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Shaker MR, Slonchak A, Al-Mhanawi B, Morrison SD, Sng JDJ, Cooper-White J, Khromykh AA, Wolvetang EJ. Choroid plexus defects in Down syndrome brain organoids enhance neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj4735. [PMID: 38838150 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj4735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Why individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2-induced neuropathology remains elusive. Choroid plexus (ChP) plays critical roles in barrier function and immune response modulation and expresses the ACE2 receptor and the chromosome 21-encoded TMPRSS2 protease, suggesting its substantial role in establishing SARS-CoV-2 infection in the brain. To explore this, we established brain organoids from DS and isogenic euploid iPSC that consist of a core of functional cortical neurons surrounded by a functional ChP-like epithelium (ChPCOs). DS-ChPCOs recapitulated abnormal DS cortical development and revealed defects in ciliogenesis and epithelial cell polarity in ChP-like epithelium. We then demonstrated that the ChP-like epithelium facilitates infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 in cortical neurons and that this is increased in DS. Inhibiting TMPRSS2 and furin activity reduced viral replication in DS-ChPCOs to euploid levels. This model enables dissection of the role of ChP in neurotropic virus infection and euploid forebrain development and permits screening of therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2-induced neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed R Shaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- UQ Centre in Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Engineering (UQ StemCARE), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andrii Slonchak
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bahaa Al-Mhanawi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sean D Morrison
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Julian D J Sng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Justin Cooper-White
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- UQ Centre in Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Engineering (UQ StemCARE), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander A Khromykh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- GVN Centre of Excellence, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ernst J Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- UQ Centre in Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Engineering (UQ StemCARE), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Shaker MR, Kahtan A, Prasad R, Lee JH, Pietrogrande G, Leeson HC, Sun W, Wolvetang EJ, Slonchak A. Neural Epidermal Growth Factor-Like Like Protein 2 Is Expressed in Human Oligodendroglial Cell Types. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:803061. [PMID: 35265611 PMCID: PMC8899196 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.803061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural epidermal growth factor-like like 2 (NELL2) is a cytoplasmic and secreted glycosylated protein with six epidermal growth factor-like domains. In animal models, NELL2 is predominantly expressed in neural tissues where it regulates neuronal differentiation, polarization, and axon guidance, but little is known about the role of NELL2 in human brain development. In this study, we show that rostral neural stem cells (rNSC) derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) exhibit particularly strong NELL2 expression and that NELL2 protein is enriched at the apical side of neural rosettes in hiPSC-derived brain organoids. Following differentiation of human rostral NSC into neurons, NELL2 remains robustly expressed but changes its subcellular localization from >20 small cytoplasmic foci in NSC to one–five large peri-nuclear puncta per neuron. Unexpectedly, we discovered that in human brain organoids, NELL2 is readily detectable in the oligodendroglia and that the number of NELL2 puncta increases as oligodendrocytes mature. Artificial intelligence-based machine learning further predicts a strong association of NELL2 with multiple human white matter diseases, suggesting that NELL2 may possess yet unexplored roles in regulating oligodendrogenesis and/or myelination during human cortical development and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed R Shaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amna Kahtan
- St Cloud Technical & Community College, St Cloud, MN, United States
| | - Renuka Prasad
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Giovanni Pietrogrande
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hannah C Leeson
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ernst J Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrii Slonchak
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Klotho inhibits neuronal senescence in human brain organoids. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2021; 7:18. [PMID: 34341344 PMCID: PMC8329278 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-021-00070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for many neurodegenerative diseases. Klotho (KL) is a glycosylated transmembrane protein that is expressed in the choroid plexus and neurons of the brain. KL exerts potent anti-aging effects on multiple cell types in the body but its role in human brain cells remains largely unclear. Here we show that human cortical neurons, derived from human pluripotent stem cells in 2D cultures or in cortical organoids, develop the typical hallmarks of senescent cells when maintained in vitro for prolonged periods of time, and that moderate upregulation or repression of endogenous KL expression in cortical organoids inhibits and accelerates senescence, respectively. We further demonstrate that KL expression alters the expression of senescence-associated genes including, extracellular matrix genes, and proteoglycans, and can act in a paracrine fashion to inhibit neuronal senescence. In summary, our results establish an important role for KL in the regulation of human neuronal senescence and offer new mechanistic insight into its role in human brain aging.
