1
|
Ye Z, Chen W, Li G, Huang J, Lei J. Tissue-derived extracellular vesicles in cancer progression: mechanisms, roles, and potential applications. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:575-595. [PMID: 37851319 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles that mediate vital cellular communication by transferring cargo between cells. Among these, tissue-derived extracellular vesicles (Ti-EVs) stand out due to their origin from the tissue microenvironment, providing a more accurate reflection of changes in this setting. This unique advantage makes Ti-EVs valuable in investigating the intricate relationship between extracellular vesicles and cancer progression. Despite considerable research efforts exploring the association between Ti-EVs and cancers, a comprehensive clustering or grouping of these studies remains lacking. In this review, we aim to fill this gap by presenting a comprehensive synthesis of the mechanisms underlying Ti-EV generation, release, and transport within cancer tissues. Moreover, we delve into the pivotal roles that Ti-EVs play in cancer progression, shedding light on their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic tools. The review culminates in the construction of a comprehensive functional spectrum of Ti-EVs, providing a valuable reference for future research endeavors. By summarizing the current state of knowledge on Ti-EVs and their significance in tumor biology, this work contributes to a deeper understanding of cancer microenvironment dynamics and opens up avenues for harnessing Ti-EVs in diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Ye
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Genpeng Li
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jianyong Lei
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li W, Zhu J, Li J, Jiang Y, Sun J, Xu Y, Pan H, Zhou Y, Zhu J. Research advances of tissue-derived extracellular vesicles in cancers. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:184. [PMID: 38598014 PMCID: PMC11006789 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05596-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can mediate cell-to-cell communication and affect various physiological and pathological processes in both parent and recipient cells. Currently, extensive research has focused on the EVs derived from cell cultures and various body fluids. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the EVs derived from tissues. Tissue EVs can reflect the microenvironment of the specific tissue and the cross-talk of communication among different cells, which can provide more accurate and comprehensive information for understanding the development and progression of diseases. METHODS We review the state-of-the-art technologies involved in the isolation and purification of tissue EVs. Then, the latest research progress of tissue EVs in the mechanism of tumor occurrence and development is presented. And finally, the application of tissue EVs in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of cancer is anticipated. RESULTS We evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of various tissue processing and EVs isolation methods, and subsequently analyze the significance of protein characterization in determining the purity of tissue EVs. Furthermore, we focus on outlining the importance of EVs derived from tumor and adipose tissues in tumorigenesis and development, as well as their potential applications in early tumor diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. CONCLUSION When isolating and characterizing tissue EVs, the most appropriate protocol needs to be specified based on the characteristics of different tissues. Tissue EVs are valuable in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of tumors, and the potential risks associated with tissue EVs need to be considered as therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyao Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayuan Li
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyun Jiang
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuai Sun
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- Research Laboratory for Functional Nanomaterial, National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Pan
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 200120, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
- Research Laboratory for Functional Nanomaterial, National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nguyen HNT, Vuong CK, Fukushige M, Usuda M, Takagi LK, Yamashita T, Obata-Yasuoka M, Hamada H, Osaka M, Tsukada T, Hiramatsu Y, Ohneda O. Extracellular vesicles derived from SARS-CoV-2 M-protein-induced triple negative breast cancer cells promoted the ability of tissue stem cells supporting cancer progression. