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Kim SH, Kim HJ, Jung JW, Chung S, Son GH. Transcriptomic data of human adrenocortical NCI-H295R cells treated with cortisol biosynthesis inhibitors. Data Brief 2024; 52:109948. [PMID: 38186738 PMCID: PMC10770703 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.109948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Adrenal corticosteroid biosynthesis dysregulation can give rise to various pathological conditions, such as Cushing's syndrome, a disorder characterized by the sustained and excessive production of cortisol. Despite the development of several classes of steroidogenesis inhibitors to treat human diseases associated with cortisol overproduction, their use is limited by insufficient efficacy, adverse effects, and/or tolerability. Recently, we identified a series of benzimidazolylurea derivatives, including the representative compound CJ28, as novel cortisol biosynthesis inhibitors [1]. They significantly inhibited both basal and stimulated production of cortisol in NCI-H295R cells, a human adrenocarcinoma cell line. The inhibitory effects were attributed to both attenuated steroidogenesis and de novo cholesterol biosynthesis. Here, we provide transcriptomic (RNA-seq) data from adrenal cell cultures in response to treatment with either CJ28 or metyrapone (MET), an inhibitor of 11β-hydroxylase). Total RNA was extracted from the cells treated with vehicle (0.1% DMSO), CJ28 (30 µM), or MET (30 µM) for 24 h. Primary sequence data were acquired using paired-end sequencing on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. The raw RNA-seq data have been deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE236435). This dataset is a useful resource for providing valuable information on the gene expression networks underlying adrenocortical steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Wha Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Cho H, Yun A, Kim J, Park E, Jung JW, Chung S, Son GH. Functional Characterization of Circadian Nuclear Receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ in Human Osteosarcoma Cell Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:770. [PMID: 38255844 PMCID: PMC10815705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
REV-ERBα and its paralog, REV-ERBβ, encoded by NR1D1 and NR1D2 genes, are key nuclear receptors that link the circadian timing system and metabolic homeostasis. Since heme is an endogenous ligand, REV-ERBs have been considered key components of the circadian molecular clock and can be pharmacologically targeted to treat various circadian rhythm-related diseases, such as cardiometabolic, inflammatory, and neuropsychiatric diseases, as well as cancer. REV-ERBs are believed to be functionally redundant and compensatory, although they often affect the expression of gene subsets in an isoform-specific manner. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the redundant and distinct roles of each isoform in controlling its target genes by comparing the transcriptome profiles of a panel of mutant U2OS human osteosarcoma cells in which either NR1D1 or NR1D2 was ablated. Indeed, our transcriptomic analyses revealed that most REV-ERB-regulated genes are controlled by redundant or even additive actions. However, the RNA expression profiles of each single mutant cell line also provide strong evidence for isoform-dependent actions. For example, REV-ERBα is more responsible for regulating the NF-κΒ signaling pathway, whereas a group of extracellular matrix components requires REV-ERBβ to maintain their expression. We found that REV-ERBs have isoform-selective functions in the regulation of certain circadian output pathways despite their overlapping roles in the circadian molecular clock. Thus, the development of isoform-selective REV-ERB modulators can help treat metabolic disturbances and certain types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (H.C.); (J.K.); (E.P.)
| | - Ahee Yun
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea;
| | - Joohee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (H.C.); (J.K.); (E.P.)
| | - Eunjeong Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (H.C.); (J.K.); (E.P.)
| | - Jong-Wha Jung
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea;
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; (H.C.); (J.K.); (E.P.)
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Kim SH, Son GH, Seok JY, Chun SK, Yun H, Jang J, Suh YG, Kim K, Jung JW, Chung S. Identification of a novel class of cortisol biosynthesis inhibitors and its implications in a therapeutic strategy for hypercortisolism. Life Sci 2023; 325:121744. [PMID: 37127185 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Dysregulation of adrenocortical steroid (corticosteroids) biosynthesis leads to pathological conditions such as Cushing's syndrome. Although several classes of steroid biosynthesis inhibitors have been developed to treat cortisol overproduction, limitations such as insufficient efficacy, adverse effects, and/or tolerability still remain. The present study aimed to develop a new class of small molecules that inhibit cortisol production, and investigated their putative modes of action. MAIN METHODS We screened an in-house chemical library with drug-like chemical scaffolds using human adrenocortical NCI-H295R cells. We then evaluated and validated the effects of the selected compounds at multiple regulatory steps of the adrenal steroidogenic pathway. Finally, genome-wide RNA expression analysis coupled with gene enrichment analysis was conducted to infer possible action mechanisms. KEY FINDINGS A subset of benzimidazolylurea derivatives, including a representative compound (designated as CJ28), inhibited both basal and stimulated production of cortisol and related intermediate steroids. CJ28 attenuated the mRNA expression of multiple genes involved in steroidogenesis and cholesterol biosynthesis. Furthermore, CJ28 significantly attenuated de novo cholesterol biosynthesis, which contributed to its suppression of cortisol production. SIGNIFICANCE We identified a novel chemical scaffold that exerts inhibitory effects on cortisol and cholesterol biosynthesis via coordinated transcriptional silencing of gene expression networks. Our findings also reveal an additional adrenal-directed pharmacological strategy for hypercortisolism involving a combination of inhibitors targeting steroidogenesis and de novo cholesterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Seok
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kook Chun
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hwayoung Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebong Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ger Suh
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon 11160, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Wha Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
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Park JW, Roh E, Kang GM, Gil SY, Kim HK, Lee CH, Jang WH, Park SE, Moon SY, Kim SJ, Jeong SY, Park CB, Lim HS, Oh YR, Jung HN, Kwon O, Youn BS, Son GH, Min SH, Kim MS. Circulating blood eNAMPT drives the circadian rhythms in locomotor activity and energy expenditure. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1994. [PMID: 37031230 PMCID: PMC10082796 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37517-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential cofactor of critical enzymes including protein deacetylase sirtuins/SIRTs and its levels in mammalian cells rely on the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT)-mediated salvage pathway. Intracellular NAMPT (iNAMPT) is secreted and found in the blood as extracellular NAMPT (eNAMPT). In the liver, the iNAMPT-NAD+ axis oscillates in a circadian manner and regulates the cellular clockwork. Here we show that the hypothalamic NAD+ levels show a distinct circadian fluctuation with a nocturnal rise in lean mice. This rhythm is in phase with that of plasma eNAMPT levels but not with that of hypothalamic iNAMPT levels. Chemical and genetic blockade of eNAMPT profoundly inhibit the nighttime elevations in hypothalamic NAD+ levels as well as those in locomotor activity (LMA) and energy expenditure (EE). Conversely, elevation of plasma eNAMPT by NAMPT administration increases hypothalamic NAD+ levels and stimulates LMA and EE via the hypothalamic NAD+-SIRT-FOXO1-melanocortin pathway. Notably, obese animals display a markedly blunted circadian oscillation in blood eNAMPT-hypothalamic NAD+-FOXO1 axis as well as LMA and EE. Our findings indicate that the eNAMPT regulation of hypothalamic NAD+ biosynthesis underlies circadian physiology and that this system can be significantly disrupted by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Eun Roh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, 14068, Korea
| | - Gil Myoung Kang
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - So Young Gil
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Hyun Kyong Kim
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea
| | - Won Hee Jang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Se Eun Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Sang Yun Moon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Seong Jun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - So Yeon Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Chae Beom Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Hyo Sun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Yu Rim Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Han Na Jung
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul, 05505, Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Obin Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | | | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Se Hee Min
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul, 05505, Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
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Fang Y, Jo SK, Park SJ, Yang J, Ko YS, Lee HY, Oh SW, Cho WY, Kim K, Son GH, Kim MG. Role of the Circadian Clock and Effect of Time-Restricted Feeding in Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100008. [PMID: 36748191 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2022.100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Most physiological functions exhibit circadian rhythmicity that is partly regulated by the molecular circadian clock. Herein, we investigated the relationship between the circadian clock and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The role of the clock gene in adenine-induced CKD and the mechanisms of interaction were investigated in mice in which Bmal1, the master regulator of the clock gene, was knocked out, and Bmal1 knockout (KO) tubule cells. We also determined whether the renoprotective effect of time-restricted feeding (TRF), a dietary strategy to enhance circadian rhythm, is clock gene-dependent. The mice with CKD showed altered expression of the core clock genes with a loss of diurnal variations in renal functions and key tubular transporter gene expression. Bmal1 KO mice developed more severe fibrosis, and transcriptome profiling followed by gene ontology analysis suggested that genes associated with the cell cycle, inflammation, and fatty acid oxidation pathways were significantly affected in the mutant mice. Tubule-specific deletion of BMAL1 in HK-2 cells by CRISPR/Cas9 led to upregulation of p21 and tumor necrosis α and exacerbated epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related gene expression upon transforming growth factor β stimulation. Finally, TRF in the mice with CKD partially restored the disrupted oscillation of the kidney clock genes, accompanied by improved cell cycle arrest and inflammation, leading to decreased fibrosis. However, the renoprotective effect of TRF was abolished in Bmal1 KO mice, suggesting that TRF is partially dependent on the clock gene. Our data demonstrate that the molecular clock system plays an important role in CKD via cell cycle regulation and inflammation. Understanding the role of the circadian clock in kidney diseases can be a new research field for developing novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Fang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kyung Jo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Ji Park
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sook Ko
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Young Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Won Oh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Yong Cho
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myung-Gyu Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Yoo H, Kim HJ, Yang SH, Son GH, Gim JA, Lee HW, Kim H. Gene Expression Profiling of the Habenula in Rats Exposed to Chronic Restraint Stress. Mol Cells 2022; 45:306-316. [PMID: 35534192 PMCID: PMC9095505 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.2257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress contributes to the risk of developing depression; the habenula, a nucleus in epithalamus, is associated with many neuropsychiatric disorders. Using genome-wide gene expression analysis, we analyzed the transcriptome of the habenula in rats exposed to chronic restraint stress for 14 days. We identified 379 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were affected by chronic stress. These genes were enriched in neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, the cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) signaling pathway, circadian entrainment, and synaptic signaling from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis and responded to corticosteroids, positive regulation of lipid transport, anterograde trans-synaptic signaling, and chemical synapse transmission from the Gene Ontology analysis. Based on protein-protein interaction network analysis of the DEGs, we identified neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions, circadian entrainment, and cholinergic synapse-related subclusters. Additionally, cell type and habenular regional expression of DEGs, evaluated using a recently published single-cell RNA sequencing study (GSE137478), strongly suggest that DEGs related to neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and trans-synaptic signaling are highly enriched in medial habenular neurons. Taken together, our findings provide a valuable set of molecular targets that may play important roles in mediating the habenular response to stress and the onset of chronic stress-induced depressive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeijung Yoo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BrainKorea21 Four, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Yang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jeong-An Gim
