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Bartkowski P, Pawliszak Ł, Chevale SG, Pełka P, Park YL. Programmable Shape-Shifting Soft Robotic Structure Using Liquid Metal Electromagnetic Actuators. Soft Robot 2024. [PMID: 38598718 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2023.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Constant development of soft robots, stretchable electronics, or flexible medical devices forces the research to look for new flexible structures that can change their shapes under external physical stimuli. This study presents a soft robotic structure that can change its shape into different three-dimensional (3D) configurations in response to electric current flown through the embedded liquid-metal conductors enabling electromagnetic actuation. The proposed structure is composed of volumetric pixels (voxels) connected in series where each can be independently controlled by the inputs of electrical current and vacuum pressure. A single voxel is made up of a granular core (GC) with an outer shell made of silicone rubber. The shell has embedded channels filled with liquid metal. The structure changes its shape under the Lorentz force produced by the liquid metal channel under applied electrical current. The GC allows the structure to maintain its shape after deformation even when the current is shut off. This is possible due to the granular jamming effect. In this study, we show the concept, the results of multiphysics simulation, and experimental characterization, including among other techniques, such as 3D digital image correlation or 3D magnetic field scanning, to study the different properties of the structure. We prove that the proposed structure can morph into many different shapes with the amplitude higher than 10 mm, and this process can be both fully reversible and repeatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bartkowski
- Department of Machine Design Fundamentals, Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Pawliszak
- Department of Machine Design Fundamentals, Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Siddhi G Chevale
- Department of Machine Design Fundamentals, Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Pełka
- Department of Machine Design Fundamentals, Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yong-Lae Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Nardekar SS, Kim S. Untethered Magnetic Soft Robot with Ultra-Flexible Wirelessly Rechargeable Micro-Supercapacitor as an Onboard Power Source. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303918. [PMID: 37544914 PMCID: PMC10558651 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Soft robotics has developed rapidly in recent years as an emergent research topic, offering new avenues for various industrial and biomedical settings. Despite these advancements, its applicability is limited to locomotion and actuation due to the lack of an adequate charge storage system that can support the robot's sensory system in challenging conditions. Herein, an ultra-flexible, lightweight (≈50 milligrams), and wirelessly rechargeable micro-supercapacitor as an onboard power source for miniaturized soft robots, capable of powering a range of sensory is proposed. The simple and scalable direct laser combustion technique is utilized to fabricate the robust graphene-like carbon micro-supercapacitor (GLC-MSC) electrode. The GLC-MSC demonstrates superior areal capacitance (8.76 mF cm-2 ), and maintains its original capacitance even under extreme actuation frequency (1-30 Hz). As proof of conceptthe authors fabricate a fully integrated magnetic-soft robot that shows outstanding locomotion aptitude and charged wirelessly (up to 2.4 V within 25s), making it an ideal onboard power source for soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Shital Nardekar
- Nanomaterials & System LabMajor of Mechatronics EngineeringFaculty of Applied Energy SystemJeju National UniversityJeju63243Republic of Korea
| | - Sang‐Jae Kim
- Nanomaterials & System LabMajor of Mechatronics EngineeringFaculty of Applied Energy SystemJeju National UniversityJeju63243Republic of Korea
- Nanomaterials & System LabMajor of Mechanical System EngineeringCollege of EngineeringJeju National UniversityJeju63243Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of New Energy Industry (RINEI)Jeju National UniversityJeju63243Republic of Korea
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Barrio J, Pedersen A, Favero S, Luo H, Wang M, Sarma SC, Feng J, Ngoc LTT, Kellner S, Li AY, Jorge Sobrido AB, Titirici MM. Bioinspired and Bioderived Aqueous Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2311-2348. [PMID: 36354420 PMCID: PMC9999430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of efficient and sustainable electrochemical systems able to provide clean-energy fuels and chemicals is one of the main current challenges of materials science and engineering. Over the last decades, significant advances have been made in the development of robust electrocatalysts for different reactions, with fundamental insights from both computational and experimental work. Some of the most promising systems in the literature are based on expensive and scarce platinum-group metals; however, natural enzymes show the highest per-site catalytic activities, while their active sites are based exclusively on earth-abundant metals. Additionally, natural biomass provides a valuable feedstock for producing advanced carbonaceous materials with porous hierarchical structures. Utilizing resources and design inspiration from nature can help create more sustainable and cost-effective strategies for manufacturing cost-effective, sustainable, and robust electrochemical materials and devices. This review spans from materials to device engineering; we initially discuss the design of carbon-based materials with bioinspired features (such as enzyme active sites), the utilization of biomass resources to construct tailored carbon materials, and their activity in aqueous electrocatalysis for water splitting, oxygen reduction, and CO2 reduction. We then delve in the applicability of bioinspired features in electrochemical devices, such as the engineering of bioinspired mass transport and electrode interfaces. Finally, we address remaining challenges, such as the stability of bioinspired active sites or the activity of metal-free carbon materials, and discuss new potential research directions that can open the gates to the implementation of bioinspired sustainable materials in electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Barrio
- Department
of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial
College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, England, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, LondonSW7 2AZ, England, U.K.
