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Funk C, Uhlig N, Ruzsics Z, Baur F, Peindl M, Nietzer S, Epting K, Vacun G, Dandekar G, Botteron C, Werno C, Grunwald T, Bailer SM. TheraVision: Engineering platform technology for the development of oncolytic viruses based on herpes simplex virus type 1. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200784. [PMID: 38596296 PMCID: PMC10950833 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Viruses are able to efficiently penetrate cells, multiply, and eventually kill infected cells, release tumor antigens, and activate the immune system. Therefore, viruses are highly attractive novel agents for cancer therapy. Clinical trials with first generations of oncolytic viruses (OVs) are very promising but show significant need for optimization. The aim of TheraVision was to establish a broadly applicable engineering platform technology for combinatorial oncolytic virus and immunotherapy. Through genetic engineering, an attenuated herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) was generated that showed increased safety compared to the wild-type strain. To demonstrate the modularity and the facilitated generation of new OVs, two transgenes encoding retargeting as well as immunomodulating single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) were integrated into the platform vector. The resulting virus selectively infected epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-expressing cells and produced a functional immune checkpoint inhibitor against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). Thus, both viral-mediated oncolysis and immune-cell-mediated therapy were combined into a single viral vector. Safety and functionality of the armed OVs have been shown in novel preclinical models ranging from patient-derived organoids and tissue-engineered human in vitro 3D tumor models to complex humanized mouse models. Consequently, a novel and proprietary engineering platform vector based on HSV1 is available for the facilitated preclinical development of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Funk
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadja Uhlig
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florentin Baur
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Peindl
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Nietzer
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring, Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Karina Epting
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gabriele Vacun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gudrun Dandekar
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring, Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Catherine Botteron
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Werno
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Grunwald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne M. Bailer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
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Murkar R, von Heckel C, Walles H, Moch TB, Arens C, Davaris N, Weber A, Zuschratter W, Baumann S, Reinhardt J, Kopp S. Establishment of a Human Immunocompetent 3D Tissue Model to Enable the Long-Term Examination of Biofilm-Tissue Interactions. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:187. [PMID: 38391673 PMCID: PMC10885984 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Different studies suggest an impact of biofilms on carcinogenic lesion formation in varying human tissues. However, the mechanisms of cancer formation are difficult to examine in vivo as well as in vitro. Cell culture approaches, in most cases, are unable to keep a bacterial steady state without any overgrowth. In our approach, we aimed to develop an immunocompetent 3D tissue model which can mitigate bacterial outgrowth. We established a three-dimensional (3D) co-culture of human primary fibroblasts with pre-differentiated THP-1-derived macrophages on an SIS-muc scaffold which was derived by decellularisation of a porcine intestine. After establishment, we exposed the tissue models to define the biofilms of the Pseudomonas spec. and Staphylococcus spec. cultivated on implant mesh material. After 3 days of incubation, the cell culture medium in models with M0 and M2 pre-differentiated macrophages presented a noticeable turbidity, while models with M1 macrophages presented no noticeable bacterial growth. These results were validated by optical density measurements and a streak test. Immunohistology and immunofluorescent staining of the tissue presented a positive impact of the M1 macrophages on the structural integrity of the tissue model. Furthermore, multiplex ELISA highlighted the increased release of inflammatory cytokines for all the three model types, suggesting the immunocompetence of the developed model. Overall, in this proof-of-principle study, we were able to mitigate bacterial overgrowth and prepared a first step for the development of more complex 3D tissue models to understand the impact of biofilms on carcinogenic lesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika Murkar
- Core Facility Tissue Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte von Heckel
- Core Facility Tissue Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Core Facility Tissue Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Theresia Barbara Moch
- Core Facility Tissue Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Arens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Clinic Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Davaris
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Clinic Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - André Weber
- Photonscore GmbH, Brenneckestr. 20, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Sönke Baumann
- Omicron-Laserage® Laserprodukte GmbH, Raiffeisenstr. 5e, 63110 Rodgau, Germany
| | - Jörg Reinhardt
- MedFact Engineering GmbH, Hammerstrasse 3, 79540 Lörrach, Germany
| | - Sascha Kopp
- Core Facility Tissue Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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Veernala I, Jaffet J, Fried J, Mertsch S, Schrader S, Basu S, Vemuganti G, Singh V. Lacrimal gland regeneration: The unmet challenges and promise for dry eye therapy. Ocul Surf 2022; 25:129-141. [PMID: 35753665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DED (Dry eye disease) is a common multifactorial disease of the ocular surface and the tear film. DED has gained attention globally, with millions of people affected.. Although treatment strategies for DED have shifted towards Tear Film Oriented Therapy (TFOT), all the existing strategies fall under standard palliative care when addressed as a long-term goal. Therefore, different approaches have been explored by various groups to uncover alternative treatment strategies that can contribute to a full regeneration of the damaged lacrimal gland. For this, multiple groups have investigated the role of lacrimal gland (LG) cells in DED based on their regenerating, homing, and differentiating capabilities. In this review, we discuss in detail therapeutic mechanisms and regenerative strategies that can potentially be applied for lacrimal gland regeneration as well as their therapeutic applications. This review mainly focuses on Aqueous Deficiency Dry Eye Disease (ADDE) caused by lacrimal gland dysfunction and possible future treatment strategies. The current key findings from cell and tissue-based regenerative therapy modalities that could be utilised to achieve lacrimal gland tissue regeneration are summarized. In addition, this review summarises the available literature from in vitro to in vivo animal studies, their limitations in relation to lacrimal gland regeneration and the possible clinical applications. Finally, current issues and unmet needs of cell-based therapies in providing complete lacrimal gland tissue regeneration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Induvahi Veernala
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof C R Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Jilu Jaffet
- Centre for Ocular Regeneration, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Champalimaud Translational Centre for Eye Research, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L V Prasad Marg, Hyderabad, 500 034, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Jasmin Fried
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Pius-Hospital, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Mertsch
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Pius-Hospital, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schrader
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Pius-Hospital, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sayan Basu
- Centre for Ocular Regeneration, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Champalimaud Translational Centre for Eye Research, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L V Prasad Marg, Hyderabad, 500 034, India
| | - Geeta Vemuganti
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof C R Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
| | - Vivek Singh
- Centre for Ocular Regeneration, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Champalimaud Translational Centre for Eye Research, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L V Prasad Marg, Hyderabad, 500 034, India.
