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Ahmadzada B, Felgendreff P, Minshew AM, Amiot BP, Nyberg SL. Producing Human Livers From Human Stem Cells Via Blastocyst Complementation. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2024; 31:100537. [PMID: 38854436 PMCID: PMC11160964 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2024.100537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The need for organ transplants exceeds donor organ availability. In the quest to solve this shortage, the most remarkable area of advancement is organ production through the use of chimeric embryos, commonly known as blastocyst complementation. This technique involves the combination of different species to generate chimeras, where the extent of donor cell contribution to the desired tissue or organ can be regulated. However, ethical concerns arise with the use of brain tissue in such chimeras. Furthermore, the ratio of contributed cells to host animal cells in the chimeric system is low in the production of chimeras associated with cell apoptosis. This review discusses the latest innovations in blastocyst complementation and highlights the progress made in creating organs for transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyukkhanim Ahmadzada
- Research Trainee in the Division of Surgery Research (Ahmadzada; limited tenure), Artificial Liver and Liver Transplantation Laboratory (Minshew, Amiot, and Nyberg), and Division of Surgery Research (Nyberg), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Research Fellow in the Division of Surgery Research (Felgendreff), Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. Dr Felgendreff is also affiliated with the Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Philipp Felgendreff
- Research Trainee in the Division of Surgery Research (Ahmadzada; limited tenure), Artificial Liver and Liver Transplantation Laboratory (Minshew, Amiot, and Nyberg), and Division of Surgery Research (Nyberg), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Research Fellow in the Division of Surgery Research (Felgendreff), Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. Dr Felgendreff is also affiliated with the Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna M Minshew
- Research Trainee in the Division of Surgery Research (Ahmadzada; limited tenure), Artificial Liver and Liver Transplantation Laboratory (Minshew, Amiot, and Nyberg), and Division of Surgery Research (Nyberg), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Research Fellow in the Division of Surgery Research (Felgendreff), Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. Dr Felgendreff is also affiliated with the Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bruce P Amiot
- Research Trainee in the Division of Surgery Research (Ahmadzada; limited tenure), Artificial Liver and Liver Transplantation Laboratory (Minshew, Amiot, and Nyberg), and Division of Surgery Research (Nyberg), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Research Fellow in the Division of Surgery Research (Felgendreff), Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. Dr Felgendreff is also affiliated with the Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Scott L Nyberg
- Research Trainee in the Division of Surgery Research (Ahmadzada; limited tenure), Artificial Liver and Liver Transplantation Laboratory (Minshew, Amiot, and Nyberg), and Division of Surgery Research (Nyberg), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Research Fellow in the Division of Surgery Research (Felgendreff), Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. Dr Felgendreff is also affiliated with the Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Blake MJ, Steer CJ. Chimeric Livers: Interspecies Blastocyst Complementation and Xenotransplantation for End-Stage Liver Disease. Hepat Med 2024; 16:11-29. [PMID: 38379783 PMCID: PMC10878318 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s440697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) currently serves as the sole definitive treatment for thousands of patients suffering from end-stage liver disease; and the existing supply of donor livers for OLT is drastically outpaced by the increasing demand. To alleviate this significant gap in treatment, several experimental approaches have been devised with the aim of either offering interim support to patients waiting on the transplant list or bioengineering complete livers for OLT by infusing them with fresh hepatic cells. Recently, interspecies blastocyst complementation has emerged as a promising method for generating complete organs in utero over a short timeframe. When coupled with gene editing technology, it has brought about a potentially revolutionary transformation in regenerative medicine. Blastocyst complementation harbors notable potential for generating complete human livers in large animals, which could be used for xenotransplantation in humans, addressing the scarcity of livers for OLT. Nevertheless, substantial experimental and ethical challenges still need to be overcome to produce human livers in larger domestic animals like pigs. This review compiles the current understanding of interspecies blastocyst complementation and outlines future possibilities for liver xenotransplantation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn J Blake
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Departments of Medicine, and Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Yuri S, Murase Y, Isotani A. Generation of rat-derived lung epithelial cells in Fgfr2b-deficient mice retains species-specific development. Development 2024; 151:dev202081. [PMID: 38179792 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a tool to compensate for the shortage of lungs for transplantation, but it remains difficult to construct a lung in vitro due to the complex three-dimensional structures and multiple cell types required. A blastocyst complementation method using interspecies chimeric animals has been attracting attention as a way to create complex organs in animals, although successful lung formation using interspecies chimeric animals has not yet been achieved. Here, we applied a reverse-blastocyst complementation method to clarify the conditions required to form lungs in an Fgfr2b-deficient mouse model. We then successfully formed a rat-derived lung in the mouse model by applying a tetraploid-based organ-complementation method. Importantly, rat lung epithelial cells retained their developmental timing even in the mouse body. These findings provide useful insights to overcome the barrier of species-specific developmental timing to generate functional lungs in interspecies chimeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yuri
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yuki Murase
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ayako Isotani
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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Yao H, Sun N, Shao H, Wang T, Tan T. Ex utero embryogenesis of non-human primate embryos and beyond. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2023; 82:102093. [PMID: 37573834 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2023.102093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding cellular and molecular processes underlying the human early post-implantation development represents one of the most fundamental questions in development and stem cell biology. As embryos implant into the uterus a week after fertilization, human development beyond the blastocyst stage is extremely difficult to study due to the inaccessibility of embryos and ethical concerns. The advents in the human embryo in vitro culture system provide an easily accessible, tractable, and perturbable platform to dissect key developmental events of human early embryonic development. However, these studies stopped around gastrulation to technical and ethical limitations, and our understanding of human gastrulation and early organogenesis remains poor. As closely related species to humans, non-human primates (NHPs) are suitable surrogate species to interrogate mechanisms underpinning human embryonic development. Here, we review the most recent advances in embryo in vitro culture systems of NHP and discuss their potential optimization strategies and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Nianqin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Honglian Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Tianxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Tao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