- Medical Science Research Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BrainKorea21 Four, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BrainKorea21 Four, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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Kim HJ, Yoo H, Kim JY, Yang SH, Lee HW, Lee HJ, Son GH, Kim H. Postmortem gene expression profiles in the habenulae of suicides: implication of endothelial dysfunction in the neurovascular system. Mol Brain 2022; 15:48. [PMID: 35614468 PMCID: PMC9134578 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The habenula (Hb) is an epithalamic structure that links multiple forebrain areas with the mid/hindbrain monoaminergic systems. As an anti-reward center, it has been implicated in the etiology of various neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly those associated with dysregulated reward circuitry. In this regard, Hb has been proposed as a therapeutic target for treatment-resistant depression associated with a higher risk of suicide. Therefore, we aimed to gain insight into the molecular signatures of the Hb in association with suicide in individuals with major depression. Postmortem gene expression analysis identified 251 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the Hb tissue of suicides in comparison with Hb tissues from neurotypical individuals. Subsequent bioinformatic analyses using single-cell transcriptome data from the mouse Hb showed that the levels of a subset of endothelial cell-enriched genes encoding cell–cell junctional complex and plasma membrane-associated proteins, as well as the levels of their putative upstream transcriptional regulators, were significantly affected in suicides. Although our findings are based on a limited number of samples, the present study suggests a potential association of endothelial dysfunction in the Hb with depression and suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeijung Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Jeong Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine and Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Jeong YU, Jin HE, Lim HY, Choi G, Joo H, Kang B, Lee GH, Liu KH, Maeng HJ, Chung S, Son GH, Jung JW. Development of Non-Ethoxypropanoic Acid Type Cryptochrome Inhibitors with Circadian Molecular Clock-Enhancing Activity by Bioisosteric Replacement. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060496. [PMID: 34073760 PMCID: PMC8225008 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian dysfunction is closely associated with an increased risk of various diseases. Considering that molecular clock machinery serves as an intrinsic time-keeping system underlying the circadian rhythm of biological processes, the modulation of the molecular clock machinery is an attractive therapeutic target with novel mechanisms of action. Based on the previous structure–activity relationship study of small molecule cryptochrome (CRY) inhibitors possessing an ethoxypropanoic acid moiety, non-ethoxypropanoic acid-type inhibitors have been developed by bioisosteric replacement. They were evaluated as potent and effective enhancers of E-box-mediated transcription, and, in particular, ester 5d and its hydrolysis product 2d exhibited desirable metabolic and pharmacokinetic profiles as promising drug candidates. Compound 2d directly bound to both CRY1 and 2 in surface plasmon resonance analyses, suggesting that the molecular target is CRY. Effects of compound 5d and 2d on suppressive action of CRY1 on CLOCK:BMAL1-activated E-box-LUC reporter activity revealed that both compounds inhibited the negative feedback actions of CRY on CLOCK:BMAL1. Most importantly, compounds 5d and 2d exhibited significant effects on molecular circadian rhythmicity to be considered circadian clock-enhancers, distinct from the previously developed CRY inhibitors possessing an ethoxypropanoic acid moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Uk Jeong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (Y.U.J.); (G.C.); (H.J.); (B.K.); (G.-H.L.); (K.-H.L.)
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Hyo-Eon Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea;
| | - Hye Young Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Goyeong Choi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (Y.U.J.); (G.C.); (H.J.); (B.K.); (G.-H.L.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Hansol Joo
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (Y.U.J.); (G.C.); (H.J.); (B.K.); (G.-H.L.); (K.-H.L.)
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Bohun Kang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (Y.U.J.); (G.C.); (H.J.); (B.K.); (G.-H.L.); (K.-H.L.)
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Ga-Hyun Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (Y.U.J.); (G.C.); (H.J.); (B.K.); (G.-H.L.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (Y.U.J.); (G.C.); (H.J.); (B.K.); (G.-H.L.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
- Correspondence: (G.H.S.); (J.-W.J.); Tel.: +82-2-2286-1147 (G.H.S.); +82-53-950-8578 (J.-W.J.)
| | - Jong-Wha Jung
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (Y.U.J.); (G.C.); (H.J.); (B.K.); (G.-H.L.); (K.-H.L.)
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: (G.H.S.); (J.-W.J.); Tel.: +82-2-2286-1147 (G.H.S.); +82-53-950-8578 (J.-W.J.)
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Shaker MR, Lee JH, Park SH, Kim JY, Son GH, Son JW, Park BH, Rhyu IJ, Kim H, Sun W. Anteroposterior Wnt-RA Gradient Defines Adhesion and Migration Properties of Neural Progenitors in Developing Spinal Cord. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:898-911. [PMID: 32976767 PMCID: PMC7562945 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian embryos exhibit a transition from head morphogenesis to trunk elongation to meet the demand of axial elongation. The caudal neural tube (NT) is formed with neural progenitors (NPCs) derived from neuromesodermal progenitors localized at the tail tip. However, the molecular and cellular basis of elongating NT morphogenesis is yet elusive. Here, we provide evidence that caudal NPCs exhibit strong adhesion affinity that is gradually decreased along the anteroposterior (AP) axis in mouse embryonic spinal cord and human cellular models. Strong cell-cell adhesion causes collective migration, allowing AP alignment of NPCs depending on their birthdate. We further validated that this axial adhesion gradient is associated with the extracellular matrix and is under the control of graded Wnt signaling emanating from tail buds and antagonistic retinoic acid (RA) signaling. These results suggest that progressive reduction of NPC adhesion along the AP axis is under the control of Wnt-RA molecular networks, which is essential for a proper elongation of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed R Shaker
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Si-Hyung Park
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Joo Yeon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jong Wan Son
- Division of Quantum Phases and Devices, Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Bae Ho Park
- Division of Quantum Phases and Devices, Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Im Joo Rhyu
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
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10
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Roh SY, Kim JY, Cha HK, Lim HY, Park Y, Lee KN, Shim J, Choi JI, Kim YH, Son GH. Molecular Signatures of Sinus Node Dysfunction Induce Structural Remodeling in the Right Atrial Tissue. Mol Cells 2020; 43:408-418. [PMID: 32235021 PMCID: PMC7191046 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The sinus node (SN) is located at the apex of the cardiac conduction system, and SN dysfunction (SND)-characterized by electrical remodeling-is generally attributed to idiopathic fibrosis or ischemic injuries in the SN. SND is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disorders, including syncope, heart failure, and atrial arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation. One of the histological SND hallmarks is degenerative atrial remodeling that is associated with conduction abnormalities and increased right atrial refractoriness. Although SND is frequently accompanied by increased fibrosis in the right atrium (RA), its molecular basis still remains elusive. Therefore, we investigated whether SND can induce significant molecular changes that account for the structural remodeling of RA. Towards this, we employed a rabbit model of experimental SND, and then compared the genome-wide RNA expression profiles in RA between SND-induced rabbits and sham-operated controls to identify the differentially expressed transcripts. The accompanying gene enrichment analysis revealed extensive pro-fibrotic changes within 7 days after the SN ablation, including activation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling and alterations in the levels of extracellular matrix components and their regulators. Importantly, our findings suggest that periostin, a matricellular factor that regulates the development of cardiac tissue, might play a key role in mediating TGF-β-signaling-induced aberrant atrial remodeling. In conclusion, the present study provides valuable information regarding the molecular signatures underlying SND-induced atrial remodeling, and indicates that periostin can be potentially used in the diagnosis of fibroproliferative cardiac dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Young Roh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine and Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 0841, Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Hyo Kyeong Cha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 0841, Korea
| | - Hye Young Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 0841, Korea
| | - Youngran Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 0841, Korea
| | - Kwang-No Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine and Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jaemin Shim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine and Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jong-Il Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine and Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine and Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 0841, Korea
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 0281, Korea
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11
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Yun S, Lee EJ, Choe HK, Son GH, Kim K, Chung S. Programming effects of maternal stress on the circadian system of adult offspring. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:473-484. [PMID: 32161397 PMCID: PMC7156466 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0398-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal stress has long-lasting influences on the brain functions of offspring, and several brain regions have been proposed to mediate such programming. Although perinatal programming of crosstalk between the circadian and stress systems has been proposed, the functional consequences of prenatal stress on the circadian system and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated whether exposing pregnant mice to chronic restraint stress had prolonged effects on the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which bears the central pacemaker for mammalian circadian rhythms, of offspring. SCN explants from maternally stressed mice exhibited altered cyclic expression patterns of a luciferase reporter under control of the mouse Per1 promoter (mPer1::LUC), which manifested as a decreased amplitude and impaired stability of the rhythm. Bioluminescence imaging at the single-cell level subsequently revealed that impaired synchrony among individual cells was responsible for the impaired rhythmicity. These intrinsic defects appeared to persist during adulthood. Adult male offspring from stressed mothers showed advanced-phase behavioral rhythms with impaired stability as well as altered clock gene expression in the SCN. In addition to affecting the central rhythm, maternal stress also had prolonged influences on the circadian characteristics of the adrenal gland and liver, as determined by circulating corticosterone levels and hepatic glycogen content, and on canonical clock gene mRNA expression in those tissues. Taken together, our findings suggest that the SCN is a key target of the programming effects of maternal stress. The widespread effects of circadian disruptions caused by a misprogrammed clock may have further impacts on metabolic and mental health in later life. When pregnant mothers are stressed, the fetus’s circadian rhythms are reprogrammed, increasing the risk of health complications later in life. Stress during pregnancy was known to negatively affect the fetus, but how it affected circadian rhythms (day/night patterns of alertness) was poorly understood. Kyungjin Kim (Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology) and Sooyoung Chung (Ewha Womans University, Seoul), both in South Korea, and co-workers stressed pregnant mice by confining them in small tubes, then measured the effects on their offspring. Pups of stressed mothers showed disturbed circadian rhythms, and the effects persisted into adulthood. Further analysis showed that the rhythms were disrupted because individual cells in the key brain region regulating circadian rhythms were poorly synchronized. These results suggest potential treatments to counteract the negative effects of prenatal stress on circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongsik Yun
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Han Kyoung Choe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Korea.
