1
|
Li D, Liu C, Wang H, Li Y, Wang Y, An S, Sun S. The Role of Neuromodulation and Potential Mechanism in Regulating Heterotopic Ossification. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1628-1642. [PMID: 38416374 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a pathological process characterized by the aberrant formation of bone in muscles and soft tissues. It is commonly triggered by traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and burns. Despite a wide range of evidence underscoring the significance of neurogenic signals in proper bone remodeling, a clear understanding of HO induced by nerve injury remains rudimentary. Recent studies suggest that injury to the nervous system can activate various signaling pathways, such as TGF-β, leading to neurogenic HO through the release of neurotrophins. These pathophysiological changes lay a robust groundwork for the prevention and treatment of HO. In this review, we collected evidence to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of HO related to nerve injury, aiming to enhance our understanding of how neurological repair processes can culminate in HO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dengju Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Changxing Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haojue Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Senbo An
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Shui Sun
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li SN, Ran RY, Chen J, Liu MC, Dang YM, Lin H. Angiogenesis in heterotopic ossification: From mechanisms to clinical significance. Life Sci 2024; 351:122779. [PMID: 38851421 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) refers to the formation of pathologic bone in nonskeletal tissues (including muscles, tendons or other soft tissues). HO typically occurs after a severe injury and can occur in any part of the body. HO lesions are highly vascularized. Angiogenesis, which is the formation of new blood vessels, plays an important role in the pathophysiology of HO. Surgical resection is considered an effective treatment for HO. However, it is difficult to completely remove new vessels, which can lead to the recurrence of HO and is often accompanied by significant problems such as intraoperative hemorrhage, demonstrating the important role of angiogenesis in HO. Here, we broadly summarize the current understanding of how angiogenesis contributes to HO; in particular, we focus on new insights into the cellular and signaling mechanisms underlying HO angiogenesis. We also review the development and current challenges associated with antiangiogenic therapy for HO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Nan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; First Clinical School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ruo-Yue Ran
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; First Clinical School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Meng-Chao Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yan-Miao Dang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Hui Lin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheng Z, Wu L, Li Z, Jaspers RT, Huang H, Zhang Q, Li Z, Pathak JL, Wu G, Li H. Local administration of low doses of exogenous BMP2 and leptin promotes ectopic bone regeneration in leptin-deficient mice. Biomed Mater Eng 2022; 33:303-313. [PMID: 35147528 DOI: 10.3233/bme-211323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and leptin deficiency are associated with compromised bone regeneration. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the role of locally administrated low-dose BMP2+leptin on bone regeneration in leptin-deficient obese (ob/ob) mice. METHODS Wildtype (WT) and ob/ob mice were divided into 3 groups (4 mice/group): BMP2 (5 μg) group, BMP2+low-dose leptin (1 μg) group, and BMP2+high-dose leptin (2.5 μg) group. WT mice were used as control mice. An equal size absorbable collagen sponge was prepared by loading the BMP2 or/and leptin and implanted subcutaneously. After 19 days, samples were collected and analyzed by micro-CT and H&E staining. RESULTS No significant difference in bone regeneration among the three groups in WT mice. Quantification of newly formed bone parameters from micro-CT and H&E staining showed that low-dose BMP2 treatment formed less new bone in ob/ob mice compared to WT. BMP2+low-dose leptin treatment substantially rescued the compromised bone regeneration in ob/ob mice up to the level in WT mice. However, the BMP2 and high dose of leptin failed to rescue the compromised bone regeneration in ob/ob mice. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that a combination of the low-dose BMP2 and leptin could be a strategy to promote osteogenesis in obese populations with leptin deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zheng
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lihong Wu
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhicong Li
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hairong Huang
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Qing Zhang
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengmao Li
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Janak L Pathak