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EMT, Stemness, and Drug Resistance in Biological Context: A 3D Tumor Tissue/In Silico Platform for Analysis of Combinatorial Treatment in NSCLC with Aggressive KRAS-Biomarker Signatures. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092176. [PMID: 35565305 PMCID: PMC9099837 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The phenotypic transition of tumor cells from epithelial to mesenchymal characteristics is called EMT and is widely discussed in the scientific community as a game changer in drug resistance and metastasis formation. However, clinical studies could not prove the efficacy of EMT-interfering treatments, and in clinical routine, EMT is not investigated to assess invasion. To fill this gap between bench and bedside, we use in this study a lung tumor tissue model with a preserved basement membrane for investigation of EMT functions with respect to invasion across this membrane and drug resistance. Our results suggest EMT is more a marker of drug resistance than a maker. Invasion is enhanced by EMT but more dependent on intrinsic factors, and EMT is not detected in the center of invasive tumor nodules. An in silico signaling network model is used to integrate these in vitro results and to reveal determinants for drug response. Abstract Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is discussed to be centrally involved in invasion, stemness, and drug resistance. Experimental models to evaluate this process in its biological complexity are limited. To shed light on EMT impact and test drug response more reliably, we use a lung tumor test system based on a decellularized intestinal matrix showing more in vivo-like proliferation levels and enhanced expression of clinical markers and carcinogenesis-related genes. In our models, we found evidence for a correlation of EMT with drug resistance in primary and secondary resistant cells harboring KRASG12C or EGFR mutations, which was simulated in silico based on an optimized signaling network topology. Notably, drug resistance did not correlate with EMT status in KRAS-mutated patient-derived xenograft (PDX) cell lines, and drug efficacy was not affected by EMT induction via TGF-β. To investigate further determinants of drug response, we tested several drugs in combination with a KRASG12C inhibitor in KRASG12C mutant HCC44 models, which, besides EMT, display mutations in P53, LKB1, KEAP1, and high c-MYC expression. We identified an aurora-kinase A (AURKA) inhibitor as the most promising candidate. In our network, AURKA is a centrally linked hub to EMT, proliferation, apoptosis, LKB1, and c-MYC. This exemplifies our systemic analysis approach for clinical translation of biomarker signatures.
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Berger C, Bjørlykke Y, Hahn L, Mühlemann M, Kress S, Walles H, Luxenhofer R, Ræder H, Metzger M, Zdzieblo D. Matrix decoded - A pancreatic extracellular matrix with organ specific cues guiding human iPSC differentiation. Biomaterials 2020; 244:119766. [PMID: 32199284 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix represents a dynamic microenvironment regulating essential cell functions in vivo. Tissue engineering approaches aim to recreate the native niche in vitro using biological scaffolds generated by organ decellularization. So far, the organ specific origin of such scaffolds was less considered and potential consequences for in vitro cell culture remain largely elusive. Here, we show that organ specific cues of biological scaffolds affect cellular behavior. In detail, we report on the generation of a well-preserved pancreatic bioscaffold and introduce a scoring system allowing standardized inter-study quality assessment. Using multiple analysis tools for in-depth-characterization of the biological scaffold, we reveal unique compositional, physico-structural, and biophysical properties. Finally, we prove the functional relevance of the biological origin by demonstrating a regulatory effect of the matrix on multi-lineage differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells emphasizing the significance of matrix specificity for cellular behavior in artificial microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Berger
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yngvild Bjørlykke
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lukas Hahn
- Functional Polymer Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Mühlemann
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kress
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Würzburg, Germany; Otto-von Guericke University, Core Facility Tissue Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Helge Ræder
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marco Metzger
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Zdzieblo
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Würzburg, Germany.