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Shaker MR, Lee JH, Kim KH, Ban S, Kim VJ, Kim JY, Lee JY, Sun W. Spatiotemporal contribution of neuromesodermal progenitor-derived neural cells in the elongation of developing mouse spinal cord. Life Sci 2021; 282:119393. [PMID: 34004249 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS During vertebrate development, the posterior end of the embryo progressively elongates in a head-to-tail direction to form the body plan. Recent lineage tracing experiments revealed that bi-potent progenitors, called neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs), produce caudal neural and mesodermal tissues during axial elongation. However, their precise location and contribution to spinal cord development remain elusive. MAIN METHODS Here we used NMP-specific markers (Sox2 and BraT) and a genetic lineage tracing system to localize NMP progeny in vivo. KEY FINDINGS Sox2 and BraT double positive cells were initially located at the tail tip, but were later found in the caudal neural tube, which is a unique feature of mouse development. In the neural tube, they produced neural progenitors (NPCs) and contributed to the spinal cord gradually along the AP axis during axial elongation. Interestingly, NMP-derived NPCs preferentially contributed to the ventral side first and later to the dorsal side at the lumbar spinal cord level, which may be associated with atypical junctional neurulation in mice. SIGNIFICANCE Our current observations detail the contribution of NMP progeny to spinal cord elongation and provide insights into how different species uniquely execute caudal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed R Shaker
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain, Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain, Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-769, Republic of Korea; Neural Development and Anomaly Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Saeli Ban
- Neural Development and Anomaly Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Veronica Jihyun Kim
- Neural Development and Anomaly Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Yeon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain, Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeoun Lee
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-769, Republic of Korea; Neural Development and Anomaly Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehakro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain, Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Shaker MR, Lee JH, Sun W. Embryonal Neuromesodermal Progenitors for Caudal Central Nervous System and Tissue Development. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2021; 64:359-366. [PMID: 33896149 PMCID: PMC8128519 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2020.0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) constitute a bipotent cell population that generates a wide variety of trunk cell and tissue types during embryonic development. Derivatives of NMPs include both mesodermal lineage cells such as muscles and vertebral bones, and neural lineage cells such as neural crests and central nervous system neurons. Such diverse lineage potential combined with a limited capacity for self-renewal, which persists during axial elongation, demonstrates that NMPs are a major source of trunk tissues. This review describes the identification and characterization of NMPs across multiple species. We also discuss key cellular and molecular steps for generating neural and mesodermal cells for building up the elongating trunk tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed R. Shaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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6
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Shaker MR, Pietrogrande G, Martin S, Lee JH, Sun W, Wolvetang EJ. Rapid and Efficient Generation of Myelinating Human Oligodendrocytes in Organoids. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:631548. [PMID: 33815061 PMCID: PMC8010307 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.631548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human stem cell derived brain organoids are increasingly gaining attention as an ideal model system for investigating neurological diseases, particularly those that involve myelination defects. However, current protocols for generating brain organoids with sufficiently mature oligodendrocytes that deposit myelin on endogenously produced neurons are lengthy and complicated. Taking advantage of a human pluripotent stem cell line that reports on SOX10 expression, we developed a protocol that involves a 42 day exposure of neuroectoderm-derived organoids to a cocktail of growth factors and small molecules that collectively foster oligodendrocyte specification and survival. Importantly, the resulting day 42 brain organoids contain both myelinating oligodendrocytes, cortical neuronal cells and astrocytes. These oligodendrocyte brain organoids therefore constitute a valuable and tractable platform for functional neurogenomics and drug screening for white matter diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed R. Shaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Giovanni Pietrogrande
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sally Martin