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea.
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12
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Kim D, Jang S, Kim J, Park I, Ku K, Choi M, Lee S, Heo WD, Son GH, Choe HK, Kim K. Kisspeptin Neuron-Specific and Self-Sustained Calcium Oscillation in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus of Neonatal Mice: Regulatory Factors of its Synchronization. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:1010-1027. [PMID: 31935735 PMCID: PMC7592953 DOI: 10.1159/000505922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synchronous and pulsatile neural activation of kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARN) are important components of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator, the final common pathway for central regulation of mammalian reproduction. However, whether ARN kisspeptin neurons can intrinsically generate self-sustained synchronous oscillations from the early neonatal period and how they are regulated remain unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the endogenous rhythmicity of ARN kisspeptin neurons and its neural regulation using a neonatal organotypic slice culture model. METHODS We monitored calcium (Ca2+) dynamics in real-time from individual ARN kisspeptin neurons in neonatal organotypic explant cultures of Kiss1-IRES-Cre mice transduced with genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators. Pharmacological approaches were employed to determine the regulations of kisspeptin neuron-specific Ca2+ oscillations. A chemogenetic approach was utilized to assess the contribution of ARN kisspeptin neurons to the population dynamics. RESULTS ARN kisspeptin neurons in neonatal organotypic cultures exhibited a robust synchronized Ca2+ oscillation with a period of approximately 3 min. Kisspeptin neuron-specific Ca2+ oscillations were dependent on voltage-gated sodium channels and regulated by endoplasmic reticulum-dependent Ca2+ homeostasis. Chemogenetic inhibition of kisspeptin neurons abolished synchronous Ca2+ oscillations, but the autocrine actions of the neuropeptides were marginally effective. Finally, neonatal ARN kisspeptin neurons were regulated by N-methyl-D-aspartate and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-mediated neurotransmission. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that ARN kisspeptin neurons in organotypic cultures can generate synchronized and self-sustained Ca2+ oscillations. These oscillations controlled by multiple regulators within the ARN are a novel ultradian rhythm generator that is active during the early neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyeon Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Jang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongah Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Inah Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyojin Ku
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijung Choi
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukwon Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Do Heo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Kyoung Choe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea,
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13
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Sanderson TM, Bradley CA, Georgiou J, Hong YH, Ng AN, Lee Y, Kim HD, Kim D, Amici M, Son GH, Zhuo M, Kim K, Kaang BK, Kim SJ, Collingridge GL. The Probability of Neurotransmitter Release Governs AMPA Receptor Trafficking via Activity-Dependent Regulation of mGluR1 Surface Expression. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3631-3646.e3. [PMID: 30590038 PMCID: PMC6315206 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A major mechanism contributing to synaptic plasticity involves alterations in the number of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) expressed at synapses. Hippocampal CA1 synapses, where this process has been most extensively studied, are highly heterogeneous with respect to their probability of neurotransmitter release, P(r). It is unknown whether there is any relationship between the extent of plasticity-related AMPAR trafficking and the initial P(r) of a synapse. To address this question, we induced metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) dependent long-term depression (mGluR-LTD) and assessed AMPAR trafficking and P(r) at individual synapses, using SEP-GluA2 and FM4-64, respectively. We found that either pharmacological or synaptic activation of mGluR1 reduced synaptic SEP-GluA2 in a manner that depends upon P(r); this process involved an activity-dependent reduction in surface mGluR1 that selectively protects high-P(r) synapses from synaptic weakening. Consequently, the extent of postsynaptic plasticity can be pre-tuned by presynaptic activity. AMPAR trafficking can be influenced by the probability of glutamate release, P(r) High-P(r) synapses are protected from weakening induced by mGluR1 Theta burst stimulation causes downregulation of mGluR1 at high-P(r) synapses Consequently, postsynaptic plasticity can be pre-tuned by presynaptic activity
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Sanderson
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-746, Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yeongeon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea; School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Clarrisa A Bradley
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-746, Korea; Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John Georgiou
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Yun Hwa Hong
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yeongeon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea; Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28, Yeongeon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Ai Na Ng
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Yeseul Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-746, Korea; School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Hee-Dae Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, and Korea Brain Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41068, Korea
| | - Doyeon Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, and Korea Brain Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41068, Korea
| | - Mascia Amici
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Zhuo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-746, Korea; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Building 504, Room 202, 599 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu 151-747, Seoul, Korea; Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, and Korea Brain Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41068, Korea
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-746, Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Building 504, Room 202, 599 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu 151-747, Seoul, Korea; Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-746, Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yeongeon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea; Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28, Yeongeon-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea.
| | - Graham L Collingridge
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-746, Korea; School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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14
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Cha HK, Lim HY, Chung S, Jung JW, Son GH. The novel cryptochrome (CRY) inhibitors enhance molecular circadian rhythmicity and ameliorate food-induced obesity. IBRO Rep 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.07.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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15
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Lee E, Kim HJ, Shaker MR, Ryu JR, Ham MS, Seo SH, Kim DH, Lee K, Jung N, Choe Y, Son GH, Rhyu IJ, Kim H, Sun W. High-Performance Acellular Tissue Scaffold Combined with Hydrogel Polymers for Regenerative Medicine. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3462-3474. [PMID: 33405730 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Decellularization of tissues provides extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds for regeneration therapy and an experimental model to understand ECM and cellular interactions. However, decellularization often causes microstructure disintegration and reduction of physical strength, which greatly limits the use of this technique in soft organs or in applications that require maintenance of physical strength. Here, we present a new tissue decellularization procedure, namely CASPER (Clinically and Experimentally Applicable Acellular Tissue Scaffold Production for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine), which includes infusion and hydrogel polymerization steps prior to robust chemical decellularization treatments. Polymerized hydrogels serve to prevent excessive damage to the ECM while maintaining the sophisticated structures and biological activities of ECM components in various organs, including soft tissues such as brains and embryos. CASPERized tissues were successfully recellularized to stimulate a tissue-regeneration-like process after implantation without signs of pathological inflammation or fibrosis in vivo, suggesting that CASPERized tissues can be used for monitoring cell-ECM interactions and for surrogate organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsoo Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammed R Shaker
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ryun Ryu
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seok Ham
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hong Seo
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Dermatology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lee
- Logos Biosystems, Inc., Anyang-si, Gyunggi-do 431-755, Republic of Korea
| | - Neoncheol Jung
- Logos Biosystems, Inc., Anyang-si, Gyunggi-do 431-755, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngshik Choe
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Legal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Im Joo Rhyu
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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16
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Yun S, Reyes-Alcaraz A, Lee YN, Yong HJ, Choi J, Ham BJ, Sohn JW, Kim DH, Son GH, Kim H, Kwon SG, Kim DS, Kim BC, Hwang JI, Seong JY. Spexin-Based Galanin Receptor Type 2 Agonist for Comorbid Mood Disorders and Abnormal Body Weight. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:391. [PMID: 31057364 PMCID: PMC6482256 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the established comorbidity between mood disorders and abnormal eating behaviors, the underlying molecular mechanism and therapeutics remain to be resolved. Here, we show that a spexin-based galanin receptor type 2 agonist (SG2A) simultaneously normalized mood behaviors and body weight in corticosterone pellet-implanted (CORTI) mice, which are underweight and exhibit signs of anhedonia, increased anxiety, and depression. Administration of SG2A into the lateral ventricle produced antidepressive and anxiolytic effects in CORTI mice. Additionally, SG2A led to a recovery of body weight in CORTI mice while it induced significant weight loss in normal mice. In Pavlovian fear-conditioned mice, SG2A decreased contextual and auditory fear memory consolidation but accelerated the extinction of acquired fear memory without altering innate fear and recognition memory. The main action sites of SG2A in the brain may include serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus for mood control, and proopiomelanocortin/corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the hypothalamus for appetite and body weight control. Furthermore, intranasal administration of SG2A exerted the same anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects and decreased food intake and body weight in a dose-dependent manner. Altogether, these results indicate that SG2A holds promise as a clinical treatment for patients with comorbid mood disorders and abnormal appetite/body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongsik Yun
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Yoo-Na Lee
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Yong
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeewon Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Ham
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Woo Sohn
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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17
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Kim SH, Seo M, Hwang H, Moon DM, Son GH, Kim K, Rhim H. Physical and Functional Interaction between 5-HT 6 Receptor and Nova-1. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:17-29. [PMID: 30853821 PMCID: PMC6401546 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
5-HT6 receptor (5-HT6R) is implicated in cognitive dysfunction, mood disorder, psychosis, and eating disorders. However, despite its significant role in regulating the brain functions, regulation of 5-HT6R at the molecular level is poorly understood. Here, using yeast two-hybrid assay, we found that human 5-HT6R directly binds to neuro-oncological ventral antigen 1 (Nova-1), a brain-enriched splicing regulator. The interaction between 5-HT6R and Nova-1 was confirmed using GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays in cell lines and rat brain. The splicing activity of Nova-1 was decreased upon overexpression of 5-HT6R, which was examined by detecting the spliced intermediates of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a known pre-mRNA target of Nova-1, using RT-PCR. In addition, overexpression of 5-HT6R induced the translocation of Nova-1 from the nucleus to cytoplasm, resulting in the reduced splicing activity of Nova-1. In contrast, overexpression of Nova-1 reduced the activity and the total protein levels of 5-HT6R. Taken together, these results indicate that when the expression levels of 5-HT6R or Nova-1 protein are not properly regulated, it may also deteriorate the function of the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Hee Kim
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Misun Seo
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Hongik Hwang
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Dong-Min Moon
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
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18