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6
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Breun M, Martellotta DD, Leberle A, Nietzer S, Baur F, Ernestus RI, Matthies C, Löhr M, Hagemann C. 3D in vitro test system for vestibular schwannoma. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 336:108633. [PMID: 32061689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Breun
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Donato Daniel Martellotta
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Leberle
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Nietzer
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florentin Baur
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ralf-Ingo Ernestus
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cordula Matthies
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mario Löhr
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Hagemann
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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7
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Baur F, Nietzer SL, Kunz M, Saal F, Jeromin J, Matschos S, Linnebacher M, Walles H, Dandekar T, Dandekar G. Connecting Cancer Pathways to Tumor Engines: A Stratification Tool for Colorectal Cancer Combining Human In Vitro Tissue Models with Boolean In Silico Models. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010028. [PMID: 31861874 PMCID: PMC7017315 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve and focus preclinical testing, we combine tumor models based on a decellularized tissue matrix with bioinformatics to stratify tumors according to stage-specific mutations that are linked to central cancer pathways. We generated tissue models with BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer (CRC) cells (HROC24 and HROC87) and compared treatment responses to two-dimensional (2D) cultures and xenografts. As the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib is-in contrast to melanoma-not effective in CRC, we combined it with the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib. In general, our 3D models showed higher chemoresistance and in contrast to 2D a more active HGFR after gefitinib and combination-therapy. In xenograft models murine HGF could not activate the human HGFR, stressing the importance of the human microenvironment. In order to stratify patient groups for targeted treatment options in CRC, an in silico topology with different stages including mutations and changes in common signaling pathways was developed. We applied the established topology for in silico simulations to predict new therapeutic options for BRAF-mutated CRC patients in advanced stages. Our in silico tool connects genome information with a deeper understanding of tumor engines in clinically relevant signaling networks which goes beyond the consideration of single drivers to improve CRC patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin Baur
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; (F.B.); (S.L.N.); (H.W.)
| | - Sarah L. Nietzer
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; (F.B.); (S.L.N.); (H.W.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Meik Kunz
- Chair of Medical Informatics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (F.S.); (J.J.)
| | - Fabian Saal
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (F.S.); (J.J.)
| | - Julian Jeromin
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (F.S.); (J.J.)
| | - Stephanie Matschos
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (S.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (S.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Heike Walles
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; (F.B.); (S.L.N.); (H.W.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (F.S.); (J.J.)
- EMBL Heidelberg, Structural and Computational Biology, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.D.); (G.D.); Tel.: +49-931-3184551 (T.D.); +49-931-3182597 (G.D.)
| | - Gudrun Dandekar
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; (F.B.); (S.L.N.); (H.W.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.D.); (G.D.); Tel.: +49-931-3184551 (T.D.); +49-931-3182597 (G.D.)
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Wallstabe L, Göttlich C, Nelke LC, Kühnemundt J, Schwarz T, Nerreter T, Einsele H, Walles H, Dandekar G, Nietzer SL, Hudecek M. ROR1-CAR T cells are effective against lung and breast cancer in advanced microphysiologic 3D tumor models. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126345. [PMID: 31415244 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors impose immunologic and physical barriers to the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy that are not reflected in conventional preclinical testing against singularized tumor cells in 2-dimensional culture. Here, we established microphysiologic three-dimensional (3D) lung and breast cancer models that resemble architectural and phenotypical features of primary tumors and evaluated the antitumor function of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1-specific (ROR1-specific) CAR T cells. 3D tumors were established from A549 (non-small cell lung cancer) and MDA-MB-231 (triple-negative breast cancer) cell lines on a biological scaffold with intact basement membrane (BM) under static and dynamic culture conditions, which resulted in progressively increasing cell mass and invasive growth phenotype (dynamic > static; MDA-MB-231 > A549). Treatment with ROR1-CAR T cells conferred potent antitumor effects. In dynamic culture, CAR T cells actively entered arterial medium flow and adhered to and infiltrated the tumor mass. ROR1-CAR T cells penetrated deep into tumor tissue and eliminated multiple layers of tumor cells located above and below the BM. The microphysiologic 3D tumor models developed in this study are standardized, scalable test systems that can be used either in conjunction with or in lieu of animal testing to interrogate the antitumor function of CAR T cells and to obtain proof of concept for their safety and efficacy before clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Göttlich
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lena C Nelke
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Kühnemundt
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwarz
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Heike Walles
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Dandekar
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah L Nietzer
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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9
