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Zheng WB, Zou Y, He JJ, Liu GH, Hu MH, Zhu XQ. Proteomic alterations in the plasma of Beagle dogs induced by Toxocara canis infection. J Proteomics 2020; 232:104049. [PMID: 33212252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.104049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toxocara canis causes ocular larva migrans and visceral larva migrans in humans. Knowledge about the molecular mechanism of T. canis-hosts interaction is limited. The proteomic alterations in the plasma of Beagle dogs induced by T. canis infection were studied by the quantitative mass spectrometry-based data-independent acquisition (DIA). 418, 414 and 411 plasma proteins were identified at 24 h post-infection (hpi), 96 hpi and 36 days post-infection (dpi), including 6, 5 and 23 proteins with differential abundance, respectively. At 24 hpi, the altered proteins, retinoic acid receptor responder protein 2 (RARRES2), WD repeat-containing protein 1 (WDR1), moesin and filamin-A, may participate in pro-inflammatory reaction or promote larvae migration. At 96 hpi, the altered protein C and fibroleukin may maintain the stability of the coagulation system to protect the lung. At 36 dpi, the alterations of C-reactive protein (CRP), ficolin (FCN), complement factor H-related protein 5 (CFHR5) and other complements can affect the three traditional complement system, including the classic pathway, lectin pathway and alternative pathway. These proteins may play important roles in the interaction between T. canis and its definitive hosts. Further study on these altered proteins triggered by T. canis infection may discovery novel therapeutic or diagnostic targets for toxocariasis. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Toxocara canis is one of the globally distributed soil-transmitted helminths, which causes ocular larva migrans and visceral larva migrans in humans and a wide range of warm-blooded animals. T. canis adapts to different microenvironments by resisting and adjusting various biological processes of the hosts. Knowledge about the molecular mechanism of T. canis-hosts interaction is limited. Plasma proteins are good marker for monitoring the occurrence and development of diseases. The proteomic alterations in the plasma of Beagle dogs induced by T. canis infection were studied by the quantitative mass spectrometry-based data-independent acquisition (DIA) in this study. A total of 418, 414 and 411 plasma proteins were identified at 24 h post-infection (hpi), 96 hpi and 36 days post-infection, respectively. Ten protein with differential abundances were validated by using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). Collectively, our deep proteomic analysis of plasma revealed that proteins alterations were affected by disease development, and proteomic analysis is an ideal method for quantifying changes in circulating factors on a global scale in response to pathophysiological perturbations such as T. canis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410128, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province 030801, PR China
| | - Yang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Jun-Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China.
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410128, PR China
| | - Min-Hua Hu
- National Canine Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Guangzhou General Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510240, PR China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province 030801, PR China.
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Lu HX, Sun JH, Wen DL, Du J, Zeng L, Zhang AQ, Jiang JX. LBP rs2232618 polymorphism contributes to risk of sepsis after trauma. World J Emerg Surg 2018; 13:52. [PMID: 30479651 PMCID: PMC6240187 DOI: 10.1186/s13017-018-0214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous study revealed that rs2232618 polymorphism (Phe436Leu) within LBP gene is a functional variant and associated with susceptibility of sepsis in traumatic patients. Our aim was to confirm the reported association by enlarging the population sample size and perform a meta-analysis to find additional evidence. Methods Traumatic patients from Southwest (n = 1296) and Southeast (n = 445) of China were enrolled in our study. After genotyping, the relationship between rs2232618 and the risk of sepsis was analyzed. Furthermore, we proceeded with a comprehensive literature search and meta-analysis to determine whether the rs2232618 polymorphism conferred susceptibility to sepsis. Results Significance correlation was observed between rs2232618 and risk of sepsis in Southwest patients (P = 0.002 for the dominant model, P = 0.006 for the recessive model). The association was confirmed in Southeast cohort (P = 0.005 for the dominant model) and overall combined cohorts (P = 4.5 × 10-4, P = 0.041 for the dominant and recessive model). Multiple logistical regression analyses suggested that rs2232618 polymorphism was related to higher risk of sepsis (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.26-2.48, P = 0.001 in Southwest patients; OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.24-3.58, P = 0.006 in Southeast cohort; OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.34-2.08, P = 0.006 in overall cohort). Furthermore, meta-analysis of four studies (including the present study) confirmed that rs2232618 within LBP increased the risk of sepsis (OR = 1.75, P < 0.001 for the dominant model; OR = 6.08, P = 0.003 for the recessive model; OR = 2.72, P < 0.001 for the allelic model). Conclusions The results from our replication study and meta-analysis provided firm evidence that rs2232618T allele significantly increased the risk of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042 China