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Wang Y, Qin WY, Wang Q, Liu XN, Li XH, Ye XQ, Bai Y, Zhang Y, Liu P, Wang XL, Zhou YH, Shao ZB, Yuan HP. Young Sca-1 + bone marrow stem cell-derived exosomes preserve visual function via the miR-150-5p/MEKK3/JNK/c-Jun pathway to reduce M1 microglial polarization. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:194. [PMID: 37322478 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01944-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polarization of microglia, the resident retinal immune cells, plays important roles in mediating both injury and repair responses post-retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, which is one of the main pathological mechanisms behind ganglion cell apoptosis. Aging could perturb microglial balances, resulting in lowered post-I/R retinal repair. Young bone marrow (BM) stem cell antigen 1-positive (Sca-1+) cells have been demonstrated to have higher reparative capabilities post-I/R retinal injury when transplanted into old mice, where they were able to home and differentiate into retinal microglia. METHODS Exosomes were enriched from young Sca-1+ or Sca-1- cells, and injected into the vitreous humor of old mice post-retinal I/R. Bioinformatics analyses, including miRNA sequencing, was used to analyze exosome contents, which was confirmed by RT-qPCR. Western blot was then performed to examine expression levels of inflammatory factors and underlying signaling pathway proteins, while immunofluorescence staining was used to examine the extent of pro-inflammatory M1 microglial polarization. Fluoro-Gold labelling was then utilized to identify viable ganglion cells, while H&E staining was used to examine retinal morphology post-I/R and exosome treatment. RESULTS Sca-1+ exosome-injected mice yielded better visual functional preservation and lowered inflammatory factors, compared to Sca-1-, at days 1, 3, and 7 days post-I/R. miRNA sequencing found that Sca-1+ exosomes had higher miR-150-5p levels, compared to Sca-1- exosomes, which was confirmed by RT-qPCR. Mechanistic analysis found that miR-150-5p from Sca-1+ exosomes repressed the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3 (MEKK3)/JNK/c-Jun axis, leading to IL-6 and TNF-α downregulation, and subsequently reduced microglial polarization, all of which contributes to reduced ganglion cell apoptosis and preservation of proper retinal morphology. CONCLUSION This study elucidates a potential new therapeutic approach for neuroprotection against I/R injury, via delivering miR-150-5p-enriched Sca-1+ exosomes, which targets the miR-150-5p/MEKK3/JNK/c-Jun axis, thereby serving as a cell-free remedy for treating retinal I/R injury and preserving visual functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wan-Yun Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry Education, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-Na Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry Education, Harbin, China
| | - Xiang-Hui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-Qi Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-Lin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu-Hang Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zheng-Bo Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
- Future Medical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Hui-Ping Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Nakadai T, Shimada M, Ito K, Cevher MA, Chu CS, Kumegawa K, Maruyama R, Malik S, Roeder RG. Two target gene activation pathways for orphan ERR nuclear receptors. Cell Res 2023; 33:165-183. [PMID: 36646760 PMCID: PMC9892517 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00774-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptors (ERRα/β/γ) are orphan nuclear receptors that function in energy-demanding physiological processes, as well as in development and stem cell maintenance, but mechanisms underlying target gene activation by ERRs are largely unknown. Here, reconstituted biochemical assays that manifest ERR-dependent transcription have revealed two complementary mechanisms. On DNA templates, ERRs activate transcription with just the normal complement of general initiation factors through an interaction of the ERR DNA-binding domain with the p52 subunit of initiation factor TFIIH. On chromatin templates, activation by ERRs is dependent on AF2 domain interactions with the cell-specific coactivator PGC-1α, which in turn recruits the ubiquitous p300 and MED1/Mediator coactivators. This role of PGC-1α may also be fulfilled by other AF2-interacting coactivators like NCOA3, which is shown to recruit Mediator selectively to ERRβ and ERRγ. Importantly, combined genetic and RNA-seq analyses establish that both the TFIIH and the AF2 interaction-dependent pathways are essential for ERRβ/γ-selective gene expression and pluripotency maintenance in embryonic stem cells in which NCOA3 is a critical coactivator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyoshi Nakadai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Project for Cancer Epigenomics, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Shimada
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ito
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Murat Alper Cevher
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Chi-Shuen Chu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kohei Kumegawa
- Cancer Cell Diversity Project, NEXT-Ganken Program, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reo Maruyama
- Project for Cancer Epigenomics, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sohail Malik
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert G Roeder
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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Pang L, Zhao R, Chen J, Ding J, Chen X, Chai W, Cui X, Li X, Wang D, Pan H. Osteogenic and anti-tumor Cu and Mn-doped borosilicate nanoparticles for syncretic bone repair and chemodynamic therapy in bone tumor treatment. Bioact Mater 2022; 12:1-15. [PMID: 35087959 PMCID: PMC8777258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical bone defects caused by extensive excision of malignant bone tumor and the probability of tumor recurrence due to residual tumor cells make malignant bone tumor treatment a major clinical challenge. The present therapeutic strategy concentrates on implanting bone substitutes for defect filling but suffers from failures in both enhancing bone regeneration and inhibiting the growth of tumor cells. Herein, Cu and Mn-doped borosilicate nanoparticles (BSNs) were developed for syncretic bone repairing and anti-tumor treatment, which can enhance bone regeneration through the osteogenic effects of Cu2+ and Mn3+ ions and meanwhile induce tumor cells apoptosis through the hydroxyl radicals produced by the Fenton-like reactions of Cu2+ and Mn3+ ions. In vitro study showed that both osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and angiogenesis of endothelial cells were promoted by BSNs, and consistently the critical bone defects of rats were efficiently repaired by BSNs through in vivo evaluation. Meanwhile, BSNs could generate hydroxyl radicals through Fenton-like reactions in the simulated tumor microenvironment, promote the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, and eventually induce tumor cell apoptosis. Besides, subcutaneous tumors of mice were effectively inhibited by BSNs without causing toxic side effects to normal tissues and organs. Altogether, Cu and Mn-doped BSNs developed in this work performed dual functions of enhancing osteogenesis and angiogenesis for bone regeneration, and inhibiting tumor growth for chemodynamic therapy, thus holding a great potential for syncretic bone repairing and anti-tumor therapy. Dual-functional bioactive borosilicate nanoparticles were successfully synthesized. Incorporation of Cu and Mn to the nanoparticles enhanced osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Cu and Mn doped borosilicate nanoparticles inhibited tumor by producing ·OH. Potential syncretic bone repair and chemodynamic therapy developed for bone tumor treatment.