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Göttlich C, Kunz M, Zapp C, Nietzer SL, Walles H, Dandekar T, Dandekar G. A combined tissue-engineered/in silico signature tool patient stratification in lung cancer. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:1264-1285. [PMID: 29797762 PMCID: PMC6068345 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient‐tailored therapy based on tumor drivers is promising for lung cancer treatment. For this, we combined in vitro tissue models with in silico analyses. Using individual cell lines with specific mutations, we demonstrate a generic and rapid stratification pipeline for targeted tumor therapy. We improve in vitro models of tissue conditions by a biological matrix‐based three‐dimensional (3D) tissue culture that allows in vitro drug testing: It correctly shows a strong drug response upon gefitinib (Gef) treatment in a cell line harboring an EGFR‐activating mutation (HCC827), but no clear drug response upon treatment with the HSP90 inhibitor 17AAG in two cell lines with KRAS mutations (H441, A549). In contrast, 2D testing implies wrongly KRAS as a biomarker for HSP90 inhibitor treatment, although this fails in clinical studies. Signaling analysis by phospho‐arrays showed similar effects of EGFR inhibition by Gef in HCC827 cells, under both 2D and 3D conditions. Western blot analysis confirmed that for 3D conditions, HSP90 inhibitor treatment implies different p53 regulation and decreased MET inhibition in HCC827 and H441 cells. Using in vitro data (western, phospho‐kinase array, proliferation, and apoptosis), we generated cell line‐specific in silico topologies and condition‐specific (2D, 3D) simulations of signaling correctly mirroring in vitro treatment responses. Networks predict drug targets considering key interactions and individual cell line mutations using the Human Protein Reference Database and the COSMIC database. A signature of potential biomarkers and matching drugs improve stratification and treatment in KRAS‐mutated tumors. In silico screening and dynamic simulation of drug actions resulted in individual therapeutic suggestions, that is, targeting HIF1A in H441 and LKB1 in A549 cells. In conclusion, our in vitro tumor tissue model combined with an in silico tool improves drug effect prediction and patient stratification. Our tool is used in our comprehensive cancer center and is made now publicly available for targeted therapy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Göttlich
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Meik Kunz
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Zapp
- Institute for Pharmaceutics and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah L Nietzer
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Germany.,Structural and Computational Biology, EMBL Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Dandekar
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Wuerzburg, Germany
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10
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Goonoo N. Vascularization and angiogenesis in electrospun tissue engineered constructs: towards the creation of long-term functional networks. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aaab03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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11
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Schürlein S, Al Hijailan R, Weigel T, Kadari A, Rücker C, Edenhofer F, Walles H, Hansmann J. Generation of a Human Cardiac Patch Based on a Reendothelialized Biological Scaffold (BioVaSc). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201600005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schürlein
- Department Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; (TERM); University Hospital Würzburg; Röntgenring 11 97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Reem Al Hijailan
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center; Cell Biology Department; Research Center; P.O. Box 3354 Mbc03 Riyadh 11211 Saudi Arabia
| | - Tobias Weigel
- Department Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; (TERM); University Hospital Würzburg; Röntgenring 11 97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Asifiqbal Kadari
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Group; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; University of Würzburg; Koellikerstraße 6 97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Christoph Rücker
- Translational Center Würzburg of the Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB); Röntgenring 11 97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Edenhofer
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Group; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; University of Würzburg; Koellikerstraße 6 97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Department Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; (TERM); University Hospital Würzburg; Röntgenring 11 97070 Würzburg Germany
- Translational Center Würzburg of the Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB); Röntgenring 11 97070 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Department Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; (TERM); University Hospital Würzburg; Röntgenring 11 97070 Würzburg Germany
- Translational Center Würzburg of the Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB); Röntgenring 11 97070 Würzburg Germany
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12
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Kim JJ, Hou L, Huang NF. Vascularization of three-dimensional engineered tissues for regenerative medicine applications. Acta Biomater 2016; 41:17-26. [PMID: 27262741 PMCID: PMC4969172 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Engineering of three-dimensional (3D) tissues is a promising approach for restoring diseased or dysfunctional myocardium with a functional replacement. However, a major bottleneck in this field is the lack of efficient vascularization strategies, because tissue constructs produced in vitro require a constant flow of oxygen and nutrients to maintain viability and functionality. Compared to angiogenic cell therapy and growth factor treatment, bioengineering approaches such as spatial micropatterning, integration of sacrificial materials, tissue decellularization, and 3D bioprinting enable the generation of more precisely controllable neovessel formation. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art approaches to develop 3D tissue engineered constructs with vasculature, and demonstrate how some of these techniques have been applied towards regenerative medicine for treatment of heart failure. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Tissue engineering is a promising approach to replace or restore dysfunctional tissues/organs, but a major bottleneck in realizing its potential is the challenge of creating scalable 3D tissues. Since most 3D engineered tissues require a constant supply of nutrients, it is necessary to integrate functional vasculature within the tissues in order to facilitate the transport of nutrients. To address these needs, researchers are employing biomaterial engineering and design strategies to foster vessel formation within 3D tissues. This review highlights the state-of-the-art bioengineering tools and technologies to create vascularized 3D tissues for clinical applications in regenerative medicine, highlighting the application of these technologies to engineer vascularized cardiac patches for treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Kim
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Luqia Hou
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ngan F Huang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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13