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1346312. [PMID: 38515582 PMCID: PMC10955079 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1346312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction SARS-CoV-2 infection increases the risk of worse outcomes in cancer patients, including those with breast cancer. Our previous study reported that the SARS-CoV-2 membrane protein (M-protein) promotes the malignant transformation of triple-negative breast cancer cells (triple-negative BCC). Methods In the present study, the effects of M-protein on the ability of extracellular vesicles (EV) derived from triple-negative BCC to regulate the functions of tissue stem cells facilitating the tumor microenvironment were examined. Results Our results showed that EV derived from M-protein-induced triple-negative BCC (MpEV) significantly induced the paracrine effects of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ATMSC) on non-aggressive BCC, promoting the migration, stemness phenotypes, and in vivo metastasis of BCC, which is related to PGE2/IL1 signaling pathways, in comparison to EV derived from normal triple-negative BCC (nEV). In addition to ATMSC, the effects of MpEV on endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), another type of tissue stem cells, were examined. Our data suggested that EPC uptaking MpEV acquired a tumor endothelial cell-like phenotype, with increasing angiogenesis and the ability to support the aggressiveness and metastasis of non-aggressive BCC. Discussion Taken together, our findings suggest the role of SARS-CoV-2 M-protein in altering the cellular communication between cancer cells and other non-cancer cells inside the tumor microenvironment via EV. Specifically, M-proteins induced the ability of EV derived from triple-negative BCC to promote the functions of non-cancer cells, such as tissue stem cells, in tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoai-Nga Thi Nguyen
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Cat-Khanh Vuong
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mizuho Fukushige
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Momoko Usuda
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Liora Kaho Takagi
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yamashita
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mana Obata-Yasuoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiromi Hamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Motoo Osaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toru Tsukada
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuji Hiramatsu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohneda
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao Q, Huang C, Liu T, Yang F, Chen Z, Sun L, Zhao Y, Wang M, Luo L, Zhou C, Zhu W. Gastric cancer mesenchymal stem cells promote tumor glycolysis and chemoresistance by regulating B7H3 in gastric cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:e30521. [PMID: 38226525 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Despite surgical treatment combined with multidrug therapy having made some progress, chemotherapy resistance is the main cause of recurrence and death of gastric cancer (GC). Gastric cancer mesenchymal stem cells (GCMSCs) have been reported to be correlated with the limited efficacy of chemotherapy in GC, but the mechanism of GCMSCs regulating GC resistance needs to be further studied. The gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to explore the glycolysis-related pathways heterogeneity across different cell subpopulations. Glucose uptake and lactate production assays were used to evaluate the importance of B7H3 expression in GCMSCs-treated GC cells. The therapeutic efficacy of oxaliplatin (OXA) and paclitaxel (PTX) was determined using CCK-8 and colony formation assays. Signaling pathways altered by GCMSCs-CM were revealed by immunoblotting. The expression of TNF-α in GCMSCs and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) was detected by western blot analysis and qPCR. Our results showed that the OXA and PTX resistance of GC cells were significantly enhanced in the GCMSCs-CM treated GC cells. Acquired OXA and PTX resistance was characterized by increased cell viability for OXA and PTX, the formation of cell colonies, and decreased levels of cell apoptosis, which were accompanied by reduced levels of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax expression, and increased levels of Bcl-2, HK2, MDR1, and B7H3 expression. Blocking TNF-α in GCMSCs-CM, B7H3 knockdown or the use of 2-DG, a key enzyme inhibitor of glycolysis in GC cells suppressed the OXA and PTX resistance of GC cells that had been treated with GCMSCs-CM. This study shows that GCMSCs-CM derived TNF-α could upregulate the expression of B7H3 of GC cells to promote tumor chemoresistance. Our results provide a new basis for the treatment of GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuzhi Gao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fumeng Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lianyungang Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liqi Luo
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Arredondo-Damián JG, Martínez-Soto JM, Molina-Pelayo FA, Soto-Guzmán JA, Castro-Sánchez L, López-Soto LF, Candia-Plata MDC. Systematic review and bioinformatics analysis of plasma and serum extracellular vesicles proteome in type 2 diabetes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25537. [PMID: 38356516 PMCID: PMC10865249 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic ailment marked by a global high prevalence and significant attention in primary healthcare settings due to its elevated morbidity and mortality rates. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of this disease remain subjects of ongoing investigation. Recent evidence underscores the pivotal role of the intricate intercellular communication network, wherein cell-derived vesicles, commonly referred to as extracellular vesicles (EVs), emerge as dynamic regulators of diabetes-related complications. Given that the protein cargo carried by EVs is contingent upon the metabolic conditions of the originating cells, particular proteins may serve as informative indicators for the risk of activating or inhibiting signaling pathways crucial to the progression of T2D complications. Methods In this study, we conducted a systematic review to analyze the published evidence on the proteome of EVs from the plasma or serum of patients with T2D, both with and without complications (PROSPERO: CRD42023431464). Results Nine eligible articles were systematically identified from the databases, and the proteins featured in these articles underwent Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. We identified changes in the level of 426 proteins, with CST6, CD55, HBA1, S100A8, and S100A9 reported to have high levels, while FGL1 exhibited low levels. Conclusion These proteins are implicated in pathophysiological mechanisms such as inflammation, complement, and platelet activation, suggesting their potential as risk markers for T2D development and progression. Further studies are required to explore this topic in greater detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luis Castro-Sánchez
- University Center for Biomedical Research, University of Colima, Colima, Colima, Mexico
- CONAHCYT-University of Colima, Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Matou-Nasri S, Aldawood M, Alanazi F, Khan AL. Updates on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: From Risk Factors to Diagnosis, Biomarkers and Therapy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2390. [PMID: 37510134 PMCID: PMC10378597 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13142390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is usually the most malignant and aggressive mammary epithelial tumor characterized by the lack of expression for estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors, and the absence of epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2 amplification. Corresponding to 15-20% of all breast cancers and well-known by its poor clinical outcome, this negative receptor expression deprives TNBC from targeted therapy and makes its management therapeutically challenging. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common ageing metabolic disorder due to insulin deficiency or resistance resulting in hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia. Due to metabolic and hormonal imbalances, there are many interplays between both chronic disorders leading to increased risk of breast cancer, especially TNBC, diagnosed in T2DM patients. The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date information related to epidemiology and clinicopathological features, risk factors, diagnosis, biomarkers, and current therapy/clinical trials for TNBC patients with T2DM compared to non-diabetic counterparts. Thus, in-depth investigation of the diabetic complications on TNBC onset, development, and progression and the discovery of biomarkers would improve TNBC management through early diagnosis, tailoring therapy for a better outcome of T2DM patients diagnosed with TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Matou-Nasri
- Blood and Cancer Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Biosciences Department, Faculty of the School for Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA
| | - Maram Aldawood
- Blood and Cancer Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Post Graduate and Zoology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Alanazi
- Blood and Cancer Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Biosciences Department, Faculty of the School for Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA
| | - Abdul Latif Khan
- Tissue Biobank, KAIMRC, MNG-HA, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou C, Huang YQ, Da MX, Jin WL, Zhou FH. Adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles: bridging the communications between obesity and tumor microenvironment. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:92. [PMID: 37289328 PMCID: PMC10250291 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
By the year 2035 more than 4 billion people might be affected by obesity and being overweight. Adipocyte-derived Extracellular Vesicles (ADEVs/ADEV-singular) are essential for communication between the tumor microenvironment (TME) and obesity, emerging as a prominent mechanism of tumor progression. Adipose tissue (AT) becomes hypertrophic and hyperplastic in an obese state resulting in insulin resistance in the body. This modifies the energy supply to tumor cells and simultaneously stimulates the production of pro-inflammatory adipokines. In addition, obese AT has a dysregulated cargo content of discharged ADEVs, leading to elevated amounts of pro-inflammatory proteins, fatty acids, and carcinogenic microRNAs. ADEVs are strongly associated with hallmarks of cancer (proliferation and resistance to cell death, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, immunological response) and may be useful as biomarkers and antitumor therapy strategy. Given the present developments in obesity and cancer-related research, we conclude by outlining significant challenges and significant advances that must be addressed expeditiously to promote ADEVs research and clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qian Huang