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Little MH, Humphreys BD. Regrow or Repair: An Update on Potential Regenerative Therapies for the Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:15-32. [PMID: 34789545 PMCID: PMC8763179 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021081073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifteen years ago, this journal published a review outlining future options for regenerating the kidney. At that time, stem cell populations were being identified in multiple tissues, the concept of stem cell recruitment to a site of injury was of great interest, and the possibility of postnatal renal stem cells was growing in momentum. Since that time, we have seen the advent of human induced pluripotent stem cells, substantial advances in our capacity to both sequence and edit the genome, global and spatial transcriptional analysis down to the single-cell level, and a pandemic that has challenged our delivery of health care to all. This article will look back over this period of time to see how our view of kidney development, disease, repair, and regeneration has changed and envision a future for kidney regeneration and repair over the next 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H. Little
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin D. Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Missouri,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Missouri
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Larson EL, Joo DJ, Nelson ED, Amiot BP, Aravalli RN, Nyberg SL. Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase gene as a knockout target for hepatic chimerism and donor liver production. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:2577-2588. [PMID: 34678209 PMCID: PMC8581169 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable source of human hepatocytes and transplantable livers is needed. Interspecies embryo complementation, which involves implanting donor human stem cells into early morula/blastocyst stage animal embryos, is an emerging solution to the shortage of transplantable livers. We review proposed mutations in the recipient embryo to disable hepatogenesis, and discuss the advantages of using fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase knockouts and other genetic modifications to disable hepatogenesis. Interspecies blastocyst complementation using porcine recipients for primate donors has been achieved, although percentages of chimerism remain persistently low. Recent investigation into the dynamic transcriptomes of pigs and primates have created new opportunities to intimately match the stage of developing animal embryos with one of the many varieties of human induced pluripotent stem cell. We discuss techniques for decreasing donor cell apoptosis, targeting donor tissue to endodermal structures to avoid neural or germline chimerism, and decreasing the immunogenicity of chimeric organs by generating donor endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen L Larson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Dong Jin Joo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Erek D Nelson
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bruce P Amiot
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rajagopal N Aravalli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Scott L Nyberg
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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10
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Founta KM, Papanayotou C. In Vivo Generation of Organs by Blastocyst Complementation: Advances and Challenges. Int J Stem Cells 2021; 15:113-121. [PMID: 34711704 PMCID: PMC9148837 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc21122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultimate goal of regenerative medicine is to replace damaged cells, tissues or whole organs, in order to restore their proper function. Stem cell related technologies promise to generate transplants from the patients' own cells. Novel approaches such as blastocyst complementation combined with genome editing open up new perspectives for organ replacement therapies. This review summarizes recent advances in the field and highlights the challenges that still remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina-Maria Founta
- Department of Basic Science, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Costis Papanayotou
- Department of Basic Science, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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11
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Nelson ED, Larson E, Joo DJ, Mao S, Glorioso J, Abu Rmilah A, Zhou W, Jia Y, Mounajjed T, Shi M, Bois M, Wood A, Jin F, Whitworth K, Wells K, Spate A, Samuel M, Minshew A, Walters E, Rinaldo P, Lillegard J, Johnson A, Amiot B, Hickey R, Prather R, Platt JL, Nyberg SL. Limited Expansion of Human Hepatocytes in FAH/RAG2-Deficient Swine. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 28:150-160. [PMID: 34309416 PMCID: PMC8892989 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian liver's regenerative ability has led researchers to engineer animals as incubators for expansion of human hepatocytes. The expansion properties of human hepatocytes in immunodeficient mice are well known. However, little has been reported about larger animals that are more scalable and practical for clinical purposes. Therefore, we engineered immunodeficient swine to support expansion of human hepatocytes and identify barriers to their clinical application. METHODS Immunodeficient swine were engineered by knockout of recombinase activating gene 2 (RAG2) and fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH). Immature human hepatocytes (ihHCs) were injected into fetal swine by intrauterine cell transplantation (IUCT) at day 40 of gestation. Human albumin was measured as a marker of engraftment. Cytotoxicity against ihHCs was measured in transplanted piglets and control swine. RESULTS Higher levels of human albumin were detected in cord blood of newborn FAH/RAG2-deficient (FR) pigs compared to immunocompetent controls (196.26 ng/dL vs 39.29 ng/dL, p = 0.008), indicating successful engraftment of ihHC after IUCT and adaptive immunity in the fetus. Although rare hepatocytes staining positively for human albumin were observed, levels of human albumin did not rise after birth but declined suggesting rejection of xenografted ihHCs. Cytotoxicity against ihHCs increased after birth 3.8% (95% CI: [2.1%, 5.4%], p < 0.001) and correlated inversely to declining levels of human albumin (p = 2.1 x 10-5, R2 = 0.17). Circulating numbers of T-cells and B-cells were negligible in FR pigs. However, circulating natural killer (NK) cells exerted cytotoxicity against ihHCs. NK cell activity was lower in immunodeficient piglets after IUCT than naive controls (30.4% vs 40.1% (p = 0.011, 95% CI for difference [2.7%, 16.7%]). CONCLUSION Immature human hepatocytes successfully engrafted in FR swine after IUCT. NK cells were a significant barrier to expansion of hepatocytes. New approaches are needed to overcome this hurdle and allow large scale expansion of human hepatocytes in immunodeficient swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erek David Nelson
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, 100 First St NW, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, United States, 55905-0002;
| | - Ellen Larson
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Dong Jin Joo
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Shennen Mao
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Jaime Glorioso
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Anan Abu Rmilah
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Wei Zhou
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Yao Jia
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Taofic Mounajjed
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Min Shi
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Melanie Bois
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Adam Wood
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Fang Jin
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Immunology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Kristin Whitworth
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Kevin Wells
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Anna Spate
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Melissa Samuel
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Anna Minshew
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Eric Walters
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Piero Rinaldo
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Joeseph Lillegard
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Aaron Johnson
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Immunology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Bruce Amiot
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Raymond Hickey
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
| | - Randall Prather
- University of Missouri, 14716, National Swine Resource and Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, Columbia, Missouri, United States;
| | - Jeffrey L Platt
- University of Michigan Michigan Medicine, 21614, Surgery, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States;
| | - Scott Lyle Nyberg
- Mayo Clinic Minnesota, 4352, Surgery, Rochester, Minnesota, United States;
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12
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Zheng C, Ballard EB, Wu J. The road to generating transplantable organs: from blastocyst complementation to interspecies chimeras. Development 2021; 148:dev195792. [PMID: 34132325 PMCID: PMC10656466 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Growing human organs in animals sounds like something from the realm of science fiction, but it may one day become a reality through a technique known as interspecies blastocyst complementation. This technique, which was originally developed to study gene function in development, involves injecting donor pluripotent stem cells into an organogenesis-disabled host embryo, allowing the donor cells to compensate for missing organs or tissues. Although interspecies blastocyst complementation has been achieved between closely related species, such as mice and rats, the situation becomes much more difficult for species that are far apart on the evolutionary tree. This is presumably because of layers of xenogeneic barriers that are a result of divergent evolution. In this Review, we discuss the current status of blastocyst complementation approaches and, in light of recent progress, elaborate on the keys to success for interspecies blastocyst complementation and organ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canbin Zheng
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Microsurgery, Orthopaedic Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Emily B. Ballard
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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13
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Hyun I, Clayton EW, Cong Y, Fujita M, Goldman SA, Hill LR, Monserrat N, Nakauchi H, Pedersen RA, Rooke HM, Takahashi J, Knoblich JA. ISSCR guidelines for the transfer of human pluripotent stem cells and their direct derivatives into animal hosts. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1409-1415. [PMID: 34048695 PMCID: PMC8190667 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The newly revised 2021 ISSCR Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation includes scientific and ethical guidance for the transfer of human pluripotent stem cells and their direct derivatives into animal models. In this white paper, the ISSCR subcommittee that drafted these guidelines for research involving the use of nonhuman embryos and postnatal animals explains and summarizes their recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insoo Hyun