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ernst J. Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Shaker MR, Lee JH, Park SH, Kim JY, Son GH, Son JW, Park BH, Rhyu IJ, Kim H, Sun W. Anteroposterior Wnt-RA Gradient Defines Adhesion and Migration Properties of Neural Progenitors in Developing Spinal Cord. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:898-911. [PMID: 32976767 PMCID: PMC7562945 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian embryos exhibit a transition from head morphogenesis to trunk elongation to meet the demand of axial elongation. The caudal neural tube (NT) is formed with neural progenitors (NPCs) derived from neuromesodermal progenitors localized at the tail tip. However, the molecular and cellular basis of elongating NT morphogenesis is yet elusive. Here, we provide evidence that caudal NPCs exhibit strong adhesion affinity that is gradually decreased along the anteroposterior (AP) axis in mouse embryonic spinal cord and human cellular models. Strong cell-cell adhesion causes collective migration, allowing AP alignment of NPCs depending on their birthdate. We further validated that this axial adhesion gradient is associated with the extracellular matrix and is under the control of graded Wnt signaling emanating from tail buds and antagonistic retinoic acid (RA) signaling. These results suggest that progressive reduction of NPC adhesion along the AP axis is under the control of Wnt-RA molecular networks, which is essential for a proper elongation of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed R Shaker
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Si-Hyung Park
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Joo Yeon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jong Wan Son
- Division of Quantum Phases and Devices, Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Bae Ho Park
- Division of Quantum Phases and Devices, Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Im Joo Rhyu
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
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Lin YN, Lee YS, Li SK, Tang TK. Loss of CPAP in developing mouse brain and its functional implication for human primary microcephaly. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs243592. [PMID: 32501282 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.243592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by small brain size with mental retardation. CPAP (also known as CENPJ), a known microcephaly-associated gene, plays a key role in centriole biogenesis. Here, we generated a previously unreported conditional knockout allele in the mouse Cpap gene. Our results showed that conditional Cpap deletion in the central nervous system preferentially induces formation of monopolar spindles in radial glia progenitors (RGPs) at around embryonic day 14.5 and causes robust apoptosis that severely disrupts embryonic brains. Interestingly, microcephalic brains with reduced apoptosis are detected in conditional Cpap gene-deleted mice that lose only one allele of p53 (also known as Trp53), while simultaneous removal of p53 and Cpap rescues RGP death. Furthermore, Cpap deletion leads to cilia loss, RGP mislocalization, junctional integrity disruption, massive heterotopia and severe cerebellar hypoplasia. Together, these findings indicate that complete CPAP loss leads to severe and complex phenotypes in developing mouse brain, and provide new insights into the causes of MCPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Nan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Ying-Shan Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Shu-Kuei Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Tang K Tang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
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Lee JH, Shaker MR, Lee E, Lee B, Sun W. NeuroCore formation during differentiation of neurospheres of mouse embryonic neural stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2020; 43:101691. [PMID: 32018208 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the embryonic neocortex have the potential to generate a well-organized laminar architecture of the cerebral cortex through precise regulation of the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of neural cells. NSCs can be isolated in vitro and expanded as cell clusters, called neurospheres, which are primarily related to the proliferation ability of NSCs. Conversely, the tissue-organizing properties of NSCs via regulated differentiation and migration of the cells are not well understood. In this study, we established a three-dimensional (3D) differentiation model of neurospheres, which produce unique neuronal clusters, termed NeuroCore (NC). NC formation was initiated by the aggregation of young neurons. Upon maturation of the neurons and the establishment of radial glia-like structures, the initial organization of the NCs transformed into a glomeruli-like arrangement of cortical neurons. These neurons expressed multiple markers of upper and deep cortical neurons. Taken together, we propose that NSCs in vitro maintain some aspects of their original in vivo tissue-organizing properties, providing an alternative opportunity to explore the fundamental components of brain histogenesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammed R Shaker