- Department of Center of Medical Cosmetology, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, 610017 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming-Xu Da
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng-Hai Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Urology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Loric S, Denis JA, Desbene C, Sabbah M, Conti M. Extracellular Vesicles in Breast Cancer: From Biology and Function to Clinical Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7208. [PMID: 37108371 PMCID: PMC10139222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the first worldwide most frequent cancer in both sexes and the most commonly diagnosed in females. Although BC mortality has been thoroughly declining over the past decades, there are still considerable differences between women diagnosed with early BC and when metastatic BC is diagnosed. BC treatment choice is widely dependent on precise histological and molecular characterization. However, recurrence or distant metastasis still occurs even with the most recent efficient therapies. Thus, a better understanding of the different factors underlying tumor escape is mainly mandatory. Among the leading candidates is the continuous interplay between tumor cells and their microenvironment, where extracellular vesicles play a significant role. Among extracellular vesicles, smaller ones, also called exosomes, can carry biomolecules, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and generate signal transmission through an intercellular transfer of their content. This mechanism allows tumor cells to recruit and modify the adjacent and systemic microenvironment to support further invasion and dissemination. By reciprocity, stromal cells can also use exosomes to profoundly modify tumor cell behavior. This review intends to cover the most recent literature on the role of extracellular vesicle production in normal and cancerous breast tissues. Specific attention is paid to the use of extracellular vesicles for early BC diagnosis, follow-up, and prognosis because exosomes are actually under the spotlight of researchers as a high-potential source of liquid biopsies. Extracellular vesicles in BC treatment as new targets for therapy or efficient nanovectors to drive drug delivery are also summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Loric
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
| | | | - Cédric Desbene
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
| | - Michèle Sabbah
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
| | - Marc Conti
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
- INTEGRACELL SAS, 91160 Longjumeau, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Karami Fath M, Moayedi Banan Z, Barati R, Mohammadrezakhani O, Ghaderi A, Hatami A, Ghiabi S, Zeidi N, Asgari K, Payandeh Z, Barati G. Recent advancements to engineer mesenchymal stem cells and their extracellular vesicles for targeting and destroying tumors. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 178:1-16. [PMID: 36781149 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the ability to migrate into tumor sites and release growth factors to modulate the tumor microenvironment. MSC therapy have shown a dual role in cancers, promoting or inhibiting. However, MSCs could be used as a carrier of anticancer agents for targeted tumor therapy. Recent technical improvements also allow engineering MSCs to improve tumor-targeting properties, protect anticancer agents, and decrease the cytotoxicity of drugs. While some of MSC functions are mediated through their secretome, MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are also proposed as a possible viechle for cancer therapy. EVs allow efficient loading of anticancer agents and have an intrinsic ability to target tumor cells, making them suitable for targeted therapy of tumors. In addition, the specificity and selectivity of EVs to the tumor sites could be enhanced by surface modification. In this review, we addressed the current approaches used for engineering MSCs and EVs to effectively target tumor sites and deliver anticancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karami Fath
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Moayedi Banan
- School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Barati
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Mohammadrezakhani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ramsar Campus, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Aliasghar Ghaderi
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hatami
