK/ERK pathway. Through interacting with an increasing number of effectors, mediators, and regulators with ultimate influence on multiple targets within or beyond ERK, Sprouty orchestrates a complex, multilayered regulatory system and mediates a crosstalk among different signaling pathways for a coordinated cellular response. As such, Sprouty has been implicated in various developmental and physiological processes. Evidence shows that ERK is aberrantly activated in malignant conditions. Accordingly, Sprouty deregulation has been reported in different cancer types and shown to impact cancer development, progression, and metastasis. In this article, we have tried to provide an overview of the current knowledge about the Sprouty physiology and its regulatory functions in health, as well as an updated review of the Sprouty status in cancer. Putative implications of Sprouty in cancer biology, their clinical relevance, and their proposed applications are also revisited. As a developing story, however, role of Sprouty in cancer remains to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Masoumi-Moghaddam
- UNSW Department of Surgery, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW, 2217, Australia,
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Dubreuil V, Sap J, Harroch S. Protein tyrosine phosphatase regulation of stem and progenitor cell biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 37:82-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Urvalek AM, Gudas LJ. Retinoic acid and histone deacetylases regulate epigenetic changes in embryonic stem cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19519-30. [PMID: 24821725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.556555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (RA) is a vitamin A metabolite that plays major roles in regulating stem cell differentiation and development. RA is the ligand of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) family of transcription factors, which interact with retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) within target gene proximal promoters and enhancers. Although RA-mediated gene activation is well understood, less is known about the mechanisms for repression at RA-regulated genes. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments, we show that in embryonic stem cells in the absence of RA, histone deacetylases (HDACs) differentially bind to various RAREs in proximal promoters or enhancer regions of RA-regulated genes; HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3 bind at RAREs in the Hoxa1 and Cyp26a1 gene regulatory regions, whereas only HDAC1 binds at the RARβ2 RARE. shRNA knockdown of HDAC1, HDAC2, or HDAC3 differentially increases the deposition of the histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) epigenetic mark associated with increases in these three transcripts. Importantly, RA treatment differentially mediates the removal of HDACs from the Hoxa1, Cyp26a1, and RARβ2 genes and promotes the deposition of the H3K27ac mark at these genes. Overall, we show that HDACs differentially bind to RA-regulated genes to control key epigenetic marks involved in stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Urvalek
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- From the Department of Pharmacology and the Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065
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Sprouty genes regulate proliferation and survival of human embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2277. [PMID: 23880645 PMCID: PMC3721083 DOI: 10.1038/srep02277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sprouty (Spry) genes encode negative regulators of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, which plays important roles in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). SPRY2 and SPRY4 are the two most highly expressed Sprouty family members in hESCs, suggesting that they may influence self-renewal. To test this hypothesis, we performed siRNA-mediated knock down (KD) studies. SPRY2 KD resulted in increased cell death and decreased proliferation, whereas SPRY4 KD enhanced survival. In both cases, after KD the cells were able to differentiate into cells of the three germ layers, although after SPRY2 KD there was a tendency toward increased ectodermal differentiation. SPRY2 KD cells displayed impaired mitochondrial fusion and cell membrane damage, explaining in part the increased cell death. These data indicate that Sprouty genes regulate pathways involved in proliferation and cell death in hESCs.