- Department of Bioethics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Bioethics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ellen Wright Clayton
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Departments of Pediatrics and Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; School of Law, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yali Cong
- Department of Medical Ethics and Law, Peking University School of Health Humanities, Beijing, China
| | - Misao Fujita
- Uehiro Research Division for iPS Cell Ethics, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Steven A Goldman
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lori R Hill
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nuria Monserrat
- Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration. Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Roger A Pedersen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jürgen A Knoblich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Rao JS, Burlak C. Xenotransplantation literature update for September - October 2020. Xenotransplantation 2020; 28:e12665. [PMID: 33314409 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sushil Rao
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Solid Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christopher Burlak
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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15
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Aravalli RN. Generating liver using blastocyst complementation: Opportunities and challenges. Xenotransplantation 2020; 28:e12668. [PMID: 33372360 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the only definitive treatment option for many patients with end-stage liver disease. Current supply of donor livers for OLT is not keeping up with the growing demand. To overcome this problem, a number of experimental strategies have been developed either to provide a bridge to transplant for patients on the waiting list or to bioengineer whole livers for OLT by replenishing them with fresh supplies of hepatic cells. In recent years, blastocyst complementation has emerged as the most promising approach for generating whole organs and, in combination with gene editing technology, it has revolutionized regenerative medicine. This methodology was successful in producing xenogeneic organs in animal hosts. Blastocyst complementation has the potential to produce whole livers in large animals that could be xenotransplanted in humans, thereby reducing the shortage of livers for OLT. However, significant experimental and ethical barriers remain for the production of human livers in domestic animals, such as the pig. This review summarizes the current knowledge and provides future perspectives for liver xenotransplantation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajagopal N Aravalli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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16
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Fujimoto T, Yamanaka S, Tajiri S, Takamura T, Saito Y, Matsumoto N, Matsumoto K, Tachibana T, Okano HJ, Yokoo T. Generation of Human Renal Vesicles in Mouse Organ Niche Using Nephron Progenitor Cell Replacement System. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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17
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Yokoo T, Yamanaka S, Kobayashi E. Xeno‐regenerative medicine: A novel concept for donor kidney fabrication. Xenotransplantation 2020; 27:e12622. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yokoo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Department of Internal Medicine The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Shuichiro Yamanaka
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Department of Internal Medicine The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Department of Organ Fabrication Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
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18
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Functions of paralogous RNA polymerase III subunits POLR3G and POLR3GL in mouse development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15702-15711. [PMID: 32576691 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922821117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells contain two isoforms of RNA polymerase III (Pol III) that differ in only a single subunit, with POLR3G in one form (Pol IIIα) and the related POLR3GL in the other form (Pol IIIβ). Previous research indicates that POLR3G and POLR3GL are differentially expressed, with POLR3G expression being highly enriched in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and tumor cells relative to the ubiquitously expressed POLR3GL. To date, the functional differences between these two subunits remain largely unexplored, especially in vivo. Here, we show that POLR3G and POLR3GL containing Pol III complexes bind the same target genes and assume the same functions both in vitro and in vivo and, to a significant degree, can compensate for each other in vivo. Notably, an observed defect in the differentiation ability of POLR3G knockout ESCs can be rescued by exogenous expression of POLR3GL. Moreover, whereas POLR3G knockout mice die at a very early embryonic stage, POLR3GL knockout mice complete embryonic development without noticeable defects but die at about 3 wk after birth with signs of both general growth defects and potential cerebellum-related neuronal defects. The different phenotypes of the knockout mice likely reflect differential expression levels of POLR3G and POLR3GL across developmental stages and between tissues and insufficient amounts of total Pol III in vivo.
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19
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Peired AJ, Mazzinghi B, De Chiara L, Guzzi F, Lasagni L, Romagnani P, Lazzeri E. Bioengineering strategies for nephrologists: kidney was not built in a day. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:467-480. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1709439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Julie Peired
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazzinghi
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Letizia De Chiara
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Guzzi
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Lasagni
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Lazzeri
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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20
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Matsunari H, Watanabe M, Hasegawa K, Uchikura A, Nakano K, Umeyama K, Masaki H, Hamanaka S, Yamaguchi T, Nagaya M, Nishinakamura R, Nakauchi H, Nagashima H. Compensation of Disabled Organogeneses in Genetically Modified Pig Fetuses by Blastocyst Complementation. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:21-33. [PMID: 31883918 PMCID: PMC6962638 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously established a concept of developing exogenic pancreas in a genetically modified pig fetus with an apancreatic trait, thereby proposing the possibility of in vivo generation of functional human organs in xenogenic large animals. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate a further proof-of-concept of the compensation for disabled organogeneses in pig, including pancreatogenesis, nephrogenesis, hepatogenesis, and vasculogenesis. These dysorganogenetic phenotypes could be efficiently induced via genome editing of the cloned pigs. Induced dysorganogenetic traits could also be compensated by allogenic blastocyst complementation, thereby proving the extended concept of organ regeneration from exogenous pluripotent cells in empty niches during various organogeneses. These results suggest that the feasibility of blastocyst complementation using genome-edited cloned embryos permits experimentation toward the in vivo organ generation in pigs from xenogenic pluripotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Matsunari
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Masahito Watanabe
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Koki Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Ayuko Uchikura
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nakano
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Umeyama
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hideki Masaki
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Distinguished Professor Unit, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Sanae Hamanaka
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Distinguished Professor Unit, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Distinguished Professor Unit, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masaki Nagaya
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Distinguished Professor Unit, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan; Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
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21
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Lu Y, Zhou Y, Ju R, Chen J. Human-animal chimeras for autologous organ transplantation: technological advances and future perspectives. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:576. [PMID: 31807557 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.10.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organ transplantation is the most promising curation for end-stage organ disease. However, the donor organ shortage has become a global problem that has limited the development of organ transplantation. Human-animal chimeras provide the ability to produce human organs in other species using autologous stem cells [e.g., induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or adult stem cells], which would be patient-specific and immune-matched for transplantation. Due to the potential application prospect of interspecies chimeras in basic and translational research, this technology has attracted much interest. This review focuses primarily on technological advances, including options of donor stem cell types and gene editing in donor cells and host animals, in addition to perspectives on human-animal chimeras in clinical and basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Lu
- Central Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Rong Ju
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Jianquan Chen
- Central Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211100, China
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22
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Crane AT, Aravalli RN, Asakura A, Grande AW, Krishna VD, Carlson DF, Cheeran MCJ, Danczyk G, Dutton JR, Hackett PB, Hu WS, Li L, Lu WC, Miller ZD, O'Brien TD, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Parr AM, Pearce C, Ruiz-Estevez M, Shiao M, Sipe CJ, Toman NG, Voth J, Xie H, Steer CJ, Low WC. Interspecies Organogenesis for Human Transplantation. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1091-1105. [PMID: 31426664 PMCID: PMC6767879 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719845351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocyst complementation combined with gene editing is an emerging approach in the
field of regenerative medicine that could potentially solve the worldwide problem of organ
shortages for transplantation. In theory, blastocyst complementation can generate fully
functional human organs or tissues, grown within genetically engineered livestock animals.