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hongtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cai X, Daniels O, Cucchiarini M, Madry H. Ectopic models recapitulating morphological and functional features of articular cartilage. Ann Anat 2021; 237:151721. [PMID: 33753232 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Articular cartilage is an extremely specialized connective tissue which covers all diarthrodial joints. Implantation of chondrogenic cells without or with additional biomaterial scaffolds in ectopic locationsin vivo generates substitutes of cartilage with structural and functional characteristics that are used in fundamental investigations while also serving as a basis for translational studies. METHODS Literature search in Pubmed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This narrative review summarizes the most relevant ectopic models, among which subcutaneous, intramuscular, and kidney capsule transplantation and elaborates on implanted cells and biomaterial scaffolds and on their use to recapitulate morphological and functional features of articular cartilage. Although the absence of a physiological joint environment and biomechanical stimuli is the major limiting factor, ectopic models are an established component for articular cartilage research aiming to generate a bridge between in vitro data and the clinically more relevant translational orthotopic in vivo models when their limitations are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Cai
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Daniels
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Doherty L, Wan M, Kalajzic I, Sanjay A. Diabetes impairs periosteal progenitor regenerative potential. Bone 2021; 143:115764. [PMID: 33221502 PMCID: PMC7770068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetics are at increased risk for fracture, and experience severely impaired skeletal healing characterized by delayed union or nonunion of the bone. The periosteum harbors osteochondral progenitors that can differentiate into chondrocytes and osteoblasts, and this connective tissue layer is required for efficient fracture healing. While bone marrow-derived stromal cells have been studied extensively in the context of diabetic skeletal repair and osteogenesis, the effect of diabetes on the periosteum and its ability to contribute to bone regeneration has not yet been explicitly evaluated. Within this study, we utilized an established murine model of type I diabetes to evaluate periosteal cell differentiation capacity, proliferation, and availability under the effect of a diabetic environment. Periosteal cells from diabetic mice were deficient in osteogenic differentiation ability in vitro, and diabetic mice had reduced periosteal populations of mesenchymal progenitors with a corresponding reduction in proliferation capacity following injury. Additionally, fracture callus mineralization and mature osteoblast activity during periosteum-mediated healing was impaired in diabetic mice compared to controls. We propose that the effect of diabetes on periosteal progenitors and their ability to aid in skeletal repair directly impairs fracture healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Doherty
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Matthew Wan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Ivo Kalajzic
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, UConn School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Archana Sanjay
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wong KR, Mychasiuk R, O'Brien TJ, Shultz SR, McDonald SJ, Brady RD. Neurological heterotopic ossification: novel mechanisms, prognostic biomarkers and prophylactic therapies. Bone Res 2020; 8:42. [PMID: 33298867 PMCID: PMC7725771 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-00119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological heterotopic ossification (NHO) is a debilitating condition where bone forms in soft tissue, such as muscle surrounding the hip and knee, following an injury to the brain or spinal cord. This abnormal formation of bone can result in nerve impingement, pain, contractures and impaired movement. Patients are often diagnosed with NHO after the bone tissue has completely mineralised, leaving invasive surgical resection the only remaining treatment option. Surgical resection of NHO creates potential for added complications, particularly in patients with concomitant injury to the central nervous system (CNS). Although recent work has begun to shed light on the physiological mechanisms involved in NHO, there remains a significant knowledge gap related to the prognostic biomarkers and prophylactic treatments which are necessary to prevent NHO and optimise patient outcomes. This article reviews the current understanding pertaining to NHO epidemiology, pathobiology, biomarkers and treatment options. In particular, we focus on how concomitant CNS injury may drive ectopic bone formation and discuss considerations for treating polytrauma patients with NHO. We conclude that understanding of the pathogenesis of NHO is rapidly advancing, and as such, there is the strong potential for future research to unearth methods capable of identifying patients likely to develop NHO, and targeted treatments to prevent its manifestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ker Rui Wong
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Polyakova YV, Zavodovsky BV, Sivordova LE, Akhverdyan YR, Zborovskaya IA. Visfatin and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Pathogenetic Implications and Clinical Utility. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2020; 16:224-239. [DOI: 10.2174/1573397115666190409112621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
Analysis and generalization of data related to visfatin involvement in the
pathogenesis of inflammation at various stages of rheumatoid arthritis.
Data Synthesis:
Visfatin is an adipocytokine which has also been identified in non-adipose tissues.
It influences directly on the maturation of B cells, which are involved in autoantibody production
and T cell activation. Visfatin can promote inflammation via regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines
including TNF, IL-1β and IL-6. The concentration of circulating visfatin in rheumatoid arthritis
patients is higher compared to healthy individuals. Several studies suggest that visfatin level is
associated with rheumatoid arthritis activity, and its elevation may precede clinical signs of the relapse.