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsoo Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Boram Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Li X, Zhou W, Li X, Gao M, Ji S, Tian W, Ji G, Du J, Hao A. SOX19b regulates the premature neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells through EZH2-mediated histone methylation in neural tube development of zebrafish. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:389. [PMID: 31842983 PMCID: PMC6915949 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Neural tube defects (NTDs) are the most serious and common birth defects in the clinic. The SRY-related HMG box B1 (SoxB1) gene family has been implicated in different processes of early embryogenesis. Sox19b is a maternally expressed gene in the SoxB1 family that is found in the region of the presumptive central nervous system (CNS), but its role and mechanism in embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs) during neural tube development have not yet been explored. Considering that Sox19b is specific to bony fish, we intended to investigate the role and mechanism of Sox19b in neural tube development in zebrafish embryos. Material and methods Morpholino (MO) antisense oligonucleotides were used to construct a Sox19b loss-of-function zebrafish model. The phenotype and the expression of related genes were analysed by in situ hybridization and immunolabelling. Epigenetic modifications were detected by western blot and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Results In this study, we found that zebrafish embryos exhibited a reduced or even deleted forebrain phenotype after the expression of the Sox19b gene was inhibited. Moreover, we found for the first time that knockdown of Sox19b reduced the proliferation of NSCs; increased the transcription levels of Ngn1, Ascl1, HuC, Islet1, and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors; and led to premature differentiation of NSCs. Finally, we found that knockdown of Sox19b decreased the levels of EZH2/H3K27me3 and decreased the level of H3K27me3 at the promoters of Ngn1 and ascl1a. Conclusion Together, our data demonstrate that Sox19b plays an essential role in early NSC proliferation and differentiation through EZH2-mediated histone methylation in neural tube development. This study established the role of transcription factor Sox19b and epigenetic factor EZH2 regulatory network on NSC development, which provides new clues and theoretical guidance for the clinical treatment of neural tube defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,Foot and Ankle Surgery Center of Shandong University and Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shufang Ji
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Wenyu Tian
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Guangyu Ji
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jingyi Du
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Aijun Hao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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11
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Kim JY, Shaker MR, Lee JH, Lee B, Kim H, Sun W. Identification of molecular markers distinguishing adult neural stem cells in the subventricular and subcallosal zones. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2017; 21:152-159. [PMID: 30460064 PMCID: PMC6138335 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2017.1324522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ) are regionally specified and have distinct molecular gene expression signatures. Recently, we identified the subcallosal zone (SCZ) as a novel brain region where adult NSCs maintain and spontaneously produce neuroblasts. In an attempt to isolate genes specifically expressed in the SCZ or SVZ, microarray analyses of their differentially expressing transcripts were done. The comparison between neurospheres generated from SVZ and SCZ revealed differential expression >1.5-fold in two groups in only 83 genes, representing <0.03% of the genes examined, suggesting that these two populations are largely similar. The differential expression patterns SCZ and SVZ genes were confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blots. The selective expressions of two genes (CRBP1, HMGA1) in SVZ-NSCs were further confirmed by immunohistochemistry. These molecular markers could be useful for further molecular and cellular characterization of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Yeon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mohammed R. Shaker
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Boram Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Kim JY, Lee JH, Sun W. Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Mouse Subcallosal Zone. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 28060319 DOI: 10.3791/54929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation into three types of cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Identifying aNSC-derived regions and characterizing the aNSC properties are critical for the potential use of aNSCs and for the elucidation of their role in neural regeneration. The subcallosal zone (SCZ), located between white matter and the hippocampus, has recently been reported to contain aNSCs and continuously give rise to neuroblasts. A low percentage of aNSCs from the SCZ is differentiated into neurons; most cells are differentiated into glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These cells are suggested to have a therapeutic potential for traumatic cortical injury. This protocol describes in detail the process to generate SCZ-aNSCs from an adult mouse brain. A