| | - Jian-Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042 China
| | - Da-Lin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042 China
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042 China
| | - Ling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042 China
| | - An-Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042 China
| | - Jian-Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042 China
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Anada RP, Wong KT, Jayapalan JJ, Hashim OH, Ganesan D. Panel of serum protein biomarkers to grade the severity of traumatic brain injury. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2308-2315. [PMID: 29570807 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), which classifies patients into mild, moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), is a system used to prioritize treatment and prognosticate the severity of head injury. In this study, sera of patients with various stages of TBI, as well as control subjects, were analyzed to screen for proteins that may be used to complement the GCS system. By subjecting pooled serum samples to iTRAQ analysis for quantitative comparison of protein abundance, and attesting their altered levels using ELISA, we have detected increased levels of serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein, leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, fibronectin, vitronectin and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin in patients across all strata of TBI relative to the controls. However, kininogen was decreased only in moderate and severe TBI, whereas apolipoprotein E and zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein were only increased in severe TBI. Hence, we propose a panel of serum biomarkers, which if analyzed within 24 h of the injury, can be used to diagnose patients with TBI into mild, moderate or severe stratification objectively, thus complementing the traditional GCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Poovindran Anada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kum Thong Wong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jaime Jacqueline Jayapalan
- University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Onn Haji Hashim
- University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dharmendra Ganesan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Ding PH, Jin L. The role of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in innate immunity: a revisit and its relevance to oral/periodontal health. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:1-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P.-H. Ding
- Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR China
| | - L.J. Jin
- Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR China
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Tsan MF. Heat shock proteins and high mobility group box 1 protein lack cytokine function. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 89:847-53. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0810471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Villar J, Pérez-Méndez L, Espinosa E, Flores C, Blanco J, Muriel A, Basaldúa S, Muros M, Blanch L, Artigas A, Kacmarek RM. Serum lipopolysaccharide binding protein levels predict severity of lung injury and mortality in patients with severe sepsis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6818. [PMID: 19718443 PMCID: PMC2730016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is a need for biomarkers insuring identification of septic patients at high-risk for death. We performed a prospective, multicenter, observational study to investigate the time-course of lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) serum levels in patients with severe sepsis and examined whether serial serum levels of LBP could be used as a marker of outcome. Methodology/Principal Findings LBP serum levels at study entry, at 48 hours and at day-7 were measured in 180 patients with severe sepsis. Data regarding the nature of infections, disease severity, development of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and intensive care unit (ICU) outcome were recorded. LBP serum levels were similar in survivors and non-survivors at study entry (117.4±75.7 µg/mL vs. 129.8±71.3 µg/mL, P = 0.249) but there were significant differences at 48 hours (77.2±57.0 vs. 121.2±73.4 µg/mL, P<0.0001) and at day-7 (64.7±45.8 vs. 89.7±61.1 µg/ml, p = 0.017). At 48 hours, LBP levels were significantly higher in ARDS patients than in ALI patients (112.5±71.8 µg/ml vs. 76.6±55.9 µg/ml, P = 0.0001). An increase of LBP levels at 48 hours was associated with higher mortality (odds ratio 3.97; 95%CI: 1.84–8.56; P<0.001). Conclusions/Significance Serial LBP serum measurements may offer a clinically useful biomarker for identification of patients with severe sepsis having the worst outcomes and the highest probability of developing sepsis-induced ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Villar