Targeted deletion of a specific gene(s) using gene editing to cause deficiencies in organ
development can open a niche for human stem cells to occupy, thus generating human
tissues. Within this review, we will focus on the pancreas, liver, heart, kidney, lung,
and skeletal muscle, as well as cells of the immune and nervous systems. Within each of
these organ systems, we identify and discuss (i) the common causes of organ failure; (ii)
the current state of regenerative therapies; and (iii) the candidate genes to knockout and
enable specific exogenous organ development via the use of blastocyst complementation. We
also highlight some of the current barriers limiting the success of blastocyst
complementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Crane
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Rajagopal N Aravalli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Atsushi Asakura
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Andrew W Grande
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | | | | | - Maxim C-J Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, USA
| | - Georgette Danczyk
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - James R Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Perry B Hackett
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Wei-Shou Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Wei-Cheng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Zachary D Miller
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Timothy D O'Brien
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, USA
| | | | - Ann M Parr
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Clairice Pearce
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | | | - Maple Shiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | | | - Nikolas G Toman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Joseph Voth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Walter C Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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23
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Pluripotent stem cell-derived organogenesis in the rat model system. Transgenic Res 2019; 28:287-297. [PMID: 31254209 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rats make an excellent model system for studying xenotransplantation since, like mice pluripotent stem cell lines, such as embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells as well as gene knock-outs are also available for rats, besides rats have larger organs. The emergence of new genome-editing tools combined with stem cell technology, has revolutionized biomedical research including the field of regenerative medicine. The aim of this manuscript is to provide an overview of the recent progresses in stem cell-derived organ regeneration involving "gene knock-out" and "blastocyst complementation" in the rat model system. Knocking-out Pdx1, Foxn1, and Sall1 genes have successfully generated rat models lacking the pancreas, thymus, and kidney, respectively. When allogeneic (rat) or xenogeneic (mouse) pluripotent stem cells were microinjected into blastocyst-stage rat embryos that had been designed to carry a suitable organogenetic niche, devoid of specific organs, the complemented blastocysts were able to develop to full-term chimeric rat offspring containing stem cell-derived functional organs in their respective niches. Thus, organs with a tridimensional structure can be generated with pluripotent stem cells in vivo, accelerating regenerative medical research, which is crucial for organ-based transplantation therapies. However, to address ethical concerns, public consent after informed discussions is essential before production of human organs within domestic animals.
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24
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Hashimoto H, Eto T, Yamamoto M, Yagoto M, Goto M, Kagawa T, Kojima K, Kawai K, Akimoto T, Takahashi RI. Development of blastocyst complementation technology without contributions to gametes and the brain. Exp Anim 2019; 68:361-370. [PMID: 30996149 PMCID: PMC6699975 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In Japan, it is possible to generate chimeric animals from specified embryos by combining
animal blastocysts with human pluripotent stem (PS) cells (animal-human PS chimera).
However, the production of animal-human PS chimeras has been restricted because of ethical
concerns, such as the development of human-like intelligence and formation of humanized
gametes in the animals, owing to the contributions of human PS cells to the brain and
reproductive organs. To solve these problems, we established a novel blastocyst
complementation technology that does not contribute to the gametes or the brain. First, we
established GFP-expressing mouse embryonic stem cells (G-mESCs) in which the
Prdm14 and Otx2 genes were knocked out and generated
chimeric mice by injecting them into PDX-1-deficient blastocysts. The results showed that
the G-mESCs did not contribute to the formation of gametes and the brain. Therefore, in
the PDX-1-deficient mice complemented by G-mESCs without the Prdm14 and
Otx2 genes, the germline was not transmitted to the next generations.
This approach could address concerns regarding the development of both human gametes and a
human-like brain upon mouse blastocyst complementation using human stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Hashimoto
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Tomoo Eto
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yamamoto
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Mika Yagoto
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Motohito Goto
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kagawa
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kojima
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawai
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Toshio Akimoto
- Division of Laboratory Animal Science, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Ri-Ichi Takahashi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
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25
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Generation of pluripotent stem cell-derived mouse kidneys in Sall1-targeted anephric rats. Nat Commun 2019; 10:451. [PMID: 30723213 PMCID: PMC6363802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of human kidneys in animal models would help combat the severe shortage of donors in transplantation therapy. Previously, we demonstrated by interspecific blastocyst complementation between mouse and rats, generation of pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived functional pancreas, in apancreatic Pdx1 mutant mice. We, however, were unable to obtain rat PSC-derived kidneys in anephric Sall1 mutant mice, likely due to the poor contribution of rat PSCs to the mouse metanephric mesenchyme, a nephron progenitor. Here, conversely, we show that mouse PSCs can efficiently differentiate into the metanephric mesenchyme in rat, allowing the generation of mouse PSC-derived kidney in anephric Sall1 mutant rat. Glomerular epithelium and renal tubules in the kidneys are entirely composed of mouse PSC-derived cells expressing key functional markers. Importantly, the ureter-bladder junction is normally formed. These data provide proof-of-principle for interspecific blastocyst complementation as a viable approach for kidney generation.
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26
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Abstract
Transplanting iPSCs into the embryos of another species can generate functional organs for basic research and translational applications. We discuss forward-looking approaches and address key remaining challenges of generating iPSC-derived human organs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Suchy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan.
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27
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Yamaguchi T, Sato H, Kobayashi T, Kato-Itoh M, Goto T, Hara H, Mizuno N, Yanagida A, Umino A, Hamanaka S, Suchy F, Masaki H, Ota Y, Hirabayashi M, Nakauchi H. An interspecies barrier to tetraploid complementation and chimera formation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15289. [PMID: 30327488 PMCID: PMC6191448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33690-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To study development of the conceptus in xenogeneic environments, we assessed interspecies chimera formation as well as tetraploid complementation between mouse and rat. Overall contribution of donor PSC-derived cells was lower in interspecies chimeras than in intraspecies chimeras, and high donor chimerism was associated with anomalies or embryonic death. Organ to organ variation in donor chimerism was greater in interspecies chimeras than in intraspecies chimeras, suggesting species-specific affinity differences among interacting molecules necessary for organogenesis. In interspecies tetraploid complementation, embryo development was near normal until the stage of placental formation, after which no embryos survived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Sato
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Megumi Kato-Itoh
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Teppei Goto
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Hara
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Naoaki Mizuno
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yanagida
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Ayumi Umino
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Sanae Hamanaka
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Fabian Suchy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hideki Masaki
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ota
- Department of Pathology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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28
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Abstract
β cell replacement with either pancreas or islet transplantation has progressed immensely over the last decades with current 1- and 5-year insulin independence rates of approximately 85% and 50%, respectively. Recent advances are largely attributed to improvements in immunosuppressive regimen, donor selection, and surgical technique. However, both strategies are compromised by a scarce donor source. Xenotransplantation offers a potential solution by providing a theoretically unlimited supply of islets, but clinical application has been limited by concerns for a potent immune response against xenogeneic tissue. β cell clusters derived from embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells represent another promising unlimited source of insulin producing cells, but clinical application is pending further advances in the function of the β cell like clusters. Exciting developments and rapid progress in all areas of β cell replacement prompted a lively debate by members of the young investigator committee of the International Pancreas and Islet Transplant Association at the 15th International Pancreas and Islet Transplant Association Congress in Melbourne and at the 26th international congress of The Transplant Society in Hong Kong. This international group of young investigators debated which modality of β cell replacement would predominate the landscape in 10 years, and their arguments are summarized here.