- School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shamim Ghiabi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Zeidi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Science, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Katayoon Asgari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division Medical Inflammation Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu Y, Han J, Kong T, Xiao N, Mei Q, Liu J. DriverMP enables improved identification of cancer driver genes. Gigascience 2022; 12:giad106. [PMID: 38091511 PMCID: PMC10716827 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giad106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is widely regarded as a complex disease primarily driven by genetic mutations. A critical concern and significant obstacle lies in discerning driver genes amid an extensive array of passenger genes. FINDINGS We present a new method termed DriverMP for effectively prioritizing altered genes on a cancer-type level by considering mutated gene pairs. It is designed to first apply nonsilent somatic mutation data, protein‒protein interaction network data, and differential gene expression data to prioritize mutated gene pairs, and then individual mutated genes are prioritized based on prioritized mutated gene pairs. Application of this method in 10 cancer datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas demonstrated its great improvements over all the compared state-of-the-art methods in identifying known driver genes. Then, a comprehensive analysis demonstrated the reliability of the novel driver genes that are strongly supported by clinical experiments, disease enrichment, or biological pathway analysis. CONCLUSIONS The new method, DriverMP, which is able to identify driver genes by effectively integrating the advantages of multiple kinds of cancer data, is available at https://github.com/LiuYangyangSDU/DriverMP. In addition, we have developed a novel driver gene database for 10 cancer types and an online service that can be freely accessed without registration for users. The DriverMP method, the database of novel drivers, and the user-friendly online server are expected to contribute to new diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Liu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
| | - Jiyun Han
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
| | - Tongxin Kong
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
| | - Nannan Xiao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
| | - Qinglin Mei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, BNRIST Bioinformatics Division, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Juntao Liu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University (Weihai), Weihai 264209, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chang YH, Vuong CK, Ngo NH, Yamashita T, Ye X, Futamura Y, Fukushige M, Obata-Yasuoka M, Hamada H, Osaka M, Hiramatsu Y, Sakurai T, Ohneda O. Extracellular vesicles derived from Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stem cells inhibit the tumor environment via the miR-125b/HIF1α signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13550. [PMID: 35941273 PMCID: PMC9359975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17767-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with worse outcomes and results in high mortality; therefore, great efforts are required to find effective treatment. In the present study, we suggested a novel strategy to treat TNBC using mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EV) to transform the behaviors and cellular communication of TNBC cells (BCC) with other non-cancer cells related to tumorigenesis and metastasis. Our data showed that, BCC after being internalized with EV derived from Wharton’s Jelly MSC (WJ-EV) showed the impaired proliferation, stemness properties, tumorigenesis and metastasis under hypoxic conditions. Moreover, these inhibitory effects may be involved in the transfer of miRNA-125b from WJ-EV to BCC, which downregulated the expression of HIF1α and target genes related to proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis. Of note, WJ-EV-internalized BCC (wBCC) showed transformed behaviors that attenuated the in vivo development and metastatic ability of TNBC, the angiogenic abilities of endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells and the generation of cancer-associated fibroblasts from MSC. Furthermore, wBCC generated a new EV with modified functions that contributed to the inhibitory effects on tumorigenesis and metastasis of TNBC. Taken together, our findings suggested that WJ-EV treatment is a promising therapy that results in the generation of wBCC to interrupt the cellular crosstalk in the tumor environment and inhibit the tumor progression in TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hsuan Chang
- Ph.D. Program in Humanics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Cat-Khanh Vuong
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Nhat-Hoang Ngo
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yamashita
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Xiucai Ye
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasunori Futamura
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Mizuho Fukushige
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Mana Obata-Yasuoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiromi Hamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Motoo Osaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuji Hiramatsu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sakurai
- Ph.D. Program in Humanics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Computer Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohneda