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Organ Dysfunction Evaluation Research Network (MODERN), Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrin, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Associate scientist, Keenan Research Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Lina Pérez-Méndez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario NS de Candelaria, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Elena Espinosa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Universitario NS de Candelaria, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carlos Flores
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario NS de Candelaria, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jesús Blanco
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Arturo Muriel
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Santiago Basaldúa
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario NS de Candelaria, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Mercedes Muros
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital Universitario NS de Candelaria, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Lluis Blanch
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Critical Care Center, Corporació Sanitaria Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Artigas
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Critical Care Center, Corporació Sanitaria Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert M. Kacmarek
- Department of Respiratory Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesia, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) such as HSP 60 (Hsp60), Hsp70, Hsp90, and gp96, have been reported to play important roles in antigen presentation and cross-presentation, activation of macrophages and lymphocytes, and activation and maturation of dendritic cells. HSPs contain peptide-binding domains that bind exposed hydrophobic residues of substrate proteins. As part of their molecular chaperone functions, HSPs bind and deliver chaperoned, antigenic peptides to MHC class I molecules at the cell surface for presentation to lymphocytes. HSPs also bind nonprotein molecules with exposed hydrophobic residues including lipid-based TLR ligands. Recombinant HSP products may be contaminated with pathogen-associated molecules that contain exposed hydrophobic residues such as LPS (a TLR4 ligand), lipoprotein (a TLR2 ligand), and flagellin (a TLR5 ligand). These contaminants appear to be responsible for most, if not all, reported in vitro cytokine effects of HSPs, as highly purified HSPs do not show any cytokine effects. We propose that HSPs are molecular chaperones that bind protein and nonprotein molecules with exposed hydrophobic residues. The reported antigen presentation and cross-presentation and in vitro HSP cytokine functions are a result of molecules bound to or chaperoned by HSPs but not a result of HSPs themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Fu Tsan
- Office of Research Oversight, Department of Veterans Affairs, 50 Irving Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20422, USA.
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Anderson NL, Jackson A, Smith D, Hardie D, Borchers C, Pearson TW. SISCAPA peptide enrichment on magnetic beads using an in-line bead trap device. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:995-1005. [PMID: 19196707 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800446-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A SISCAPA (stable isotope standards and capture by anti-peptide antibodies) method for specific antibody-based capture of individual tryptic peptides from a digest of whole human plasma was developed using a simplified magnetic bead protocol and a novel rotary magnetic bead trap device. Following off-line equilibrium binding of peptides by antibodies and subsequent capture of the antibodies on magnetic beads, the bead trap permitted washing of the beads and elution of bound peptides inside a 150-microm-inner diameter capillary that forms part of a nanoflow LC-MS/MS system. The bead trap sweeps beads against the direction of liquid flow using a continuous succession of moving high magnetic field-gradient trap regions while mixing the beads with the flowing liquid. This approach prevents loss of low abundance captured peptides and allows automated processing of a series of SISCAPA reactions. Selected tryptic peptides of alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein were enriched relative to a high abundance serum albumin peptide by 1,800 and 18,000-fold, respectively, as measured by multiple reaction monitoring. A large majority of the peptides that are bound nonspecifically in SISCAPA reactions were shown to bind to components other than the antibody (e.g. the magnetic beads), suggesting that substantial improvement in enrichment could be achieved by development of improved inert bead surfaces.