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Cha HK, Chung S, Lim HY, Jung JW, Son GH. Small Molecule Modulators of the Circadian Molecular Clock With Implications for Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 11:496. [PMID: 30718998 PMCID: PMC6348269 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms regulate many biological processes and play fundamental roles in behavior, physiology, and metabolism. Such periodicity is critical for homeostasis because disruption or misalignment of the intrinsic rhythms is associated with the onset and progression of various human diseases and often directly leads to pathological states. Since the first identification of mammalian circadian clock genes, numerous genetic and biochemical studies have revealed the molecular basis of these cell-autonomous and self-sustainable rhythms. Specifically, these rhythms are generated by two interlocking transcription/translation feedback loops of clock proteins. As our understanding of these underlying mechanisms and their functional outputs has expanded, strategies have emerged to pharmacologically control the circadian molecular clock. Small molecules that target the molecular clock may present novel therapeutic strategies to treat chronic circadian rhythm-related diseases. These pharmaceutical approaches may include the development of new drugs to treat circadian clock-related disorders or combinational use with existing therapeutic strategies to improve efficacy via intrinsic clock-dependent mechanisms. Importantly, circadian rhythm disruptions correlate with, and often precede, many symptoms of various neuropsychiatric disorders such as sleep disorders, affective disorders, addiction-related disorders, and neurodegeneration. In this mini-review, we focus on recent discoveries of small molecules that pharmacologically modulate the core components of the circadian clock and their potential as preventive and/or therapeutic strategies for circadian clock-related neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Kyeong Cha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Young Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Wha Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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19
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Roh E, Park JW, Kang GM, Lee CH, Dugu H, Gil SY, Song DK, Kim HJ, Son GH, Yu R, Kim MS. Exogenous nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide regulates energy metabolism via hypothalamic connexin 43. Metabolism 2018; 88:51-60. [PMID: 30179604 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 is an important regulator of hypothalamic neuronal function. Thus, an adequate hypothalamic NAD content is critical for maintaining normal energy homeostasis. METHODS We investigated whether NAD supplementation increases hypothalamic NAD levels and affects energy metabolism in mice. Furthermore, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the effects of exogenous NAD on central metabolism upon entering the hypothalamus. RESULTS Central and peripheral NAD administration suppressed fasting-induced hyperphagia and weight gain in mice. Extracellular NAD was imported into N1 hypothalamic neuronal cells in a connexin 43-dependent and CD73-independent manner. Consistent with the in vitro data, inhibition of hypothalamic connexin 43 blocked hypothalamic NAD uptake and NAD-induced anorexia. Exogenous NAD suppressed NPY and AgRP transcriptional activity, which was mediated by SIRT1 and FOXO1. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous NAD is effectively transported to the hypothalamus via a connexin 43-dependent mechanism and increases hypothalamic NAD content. Therefore, NAD supplementation is a potential therapeutic method for metabolic disorders characterized by hypothalamic NAD depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Roh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woo Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil Myoung Kang
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Dugu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Gil
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyeong Song
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Rina Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Roh E, Myoung Kang G, Young Gil S, Hee Lee C, Kim S, Hong D, Hoon Son G, Kim MS. Effects of Chronic NAD Supplementation on Energy Metabolism and Diurnal Rhythm in Obese Mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:1448-1456. [PMID: 30230244 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adequate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) content in hypothalamic neurons is critical for the maintenance of normal energy balance and circadian rhythm. In this study, the beneficial metabolic effects of chronic NAD supplementation on diet-induced obesity and obesity-related disruption of diurnal rhythms were examined. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks and received an intraperitoneal injection of either saline or NAD (1 mg/kg/day) for the last 4 weeks. The control mice were fed a chow diet and injected with saline for the same period. Body weights were monitored daily. Daily rhythms of food intake, energy expenditure, and locomotor activity were measured at the end of NAD treatment. The effect of NAD treatment on the clock gene Period 1 (PER1) transcription was also studied. RESULTS Chronic NAD supplementation significantly attenuated weight gain in HFD-fed obese mice. Furthermore, NAD treatment recovered the suppressed rhythms in the diurnal locomotor activity patterns in obese mice. In addition, exogenous NAD supply rescued cellular NAD depletion-induced suppression of PER1 transcriptional activity in hypothalamic neuron cells as well as blunted daily fluctuations of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus PER1 expression in obese mice. CONCLUSIONS NAD supplementation showed therapeutic effects in obese mice with altered diurnal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Roh
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gil Myoung Kang
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Young Gil
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seongjun Kim
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dugu Hong
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Appetite Regulation Laboratory, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Kim J, Jang S, Choi M, Chung S, Choe Y, Choe HK, Son GH, Rhee K, Kim K. Abrogation of the Circadian Nuclear Receptor REV-ERBα Exacerbates 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration. Mol Cells 2018; 41:742-752. [PMID: 30078232 PMCID: PMC6125424 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons, particularly in the substantia nigra (SN). Although circadian dysfunction has been suggested as one of the pathophysiological risk factors for PD, the exact molecular link between the circadian clock and PD remains largely unclear. We have recently demonstrated that REV-ERBα, a circadian nuclear receptor, serves as a key molecular link between the circadian and DAergic systems. It competitively cooperates with NURR1, another nuclear receptor required for the optimal development and function of DA neurons, to control DAergic gene transcription. Considering our previous findings, we hypothesize that REV-ERBα may have a role in the onset and/or progression of PD. In the present study, we therefore aimed to elucidate whether genetic abrogation of REV-ERBα affects PD-related phenotypes in a mouse model of PD produced by a unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the dorsal striatum. REV-ERBα deficiency significantly exacerbated 6-OHDA-induced motor deficits as well as DAergic neuronal loss in the vertebral midbrain including the SN and the ventral tegmental area. The exacerbated DAergic degeneration likely involves neuroinflammation-mediated neurotoxicity. The Rev-erbα knockout mice showed prolonged microglial activation in the SN along with the overproduction of interleukin 1β, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, in response to 6-OHDA. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates for the first time that genetic abrogation of REV-ERBα can increase vulnerability of DAergic neurons to neurotoxic insults, such as 6-OHDA, thereby implying that its normal function may be beneficial for maintaining DAergic neuron populations during PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongah Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Sangwon Jang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Korea
| | - Mijung Choi
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760,
Korea
| | - Youngshik Choe
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41068,
Korea
| | - Han Kyoung Choe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Korea
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41068,
Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
| | - Kunsoo Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Korea
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41068,
Korea
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22
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Jang J, Chung S, Choi Y, Lim HY, Son Y, Chun SK, Son GH, Kim K, Suh YG, Jung JW. The cryptochrome inhibitor KS15 enhances E-box-mediated transcription by disrupting the feedback action of a circadian transcription-repressor complex. Life Sci 2018; 200:49-55. [PMID: 29534992 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We have previously identified a chemical scaffold possessing 2-ethoxypropanoic acid (designated as KS15) that directly binds to the C-terminal region of cryptochromes (CRYs: CRY1 and CRY2) and enhances E-box-mediated transcription. However, it is still unclear how KS15 impairs the feedback actions of the CRYs and which chemical moieties are functionally important for its actions. MAIN METHODS The E-box-mediated transcriptional activities were mainly used to examine the effects of KS15 and its derivatives. Co-immunoprecipitation assays accompanied by immunoblotting were employed to monitor protein-protein associations. We also examined the effects of KS15 and selected derivatives on circadian molecular rhythms in cultured cells. KEY FINDINGS The present study shows that KS15 inhibits the interaction between CRYs and Brain-Muscle-Arnt-Like protein 1 (BMAL1), thereby impairing the feedback actions of CRYs on E-box-dependent transcription by CLOCK:BMAL1 heterodimer, an indispensable transcriptional regulator of the mammalian circadian clock. Subsequent structure-activity relationship analyses using a well-designed panel of derivatives identified the structural requirements for the effects of KS15 on CRY-evoked regulation of E-box-mediated transcription. We found that KS15 and several derivatives significantly reduce the amplitude and delayed the phase of molecular circadian rhythms in fibroblast cultures. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, our results provide valuable information on the molecular mode-of-action as well as the chemical components of the CRYs inhibitor that pharmacologically impact on the transcriptional activity of the CLOCK:BMAL1 heterodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaebong Jang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youjeong Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Young Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongeon Son
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kook Chun
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea; Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea; Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ger Suh
- College of Pharmacy, Cha University, Pochen, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Wha Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Adrenal glucocorticoids (GCs) control a wide range of physiological processes, including metabolism, cardiovascular and pulmonary activities, immune and inflammatory responses, and various brain functions. During stress responses, GCs are secreted through activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, whereas circulating GC levels in unstressed states follow a robust circadian oscillation with a peak around the onset of the active period of a day. A recent advance in chronobiological research has revealed that multiple regulatory mechanisms, along with classical neuroendocrine regulation, underlie this GC circadian rhythm. The hierarchically organized circadian system, with a central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and local oscillators in peripheral tissues, including the adrenal gland, mediates periodicities in physiological processes in mammals. In this review, we primarily focus on our understanding of the circadian regulation of adrenal GC rhythm, with particular attention to the cooperative actions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus central and adrenal local clocks, and the clinical implications of this rhythm in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Kyeong Cha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea.,Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
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Park JH, Kim YH, Ham CS, Shin SE, Lee HJ, Ko KS, Choi J, Son GH, Park SH. Molecular identification of forensically important calliphoridae and sarcophagidae species using ITS2 nucleotide sequences. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 284:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kim J, Jang S, Choe HK, Chung S, Son GH, Kim K. Implications of Circadian Rhythm in Dopamine and Mood Regulation. Mol Cells 2017; 40:450-456. [PMID: 28780783 PMCID: PMC5547214 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian physiology and behavior are regulated by an internal time-keeping system, referred to as circadian rhythm. The circadian timing system has a hierarchical organization composed of the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and local clocks in extra-SCN brain regions and peripheral organs. The circadian clock molecular mechanism involves a network of transcription-translation feedback loops. In addition to the clinical association between circadian rhythm disruption and mood disorders, recent studies have suggested a molecular link between mood regulation and circadian rhythm. Specifically, genetic deletion of the circadian nuclear receptor Rev-erbα induces mania-like behavior caused by increased midbrain dopaminergic (DAergic) tone at dusk. The association between circadian rhythm and emotion-related behaviors can be applied to pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson's disease (PD), DAergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta progressively degenerate leading to motor dysfunction. Patients with PD also exhibit non-motor symptoms, including sleep disorder and neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, it is important to understand the mechanisms that link the molecular circadian clock and brain machinery in the regulation of emotional behaviors and related midbrain DAergic neuronal circuits in healthy and pathological states. This review summarizes the current literature regarding the association between circadian rhythm and mood regulation from a chronobiological perspective, and may provide insight into therapeutic approaches to target psychiatric symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases involving circadian rhythm dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongah Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Sangwon Jang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Korea