In murine collagen-induced arthritis, visfatin levels were also found to be elevated both in
inflamed synovial cells and in joint vasculature. Visfatin blockers have been shown to confer fast
and long-term attenuation of pathological processes; however, most of their effects are transient.
Other factors responsible for hyperactivation of the immune system can participate in this process
at a later stage. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a combination of these blockers and inhibitors
of other mediators of inflammation can potentially improve treatment outcomes compared to
current therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in the treatment of experimental arthritis in mice as
well as the application of emerging treatment strategies obtained from oncology for rheumatoid arthritis
management could be a source of novel adipokine-mediated anti-rheumatic drugs.
Conclusion:
The ongoing surge of interest in anticytokine therapy makes further study of visfatin
highly relevant as it may serve as a base for innovational RA treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia V. Polyakova
- Research Institute for Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, Volgograd, Russian Federation
| | - Boris V. Zavodovsky
- Research Institute for Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, Volgograd, Russian Federation
| | - Larisa E. Sivordova
- Research Institute for Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, Volgograd, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri R. Akhverdyan
- Research Institute for Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, Volgograd, Russian Federation
| | - Irina A. Zborovskaya
- Research Institute for Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, Volgograd, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Malta FS, Garcia RP, Azarias JS, Ribeiro GKDR, Miranda TS, Shibli JA, Bastos MF. Impact of hyperglycemia and treatment with metformin on ligature-induced bone loss, bone repair and expression of bone metabolism transcription factors. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237660. [PMID: 32841254 PMCID: PMC7447028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of type 2 diabetes mellitus on bone loss, bone repair and cytokine production in hyperglycemic rats, treated or not with metformin. The animals were distributed as follow: Non-Hyperglycemic (NH), Non Hyperglycemic with Ligature (NH-L), Treated Non Hyperglycemic (TNH), Treated Non Hyperglycemic with Ligature Treated (TNH-L), Hyperglycemic (H), Treated Hyperglycemic (TH), Hyperglycemic with Ligature (H-L), Treated Hyperglycemic with Ligature (TH-L). At 40th day after induction of hyperglycemia, the groups NH-L, TNH-L, H-L, TH-L received a ligature to induce periodontitis. On the 69th, the TNH, TNH-L, TH, TH-L groups received metformin until the end of the study. Bone repair was evaluated at histometric and the expression levels of Sox9, RunX2 and Osterix. Analysis of the ex-vivo expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-4, TGF-β, IL-10, IL-6 and IL-17 were also evaluated. Metformin partially reverse induced bone loss in NH and H animals. Lower OPG/RANKL, increased OCN and TRAP expression were observed in hyperglycemic animals, and treatment with metformin partially reversed hyperglycemia on the OPG/RANKL, OPN and TRAP expression in the periodontitis. The expression of SOX9 and RunX2 were also decreased by hyperglycemia and metformin treatment. Increased ex vivo levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-17 was observed. Hyperglycemia promoted increased IL-10 levels compared to non-hyperglycemic ones. Treatment of NH with metformin was able to mediate increased levels of TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-17, whereas for H an increase of TNF-α and IL-17 was detected in the 24- or 48-hour after stimulation with LPS. Ligature was able to induce increased levels of TNF-α and IL-17 in both NH and H. This study revealed the negative impact of hyperglycemia and/or treatment with metformin in the bone repair via inhibition of transcription factors associated with osteoblastic differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Souza Malta
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Puertas Garcia
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josuel Siqueira Azarias
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tamires Szemereske Miranda
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jamil Awad Shibli
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta Ferreira Bastos
- Department of Post-Graduation in Aging Sciences, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hsu GCY, Marini S, Negri S, Wang Y, Xu J, Pagani C, Hwang C, Stepien D, Meyers CA, Miller S, McCarthy E, Lyons KM, Levi B, James AW. Endogenous CCN family member WISP1 inhibits trauma-induced heterotopic ossification. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135432. [PMID: 32484792 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is defined as abnormal differentiation of local stromal cells of mesenchymal origin, resulting in pathologic cartilage and bone matrix deposition. Cyr61, CTGF, Nov (CCN) family members are matricellular proteins that have diverse regulatory functions on cell proliferation and differentiation, including the regulation of chondrogenesis. However, little is known regarding CCN family member expression or function in HO. Here, a combination of bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing defined the dynamic temporospatial pattern of CCN family member induction within a mouse model of trauma-induced HO. Among CCN family proteins, Wisp1 (also known as Ccn4) was most upregulated during the evolution of HO, and Wisp1 expression corresponded with chondrogenic gene profile. Immunohistochemistry confirmed WISP1 expression across traumatic and genetic HO mouse models as well as in human HO samples. Transgenic Wisp1LacZ/LacZ knockin animals showed an increase in endochondral ossification in HO after trauma. Finally, the transcriptome of Wisp1-null tenocytes revealed enrichment in signaling pathways, such as the STAT3 and PCP signaling pathways, that may explain increased HO in the context of Wisp1 deficiency. In sum, CCN family members, and in particular Wisp1, are spatiotemporally associated with and negatively regulate trauma-induced HO formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Marini