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Lipopolysaccharide binding protein in a surgical intensive care unit: a marker of sepsis? Crit Care Med 2008; 36:2014-22. [PMID: 18552695 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31817b86e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the time course of lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) plasma concentrations in patients in the surgical intensive care unit (ICU), their value in discriminating sepsis from systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and their association with severity of sepsis and outcome in these patients compared with interleukin (IL)-6, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin. DESIGN Prospective, observational, cohort study. SETTING Academic ICU. PATIENTS All 327 consecutively admitted patients. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Serum LBP concentrations were higher in patients who had severe sepsis/septic shock on ICU admission than in patients who never had sepsis (20.5 [8.1-38.8] vs. 14.2 [7.7-22.2] microg/mL, p < .05) but were similar in patients with sepsis without organ failure and those who never had sepsis. After 3 days, LBP levels were similar in all groups. In a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, LBP concentrations moderately discriminated sepsis from systemic inflammatory response syndrome (area under curve [AUC] = .66) and severe sepsis from sepsis without organ failure (AUC = .71). IL-6 had the highest AUC in discriminating sepsis from other conditions (AUC = .76) and procalcitonin had the highest AUC for discrimination of severe sepsis from sepsis (AUC = .86). LBP concentrations on admission and during the first week were similar in patients with gram-positive and those with gram-negative infections (15.9 [11-26.7] and 37.2 [25.1-62.4] vs. 16.3 [5.3-31.6] and 31.6 [13.4], microg/mL, p > .2). LBP concentrations on admission were similar in nonsurvivors and survivors and did not discriminate ICU mortality. However, the maximum LBP concentration during the first 3 days in the ICU discriminated moderately between survivors and nonsurvivors. CONCLUSIONS In the surgical ICU, LBP moderately discriminated patients without infection from patients with severe sepsis but not from patients with sepsis without organ dysfunction. LBP concentrations did not distinguish between gram-positive and gram-negative infections. The correlation of LBP concentrations with disease severity and outcome is weak compared with other markers and its use as a biomarker is not warranted in this patient population.
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Selkirk GA, McLellan TM, Wright HE, Rhind SG. Mild endotoxemia, NF-kappaB translocation, and cytokine increase during exertional heat stress in trained and untrained individuals. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295:R611-23. [PMID: 18565834 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00917.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined endotoxin-mediated cytokinemia during exertional heat stress (EHS). Subjects were divided into trained [TR; n=12, peak aerobic power (VO2peak)=70+/-2 ml.kg lean body mass(-1).min(-1)] and untrained (UT; n=11, VO2peak=50+/-1 ml.kg lean body mass(-1).min(-1)) groups before walking at 4.5 km/h with 2% elevation in a climatic chamber (40 degrees C, 30% relative humidity) wearing protective clothing until exhaustion (Exh). Venous blood samples at baseline and 0.5 degrees C rectal temperature increments (38.0, 38.5, 39.0, 39.5, and 40.0 degrees C/Exh) were analyzed for endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide binding protein, circulating cytokines, and intranuclear NF-kappaB translocation. Baseline and Exh samples were also stimulated with LPS (100 ng/ml) and cultured in vitro in a 37 degrees C water bath for 30 min. Phenotypic determination of natural killer cell frequency was also determined. Enhanced blood (104+/-6 vs. 84+/-3 ml/kg) and plasma volumes (64+/-4 vs. 51+/-2 ml/kg) were observed in TR compared with UT subjects. EHS produced an increased concentration of circulating endotoxin in both TR (8+/-2 pg/ml) and UT subjects (15+/-3 pg/ml) (range: not detected to 32 pg/ml), corresponding with NF-kappaB translocation and cytokine increases in both groups. In addition, circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-6 were also elevated combined with concomitant increases in IL-1 receptor antagonist in both groups and IL-10 in TR subjects only. Findings suggest that the threshold for endotoxin leakage and inflammatory activation during EHS occurs at a lower temperature in UT compared with TR subjects and support the endotoxin translocation hypothesis of exertional heat stroke, linking endotoxin tolerance and heat tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Selkirk
- Defence R & D Canada-Toronto, 1133 Sheppard Ave. E., Toronto, ON, Canada M3M 3B9
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