- Ph.D. Program in Humanics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan. .,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chang YH, Hoang NN, Khanh VC, Yamashita T, Osaka M, Hiramatsu Y, Ohneda O. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Promotes the Differentiation of Adipose Tissue-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Cancer-associated Fibroblasts, Induced by Breast Cancer Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:659-671. [PMID: 35734905 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive and invasive type of breast cancer. In addition, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is recognized as a risk factor for cancer metastasis, which is associated with mortality in patients with breast cancer. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) generated from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) play a vital role in the progression of TNBC. However, to date, whether T2DM affects the ability of AT-MSCs to differentiate into CAFs is still unclear. In the present study, we found that in coculture with TNBC cells (BCCs) under hypoxic conditions, AT-MSCs derived from T2DM donors (dAT-MSCs) were facilitated to differentiate into CAFs, which showed fibroblastic morphology, and the induced expression of fibroblastic markers, such as FAP, FSP and vimentin. This was involved in the higher expression of TGFRand the phosphorylation of Smad2/3. Furthermore, T2DM affected the fate and functions of CAFs derived from dAT-MSCs. While CAFs derived from AT-MSCs of healthy donors (AT-CATs) exhibited the markers of inflammatory CAFs, those derived from dAT-MSCs (dAT-CAFs) showed the markers of myofibroblastic CAFs. Of note, in comparison to AT-CAFs, dAT-CAFs showed a higher ability to induce the proliferation and in vivo metastasis of BCCs, which was involved in the activation of the TGF-Smad2/3 signaling pathway. Collectively, our study suggests that T2DM contributes to metastasis of BCCs by inducing the myofibroblastic CAFs differentiation of dAT-MSCs. In addition, targeting the TGF-Smad2/3 signaling pathway in dAT-MSCs may be useful in cancer therapy for TNBC patients with T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hsuan Chang
- University of Tsukuba, 13121, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan;
| | - Ngo Nhat Hoang
- University of Tsukuba, 13121, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan;
| | - Vuong Cat Khanh
- University of Tsukuba, Regenerative Medicine, Tsukuba, Japan;
| | | | - Motoo Osaka
- University of Tsukuba, Cardiovascular Surgery, Tsukuba, Japan;
| | - Yuji Hiramatsu
- University of Tsukuba, Cardiovascular Surgery, Tsukuba, Japan;
| | - Osamu Ohneda
- University of Tsukuba, Regenerative Medicine, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Japan, 305-8575;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Breast Cancer Therapy: The Potential Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Translational Biomedical Research. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051179. [PMID: 35625915 PMCID: PMC9138371 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of metastatic cancers, including breast cancer, has been investigated for many years leading to encouraging results. The role of fat grafting and the related adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) has been detailed and described for breast reconstruction purposes confirming the safety of AD-MSCs. MSCs have great potential for delivering anticancer agents, suicide genes, and oncolytic viruses to tumors. Currently, many studies have focused on the products of MSCs, including extracellular vesicles (EVs), as a cell-free therapy. This work aimed to review and discuss the current knowledge on MSCs and their EVs in breast cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
14
|
Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Pleiotropic Impacts on Breast Cancer Occurrence, Development, and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062927. [PMID: 35328347 PMCID: PMC8954385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most devastating cancers, with high morbidity and mortality, among the female population worldwide. In BC, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as pluripotent stromal stem cells, play a significant role in TME formation and tumor progression. Recently, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are essential for the crosstalk between MSCs and BC cells. MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) can deliver a diversity of molecules, including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, etc., to target cells, and produce corresponding effects. Studies have demonstrated that MSC-EVs exert both inhibitory and promotive effects in different situations and different stages of BC. Meanwhile, MSC-EVs provide novel therapeutic options for BC, such as EVs as carriers for drug delivery. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the role of MSC-EVs in BC progression and application in clinical treatment, in the hope of providing a basis for further research.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zheng Y, Li M, Weng B, Mao H, Zhao J. Exosome-based delivery nanoplatforms: Next-generation theranostic platforms for breast cancer. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:1607-1625. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00062h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent type of malignancy, and the leading cause of cancer-related death in women across the globe. Exosomes are naturally derived 50-150 nm nanovesicles with a...