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Stefano Negri
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yiyun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiajia Xu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chase Pagani
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Charles Hwang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David Stepien
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Carolyn A Meyers
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah Miller
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward McCarthy
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen M Lyons
- Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Aaron W James
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pulik Ł, Mierzejewski B, Ciemerych MA, Brzóska E, Łęgosz P. The Survey of Cells Responsible for Heterotopic Ossification Development in Skeletal Muscles-Human and Mouse Models. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061324. [PMID: 32466405 PMCID: PMC7349686 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) manifests as bone development in the skeletal muscles and surrounding soft tissues. It can be caused by injury, surgery, or may have a genetic background. In each case, its development might differ, and depending on the age, sex, and patient's conditions, it could lead to a more or a less severe outcome. In the case of the injury or surgery provoked ossification development, it could be, to some extent, prevented by treatments. As far as genetic disorders are concerned, such prevention approaches are highly limited. Many lines of evidence point to the inflammatory process and abnormalities in the bone morphogenetic factor signaling pathway as the molecular and cellular backgrounds for HO development. However, the clear targets allowing the design of treatments preventing or lowering HO have not been identified yet. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on HO types, its symptoms, and possible ways of prevention and treatment. We also describe the molecules and cells in which abnormal function could lead to HO development. We emphasize the studies involving animal models of HO as being of great importance for understanding and future designing of the tools to counteract this pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Pulik
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Lindley 4 St, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Bartosz Mierzejewski
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (B.M.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Maria A. Ciemerych
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (B.M.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Edyta Brzóska
- Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1 St, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (B.M.); (M.A.C.)
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (P.Ł.); Tel.: +48-22-5542-203 (E.B.); +48-22-5021-514 (P.Ł.)
| | - Paweł Łęgosz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Lindley 4 St, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (P.Ł.); Tel.: +48-22-5542-203 (E.B.); +48-22-5021-514 (P.Ł.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang Q, Zhou D, Wang H, Tan J. Heterotopic ossification of tendon and ligament. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5428-5437. [PMID: 32293797 PMCID: PMC7214162 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Much of the similarities of the tissue characteristics, pathologies and mechanisms of heterotopic ossification (HO) formation are shared between HO of tendon and ligament (HOTL). Unmet need and no effective treatment has been developed for HOTL, primarily attributable to poor understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms. HOTL forms via endochondral ossification, a common process of most kinds of HO. HOTL is a dynamic pathologic process that includes trauma/injury, inflammation, mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) recruitment, chondrogenic differentiation and, finally, ossification. A variety of signal pathways involve HOTL with multiple roles in different stages of HO formation, and here in this review, we summarize the progress and provide an up‐to‐date understanding of HOTL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, China.,Division of Geriatric Medicine & Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Division of Geriatric Medicine & Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Pinghu Second People's Hospital, Pinghu, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Keune JA, Branscum AJ, Wong CP, Iwaniec UT, Turner RT. Effect of Leptin Deficiency on the Skeletal Response to Hindlimb Unloading in Adult Male Mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9336. [PMID: 31249331 PMCID: PMC6597714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on body weight, morbidly obese leptin-deficient ob/ob mice have less bone than expected, suggesting that leptin plays a role in the skeletal response to weight bearing. To evaluate this possibility, we compared the skeletal response of wild type (WT) and ob/ob mice to hindlimb unloading (HU). Mice were individually housed at 32 °C (thermoneutral) from 4 weeks of age (rapidly growing) to 16 weeks of age (approaching skeletal maturity). Mice were then randomized into one of 4 groups (n = 10/group): (1) WT control, (2) WT HU, (3) ob/ob control, and (4) ob/ob HU and the results analyzed by 2-way ANOVA. ob/ob mice pair-fed to WT mice had normal cancellous bone volume fraction (BV/TV) in distal femur, lower femur length and total bone area, mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD), and higher cancellous bone volume fraction in lumbar vertebra (LV). HU resulted in lower BMC and BMD in total femur, and lower BV/TV in distal femur and LV in both genotypes. Cancellous bone loss in femur in both genotypes was associated with increases in osteoclast-lined bone perimeter. In summary, leptin deficiency did not attenuate HU-induced osteopenia in male mice, suggesting that leptin is not required for bone loss induced by unweighting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Keune