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29
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Interspecies chimeras. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2018; 52:36-41. [PMID: 29859382 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
By probing early embryogenesis and regeneration, interspecies chimeras provide a unique platform for discovery and clinical use. Although efficient generation of human:animal chimeric embryos remains elusive, recent advancements attempt to overcome incompatibilities in xenogeneic development and transplantation.
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30
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Kondo Y, Toyoda T, Inagaki N, Osafune K. iPSC technology-based regenerative therapy for diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2018; 9:234-243. [PMID: 28609558 PMCID: PMC5835458 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), into pancreatic endocrine lineages has been vigorously examined by reproducing the in vivo developmental processes of the pancreas. Recent advances in this research field have enabled the generation from hESCs/iPSCs of functionally mature β-like cells in vitro that show glucose-responsive insulin secretion ability. The therapeutic potentials of hESC/iPSC-derived pancreatic cells have been evaluated using diabetic animal models, and transplantation methods including immunoprotective devices that prevent immune responses from hosts to the implanted pancreatic cells have been investigated towards the development of regenerative therapies against diabetes. These efforts led to the start of a clinical trial that involves the implantation of hESC-derived pancreatic progenitors into type 1 diabetes patients. In addition, patient-derived iPSCs have been generated from diabetes-related disorders towards the creation of novel in vitro disease models and drug discovery, although few reports so far have analyzed the disease mechanisms. Considering recent advances in differentiation methods that generate pancreatic endocrine lineages, we will see the development of novel cell therapies and therapeutic drugs against diabetes based on iPSC technology-based research in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kondo
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA)Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and NutritionKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Taro Toyoda
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA)Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and NutritionKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA)Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
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32
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Meier RPH, Muller YD, Balaphas A, Morel P, Pascual M, Seebach JD, Buhler LH. Xenotransplantation: back to the future? Transpl Int 2018; 31:465-477. [PMID: 29210109 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The field of xenotransplantation has fluctuated between great optimism and doubts over the last 50 years. The initial clinical attempts were extremely ambitious but faced technical and ethical issues that prompted the research community to go back to preclinical studies. Important players left the field due to perceived xenozoonotic risks and the lack of progress in pig-to-nonhuman-primate transplant models. Initial apparently unsurmountable issues appear now to be possible to overcome due to progress of genetic engineering, allowing the generation of multiple-xenoantigen knockout pigs that express human transgenes and the genomewide inactivation of porcine endogenous retroviruses. These important steps forward were made possible by new genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9, allowing researchers to precisely remove or insert genes anywhere in the genome. An additional emerging perspective is the possibility of growing humanized organs in pigs using blastocyst complementation. This article summarizes the current advances in xenotransplantation research in nonhuman primates, and it describes the newly developed genome editing technology tools and interspecific organ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael P H Meier
- Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yannick D Muller
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland.,Transplantation Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Balaphas
- Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Morel
- Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Pascual
- Transplantation Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jörg D Seebach
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Leo H Buhler
- Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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33
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Yamanaka S, Tajiri S, Fujimoto T, Matsumoto K, Fukunaga S, Kim BS, Okano HJ, Yokoo T. Generation of interspecies limited chimeric nephrons using a conditional nephron progenitor cell replacement system. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1719. [PMID: 29170512 PMCID: PMC5701015 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01922-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal fetuses and embryos may have applications in the generation of human organs. Progenitor cells may be an appropriate cell source for regenerative organs because of their safety and availability. However, regenerative organs derived from exogenous lineage progenitors in developing animal fetuses have not yet been obtained. Here, we established a combination system through which donor cells could be precisely injected into the nephrogenic zone and native nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) could be eliminated in a time- and tissue-specific manner. We successfully achieved removal of Six2+ NPCs within the nephrogenic niche and complete replacement of transplanted NPCs with donor cells. These NPCs developed into mature glomeruli and renal tubules, and blood flow was observed following transplantation in vivo. Furthermore, this artificial nephron could be obtained using NPCs from different species. Thus, this technique enables in vivo differentiation from progenitor cells into nephrons, providing insights into nephrogenesis and organ regeneration. The transplantation of tissue-specific progenitor cells may be an approach in organ regeneration. Here the authors show that the nephron progenitor population of a developing mouse kidney, when ablated, can be replaced by exogenously supplied rat nephron progenitors, generating interspecies nephrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yamanaka
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 1058461, Japan
| | - S Tajiri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 1058461, Japan.,Division of Regenerative Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 1058461, Japan
| | - T Fujimoto
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 1058461, Japan.,Division of Regenerative Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 1058461, Japan
| | - K Matsumoto
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 1058461, Japan
| | - S Fukunaga
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 1058461, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine IV, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, 6938501, Japan
| | - B S Kim
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 1058461, Japan.,Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Korea
| | - H J Okano
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 1058461, Japan
| | - T Yokoo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 1058461, Japan.