| | - Han Kyoung Choe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760,
Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02473,
Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988,
Korea
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41068,
Korea
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Kim JY, Kim Y, Cha HK, Lim HY, Kim H, Chung S, Hwang JJ, Park SH, Son GH. Cell Death-Associated Ribosomal RNA Cleavage in Postmortem Tissues and Its Forensic Applications. Mol Cells 2017; 40:410-417. [PMID: 28614917 PMCID: PMC5523017 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimation of postmortem interval (PMI) is a key issue in the field of forensic pathology. With the availability of quantitative analysis of RNA levels in postmortem tissues, several studies have assessed the postmortem degradation of constitutively expressed RNA species to estimate PMI. However, conventional RNA quantification as well as biochemical and physiological changes employed thus far have limitations related to standardization or normalization. The present study focuses on an interesting feature of the subdomains of certain RNA species, in which they are site-specifically cleaved during apoptotic cell death. We found that the D8 divergent domain of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) bearing cell death-related cleavage sites was rapidly removed during postmortem RNA degradation. In contrast to the fragile domain, the 5' terminal region of 28S rRNA was remarkably stable during the postmortem period. Importantly, the differences in the degradation rates between the two domains in mammalian 28S rRNA were highly proportional to increasing PMI with a significant linear correlation observed in mice as well as human autopsy tissues. In conclusion, we demonstrate that comparison of the degradation rates between domains of a single RNA species provides quantitative information on postmortem degradation states, which can be applied for the estimation of PMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
| | - Yunmi Kim
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
| | - Hyo Kyeong Cha
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
| | - Hye Young Lim
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
| | - Hyungsub Kim
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760,
Korea
| | - Juck-Joon Hwang
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Park
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841,
Korea
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Chung S, Lee EJ, Cha HK, Kim J, Kim D, Son GH, Kim K. Cooperative roles of the suprachiasmatic nucleus central clock and the adrenal clock in controlling circadian glucocorticoid rhythm. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46404. [PMID: 28401917 PMCID: PMC5388859 DOI: 10.1038/srep46404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian circadian timing system consists of the central clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and subsidiary peripheral clocks in other tissues. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are adrenal steroid hormones with widespread physiological effects that undergo daily oscillations. We previously demonstrated that the adrenal peripheral clock plays a pivotal role in circadian GC rhythm by driving cyclic GC biosynthesis. Here, we show that the daily rhythm in circulating GC levels is controlled by bimodal actions of central and adrenal clockwork. When mice were subjected to daytime restricted feeding to uncouple central and peripheral rhythms, adrenal GC contents and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression peaked around zeitgeber time 00 (ZT00), consistent with shifted adrenal clock gene expression. However, restricted feeding produced two distinct peaks in plasma GC levels: one related to adrenal GC content and the other around ZT12, which required an intact SCN. Light pulse-evoked activation of the SCN increased circulating GC levels in both wild-type and adrenal clock-disrupted mutant mice without marked induction of GC biosynthesis. In conclusion, we demonstrate that adrenal clock-dependent steroidogenesis and a SCN-driven central mechanism regulating GC release cooperate to produce daily circulatory GC rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science &Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea.,Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyo Kyeong Cha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeongah Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science &Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Doyeon Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science &Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science &Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea.,Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, Korea
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Moon JH, Cho CH, Son GH, Geum D, Chung S, Kim H, Kang SG, Park YM, Yoon HK, Kim L, Jee HJ, An H, Kripke DF, Lee HJ. Advanced Circadian Phase in Mania and Delayed Circadian Phase in Mixed Mania and Depression Returned to Normal after Treatment of Bipolar Disorder. EBioMedicine 2016; 11:285-295. [PMID: 27543154 PMCID: PMC5049992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in circadian rhythms have been suggested as a possible cause of bipolar disorder (BD). Included in this study were 31 mood episodes of 26 BD patients, and 18 controls. Circadian rhythms of BD were evaluated at admission, at 2-week intervals during hospitalization, and at discharge. All participants wore wrist actigraphs during the studies. Saliva and buccal cells were obtained at 8:00, 11:00, 15:00, 19:00, and 23:00 for two consecutive days. Collected saliva and buccal cells were used for analysis of the cortisol and gene circadian rhythm, respectively. Circadian rhythms had different phases during acute mood episodes of BD compared to recovered states. In 23 acute manic episodes, circadian phases were ~ 7 hour advanced (equivalent to ~ 17 hour delayed). Phases of 21 out of these 23 cases returned to normal by ~ 7 hour delay along with treatment, but two out of 23 cases returned to normal by ~ 17 hour advance. In three cases of mixed manic episodes, the phases were ~ 6–7 hour delayed. For five cases of depressive episodes, circadian rhythms phases were ~ 4–5 hour delayed. After treatment, circadian phases resembled those of healthy controls. Circadian misalignment due to circadian rhythm phase shifts might be a pathophysiological mechanism of BD. Bipolar disorder in acute mood episodes showed circadian dysregulation due to phase shifts which returned to normal after treatment. Acute manias were ~ 7 h circadian phase advanced, mixed manias were > 6 h delayed, whereas depressions were 4-5 h delayed compared to the controls. Circadian dysregulation due circadian rhythm phase shifts might be a pathophysiological mechanism of bipolar disorder.
Bipolar disorder is a common mental disorder characterized by mood disturbances with alternating episodes of mania and depression. Circadian rhythms are rhythms of about 24 h found in many body functions. We repeatedly measured circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder patients during hospitalization. Acute manic episodes were associated with circadian dysregulation of ~ 7 hour phase advances, mixed manias were > 6 hour delayed, whereas bipolar depression was associated with 4–5 hour phase delays compared to the controls. After treatment, the shifted rhythms recovered to the normal range. This study suggests that novel chronotherapy approaches based on our findings might be found useful for the prevention and treatment of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joung-Ho Moon
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Korea Univ. College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Korea Univ. College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul-Hyun Cho
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Korea Univ. College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Dept. of Legal Medicine, Korea Univ. College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Dongho Geum
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Korea Univ. College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Science, Ewha Womans Univ., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Dept. of Anatomy, Korea Univ. College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Gul Kang
- Dept. of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Gachon Univ., Incheon, South Korea
| | - Young-Min Park
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Inje Univ. College of Medicine, Ilsan, South Korea
| | - Ho-Kyoung Yoon
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Korea Univ. College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Leen Kim
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Korea Univ. College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Jee
- Dept. of Biostatistics, Korea Univ. College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyonggin An
- Dept. of Biostatistics, Korea Univ. College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daniel F Kripke
- Dept. of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Heon-Jeong Lee
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Korea Univ. College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Korea Univ. College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Reyes-Alcaraz A, Lee YN, Son GH, Kim NH, Kim DK, Yun S, Kim DH, Hwang JI, Seong JY. Development of Spexin-based Human Galanin Receptor Type II-Specific Agonists with Increased Stability in Serum and Anxiolytic Effect in Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21453. [PMID: 26907960 PMCID: PMC4764904 DOI: 10.1038/srep21453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel neuropeptide spexin (SPX) was discovered to activate galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) and 3 (GALR3) but not galanin receptor 1 (GALR1). Although GALR2 is known to display a function, particularly in anxiety, depression, and appetite regulation, the further determination of its function would benefit from a more stable and selective agonist that acts only at GALR2. In the present study, we developed a GALR2-specific agonist with increased stability in serum. As galanin (GAL) showed a low affinity to GALR3, the residues in SPX were replaced with those in GAL, revealing that particular mutations such as Gln5 → Asn, Met7 → Ala, Lys11 → Phe, and Ala13 → Pro significantly decreased potencies toward GALR3 but not toward GALR2. Quadruple (Qu) mutation of these residues still retained potency to GALR2 but totally abolished the potency to both GALR3 and GALR1. The first amino acid modifications or D-Asn1 substitution significantly increased the stability when they are incubated in 100% fetal bovine serum. Intracerebroventricular administration of the mutant peptide with D-Asn1 and quadruple substitution (dN1-Qu) exhibited an anxiolytic effect in mice. Taken together, the GALR2-specific agonist with increased stability can greatly help delineation of GALR2-mediated functions and be very useful for treatments of anxiety disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoo-Na Lee
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsik Yun
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Lee J, Lee S, Chung S, Park N, Son GH, An H, Jang J, Chang DJ, Suh YG, Kim K. Identification of a novel circadian clock modulator controlling BMAL1 expression through a ROR/REV-ERB-response element-dependent mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 469:580-6. [PMID: 26692477 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms, biological oscillations with a period of about 24 h, are maintained by an innate genetically determined time-keeping system called the molecular circadian clockwork. Despite the physiological and clinical importance of the circadian clock, development of small molecule modulators targeting the core clock machinery has only recently been initiated. BMAL1, a core clock gene, is controlled by a ROR/REV-ERB-response element (RORE)-dependent mechanism, which plays an important role in stabilizing the period of the molecular circadian clock. Therefore, we aimed to identify a novel small molecule modulator that regulates Bmal1 gene expression in RORE-dependency, thereby influencing the molecular feedback loop of the circadian clock. For this purpose, we carried out a cell-based screen of more than 1000 drug-like compounds, using a luciferase reporter driven by the proximal region of the mouse Bmal1 promoter. One compound, designated KK-S6, repressed the RORE-dependent transcriptional activity of the mBmal1 promoter and reduced endogenous BMAL1 protein expression. More importantly, KK-S6 significantly altered the amplitude of circadian oscillations of Bmal1 and Per2 promoter activities in a dose-dependent manner, but barely affected the period length. KK-S6 effectively decreased mRNA expression of metabolic genes acting downstream of REV-ERBα, Pai-1 and Citrate synthase, that contain RORE cis-element in their promoter. KK-S6 likely acts in a RORE-dependent manner by reinforcing the REV-ERBα activity, though not by the same mechanism as known REV-ERB agonists. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that KK-S6 functions as a novel modulator of the amplitude of molecular circadian rhythms by influencing RORE-mediated BMAL1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seungbeom Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Noheon Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hongchan An
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaebong Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Jo Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Young-Ger Suh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea.