- 0000 0001 2112 1969grid.4391.fSkeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Adam J. Branscum
- 0000 0001 2112 1969grid.4391.fBiostatistics Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Carmen P. Wong
- 0000 0001 2112 1969grid.4391.fSkeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Urszula T. Iwaniec
- 0000 0001 2112 1969grid.4391.fSkeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA ,0000 0001 2112 1969grid.4391.fCenter for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Russell T. Turner
- 0000 0001 2112 1969grid.4391.fSkeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA ,0000 0001 2112 1969grid.4391.fCenter for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brady RD, Shultz SR, McDonald SJ, O'Brien TJ. Neurological heterotopic ossification: Current understanding and future directions. Bone 2018; 109:35-42. [PMID: 28526267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurological heterotopic ossification (NHO) involves the formation of bone in soft tissue following a neurological condition, of which the most common are brain and spinal cord injuries. NHO often forms around the hip, knee and shoulder joints, causing severe pain and joint deformation which is associated with significant morbidity and reduced quality of life. The cellular and molecular events that initiate NHO have been the focus of an increasing number of human and animal studies over the past decade, with this work largely driven by the need to unearth potential therapeutic interventions to prevent the formation of NHO. This review provides an overview of the present understanding of NHO pathogenesis and pathobiology, current treatments, novel therapeutic targets, potential biomarkers and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhys D Brady
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Montalvany-Antonucci CC, Zicker MC, Oliveira MC, Macari S, Madeira MFM, Andrade I, Ferreira AVM, Silva TA. Diet versus jaw bones: Lessons from experimental models and potential clinical implications. Nutrition 2017; 45:59-67. [PMID: 29129238 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of different types of diets influences not only body health but the bone remodeling process as well. Nutritional components can directly affect maxillary and mandibular alveolar bone microarchitecture. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge regarding the influence of diets and dietary supplementation on alveolar bone. Accumulating evidence from experimental models suggests that carbohydrate- and fat-rich diets are detrimental for alveolar bone, whereas protective effects are associated with consumption of calcium, ω-3, and bioactive compounds. Little is known about the effects of protein-free and protein-rich diets, boron, vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, and caffeine on alveolar bone remodeling. Adipokines and direct effects of nutritional components on bone cells are proposed mechanisms linking diet and bone. Results from animal models substantiate the role of nutritional components on alveolar bone. It is a well-built starting point for clinical studies on nutritional monitoring and intervention for patients with alveolar bone disorders, especially those who are treatment refractory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina C Zicker
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marina C Oliveira
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Soraia Macari
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mila Fernandes M Madeira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ildeu Andrade
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adaliene Versiani M Ferreira
- Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tarcilia A Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to develop a scoring system that stratifies burn patients at the time of hospital admission according to risk of developing heterotopic ossification (HO). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA HO in burns is an uncommon but severely debilitating problem with a poorly understood mechanism and no fully effective prophylactic measures. METHODS Data were obtained from the Burn Model System National Database from 1994 to 2010 (n = 3693). The primary outcome is diagnosis of HO at hospital discharge. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine significant demographic and medical predictors of HO. A risk scoring system was created in which point values were assigned to predictive factors and final risk score is correlated with the percent risk of developing HO. The model was internally and externally validated. RESULTS The mean age of the subjects is 42.5 ± 16.0 years, the mean total body surface area (TBSA) burned is 18.5 ± 16.4%, and the population is 74.9% male. TBSA and the need for grafting of the arm, head/neck, and trunk were significant predictors of HO development (P < 0.01). A 13-point risk scoring system was developed using these significant predictors. The model c-statistic is 0.92. The risk scoring system demonstrated evidence of internal and external validity. An online calculator was developed to facilitate translation of knowledge to practice and research. CONCLUSIONS This HO risk scoring system identifies high-risk burn patients suitable for diagnostic testing and interventional HO prophylaxis trials.