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Schweinlin M, Wilhelm S, Schwedhelm I, Hansmann J, Rietscher R, Jurowich C, Walles H, Metzger M. Development of an Advanced Primary Human In Vitro Model of the Small Intestine. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:873-83. [PMID: 27481569 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal in vitro models are valuable tools in drug discovery and infection research. Despite several advantages, the standard cell line-based Transwell(®) models based for example on colonic epithelial Caco-2 cells, lack the cellular complexity and transport activity associated with native small intestinal tissue. An additional experimental set-back arises from the most commonly used synthetic membranes, on which the cells are routinely cultured. These can lead to an additional barrier activity during in vitro testing. To overcome these limitations, we developed an alternative primary human small intestinal tissue model. This novel approach combines previously established gut organoid technology with a natural extracellular matrix (ECM) based on porcine small intestinal scaffold (SIS). Intestinal crypts from healthy human small intestine were expanded as gut organoids and seeded as single cells on SIS in a standardized Transwell-like setting. After only 7 days on the ECM scaffold, the primary cells formed an epithelial barrier while a subpopulation differentiated into intestinal specific cell types such as mucus-producing goblet cells or hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells. Furthermore, we tested the influence of subepithelial fibroblasts and dynamic culture conditions on epithelial barrier function. The barrier integrity was stabilized by coculture in the presence of gut-derived fibroblasts. Compared to static or dynamic culture on an orbital shaker, dynamic culture in a defined perfusion bioreactor had an additional significant impact on epithelial cell differentiation, indicated by high prismatic cell morphology and upregulation of CYP3A4 enzyme and Mdr1 transporter activity. In summary, more physiological tissue models as presented in our study might be useful tools in preclinical research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schweinlin
- 1 Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Wilhelm
- 1 Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ivo Schwedhelm
- 1 Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Hansmann
- 1 Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rene Rietscher
- 2 Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University , Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christian Jurowich
- 3 Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- 1 Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany .,4 Translational Center Würzburg "Regenerative Therapies for Oncology and Musculoskeletal Diseases" (TZKME), Würzburg Branch of the Fraunhofer Institute Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB) , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Metzger
- 1 Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg , Würzburg, Germany .,4 Translational Center Würzburg "Regenerative Therapies for Oncology and Musculoskeletal Diseases" (TZKME), Würzburg Branch of the Fraunhofer Institute Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB) , Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Rücker C, Kirch H, Pullig O, Walles H. Strategies and First Advances in the Development of Prevascularized Bone Implants. CURRENT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 2:149-157. [PMID: 27617188 PMCID: PMC4996880 DOI: 10.1007/s40610-016-0046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the great regenerative potential of human bone, large bone defects are a serious condition. Commonly, large defects are caused by trauma, bone disease, malignant tumor removal, and infection or medication-related osteonecrosis. Large defects necessitate clinical treatment in the form of autologous bone transplantation or implantation of biomaterials as well as the application of other available methods that enhance bone defect repair. The development and application of prevascularized bone implants are closely related to the development animal models and require dedicated methods in order to reliably predict possible clinical outcomes and the efficacy of implants. Cell sheet engineering, 3D-printing, arteriovenous loops, and naturally derived decellularized scaffolds and their respective testings in animal models are presented as alternative to the autologous bone graft in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rücker
- Translational Center Würzburg ‘Regenerative therapies in oncology and musculoskeletal diseases’, Würzburg Branch of the Fraunhofer-Institute Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, IGB, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Kirch
- Department Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Pullig
- Translational Center Würzburg ‘Regenerative therapies in oncology and musculoskeletal diseases’, Würzburg Branch of the Fraunhofer-Institute Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, IGB, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Translational Center Würzburg ‘Regenerative therapies in oncology and musculoskeletal diseases’, Würzburg Branch of the Fraunhofer-Institute Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, IGB, Würzburg, Germany
- Department Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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15
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Nietzer S, Baur F, Sieber S, Hansmann J, Schwarz T, Stoffer C, Häfner H, Gasser M, Waaga-Gasser AM, Walles H, Dandekar G. Mimicking Metastases Including Tumor Stroma: A New Technique to Generate a Three-Dimensional Colorectal Cancer Model Based on a Biological Decellularized Intestinal Scaffold. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:621-35. [PMID: 27137941 PMCID: PMC4943469 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor models based on cancer cell lines cultured two-dimensionally (2D) on plastic lack histological complexity and functionality compared to the native microenvironment. Xenogenic mouse tumor models display higher complexity but often do not predict human drug responses accurately due to species-specific differences. We present here a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro colon cancer model based on a biological scaffold derived from decellularized porcine jejunum (small intestine submucosa+mucosa, SISmuc). Two different cell lines were used in monoculture or in coculture with primary fibroblasts. After 14 days of culture, we demonstrated a close contact of human Caco2 colon cancer cells with the preserved basement membrane on an ultrastructural level as well as morphological characteristics of a well-differentiated epithelium. To generate a tissue-engineered tumor model, we chose human SW480 colon cancer cells, a reportedly malignant cell line. Malignant characteristics were confirmed in 2D cell culture: SW480 cells showed higher vimentin and lower E-cadherin expression than Caco2 cells. In contrast to Caco2, SW480 cells displayed cancerous characteristics such as delocalized E-cadherin and nuclear location of β-catenin in a subset of cells. One central drawback of 2D cultures—especially in consideration of drug testing—is their artificially high proliferation. In our 3D tissue-engineered tumor model, both cell lines showed decreased numbers of proliferating cells, thus correlating more precisely with observations of primary colon cancer in all stages (UICC I-IV). Moreover, vimentin decreased in SW480 colon cancer cells, indicating a mesenchymal to epithelial transition process, attributed to metastasis formation. Only SW480 cells cocultured with fibroblasts induced the formation of tumor-like aggregates surrounded by fibroblasts, whereas in Caco2 cocultures, a separate Caco2 cell layer was formed separated from the fibroblast compartment beneath. To foster tissue generation, a bioreactor was constructed for dynamic culture approaches. This induced a close tissue-like association of cultured tumor cells with fibroblasts reflecting tumor biopsies. Therapy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was effective only in 3D coculture. In conclusion, our 3D tumor model reflects human tissue-related tumor characteristics, including lower tumor cell proliferation. It is now available for drug testing in metastatic context—especially for substances targeting tumor–stroma interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nietzer