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34
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Abstract
As chimeras transform from beasts of Greek mythology into tools of contemporary bioscience, secrets of developmental biology and evolutionary divergence are being revealed. Recent advances in stem cell biology and interspecies chimerism have generated new models with extensive basic and translational applications, including generation of transplantable, patient-specific organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Suchy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan
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35
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Kusunose M, Inoue Y, Kamisato A, Muto K. A Preliminary Study Exploring Japanese Public Attitudes Toward the Creation and Utilization of Human-Animal Chimeras: a New Perspective on Animals Containing “Human Material” (ACHM). Asian Bioeth Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41649-017-0020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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36
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Abstract
Interspecies chimeric assays are a valuable tool for investigating the potential of human stem and progenitor cells, as well as their differentiated progeny. This Spotlight article discusses the different factors that affect interspecies chimera generation, such as evolutionary distance, developmental timing, and apoptosis of the transplanted cells, and suggests some possible strategies to address them. A refined approach to generating interspecies chimeras could contribute not only to a better understanding of cellular potential, but also to understanding the nature of xenogeneic barriers and mechanisms of heterochronicity, to modeling human development, and to the creation of human transplantable organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Masaki
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan .,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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37
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Oldani G, Peloso A, Lacotte S, Meier R, Toso C. Xenogeneic chimera-Generated by blastocyst complementation-As a potential unlimited source of recipient-tailored organs. Xenotransplantation 2017; 24. [PMID: 28736957 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Blastocyst complementation refers to the injection of cells into a blastocyst. The technology allows for the creation of chimeric animals, which have the potential to be used as an unlimited source of organ donors. Pluripotent stem cells could be generated from a patient in need of a transplantation and injected into a large animal blastocyst (potentially of a pig), leading to the creation of organ(s) allowing immunosuppression-free transplantation. Various chimera combinations have already been generated, but one of the most recent steps leads to the creation of human-pig chimeras, which could be studied at an embryo stage. Although still far from clinical reality, the potential application is almost unlimited. The present review illustrates the historical steps of intra- and interspecific blastocyst complementation in rodents and large animals, specifically looking at its potential for generation of organ grafts. We also speculate on how it could change transplant indications, on its economic impact, and on the linked ethical concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Oldani
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,HepatoPancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Peloso
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of General Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stéphanie Lacotte
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Meier
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,HepatoPancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Toso
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,HepatoPancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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38
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Masaki H, Kato-Itoh M, Takahashi Y, Umino A, Sato H, Ito K, Yanagida A, Nishimura T, Yamaguchi T, Hirabayashi M, Era T, Loh KM, Wu SM, Weissman IL, Nakauchi H. Inhibition of Apoptosis Overcomes Stage-Related Compatibility Barriers to Chimera Formation in Mouse Embryos. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 19:587-592. [PMID: 27814480 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell types more advanced in development than embryonic stem cells, such as EpiSCs, fail to contribute to chimeras when injected into pre-implantation-stage blastocysts, apparently because the injected cells undergo apoptosis. Here we show that transient promotion of cell survival through expression of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL2 enables EpiSCs and Sox17+ endoderm progenitors to integrate into blastocysts and contribute to chimeric embryos. Upon injection into blastocyst, BCL2-expressing EpiSCs contributed to all bodily tissues in chimeric animals while Sox17+ endoderm progenitors specifically contributed in a region-specific fashion to endodermal tissues. In addition, BCL2 expression enabled rat EpiSCs to contribute to mouse embryonic chimeras, thereby forming interspecies chimeras that could survive to adulthood. Our system therefore provides a method to overcome cellular compatibility issues that typically restrict chimera formation. Application of this type of approach could broaden the use of embryonic chimeras, including region-specific chimeras, for basic developmental biology research and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Masaki
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Megumi Kato-Itoh
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ayumi Umino
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sato
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ito
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yanagida
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Nishimura
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki-shi, Aichi-ken 444-0864, Japan
| | - Takumi Era
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Kyle M Loh
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sean M Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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39
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Palacios-González C. Chimeras intended for human gamete production: an ethical alternative? Reprod Biomed Online 2017; 35:387-390. [PMID: 28733168 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human eggs for basic, fertility and stem-cell research are in short supply. Many experiments that require their use cannot be carried out at present, and, therefore, the benefits that could emerge from these are either delayed or never materialise. This state of affairs is problematic for scientists and patients worldwide, and it is a matter that needs our attention. Recent advances in chimera research have opened the possibility of creating human/non-human animal chimeras intended for human gamete production (chimeras-IHGP). In this paper, I examine four arguments against the creation of such chimeras and prove that all of them are found wanting. I conclude by showing that there is a strong moral reason for scientists to pursue this research avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Palacios-González
- The Centre of Medical Ethics and Law, The Dickson Poon School of Law, King's College London, London, UK.
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40
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De Vos J, Assou S. Induced pluripotent stem cells: An unlimited source of organs for transplantation. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2017; 41:249-253. [PMID: 27964840 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Organ production outside the human body could address the shortage of organs for transplantation. However, in vitro organ production is still a faraway perspective, particularly because of the difficulty in establishing an effective vascularization. A new emerging technology proposes to use carrier animals for the development of human organs. In this approach, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are injected in animal embryos to produce chimeric animals that contain autologous human organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Vos
- CHU de Montpellier, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, hôpital Saint-Éloi, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34000 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Inserm, U1183, 34000 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, UFR de médecine, 34000 Montpellier, France; CHU de Montpellier, Unit for Cellular Therapy, Hospital Saint-Éloi, 34000 Montpellier, France.
| | - S Assou
- CHU de Montpellier, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, hôpital Saint-Éloi, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34000 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Inserm, U1183, 34000 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, UFR de médecine, 34000 Montpellier, France.
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41
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Discrimination of Stem Cell Status after Subjecting Cynomolgus Monkey Pluripotent Stem Cells to Naïve Conversion. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45285. [PMID: 28349944 PMCID: PMC5368663 DOI: 10.1038/srep45285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental animal models have played an indispensable role in the development of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) research. The derivation of high-quality (so-called “true naïve state”) iPSCs of non-human primates enhances their application and safety for human regenerative medicine. Although several attempts have been made to convert human and non-human primate PSCs into a truly naïve state, it is unclear which evaluation methods can discriminate them as being truly naïve. Here we attempted to derive naïve cynomolgus monkey (Cm) (Macaca fascicularis) embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and iPSCs. Several characteristics of naïve Cm ESCs including colony morphology, appearance of naïve-related mRNAs and proteins, leukaemia inhibitory factor dependency, and mitochondrial respiration were confirmed. Next, we generated Cm iPSCs and converted them to a naïve state. Transcriptomic comparison of PSCs with early Cm embryos elucidated the partial achievement (termed naïve-like) of their conversion. When these were subjected to in vitro neural differentiation, enhanced differentiating capacities were observed after naïve-like conversion, but some lines exhibited heterogeneity. The difficulty of achieving contribution to chimeric mouse embryos was also demonstrated. These results suggest that Cm PSCs could ameliorate their in vitro neural differentiation potential even though they could not display true naïve characteristics.
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Abstract
Chimaeras are both monsters of the ancient imagination and a long-established research tool. Recent advances, particularly those dealing with the identification and generation of various kinds of stem cells, have broadened the repertoire and utility of mammalian interspecies chimaeras and carved out new paths towards understanding fundamental biology as well as potential clinical applications.