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Aldaz B, Sagardoy A, Nogueira L, Guruceaga E, Grande L, Huse JT, Aznar MA, Díez-Valle R, Tejada-Solís S, Alonso MM, Fernandez-Luna JL, Martinez-Climent JA, Malumbres R. Involvement of miRNAs in the differentiation of human glioblastoma multiforme stem-like cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77098. [PMID: 24155920 PMCID: PMC3796557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)-initiating cells (GICs) represent a tumor subpopulation with neural stem cell-like properties that is responsible for the development, progression and therapeutic resistance of human GBM. We have recently shown that blockade of NFκB pathway promotes terminal differentiation and senescence of GICs both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that induction of differentiation may be a potential therapeutic strategy for GBM. MicroRNAs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of GBM, but a high-throughput analysis of their role in GIC differentiation has not been reported. We have established human GIC cell lines that can be efficiently differentiated into cells expressing astrocytic and neuronal lineage markers. Using this in vitro system, a microarray-based high-throughput analysis to determine global expression changes of microRNAs during differentiation of GICs was performed. A number of changes in the levels of microRNAs were detected in differentiating GICs, including over-expression of hsa-miR-21, hsa-miR-29a, hsa-miR-29b, hsa-miR-221 and hsa-miR-222, and down-regulation of hsa-miR-93 and hsa-miR-106a. Functional studies showed that miR-21 over-expression in GICs induced comparable cell differentiation features and targeted SPRY1 mRNA, which encodes for a negative regulator of neural stem-cell differentiation. In addition, miR-221 and miR-222 inhibition in differentiated cells restored the expression of stem cell markers while reducing differentiation markers. Finally, miR-29a and miR-29b targeted MCL1 mRNA in GICs and increased apoptosis. Our study uncovers the microRNA dynamic expression changes occurring during differentiation of GICs, and identifies miR-21 and miR-221/222 as key regulators of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Aldaz
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ainara Sagardoy
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lorena Nogueira
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla and Instituto de Formacion e Investigacion Marques de Valdecilla (IFIMAV), Santander, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Guruceaga
- Unit of Proteomics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lara Grande
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla and Instituto de Formacion e Investigacion Marques de Valdecilla (IFIMAV), Santander, Spain
| | - Jason T. Huse
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria A. Aznar
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Díez-Valle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sonia Tejada-Solís
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta M. Alonso
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose L. Fernandez-Luna
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla and Instituto de Formacion e Investigacion Marques de Valdecilla (IFIMAV), Santander, Spain
| | - Jose A. Martinez-Climent
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- * E-mail: (RM); (JAMC)
| | - Raquel Malumbres
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- * E-mail: (RM); (JAMC)
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Annenkov A. Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling in the control of neural stem and progenitor cell (NSPC) development. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:440-71. [PMID: 23982746 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Important developmental responses are elicited in neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPC) by activation of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), including the fibroblast growth factor receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptors and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R). Signalling through these RTK is necessary and sufficient for driving a number of developmental processes in the central nervous system. Within each of the four RTK families discussed here, receptors are activated by sets of ligands that do not cross-activate receptors of the other three families, and therefore, their activation can be independently regulated by ligand availability. These RTK pathways converge on a conserved core of signalling molecules, but differences between the receptors in utilisation of signalling molecules and molecular adaptors for intracellular signal propagation become increasingly apparent. Intracellular inhibitors of RTK signalling are widely involved in the regulation of developmental signalling in NSPC and often determine developmental outcomes of RTK activation. In addition, cellular responses of NSPC to the activation of a given RTK may be significantly modulated by signal strength. Cellular propensity to respond also plays a role in developmental outcomes of RTK signalling. In combination, these mechanisms regulate the balance between NSPC maintenance and differentiation during development and in adulthood. Attribution of particular developmental responses of NSPC to specific pathways of RTK signalling becomes increasingly elucidated. Co-activation of several RTK in developing NSPC is common, and analysis of co-operation between their signalling pathways may advance knowledge of RTK role in NSPC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Annenkov
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK,
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Jin HS, Kim BY, Kim J, Hong KW, Jung SY, Lee YS, Huh D, Oh B, Chung YS, Jeong SY. Association between the SPRY1 gene polymorphism and obesity-related traits and osteoporosis in Korean women. Mol Genet Metab 2013; 108:95-101. [PMID: 23146288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence has revealed a close relationship between obesity and osteoporosis. It was reported recently that conditional knockout of the Spry1 gene in mice adipocytes causes an increase in body fat and a decrease in bone mass, and that these phenotypes are rescued by Spry1 overexpression in adipose tissue. In this study, we investigated whether genetic variation in the human SPRY1 gene is associated with obesity-related phenotypes and/or osteoporosis in humans. METHODS We performed a candidate gene association analysis between the four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 14 imputed SNPs in the SPRY1 gene and obesity-related traits and osteoporosis in a Korean women cohort (3013 subjects). RESULTS All four SPRY1 gene SNPs were significantly associated with either obesity-related traits or osteoporosis. The TGCC haplotype in the SRPY1 gene showed simultaneous association with an increased risk for obesity-related traits, percentage body fat (p=0.0087) and percentage abdominal fat (p=0.047), and osteoporosis (odds ratio=1.50; p=0.025) in the recessive genetic model. CONCLUSIONS Our results support a previous finding in conditional Spry1 gene knockout mice and suggest that the SPRY1 gene is an important genetic factor for determining the risk of both obesity and osteoporosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Seok Jin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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