- 1 Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital of the Julius-Maximilians University , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florentin Baur
- 1 Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital of the Julius-Maximilians University , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Sieber
- 1 Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital of the Julius-Maximilians University , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Hansmann
- 1 Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital of the Julius-Maximilians University , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwarz
- 1 Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital of the Julius-Maximilians University , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Stoffer
- 1 Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital of the Julius-Maximilians University , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heide Häfner
- 2 Translational Center Würzburg "Regenerative Therapies in Oncology and Musculoskeletal Disease, " Fraunhofer Institute Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Gasser
- 3 Department of Surgery I, Molecular Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital of the Julius-Maximilians University , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ana Maria Waaga-Gasser
- 3 Department of Surgery I, Molecular Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital of the Julius-Maximilians University , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- 1 Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital of the Julius-Maximilians University , Würzburg, Germany .,2 Translational Center Würzburg "Regenerative Therapies in Oncology and Musculoskeletal Disease, " Fraunhofer Institute Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB , Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Dandekar
- 1 Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital of the Julius-Maximilians University , Würzburg, Germany .,2 Translational Center Würzburg "Regenerative Therapies in Oncology and Musculoskeletal Disease, " Fraunhofer Institute Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB , Würzburg, Germany
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Habeeb MA, Vishwakarma SK, Bardia A, Khan AA. Hepatic stem cells: A viable approach for the treatment of liver cirrhosis. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:859-865. [PMID: 26131316 PMCID: PMC4478632 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i5.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is characterized by distortion of liver architecture, necrosis of hepatocytes and regenerative nodules formation leading to cirrhosis. Various types of cell sources have been used for the management and treatment of decompensated liver cirrhosis. Knowledge of stem cells has offered a new dimension for regenerative therapy and has been considered as one of the potential adjuvant treatment modality in patients with end stage liver diseases (ESLD). Human fetal hepatic progenitor cells are less immunogenic than adult ones. They are highly propagative and challenging to cryopreservation. In our earlier studies we have demonstrated that fetuses at 10-18 wk of gestation age contain a large number of actively dividing hepatic stem and progenitor cells which possess bi-potent nature having potential to differentiate into bile duct cells and mature hepatocytes. Hepatic stem cell therapy for the treatment of ESLD is in their early stage of the translation. The emerging technology of decellularization and recellularization might offer a significant platform for developing bioengineered personalized livers to come over the scarcity of desired number of donor organs for the treatment of ESLD. Despite these significant advancements long-term tracking of stem cells in human is the most important subject nowadays in order to answer several unsettles issues regarding the route of delivery, the choice of stem cell type(s), the cell number and the time-point of cell delivery for the treatment in a chronic setting. Answering to these questions will further contribute to the development of safer, noninvasive, and repeatable imaging modalities that could discover better cell therapeutic approaches from bench to bed-side. Combinatorial approach of decellularization and nanotechnology could pave a way towards the better understanding in determination of cell fate post-transplantation.
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17
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Kinetic Analyses of Data from a Human Serum Albumin Assay Using the liSPR System. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2015; 5:27-36. [PMID: 25607476 PMCID: PMC4384080 DOI: 10.3390/bios5010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We used the interaction between human serum albumin (HSA) and a high-affinity antibody to evaluate binding affinity measurements by the bench-top liSPR system (capitalis technology GmbH). HSA was immobilized directly onto a carboxylated sensor layer, and the mechanism of interaction between the antibody and HSA was investigated. The bivalence and heterogeneity of the antibody caused a complex binding mechanism. Three different interaction models (1:1 binding, heterogeneous analyte, bivalent analyte) were compared, and the bivalent analyte model best fit the curves obtained from the assay. This model describes the interaction of a bivalent analyte with one or two ligands (A + L ↔ LA + L ↔ LLA). The apparent binding affinity for this model measured 37 pM for the first reaction step, and 20 pM for the second step.
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18
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3D culture of murine neural stem cells on decellularized mouse brain sections. Biomaterials 2014; 41:122-31. [PMID: 25522971 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSC) in diseased or injured brain tissue is widely studied as a potential treatment for various neurological pathologies. However, effective cell replacement therapy relies on the intrinsic capacity of cellular grafts to overcome hypoxic and/or immunological barriers after transplantation. In this context, it is hypothesized that structural support for grafted NSC will be of utmost importance. With this study, we present a novel decellularization protocol for 1.5 mm thick mouse brain sections, resulting in the generation of acellular three-dimensional (3D) brain sections. Next, the obtained 3D brain sections were seeded with murine NSC expressing both the eGFP and luciferase reporter proteins (NSC-eGFP/Luc). Using real-time bioluminescence imaging, the survival and growth of seeded NSC-eGFP/Luc cells was longitudinally monitored for 1-7 weeks in culture, indicating the ability of the acellular brain sections to support sustained ex vivo growth of NSC. Next, the organization of a 3D maze-like cellular structure was examined using confocal microscopy. Moreover, under mitogenic stimuli (EGF and hFGF-2), most cells in this 3D culture retained their NSC phenotype. Concluding, we here present a novel protocol for decellularization of mouse brain sections, which subsequently support long-term 3D culture of undifferentiated NSC.