Collapse
|
16
|
Jiang H, Chen Y, Chen G, Tian X, Tang J, Luo L, Huang M, Yan B, Ao X, Zhou W, Wang L, Bai X, Zhang Z, Wang L, Xian CJ. Leptin accelerates the pathogenesis of heterotopic ossification in rat tendon tissues via mTORC1 signaling. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1017-1028. [PMID: 28407241 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leptin, an adipocyte-derived cytokine associated with bone metabolism, is believed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of heterotopic ossification (HO). The effect and underlying action mechanism of leptin were investigated on osteogenic differentiation of tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs) in vitro and the HO formation in rat tendons. Isolated rat TDSCs were treated with various concentrations of leptin in the presence or absence of mTORC1 signaling specific inhibitor rapamycin in vitro. A rat model with Achilles tenotomy was employed to evaluate the effect of leptin on HO formation together with or without rapamycin treatment. In vitro studies with TDSCs showed that leptin increased the expression of osteogenic biomarkers (alkaline phosphatase, runt-related transcription factor 2, osterix, osteocalcin) and enhanced mineralization of TDSCs via activating the mTORC1 signal pathway (as indicated by phosphorylation of p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 and p70 ribosomal S6). However, mTORC1 signaling blockade with rapamycin treatment suppressed leptin-induced osteogenic differentiation and mineralization. In vivo studies showed that leptin promoted HO formation in the Achilles tendon after tenotomy, and rapamycin treatment blocked leptin-induced HO formation. In conclusion, leptin can promote TDSC osteogenic differentiation and heterotopic bone formation via mTORC1 signaling in both vitro and vivo model, which provides a new potential therapeutic target for HO prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaji Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Academy of Orthopaedics of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Academy of Orthopaedics of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guorong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Academy of Orthopaedics of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinggui Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Academy of Orthopaedics of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiajun Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Academy of Orthopaedics of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Academy of Orthopaedics of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Minjun Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Academy of Orthopaedics of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Academy of Orthopaedics of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiang Ao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Academy of Orthopaedics of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Academy of Orthopaedics of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Xiaochun Bai
- Academy of Orthopaedics of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongmin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Academy of Orthopaedics of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Academy of Orthopaedics of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cory J Xian
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guo Y, Xie C, Li X, Yang J, Yu T, Zhang R, Zhang T, Saxena D, Snyder M, Wu Y, Li X. Succinate and its G-protein-coupled receptor stimulates osteoclastogenesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15621. [PMID: 28561074 PMCID: PMC5460032 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underlying bone impairment in patients with diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia and dysregulation in metabolism, is unclear. Here we show the difference in the metabolomics of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) derived from hyperglycaemic (type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2D) and normoglycaemic mice. One hundred and forty-two metabolites are substantially regulated in BMSCs from T2D mice, with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle being one of the primary metabolic pathways impaired by hyperglycaemia. Importantly, succinate, an intermediate metabolite in the TCA cycle, is increased by 24-fold in BMSCs from T2D mice. Succinate functions as an extracellular ligand through binding to its specific receptor on osteoclastic lineage cells and stimulates osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Strategies targeting the receptor activation inhibit osteoclastogenesis. This study reveals a metabolite-mediated mechanism of osteoclastogenesis modulation that contributes to bone dysregulation in metabolic disorders. Bone loss is common in patients with diabetes, but the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms are unclear. Here the authors show high succinate levels in mice with type 2 diabetes and that succinate can signal through succinate receptor 1 on osteoclasts to induce bone resorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Guo
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Chengzhi Xie
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Xiyan Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5120, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, USA.,Institute for Genomic Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Ruohan Zhang
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Tianqing Zhang
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Michael Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5120, USA
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Institute for Genomic Engineered Animal Models of Human Diseases, Liaoning 116044, China.,Advanced Institute for Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, South Lvshun Road Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, USA.,Department of Urology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA.,Perlmutter Cancer Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|