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Son GH, Chung S, Ramirez VD, Kim K. Pharmacological Modulators of Molecular Clock and their Therapeutic Potentials in Circadian Rhythm-Related Diseases. Med Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.4172/2161-0444.1000421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chun SK, Chung S, Kim HD, Lee JH, Jang J, Kim J, Kim D, Son GH, Oh YJ, Suh YG, Lee CS, Kim K. A synthetic cryptochrome inhibitor induces anti-proliferative effects and increases chemosensitivity in human breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:441-6. [PMID: 26407844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of circadian rhythm is a major cause of breast cancer in humans. Cryptochrome (CRY), a circadian transcription factor, is a risk factor for initiation of breast cancer, and it is differentially expressed between normal and breast cancer tissues. Here, we evaluated the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activity of KS15, a recently discovered small-molecule inhibitor of CRY, in human breast cancer cells. First, we investigated whether KS15 treatment could promote E-box-mediated transcription by inhibiting the activity of CRY in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Protein and mRNA levels of regulators of cell cycle and apoptosis, as well as core clock genes, were differentially modulated in response to KS15. Next, we investigated whether KS15 could inhibit proliferation and increase sensitivity to anti-tumor drugs in MCF-7 cells. We found that KS15 decreased the speed of cell growth and increased the chemosensitivity of MCF-7 cells to doxorubicin and tamoxifen, but had no effect on MCF-10A cells. These findings suggested that pharmacological inhibition of CRY by KS15 exerts an anti-proliferative effect and increases sensitivity to anti-tumor drugs in a specific type of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kook Chun
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu, 711-873, South Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, South Korea; Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, South Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-705, South Korea
| | - Hee-Dae Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, South Korea
| | - Ju Hyung Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Jaebong Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Jeongah Kim
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu, 711-873, South Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, South Korea; Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, South Korea
| | - Doyeon Kim
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu, 711-873, South Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, South Korea; Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, South Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 136-705, South Korea
| | - Young J Oh
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Young-Ger Suh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Cheol Soon Lee
- Gachon Clinical Trials Center, Gachon University, Incheon, 417-842, South Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu, 711-873, South Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, South Korea; Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, South Korea.
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Lee J, Chun SK, Son GH, Kim K. Sumoylation of Hes6 Regulates Protein Degradation and Hes1-Mediated Transcription. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2015; 30:381-8. [PMID: 26435136 PMCID: PMC4595364 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2015.30.3.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hes6 is a transcriptional regulator that induces transcriptional activation by binding to transcription repressor Hes1 and suppressing its activity. Hes6 is controlled by the ubiquitin-proteosome-mediated degradation system. Here we investigated the sumoylation of Hes6 and its functional role in its rhythmic expression. METHODS Hes6, SUMO, and ubiquitin were transfected into HeLa cells and the expression pattern was observed by Western blot and immunoprecipitation. To confirm the effect of sumoylation on the rhythmic expression of Hes6, we generated mouse Hes6 promoter-driven GFP-Hes6 fusion constructs and expressed these constructs in NIH 3T3 cells. RESULTS Overexpression of SUMO led to sumoylation of Hes6 at both lysine 27 and 30. Protein stability of Hes6 was decreased by sumoylation. Moreover, expression of a Hes6 sumoylation-defective mutant, the 2KR (K27/30R) mutant, or co-expression of SUMO protease SUSP1 with native Hes6, strongly reduced ubiquitination. In addition, sumoylation was associated with both the rhythmic expression and transcriptional regulation of Hes6. Wild type Hes6 showed oscillatory expression with about 2-hour periodicity, whereas the 2KR mutant displayed a longer period. Furthermore, sumoylation of Hes6 derepressed Hes1-induced transcriptional repression. CONCLUSION Hes6 sumoylation plays an important role in the regulation of its stability and Hes1-mediated transcription. These results suggest that sumoylation may be crucial for rhythmic expression of Hes6 and downstream target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University School of Biological Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Kook Chun
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University School of Biological Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Legal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University School of Biological Sciences, Seoul, Korea.
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Koo J, Choe HK, Kim HD, Chun SK, Son GH, Kim K. Effect of Mefloquine, a Gap Junction Blocker, on Circadian Period2 Gene Oscillation in the Mouse Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Ex Vivo. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2015; 30:361-70. [PMID: 25491783 PMCID: PMC4595362 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2015.30.3.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mammals, the master circadian pacemaker is localized in an area of the ventral hypothalamus known as the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Previous studies have shown that pacemaker neurons in the SCN are highly coupled to one another, and this coupling is crucial for intrinsic self-sustainability of the SCN central clock, which is distinguished from peripheral oscillators. One plausible mechanism underlying the intercellular communication may involve direct electrical connections mediated by gap junctions. METHODS We examined the effect of mefloquine, a neuronal gap junction blocker, on circadian Period 2 (Per2) gene oscillation in SCN slice cultures prepared from Per2::luciferase (PER2::LUC) knock-in mice using a real-time bioluminescence measurement system. RESULTS Administration of mefloquine causes instability in the pulse period and a slight reduction of amplitude in cyclic PER2::LUC expression. Blockade of gap junctions uncouples PER2::LUC-expressing cells, in terms of phase transition, which weakens synchrony among individual cellular rhythms. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that neuronal gap junctions play an important role in synchronizing the central pacemaker neurons and contribute to the distinct self-sustainability of the SCN master clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmi Koo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Brain Research Center for 21st Frontier Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Kyoung Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences and Brain Research Center for 21st Frontier Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Dae Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Brain Research Center for 21st Frontier Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Kook Chun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Brain Research Center for 21st Frontier Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biological Sciences and Brain Research Center for 21st Frontier Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Legal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences and Brain Research Center for 21st Frontier Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea.
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Chung S, Lee EJ, Yun S, Choe HK, Park SB, Son HJ, Kim KS, Dluzen DE, Lee I, Hwang O, Son GH, Kim K. Impact of circadian nuclear receptor REV-ERBα on midbrain dopamine production and mood regulation. Cell 2014; 157:858-68. [PMID: 24813609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The circadian nature of mood and its dysfunction in affective disorders is well recognized, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we show that the circadian nuclear receptor REV-ERBα, which is associated with bipolar disorder, impacts midbrain dopamine production and mood-related behavior in mice. Genetic deletion of the Rev-erbα gene or pharmacological inhibition of REV-ERBα activity in the ventral midbrain induced mania-like behavior in association with a central hyperdopaminergic state. Also, REV-ERBα repressed tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene transcription via competition with nuclear receptor-related 1 protein (NURR1), another nuclear receptor crucial for dopaminergic neuronal function, thereby driving circadian TH expression through a target-dependent antagonistic mechanism. In conclusion, we identified a molecular connection between the circadian timing system and mood regulation, suggesting that REV-ERBα could be targeting in the treatment of circadian rhythm-related affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyoung Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences and Brain Research Center for 21st Frontier Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Brain Research Center for 21st Frontier Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Seongsik Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Brain Research Center for 21st Frontier Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Han Kyoung Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences and Brain Research Center for 21st Frontier Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Seong-Beom Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Dean E Dluzen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Inah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Onyou Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Korea.
