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Li X, Wu Z, Li B, Xing Y, Huang P, Liu L. Selaginella lepidophylla-Inspired Multi-Stimulus Cooperative Control MXene-Based Flexible Actuator. Soft Robot 2023; 10:861-872. [PMID: 37335927 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2022.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Predictable bending deformation, high cycle stability, and multimode complex motion have always been the goals pursued in the field of flexible robots. In this study, inspired by the delicate structure and humidity response characteristics of Selaginella lepidophylla, a new multilevel assisted assembly strategy was developed to construct MXene-CoFe2O4 (MXCFO) flexible actuators with different concentration gradients, to achieve predictable bending deformation and multi-stimulus cooperative control of the actuators, revealing the intrinsic link between the gradient change and the bending deformation ability of the actuator. The thickness of the actuator shows uniformity compared with the common layer-by-layer assembly strategy. And, the bionic gradient structured actuator shows high cycle stability, and it maintains excellent interlayer bonding after bending 100 times. The flexible robots designed based on the predictable bending deformation and the multi-stimulus cooperative response characteristics of the actuator initially realize conceptual models of humidity monitoring, climbing, grasping, cargo transportation, and drug delivery. The designed bionic gradient structure and unbound multi-stimulus cooperative control strategy may show great potential in the design and development of robots in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjue Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Youqiang Xing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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2
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Tasin MA, Aziz SAA, Mazlan SA, Johari MAF, Nordin NA, Yusuf SYM, Choi SB, Bahiuddin I. Magnetostriction Enhancement in Midrange Modulus Magnetorheological Elastomers for Sensor Applications. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:767. [PMID: 37421000 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Magnetorheological elastomer (MRE), which is capable of exhibiting magnetostriction in the presence of a magnetic field, has a great potential to be used for the development of sensor devices. Unfortunately, to date, many works focused on studying low modulus of MRE (less than 100 kPa) which can hamper their potential application in sensors due to short lifespan and low durability. Thus, in this work, MRE with storage modulus above 300 kPa is to be developed to enhance magnetostriction magnitude and reaction force (normal force). To achieve this goal, MREs are prepared with various compositions of carbonyl iron particles (CIPs), in particular, MRE with 60, 70 and 80 wt.% of CIP. It is shown that both the magnetostriction percentage and normal force increment are achieved as the concentration of CIPs increases. The highest magnetostriction magnitude of 0.075% is obtained with 80 wt.% of CIP, and this increment is higher than that of moderate stiffness MRE developed in the previous works. Therefore, the midrange range modulus MRE developed in this work can copiously produce the required magnetostriction value and potentially be implemented for the design of forefront sensor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asyraf Tasin
- Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Pahang, Jengka 26400, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Amri Mazlan
- Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Aidy Faizal Johari
- Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Nur Azmah Nordin
- Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Shahir Yasin Mohd Yusuf
- Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
| | - Seung-Bok Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The State University of New York, Korea (SUNY Korea), Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh (IUH), Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Irfan Bahiuddin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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3
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Xiong J, Zhan T, Hu Y, Guo Z, Wang S. A tough, stretchable, freeze-tolerated double-cross-linked conductive hydrogel and its application in flexible strain sensors. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-05045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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4
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Wang S, Sun Z, Duan S, Zhao Y, Sha X, Yu S, Zuo L. A Hydrogel-Based Self-Sensing Underwater Actuator. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1779. [PMID: 36296132 PMCID: PMC9611511 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soft robots made of hydrogels are suited for underwater exploration due to their biocompatibility and compliancy. Yet, reaching high dexterity and actuation force for hydrogel-based actuators is challenging. Meanwhile, real-time proprioception is critical for feedback control. Moreover, sensor integration to mimic living organisms remains problematic. To address these challenges, we introduce a hydrogel actuator driven by hydraulic force with a fast response (time constant 0.83 s). The highly stretchable and conductive hydrogel (1400% strain) is molded into the PneuNet shape, and two of them are further assembled symmetrically to actuate bi-directionally. Then, we demonstrate its bionic application for underwater swimming, showing 2 cm/s (0.19 BL/s) speed. Inspired by biological neuromuscular systems' sensory motion, which unifies the sensing and actuation in a single unit, we explore the hydrogel actuator's self-sensing capacity utilizing strain-induced resistance change. The results show that the soft actuator's proprioception can monitor the undulation in real-time with a sensitivity of 0.2%/degree. Furthermore, we take a finite-element method and first-order differential equations to model the actuator's bending in response to pressure. We show that such a model can precisely predict the robot's bending response over a range of pressures. With the self-sensing actuator and the proposed model, we expect the new approach can lead to future soft robots for underwater exploration with feedback control, and the underlying mechanism of the undulation control might offer significant insights for biomimetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Wang
- Department of Control Engineering, Northeastern University, Qinhuangdao 066001, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zhaojia Sun
- Department of Control Engineering, Northeastern University, Qinhuangdao 066001, China
| | - Shuaiyang Duan
- Department of Control Engineering, Northeastern University, Qinhuangdao 066001, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- Department of Control Engineering, Northeastern University, Qinhuangdao 066001, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xiaopeng Sha
- Department of Control Engineering, Northeastern University, Qinhuangdao 066001, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Shifeng Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Lei Zuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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5