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang F, de Haan-Du J, Sidorenkov G, Landman GWD, Jalving M, Zhang Q, de Bock GH. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Clinicopathological Tumor Characteristics in Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194992. [PMID: 34638475 PMCID: PMC8508341 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor prognosis caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in women with breast cancer is conferred, while the association between T2DM and breast tumor aggressiveness is still a matter of debate. This study aimed to clarify the differences in breast cancer characteristics, including stage, size, lymph node status, grade, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor (Her2), between patients with and without pre-existing T2DM. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for studies from 1 January 2010 to 2 July 2021. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled by using a random effects model. T2DM was significantly associated with tumor stages III/IV versus cancers in situ and stages I/II (pooled ORs (pOR), 95% CI: 1.19; 1.04-1.36, p = 0.012), tumor size >20 versus ≤20 mm (pOR, 95% CI: 1.18; 1.04-1.35, p = 0.013), and lymph node invasion versus no involvement (pOR, 95% CI: 1.26; 1.05-1.51, p = 0.013). These findings suggest that women with T2DM are at a higher risk of late-stage tumors, large tumor sizes, and invasive lymph nodes at breast cancer diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.Z.); (J.d.H.-D.); (G.H.d.B.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China;
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Jing de Haan-Du
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.Z.); (J.d.H.-D.); (G.H.d.B.)
| | - Grigory Sidorenkov
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.Z.); (J.d.H.-D.); (G.H.d.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gijs W. D. Landman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gelre Hospital, 7334 DZ Apeldoorn, The Netherlands;
| | - Mathilde Jalving
- Department of Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Qingying Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China;
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Geertruida H. de Bock
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.Z.); (J.d.H.-D.); (G.H.d.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Roles of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Cancer Development and Targeted Therapy. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:9962194. [PMID: 34335792 PMCID: PMC8289580 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9962194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have emerged as a new drug delivery system. In particular, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively studied because of their tumor-homing ability and yield advantages. Considering that MSC-derived exosomes are a double-edged sword in the development, metastasis, and invasion of tumors, engineered exosomes have broad potential use. In this review, we focused on the latest development in the treatment of tumors using engineered and nonengineered MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-EXs). Nonengineered MSC-EXs exert an antitumor effect on several well-studied tumors by affecting tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and invasion. Furthermore, engineered exosomes have promising research prospects as drug-carrying tools for the transport of miRNAs, small-molecule drugs, and proteins. Although exosomes lack uniform standards in terms of definition, separation, and purification, they still have great research value because of their unique advantages, such as high biocompatibility and low toxicity. Future studies on MSC-EXs should elucidate the mechanisms underlying their anticancer effect and the safety of their application.
Collapse
|
18
|
Adipose Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and the Tumor Microenvironment: Revisiting the Hallmarks of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133328. [PMID: 34283044 PMCID: PMC8268128 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Increased body fat is associated with an increased risk of 13 different cancer types. Recent findings have demonstrated a close relationship between extracellular vesicles released by adipose tissues and the establishment and progression of several types of cancers and metastasis. However, detailed information about the establishment of such cooperation is still lacking. We provide evidence to support that extracellular vesicles secreted by adipose tissues may carry tumoral molecules that modulate the behavior and functions of cancer cells, as described in the seminal report “The Hallmarks of Cancer” by Hanahan and Weinberg, published in the early 2000s. Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial elements that sustain the communication between tumor cells and their microenvironment, and have emerged as a widespread mechanism of tumor formation and metastasis. In obesity, the adipose tissue becomes hypertrophic and hyperplastic, triggering increased production of pro-inflammatory adipokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, interleukin 1, and leptin. Furthermore, obese adipose tissue undergoes dysregulation in the cargo content of the released EVs, resulting in an increased content of pro-inflammatory proteins, fatty acids, and oncogenic microRNAs. These alterations drive obesity-associated inflammatory responses both locally and systemically. After being ignored for a long time, adipose tissues have recently received considerable attention as a major player in tumor microenvironment-linked obesity and cancer. The role of adipose tissue in the establishment and progression of cancer is reinforced by its high plasticity and inflammatory content. Such a relationship may be established by direct contact between adipocytes and cancer cells within the microenvironment or systemically, via EV-mediated cell-to-cell communication. Here, we highlight cues evidencing the influence of adipose tissue-derived EVs on the hallmarks of cancer, which are critical for tumor malignancy.
Collapse
|