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19
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Sabetkish S, Kajbafzadeh AM, Sabetkish N, Khorramirouz R, Akbarzadeh A, Seyedian SL, Pasalar P, Orangian S, Beigi RSH, Aryan Z, Akbari H, Tavangar SM. Whole-organ tissue engineering: decellularization and recellularization of three-dimensional matrix liver scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:1498-508. [PMID: 25045886 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To report the results of whole liver decellularization by two different methods. To present the results of grafting rat and sheep decellularized liver matrix (DLM) into the normal rat liver and compare natural cell seeding process in homo/xenograft of DLM. To compare the results of in vitro whole liver recellularization with rats' neonatal green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive hepatic cells with outcomes of in vivo recellularization process. Whole liver of 8 rats and 4 sheep were resected and cannulated via the hepatic vein and perfused with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or Triton + SDS. Several examinations were performed to compare the efficacy of these two decellularization procedures. In vivo recellularization of sheep and rat DLMs was performed following transplantation of multiple pieces of both scaffolds in the subhepatic area of four rats. To compare the efficacy of different scaffolds in autologous cell seeding, biopsies of homograft and xenograft were assessed 8 weeks postoperatively. Whole DLMs of 4 rats were also recellularized in vitro by perfusion of rat's fetal GFP-positive hepatic cells with pulsatile bioreactor. Histological evaluation and enzymatic assay were performed for both in vivo and in vitro recellularized samples. The results of this study demonstrated that the triton method was a promising decellularization approach for preserving the three-dimensional structure of liver. In vitro recellularized DLMs were more similar to natural ones compared with in vivo recellularized livers. However, homografts showed better characteristics with more organized structure compared with xenografts. In vitro recellularization of liver scaffolds with autologous cells represents an attractive prospective for regeneration of liver as one of the most compound organs. In vivo cell seeding on the scaffold of the same species may have more satisfactory outcomes when compared with the results of xenotransplantation. This study theoretically may pave the road for in situ liver regeneration probably by implantation of homologous DLM or in vitro recellularized scaffolds into the diseased host liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Sabetkish
- Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Department of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran, Iran (IRI)
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Alépée N, Bahinski A, Daneshian M, De Wever B, Fritsche E, Goldberg A, Hansmann J, Hartung T, Haycock J, Hogberg H, Hoelting L, Kelm JM, Kadereit S, McVey E, Landsiedel R, Leist M, Lübberstedt M, Noor F, Pellevoisin C, Petersohn D, Pfannenbecker U, Reisinger K, Ramirez T, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Schäfer-Korting M, Zeilinger K, Zurich MG. State-of-the-art of 3D cultures (organs-on-a-chip) in safety testing and pathophysiology. ALTEX-ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 2014. [PMID: 25027500 DOI: 10.14573/altex1406111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Integrated approaches using different in vitro methods in combination with bioinformatics can (i) increase the success rate and speed of drug development; (ii) improve the accuracy of toxicological risk assessment; and (iii) increase our understanding of disease. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are important building blocks of this strategy which has emerged during the last years. The majority of these models are organotypic, i.e., they aim to reproduce major functions of an organ or organ system. This implies in many cases that more than one cell type forms the 3D structure, and often matrix elements play an important role. This review summarizes the state of the art concerning commonalities of the different models. For instance, the theory of mass transport/metabolite exchange in 3D systems and the special analytical requirements for test endpoints in organotypic cultures are discussed in detail. In the next part, 3D model systems for selected organs--liver, lung, skin, brain--are presented and characterized in dedicated chapters. Also, 3D approaches to the modeling of tumors are presented and discussed. All chapters give a historical background, illustrate the large variety of approaches, and highlight up- and downsides as well as specific requirements. Moreover, they refer to the application in disease modeling, drug discovery and safety assessment. Finally, consensus recommendations indicate a roadmap for the successful implementation of 3D models in routine screening. It is expected that the use of such models will accelerate progress by reducing error rates and wrong predictions from compound testing.
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21
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An engineered 3D human airway mucosa model based on an SIS scaffold. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7355-62. [PMID: 24912816 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To investigate interrelations of human obligate airway pathogens, such as Bordetella pertussis, and their hosts test systems with high in vitro/in vivo correlation are of urgent need. Using a tissue engineering approach, we generated a 3D test system of the airway mucosa with human tracheobronchial epithelial cells (hTEC) and fibroblasts seeded on a clinically implemented biological scaffold. To investigate if hTEC display tumour-specific characteristics we analysed Raman spectra of hTEC and the adenocarcinoma cell line Calu-3. To establish optimal conditions for infection studies, we treated human native airway mucosa segments with B. pertussis. Samples were processed for morphologic analysis. Whereas our test system consisting of differentiated epithelial cells and migrating fibroblasts shows high in vitro/in vivo correlation, hTEC seeded on the scaffold as monocultures did not resemble the in vivo situation. Differences in Raman spectra of hTEC and Calu-3 were identified in distinct wave number ranges between 720 and 1662 cm(-1) indicating that hTEC do not display tumour-specific characteristics. Infection of native tissue with B. pertussis led to cytoplasmic vacuoles, damaged mitochondria and destroyed epithelial cells. Our test system is suitable for infection studies with human obligate airway pathogens by mimicking the physiological microenvironment of the human airway mucosa.