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Hung SSC, Khan S, Lo CY, Hewitt AW, Wong RCB. Drug discovery using induced pluripotent stem cell models of neurodegenerative and ocular diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 177:32-43. [PMID: 28223228 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The revolution of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology provides a platform for development of cell therapy, disease modeling and drug discovery. Recent technological advances now allow us to reprogram a patient's somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Together with methods to differentiate these iPSCs into disease-relevant cell types, we are now able to model disease in vitro using iPSCs. Importantly, this represents a robust in vitro platform using patient-specific cells, providing opportunity for personalized precision medicine. Here we provide a review of advances using iPSC for drug development, and discuss the potential and limitations of iPSCs for drug discovery in neurodegenerative and ocular diseases. Emerging technologies that can facilitate the search for new drugs by assessment using in vitro disease models will also be discussed, including organoid differentiation, organ-on-chip, direct reprogramming and humanized animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy S C Hung
- Centre for Eye Research Australia & Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shahnaz Khan
- Centre for Eye Research Australia & Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Camden Y Lo
- Monash Micro Imaging, Monash University, Australia
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia & Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Raymond C B Wong
- Centre for Eye Research Australia & Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Australia.
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44
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Abstract
Embryonic pluripotency can be recapitulated in vitro by a spectrum of pluripotent stem cell states stabilized with different culture conditions. Their distinct spatiotemporal characteristics provide an unprecedented tool for the study of early human development. The newly unveiled ability of some stem cell types for crossing xeno-barriers will facilitate the generation of interspecies chimeric embryos from distant species, including humans. When combined with efficient zygote genome editing technologies, xenogeneic human pluripotent stem cells may also open new frontiers for regenerative medicine applications, including the possibility of generating human organs in animals via interspecies chimeric complementation.
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Abstract
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is poised to lift its funding moratorium on research involving chimeric human/nonhuman embryos, pending further consideration by an NIH steering committee. The kinds of ethical concerns that seem to underlie this research and chimera research more generally can be adequately addressed. This Perspective argues that the ethical concerns behind the NIH funding moratorium on chimeric embryo research can be adequately and reasonably addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insoo Hyun
- Department of Bioethics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bourret R, Martinez E, Vialla F, Giquel C, Thonnat-Marin A, De Vos J. Human-animal chimeras: ethical issues about farming chimeric animals bearing human organs. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:87. [PMID: 27356872 PMCID: PMC4928294 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in stem cells and gene engineering have paved the way for the generation of interspecies chimeras, such as animals bearing an organ from another species. The production of a rat pancreas by a mouse has demonstrated the feasibility of this approach. The next step will be the generation of larger chimeric animals, such as pigs bearing human organs. Because of the dramatic organ shortage for transplantation, the medical needs for such a transgressive practice are indisputable. However, there are serious technical barriers and complex ethical issues that must be discussed and solved before producing human organs in animals. The main ethical issues are the risks of consciousness and of human features in the chimeric animal due to a too high contribution of human cells to the brain, in the first case, or for instance to limbs, in the second. Another critical point concerns the production of human gametes by such chimeric animals. These worst-case scenarios are obviously unacceptable and must be strictly monitored by careful risk assessment, and, if necessary, technically prevented. The public must be associated with this ethical debate. Scientists and physicians have a critical role in explaining the medical needs, the advantages and limits of this potential medical procedure, and the ethical boundaries that must not be trespassed. If these prerequisites are met, acceptance of such a new, borderline medical procedure may prevail, as happened before for in-vitro fertilization or preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Bourret
- />CHU Montpellier, Innovation and Research Division, Montpellier, F34000 France
| | - Eric Martinez
- />CHU Montpellier, Innovation and Research Division, Montpellier, F34000 France
| | - François Vialla
- />Université de Montpellier, UFR de Droit, Montpellier, F34000 France
| | - Chloé Giquel
- />CHU Montpellier, Innovation and Research Division, Montpellier, F34000 France
| | | | - John De Vos
- />INSERM, U1183, Montpellier, F34000 France
- />Université de Montpellier, UFR de Médecine, Montpellier, F34000 France
- />CHU Montpellier, Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Hospital Saint-Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, Cedex 5 France
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47
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Palacios-González C. The ethics of killing human/great-ape chimeras for their organs: a reply to Shaw et al. MEDICINE, HEALTH CARE, AND PHILOSOPHY 2016; 19:215-25. [PMID: 26294174 PMCID: PMC4880624 DOI: 10.1007/s11019-015-9658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to critically examine David Shaw, Wybo Dondorp, and Guido de Wert's arguments in favour of the procurement of human organs from human/nonhuman-primate chimeras, specifically from great-ape/human chimeras. My main claim is that their arguments fail and are in need of substantial revision. To prove this I first introduce the topic, and then reconstruct Shaw et al.'s position and arguments. Next, I show that Shaw et al.: (1) failed to properly apply the subsidiarity and proportionality principles; (2) neglected species overlapping cases in their ethical assessment; (3) ignored the ethics literature on borderline persons; and (4) misunderstood McMahan's two-tiered moral theory. These mistakes render an important part of their conclusions either false or problematic to the point that they would no longer endorse them. Finally I will briefly mention a possible multipolar solution to the human organ shortage problem that would reduce the need for chimeras' organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Palacios-González
- Institute for Science Ethics and Innovation, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road M13 9PL Stopford Building, Room 3.383, Manchester, UK.
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48
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Current Concepts of Using Pigs as a Source for Beta-Cell Replacement Therapy of Type 1 Diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40610-016-0039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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49
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Nagashima H, Matsunari H. Growing human organs in pigs-A dream or reality? Theriogenology 2016; 86:422-6. [PMID: 27156683 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Organ transplantation has been the last line of therapy for saving patients experiencing end-stage organ failure. However, the success of organ transplantation is critically dependent on the availability of donor organs. There are high expectations for research on organ regeneration as a solution to the donor shortage issue faced by transplantation medicine. Thus, generation of human organs from pluripotent stem cells is now one of the ultimate goals of regenerative medicine. In recent years, several approaches to using pluripotent stem cells to generate organs of complex structure and function have been developed. Reproductive biology plays an indispensable role in the development of innovative organ regeneration researches. In this review, we discuss the potential of the animal biotechnology aiming at making human organs using pigs as a platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nagashima
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Kawasaki, Japan.
| | - Hitomi Matsunari
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Kawasaki, Japan
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Abstract
There is an increasing worldwide shortage of organs and cells for transplantation in patients with end-stage organ failure or cellular dysfunction. This shortage could be resolved by the transplantation of organs or cells from pigs into humans. What competing approaches might provide support for the patient with end-stage organ or cell failure? Four main approaches are receiving increasing attention - (i) implantable mechanical devices, although these are currently limited almost entirely to devices aimed at supporting or replacing the heart, (ii) stem cell technology, at present directed mainly to replace absent or failing cells, but which is also fundamental to progress in (iii) tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, in which the ultimate aim is to replace an entire organ. A final novel potential approach is (iv) blastocyst complementation. These potential alternative approaches are briefly reviewed, and comments added on their current status and whether they are now (or will soon become) realistic alternative therapies to xenotransplantation.
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