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Brain Research Center for 21st Frontier Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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Kim DK, Yun S, Son GH, Hwang JI, Park CR, Kim JI, Kim K, Vaudry H, Seong JY. Coevolution of the spexin/galanin/kisspeptin family: Spexin activates galanin receptor type II and III. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1864-73. [PMID: 24517231 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The novel neuropeptide spexin (SPX) was discovered using bioinformatics. The function of this peptide is currently under investigation. Here, we identified SPX along with a second SPX gene (SPX2) in vertebrate genomes. Syntenic analysis and relocating SPXs and their neighbor genes on reconstructed vertebrate ancestral chromosomes revealed that SPXs reside in the near vicinity of the kisspeptin (KISS) and galanin (GAL) family genes on the chromosomes. Alignment of mature peptide sequences showed some extent of sequence similarity among the 3 peptide groups. Gene structure analysis indicated that SPX is more closely related to GAL than KISS. These results suggest that the SPX, GAL, and KISS genes arose through local duplications before 2 rounds (2R) of whole-genome duplication. Receptors of KISS and GAL (GAL receptor [GALR]) are phylogenetically closest among rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors, and synteny revealed the presence of 3 distinct receptor families KISS receptor, GALR1, and GALR2/3 before 2R. A ligand-receptor interaction study showed that SPXs activate human, Xenopus, and zebrafish GALR2/3 family receptors but not GALR1, suggesting that SPXs are natural ligands for GALR2/3. Particularly, SPXs exhibited much higher potency toward GALR3 than GAL. Together, these results identify the coevolution of SPX/GAL/KISS ligand genes with their receptor genes. This study demonstrates the advantage of evolutionary genomics to explore the evolutionary relationship of a peptide gene family that arose before 2R by local duplications.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chromosome Mapping
- Databases, Nucleic Acid
- Databases, Protein
- Evolution, Molecular
- Galanin/chemistry
- Galanin/genetics
- Galanin/metabolism
- Gene Duplication
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Kisspeptins/chemistry
- Kisspeptins/genetics
- Kisspeptins/metabolism
- Ligands
- Neuropeptides/chemistry
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Peptide Hormones/chemistry
- Peptide Hormones/genetics
- Peptide Hormones/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Protein Isoforms/chemistry
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/agonists
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/chemistry
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/chemistry
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 3/agonists
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 3/chemistry
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 3/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Kisspeptin-1
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Synteny
- Zebrafish Proteins/chemistry
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kyu Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine (D.-K.K., S.Y., G.H.S., J.-I.H., C.R.P., J.Y.S.), Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Science (J.I.K.), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea; School of Biological Sciences (K.K.), Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; and Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (H.V.), Inserm U982, University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-St-Aignan, France
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Chun SK, Jang J, Chung S, Yun H, Kim NJ, Jung JW, Son GH, Suh YG, Kim K. Correction to Identification and Validation of Cryptochrome Inhibitors That Modulate the Molecular Circadian Clock. ACS Chem Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cb5002872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Chun SK, Jang J, Chung S, Yun H, Kim NJ, Jung JW, Son GH, Suh YG, Kim K. Identification and validation of cryptochrome inhibitors that modulate the molecular circadian clock. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:703-10. [PMID: 24387302 DOI: 10.1021/cb400752k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms, biological oscillations with a period of about 24 h, are maintained by a genetically determined innate time-keeping system called the molecular circadian clockwork. Despite the physiological and clinical importance of the circadian clock, the development of small molecule modulators that directly target the core clock machinery has only been recently initiated. In the present study, we aimed to identify novel small molecule modulators influencing the molecular feedback loop of the circadian clock by applying our two-step cell-based screening strategy based on E-box-mediated transcriptional activity to test more than 1000 drug-like compounds. A derivative of 2-ethoxypropanoic acid designated as compound 15 was selected as the most promising candidate in terms of both efficacy and potency. We then performed pull-down assays with the biotinylated compound and find out that both cryptochrome (CRY)1 and 2 (CRY1/2), key negative components of the mammalian circadian clock, as molecular targets of compound 15. In accordance with the binding property, compound 15 enhanced E-box-mediated transcription in a CRY1/2-dependent manner, and more importantly, it attenuated the circadian oscillation of Per2-Luc and Bmal1-dLuc activities in cultured fibroblasts, indicating that compound 15 can functionally inhibit the effects of CRY1/2 in the molecular circadian clockwork. In conclusion, the present study describes the first novel chemical inhibitor of CRY1/2 that inhibits the repressive function of CRY1/2, thereby activating CLOCK-BMAL1-evoked E-box-mediated transcription. Further optimizations and subsequent functional studies of this compound may lead to development of efficient therapeutic strategies for a variety of physiological and metabolic disorders with circadian natures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kook Chun
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Jaebong Jang
- College
of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Hwayoung Yun
- College
of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Nam-Jung Kim
- Department
of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro,
Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Jong-Wha Jung
- College
of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department
of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, 73
Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Young-Ger Suh
- College
of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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39
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Nam HJ, Boo K, Kim D, Han DH, Choe HK, Kim CR, Sun W, Kim H, Kim K, Lee H, Metzger E, Schuele R, Yoo SH, Takahashi JS, Cho S, Son GH, Baek SH. Phosphorylation of LSD1 by PKCα is crucial for circadian rhythmicity and phase resetting. Mol Cell 2014; 53:791-805. [PMID: 24582500 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock is a self-sustaining oscillator that controls daily rhythms. For the proper circadian gene expression, dynamic changes in chromatin structure are important. Although chromatin modifiers have been shown to play a role in circadian gene expression, the in vivo role of circadian signal-modulated chromatin modifiers at an organism level remains to be elucidated. Here, we provide evidence that the lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is phosphorylated by protein kinase Cα (PKCα) in a circadian manner and the phosphorylated LSD1 forms a complex with CLOCK:BMAL1 to facilitate E-box-mediated transcriptional activation. Knockin mice bearing phosphorylation-defective Lsd1(SA/SA) alleles exhibited altered circadian rhythms in locomotor behavior with attenuation of rhythmic expression of core clock genes and impaired phase resetting of circadian clock. These data demonstrate that LSD1 is a key component of the molecular circadian oscillator, which plays a pivotal role in rhythmicity and phase resetting of the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Nam
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Chromatin Dynamics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Kyungjin Boo
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Chromatin Dynamics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Dongha Kim
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Chromatin Dynamics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Han
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Han Kyoung Choe
- Brain Research Center for the 21st Frontier Program in Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Chang Rok Kim
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Chromatin Dynamics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, South Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Brain Research Center for the 21st Frontier Program in Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Division of Basic and Applied Sciences, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, South Korea
| | - Eric Metzger
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, DKTK Standort Freiburg, BIOSS Centre of Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Schuele
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, DKTK Standort Freiburg, BIOSS Centre of Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Seung-Hee Yoo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sehyung Cho
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Legal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, South Korea
| | - Sung Hee Baek
- Creative Research Initiatives Center for Chromatin Dynamics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
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40
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Son GH, Park SH, Kim Y, Kim JY, Kim JW, Chung S, Kim YH, Kim H, Hwang JJ, Seo JS. Postmortem mRNA expression patterns in left ventricular myocardial tissues and their implications for forensic diagnosis of sudden cardiac death. Mol Cells 2014; 37:241-7. [PMID: 24642708 PMCID: PMC3969045 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.2344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD), which is primarily caused by lethal heart disorders resulting in structural and arrhythmogenic abnormalities, is one of the prevalent modes of death in most developed countries. Myocardial ischemia, mainly due to coronary artery disease, is the most common type of heart disease leading to SCD. However, postmortem diagnosis of SCD is frequently complicated by obscure histological evidence. Here, we show that certain mRNA species, namely those encoding hemoglobin A1/2 and B (Hba1/2 and Hbb, respectively) as well as pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (Pdk4), exhibit distinct postmortem expression patterns in the left ventricular free wall of SCD subjects when compared with their expression patterns in the corresponding tissues from control subjects with non-cardiac causes of death. Hba1/2 and Hbb mRNA expression levels were higher in ischemic SCD cases with acute myocardial infarction or ischemic heart disease without recent infarction, and even in cardiac death subjects without apparent pathological signs of heart injuries, than control subjects. By contrast, Pdk4 mRNA was expressed at lower levels in SCD subjects. In conclusion, we found that altered myocardial Hba1/2, Hbb, and Pdk4 mRNA expression patterns can be employed as molecular signatures of fatal cardiac dysfunction to forensically implicate SCD as the primary cause of death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu-Hoon Kim
- Division of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Seoul 158-707,
Korea
| | | | | | - Joong-Seok Seo
- Division of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Seoul 158-707,
Korea
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41
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Kim TS, Han DH, Lee YJ, Son GH, Kim K, Kim CJ, Cho S. Adrenal peripheral clock disruption leads to altered circadian behavioral responses to voluntary exercise in middle-aged female mice. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2013.860916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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42
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Whitehead G, Jo J, Hogg EL, Piers T, Kim DH, Seaton G, Seok H, Bru-Mercier G, Son GH, Regan P, Hildebrandt L, Waite E, Kim BC, Kerrigan TL, Kim K, Whitcomb DJ, Collingridge GL, Lightman SL, Cho K. Acute stress causes rapid synaptic insertion of Ca2+ -permeable AMPA receptors to facilitate long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:3753-65. [PMID: 24271563 PMCID: PMC3859225 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine response to episodes of acute stress is crucial for survival whereas the prolonged response to chronic stress can be detrimental. Learning and memory are particularly susceptible to stress with cognitive deficits being well characterized consequences of chronic stress. Although there is good evidence that acute stress can enhance cognitive performance, the mechanism(s) for this are unclear. We find that hippocampal slices, either prepared from rats following 30 min restraint stress or directly exposed to glucocorticoids, exhibit an N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor-independent form of long-term potentiation. We demonstrate that the mechanism involves an NMDA receptor and PKA-dependent insertion of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors into synapses. These then trigger the additional NMDA receptor-independent form of LTP during high frequency stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry Whitehead
- 1 Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
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43