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Zhao Z, Lu Y, Mi Y, Meng J, Cao X, Wang N. Structural Flexibility in Triboelectric Nanogenerators: A Review on the Adaptive Design for Self-Powered Systems. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13101586. [PMID: 36295939 PMCID: PMC9610431 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing need for structural flexibility in self-powered wearable electronics and other Internet of Things (IoT), where adaptable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) play a key role in realizing the true potential of IoT by endowing the latter with self-sustainability. Thus, in this review, the topic was restricted to the adaptive design of TENGs with structural flexibility that aims to promote the sustainable operation of various smart electronics. This review begins with an emphatical discussion of the concept of flexible electronics and TENGs, and continues with the introduction of TENG-based self-powered intelligent systems while placing the emphasis on self-powered flexible intelligent devices. Self-powered healthcare sensors, e-skins, and other intelligent wearable electronics with enhanced intelligence and efficiency in practical applications due to the integration with TENGs are illustrated, along with an emphasis on the design strategy of structural flexibility of TENGs and the associated integration schemes. This review aims to cover recent achievements in the field of self-powered systems, and provides information on how flexibility or adaptability in TENGs can be adopted, their types, and why they are required in promoting advanced IoT applications with sustainability and intelligence algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zequan Zhao
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yajun Mi
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiajing Meng
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xia Cao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
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6
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Piazzoni M, Negri A, Brambilla E, Giussani L, Pitton S, Caccia S, Epis S, Bandi C, Locarno S, Lenardi C. Biodegradable floating hydrogel baits as larvicide delivery systems against mosquitoes. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:6443-6452. [PMID: 35983789 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00889k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biological methods for mosquito larvae control are completely biodegradable and have null or limited effects on nontarget organisms. However, commercially available products have a low residual activity, with the consequent need for multiple applications that inevitably increase costs and the risk of resistance phenomena insurgence. Smart delivery systems made of hydrogels proved their efficacy in increasing the action duration of biolarvicides up to several months, but the lack of an efficient baiting mechanism to strongly attract the target pest remains a problem in practical applications. In this work, we investigated two novel hydrogel-based formulations of completely natural composition for baiting and killing larvae of Aedes albopictus mosquitos. The proposed materials consist of charged crosslinked polysaccharides (chitosan and cellulose) and are specifically manufactured to float in water, simulating organic matter usually present at breeding sites. Within the hydrogels' matrix, yeast colonies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were embedded as phagostimulants alongside a biolarvicide (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti)). Despite the similar chemical nature and structure, chitosan-based hydrogels exhibited a markedly superior baiting potential compared to those made of cellulose and also succeeded in efficiently killing mosquito larvae just after a few hours from administration. We are confident that the proposed smart delivery hydrogel made of chitosan can be an enabling tool to attract mosquito larvae towards biopesticides of different nature without delocalizing active ingredients away from the breeding site and to simultaneously increase their residual activity, thus holding the potential of minimizing environmental pollution related to pest control and vector-borne disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Piazzoni
- CIMAINA, Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Agata Negri
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric CRC "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, ItalyVia Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Brambilla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section of General and Organic Chemistry "A. Marchesisi", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Giussani
- CIMAINA, Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Pitton
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric CRC "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, ItalyVia Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Caccia
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric CRC "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, ItalyVia Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Epis
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric CRC "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, ItalyVia Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Bandi
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric CRC "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, ItalyVia Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Locarno
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Cristina Lenardi
- CIMAINA, Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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7
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Cipriani C, Ha T, Martinez Defilló OB, Myneni M, Wang Y, Benjamin CC, Wang J, Pentzer EB, Wei P. Structure-Processing-Property Relationships of 3D Printed Porous Polymeric Materials. ACS MATERIALS AU 2021; 1:69-80. [PMID: 36855618 PMCID: PMC9888614 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.1c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Imparting porosity to 3D printed polymeric materials is an attractive option for producing lightweight, flexible, customizable objects such as sensors and garments. Although methods currently exist to introduce pores into 3D printed objects, little work has explored the structure-processing-property relationships of these materials. In this study, photopolymer/sacrificial paraffin filler composite inks were produced and printed by a direct ink writing (DIW) technique that leveraged paraffin particles as sacrificial viscosity modifiers in a matrix of commercial elastomer photocurable resin. After printing, paraffin was dissolved by immersion of the cured part in an organic solvent at elevated temperature, leaving behind a porous matrix. Rheometry experiments demonstrated that composites with between 40 and 70 wt % paraffin particles were able to be successfully 3D printed; thus, the porosity of printed objects can be varied from 43 to 73 vol %. Scanning electron microscopy images demonstrated that closed-cell porous structures formed at low porosity values, whereas open-cell structures formed at and above approximately 53 vol % porosity. Tensile tests revealed a decrease in elastic modulus as the porosity of the material was increased. These tests were simulated using finite element analysis (FEA), and it was found that the Neo-Hookean model was appropriate to represent the 3D printed porous material at lower and higher void fractions within a 75% strain, and the Ogden model also gave good predictions of porous material performance. The transition between closed- and open-cell behaviors occurred at 52.4 vol % porosity in the cubic representative volume elements used for FEA, which agreed with experimental findings that this transition occurred at approximately 53 vol % porosity. This work demonstrates that the tandem use of rheometry, FEA, and DIW enables the design of complex, tailorable 3D printed porous structures with desired mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciera
E. Cipriani
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - Taekwang Ha
- Department
of Multidisciplinary Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States,Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Oliver B. Martinez Defilló
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - Manoj Myneni
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77845, United States
| | - Chandler C. Benjamin
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jyhwen Wang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States,Department
of Engineering Technology and Industrial Distribution, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States,
| | - Emily B. Pentzer
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77845, United States,Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States,
| | - Peiran Wei
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77845, United States,
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