| | - Angus Pedersen
- Department
of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial
College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, England, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, LondonSW7 2AZ, England, U.K.
| | - Silvia Favero
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, LondonSW7 2AZ, England, U.K.
| | - Hui Luo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, LondonSW7 2AZ, England, U.K.
| | - Mengnan Wang
- Department
of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial
College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, England, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, LondonSW7 2AZ, England, U.K.
| | - Saurav Ch. Sarma
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, LondonSW7 2AZ, England, U.K.
| | - Jingyu Feng
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, LondonSW7 2AZ, England, U.K.
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, LondonE1 4NS, England, U.K.
| | - Linh Tran Thi Ngoc
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, LondonSW7 2AZ, England, U.K.
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, LondonE1 4NS, England, U.K.
| | - Simon Kellner
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, LondonSW7 2AZ, England, U.K.
| | - Alain You Li
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, LondonSW7 2AZ, England, U.K.
| | - Ana Belén Jorge Sobrido
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, LondonE1 4NS, England, U.K.
| | - Maria-Magdalena Titirici
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, LondonSW7 2AZ, England, U.K.
- Advanced
Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, 2-1-1
Katahira, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi980-8577, Japan
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Lu B, Yuan Y, Bao Y, Zhao Y, Song Y, Zhang J. Mechanics-based design of lithium-ion batteries: a perspective. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:29279-29297. [PMID: 36268731 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03301a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
From the overall framework of battery development, the battery structures have not received enough attention compared to the chemical components in batteries. The mechanical-electrochemical coupling behavior is a starting point for investigation on battery structures and the subsequent battery design. This perspective systematically reviews the efforts on the mechanics-based design for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Two typical types of mechanics-based LIB designs, namely the design at the preparation stage and that at the cycling stage, have been discussed, respectively. The former systemizes the structure design of multiscale battery components from the particle level to the cell level. The latter focuses on the external mechanics-related control, including external pressures and charge-discharge protocols, of in-service LIBs. Moreover, the general problems currently being faced in the mechanics-based LIB design are summarized, followed by the outlook of possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lu
- Department of Mechanics, Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.,Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Yanan Yuan
- Department of Mechanics, Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yinhua Bao
- Department of Mechanics, Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yanfei Zhao
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, China.,Department of Civil Engineering, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yicheng Song
- Department of Mechanics, Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Junqian Zhang
- Department of Mechanics, Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.,Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, China
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Zhao Z, Lu Y, Mi Y, Meng J, Cao X, Wang N. Structural Flexibility in Triboelectric Nanogenerators: A Review on the Adaptive Design for Self-Powered Systems. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13101586. [PMID: 36295939 PMCID: PMC9610431 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing need for structural flexibility in self-powered wearable electronics and other Internet of Things (IoT), where adaptable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) play a key role in realizing the true potential of IoT by endowing the latter with self-sustainability. Thus, in this review, the topic was restricted to the adaptive design of TENGs with structural flexibility that aims to promote the sustainable operation of various smart electronics. This review begins with an emphatical discussion of the concept of flexible electronics and TENGs, and continues with the introduction of TENG-based self-powered intelligent systems while placing the emphasis on self-powered flexible intelligent devices. Self-powered healthcare sensors, e-skins, and other intelligent wearable electronics with enhanced intelligence and efficiency in practical applications due to the integration with TENGs are illustrated, along with an emphasis on the design strategy of structural flexibility of TENGs and the associated integration schemes. This review aims to cover recent achievements in the field of self-powered systems, and provides information on how flexibility or adaptability in TENGs can be adopted, their types, and why they are required in promoting advanced IoT applications with sustainability and intelligence algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zequan Zhao
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yajun Mi
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiajing Meng
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xia Cao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
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