brain matrix with intervals of 1 mm is used to obtain the SCZ-containing coronal slices and to precisely dissect the SCZ from the whole brain. The SCZ sections are initially subjected to a neurosphere culture. A well-developed culture system allows for the verification of their characteristics and can increase research on NSCs. A neurosphere culture system provides a useful tool for determining proliferation and collecting the genuine NSCs. A monolayer culture is also an in vitro system to assay proliferation and differentiation. Significantly, this culture system provides a more homogenous environment for NSCs than the neurosphere culture system. Thus, using a discrete brain region, these culture systems will be helpful for expanding our knowledge about aNSCs and their applications for therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Yeon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine;
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13
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Yim N, Ryu SW, Choi K, Lee KR, Lee S, Choi H, Kim J, Shaker MR, Sun W, Park JH, Kim D, Heo WD, Choi C. Exosome engineering for efficient intracellular delivery of soluble proteins using optically reversible protein-protein interaction module. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12277. [PMID: 27447450 PMCID: PMC4961865 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-mediated delivery of functional macromolecules is a promising method for treating a variety of human diseases. Among nanoparticles, cell-derived exosomes have recently been highlighted as a new therapeutic strategy for the in vivo delivery of nucleotides and chemical drugs. Here we describe a new tool for intracellular delivery of target proteins, named 'exosomes for protein loading via optically reversible protein-protein interactions' (EXPLORs). By integrating a reversible protein-protein interaction module controlled by blue light with the endogenous process of exosome biogenesis, we are able to successfully load cargo proteins into newly generated exosomes. Treatment with protein-loaded EXPLORs is shown to significantly increase intracellular levels of cargo proteins and their function in recipient cells in vitro and in vivo. These results clearly indicate the potential of EXPLORs as a mechanism for the efficient intracellular transfer of protein-based therapeutics into recipient cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nambin Yim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | | | - Kyungsun Choi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
| | | | - Seunghee Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Hojun Choi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Jeongjin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Mohammed R Shaker
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Daesoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Won Do Heo
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea.,Cancer Metastasis Control Center, KAIST Institute for the Biocentury, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea.,Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34047, Korea
| | - Chulhee Choi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea. .,Cellex Life Sciences Inc., Daejeon, 34141, Korea. .,Cancer Metastasis Control Center, KAIST Institute for the Biocentury, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
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14
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Dynamin-related protein 1 controls the migration and neuronal differentiation of subventricular zone-derived neural progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15962. [PMID: 26514444 PMCID: PMC4626845 DOI: 10.1038/srep15962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are important in many essential cellular functions, including energy production, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis. The organelles are scattered throughout the cytoplasm, but their distribution can be altered in response to local energy demands, such as cell division and neuronal maturation. Mitochondrial distribution is closely associated with mitochondrial fission, and blocking the fission-promoting protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) activity often results in mitochondrial elongation and clustering. In this study, we observed that mitochondria were preferentially localized at the leading process of migratory adult neural stem cells (aNSCs), whereas neuronal differentiating cells transiently exhibited perinuclear condensation of mitochondria. Inhibiting Drp1 activity altered the typical migratory cell morphology into round shapes while the polarized mitochondrial distribution was maintained. With these changes, aNSCs failed to migrate, and neuronal differentiation was prevented. Because Drp1 blocking also impaired the mitochondrial membrane potential, we tested whether supplementing with L-carnitine, a compound that restores mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP synthesis, could revert the defects induced by Drp1 inhibition. Interestingly, L-carnitine fully restored the aNSC defects, including cell shrinkage, migration, and impaired neuronal differentiation. These results suggest that Drp1 is required for functionally active mitochondria, and supplementing with ATP can restore the defects induced by Drp1 suppression.
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