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Choe HK, Kim HD, Park SH, Lee HW, Park JY, Seong JY, Lightman SL, Son GH, Kim K. Synchronous activation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene transcription and secretion by pulsatile kisspeptin stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5677-82. [PMID: 23509283 PMCID: PMC3619287 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213594110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsatile release of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is essential for pituitary gonadotrope function. Although the importance of pulsatile GnRH secretion has been recognized for several decades, the mechanisms underlying GnRH pulse generation in hypothalamic neural networks remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate the ultradian rhythm of GnRH gene transcription in single GnRH neurons using cultured hypothalamic slices prepared from transgenic mice expressing a GnRH promoter-driven destabilized luciferase reporter. Although GnRH promoter activity in each GnRH neuron exhibited an ultradian pattern of oscillations with a period of ∼10 h, GnRH neuronal cultures exhibited partially synchronized bursts of GnRH transcriptional activity at ∼2-h intervals. Surprisingly, pulsatile administration of kisspeptin, a potent GnRH secretagogue, evoked dramatic synchronous activation of GnRH gene transcription with robust stimulation of pulsatile GnRH secretion. We also addressed the issue of hierarchical interaction between the circadian and ultradian rhythms by using Bmal1-deficient mice with defective circadian clocks. The circadian molecular oscillator barely affected basal ultradian oscillation of GnRH transcription but was heavily involved in kisspeptin-evoked responses of GnRH neurons. In conclusion, we have clearly shown synchronous bursts of GnRH gene transcription in the hypothalamic GnRH neuronal population in association with episodic neurohormone secretion, thereby providing insight into GnRH pulse generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Kyoung Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea and
- Brain Research Center for the 21st Frontier Program in Neuroscience, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Hee-Dae Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea and
- Brain Research Center for the 21st Frontier Program in Neuroscience, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Sung Ho Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea and
- Brain Research Center for the 21st Frontier Program in Neuroscience, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Han-Woong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Park
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Health Science and Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Biomedical Center (BK21), Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-751, Korea
| | | | - Stafford L. Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea and
- Brain Research Center for the 21st Frontier Program in Neuroscience, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Korea; and
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea and
- Brain Research Center for the 21st Frontier Program in Neuroscience, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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44
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Hwang JI, Moon MJ, Park S, Kim DK, Cho EB, Ha N, Son GH, Kim K, Vaudry H, Seong JY. Expansion of secretin-like G protein-coupled receptors and their peptide ligands via local duplications before and after two rounds of whole-genome duplication. Mol Biol Evol 2013; 30:1119-30. [PMID: 23427277 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mst031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the secretin-like G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family comprises 15 members with 18 corresponding peptide ligand genes. Although members have been identified in a large variety of vertebrate and nonvertebrate species, the origin and relationship of these proteins remain unresolved. To address this issue, we employed large-scale genome comparisons to identify genome fragments with conserved synteny and matched these fragments to linkage groups in reconstructed early gnathostome ancestral chromosomes (GAC). This genome comparison revealed that most receptor and peptide genes were clustered in three GAC linkage groups and suggested that the ancestral forms of five peptide subfamilies (corticotropin-releasing hormone-like, calcitonin-like, parathyroid hormone-like, glucagon-like, and growth hormone-releasing hormone-like) and their cognate receptor families emerged through tandem local gene duplications before two rounds (2R) of whole-genome duplication. These subfamily genes have, then, been amplified by 2R whole-genome duplication, followed by additional local duplications and gene loss prior to the divergence of land vertebrates and teleosts. This study delineates a possible evolutionary scenario for whole secretin-like peptide and receptor family members and may shed light on evolutionary mechanisms for expansion of a gene family with a large number of paralogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ik Hwang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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45
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Chung U, Seo JS, Kim YH, Son GH, Hwang JJ. Quantitative analyses of postmortem heat shock protein mRNA profiles in the occipital lobes of human cerebral cortices: implications in cause of death. Mol Cells 2012; 34:473-80. [PMID: 23135635 PMCID: PMC3887795 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-0214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative RNA analyses of autopsy materials to diagnose the cause and mechanism of death are challenging tasks in the field of forensic molecular pathology. Alterations in mRNA profiles can be induced by cellular stress responses during supravital reactions as well as by lethal insults at the time of death. Here, we demonstrate that several gene transcripts encoding heat shock proteins (HSPs), a gene family primarily responsible for cellular stress responses, can be differentially expressed in the occipital region of postmortem human cerebral cortices with regard to the cause of death. HSPA2 mRNA levels were higher in subjects who died due to mechanical asphyxiation (ASP), compared with those who died by traumatic injury (TI). By contrast, HSPA7 and A13 gene transcripts were much higher in the TI group than in the ASP and sudden cardiac death (SCD) groups. More importantly, relative abundances between such HSP mRNA species exhibit a stronger correlation to, and thus provide more discriminative information on, the death process than does routine normalization to a housekeeping gene. Therefore, the present study proposes alterations in HSP mRNA composition in the occipital lobe as potential forensic biological markers, which may implicate the cause and process of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ukhee Chung
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705,
Korea
| | | | | | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705,
Korea
| | - Juck-Joon Hwang
- Department of Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705,
Korea
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46
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Yoon JA, Han DH, Noh JY, Kim MH, Son GH, Kim K, Kim CJ, Pak YK, Cho S. Meal time shift disturbs circadian rhythmicity along with metabolic and behavioral alterations in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44053. [PMID: 22952870 PMCID: PMC3428308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern society, growing numbers of people are engaged in various forms of shift works or trans-meridian travels. Such circadian misalignment is known to disturb endogenous diurnal rhythms, which may lead to harmful physiological consequences including metabolic syndrome, obesity, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and gastric disorders as well as other physical and mental disorders. However, the precise mechanism(s) underlying these changes are yet unclear. The present work, therefore examined the effects of 6 h advance or delay of usual meal time on diurnal rhythmicities in home cage activity (HCA), body temperature (BT), blood metabolic markers, glucose homeostasis, and expression of genes that are involved in cholesterol homeostasis by feeding young adult male mice in a time-restrictive manner. Delay of meal time caused locomotive hyperactivity in a significant portion (42%) of subjects, while 6 h advance caused a torpor-like symptom during the late scotophase. Accordingly, daily rhythms of blood glucose and triglyceride were differentially affected by time-restrictive feeding regimen with concurrent metabolic alterations. Along with these physiological changes, time-restrictive feeding also influenced the circadian expression patterns of low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) as well as most LDLR regulatory factors. Strikingly, chronic advance of meal time induced insulin resistance, while chronic delay significantly elevated blood glucose levels. Taken together, our findings indicate that persistent shifts in usual meal time impact the diurnal rhythms of carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms in addition to HCA and BT, thereby posing critical implications for the health and diseases of shift workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ae Yoon
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Han
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Yun Noh
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Hee Kim
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Legal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Ju Kim
- Department of Physiology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim Pak
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sehyung Cho
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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47
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Park N, Cheon S, Son GH, Cho S, Kim K. Chronic circadian disturbance by a shortened light-dark cycle increases mortality. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:1122.e11-22. [PMID: 22154820 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic circadian disturbance, a condition of desynchronization between endogenous clock and environmental light-dark (LD) cycle, is known to cause adverse physiological changes including mortality. However, it is yet unclear whether these consequences result from disturbance of endogenous clock or condition of the LD cycle per se. To address this issue, we imposed 3 different periods of LD cycle (T) on wild type and functional clock-defective (Per1(-/-)Per2(-/-)) mice. We found that the disturbed rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature resulted from interaction of endogenous clock and T cycle and the chronic state of the disturbance suppressed the endogenous circadian rhythm. Interestingly, the endogenous clock and the T cycles affected body weight and food intake independently, while their interaction affected the life span resulting increased mortality of wild type mice in a shortened T cycle. These results strongly indicate the presence of both separate and combined effects of the endogenous clock and T cycle on different physiological variables implying that shift work scheduling can be an important influence on health parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noheon Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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48
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Son GH, Chung S, Kim K. The adrenal peripheral clock: glucocorticoid and the circadian timing system. Front Neuroendocrinol 2011; 32:451-65. [PMID: 21802440 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian circadian timing system is organized in a hierarchy, with the master clock residing in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and subsidiary peripheral clocks in other brain regions as well as peripheral tissues. Since the local oscillators in most cells contain a similar molecular makeup to that in the central pacemaker, determining the role of the peripheral clocks in the regulation of rhythmic physiology and behavior is an important issue. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a class of multi-functional adrenal steroid hormones, which exhibit a robust circadian rhythm, with a peak linked with the onset of the daily activity phase. It has long been believed that the production and secretion of GC is primarily governed through the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) neuroendocrine axis in mammals. Growing evidence, however, strongly supports the notion that the periodicity of GC involves the integrated activity of multiple regulatory mechanisms related to circadian timing system along with the classical HPA neuroendocrine regulation. The adrenal-intrinsic oscillator as well as the central pacemaker plays a pivotal role in its rhythmicity. GC influences numerous biological processes, such as metabolic, cardiovascular, immune and even higher brain functions, and also acts as a resetting signal for the ubiquitous peripheral clocks, suggesting its importance in harmonizing circadian physiology and behavior. In this review, we will therefore focus on the recent advances in our understanding of the circadian regulation of adrenal GC and its functional relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Brain Research Center for the 21st Century Frontier Program in Neuroscience, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Park E, Iaccarino C, Lee J, Kwon I, Baik SM, Kim M, Seong JY, Son GH, Borrelli E, Kim K. Regulatory roles of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M and Nova-1 protein in alternative splicing of dopamine D2 receptor pre-mRNA. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:25301-8. [PMID: 21622564 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.206540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) plays a crucial role in the regulation of diverse key physiological functions, including motor control, reward, learning, and memory. This receptor is present in vivo in two isoforms, D2L and D2S, generated from the same gene by alternative pre-mRNA splicing. Each isoform has a specific role in vivo, underlining the importance of a strict control of its synthesis, yet the molecular mechanism modulating alternative D2R pre-mRNA splicing has not been completely elucidated. Here, we identify heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M (hnRNP M) as a key molecule controlling D2R splicing. We show that binding of hnRNP M to exon 6 inhibited the inclusion of this exon in the mRNA. Importantly, the splicing factor Nova-1 counteracted hnRNP M effects on D2R pre-mRNA splicing. Indeed, mutations of the putative Nova-1-binding site on exon 6 disrupted Nova-1 RNA assembly and diminished the inhibitory effect of Nova-1 on hnRNP M-dependent exon 6 exclusion. These results identify Nova-1 and hnRNP M as D2R pre-mRNA-binding proteins and show their antagonistic role in the alternative splicing of D2R pre-mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eonyoung Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Chung S, Son GH, Kim K. Circadian rhythm of adrenal glucocorticoid: Its regulation and clinical implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:581-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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