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22
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Alépée N, Bahinski A, Daneshian M, De Wever B, Fritsche E, Goldberg A, Hansmann J, Hartung T, Haycock J, Hogberg HT, Hoelting L, Kelm JM, Kadereit S, McVey E, Landsiedel R, Leist M, Lübberstedt M, Noor F, Pellevoisin C, Petersohn D, Pfannenbecker U, Reisinger K, Ramirez T, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Schäfer-Korting M, Zeilinger K, Zurich MG. State-of-the-art of 3D cultures (organs-on-a-chip) in safety testing and pathophysiology. ALTEX 2014; 31:441-77. [PMID: 25027500 PMCID: PMC4783151 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1406111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Integrated approaches using different in vitro methods in combination with bioinformatics can (i) increase the success rate and speed of drug development; (ii) improve the accuracy of toxicological risk assessment; and (iii) increase our understanding of disease. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are important building blocks of this strategy which has emerged during the last years. The majority of these models are organotypic, i.e., they aim to reproduce major functions of an organ or organ system. This implies in many cases that more than one cell type forms the 3D structure, and often matrix elements play an important role. This review summarizes the state of the art concerning commonalities of the different models. For instance, the theory of mass transport/metabolite exchange in 3D systems and the special analytical requirements for test endpoints in organotypic cultures are discussed in detail. In the next part, 3D model systems for selected organs--liver, lung, skin, brain--are presented and characterized in dedicated chapters. Also, 3D approaches to the modeling of tumors are presented and discussed. All chapters give a historical background, illustrate the large variety of approaches, and highlight up- and downsides as well as specific requirements. Moreover, they refer to the application in disease modeling, drug discovery and safety assessment. Finally, consensus recommendations indicate a roadmap for the successful implementation of 3D models in routine screening. It is expected that the use of such models will accelerate progress by reducing error rates and wrong predictions from compound testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Bahinski
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Mardas Daneshian
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing – Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Ellen Fritsche
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alan Goldberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing – Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany,Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - John Haycock
- Department of Materials Science of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Helena T. Hogberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Lisa Hoelting
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Suzanne Kadereit
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Emily McVey
- Board for the Authorization of Plant Protection Products and Biocides, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel Leist
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing – Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany,Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marc Lübberstedt
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Tzutzuy Ramirez
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Monika Schäfer-Korting
- Institute for Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Gabriele Zurich
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
Fulminant hepatic failure presents with a hepatic encephalopathy and may progress to coma and often brain death from cerebral edema. This natural progression in severe cases contributes to early mortality, but outcome can be good if liver transplantation is appropriately timed and increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is managed. Neurologists and neurosurgeons have become more involved in these very challenging patients and are often asked to rapidly identify patients who are at risk of cerebral edema, to carefully select the patient population who will benefit from invasive ICP monitoring, to judge the correct time to start monitoring, to participate in treatment of cerebral edema, and to manage complications such as intracranial hemorrhage or seizures. This chapter summarizes the current multidisciplinary approach to fulminant hepatic failure and how to best bridge patients to emergency liver transplantation.
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Stratmann AT, Fecher D, Wangorsch G, Göttlich C, Walles T, Walles H, Dandekar T, Dandekar G, Nietzer SL. Establishment of a human 3D lung cancer model based on a biological tissue matrix combined with a Boolean in silico model. Mol Oncol 2013; 8:351-65. [PMID: 24388494 PMCID: PMC5528544 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For the development of new treatment strategies against cancer, understanding signaling networks and their changes upon drug response is a promising approach to identify new drug targets and biomarker profiles. Pre‐requisites are tumor models with multiple read‐out options that accurately reflect the clinical situation. Tissue engineering technologies offer the integration of components of the tumor microenvironment which are known to impair drug response of cancer cells. We established three‐dimensional (3D) lung carcinoma models on a decellularized tissue matrix, providing a complex microenvironment for cell growth. For model generation, we used two cell lines with (HCC827) or without (A549) an activating mutation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), exhibiting different sensitivities to the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib. EGFR activation in HCC827 was inhibited by gefitinib, resulting in a significant reduction of proliferation (Ki‐67 proliferation index) and in the induction of apoptosis (TUNEL staining, M30‐ELISA). No significant effect was observed in conventional cell culture. Results from the 3D model correlated with the results of an in silico model that integrates the EGFR signaling network according to clinical data. The application of TGFβ1 induced tumor cell invasion, accompanied by epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) both in vitro and in silico. This was confirmed in the 3D model by acquisition of mesenchymal cell morphology and modified expression of fibronectin, E‐cadherin, β‐catenin and mucin‐1. Quantitative read‐outs for proliferation, apoptosis and invasion were established in the complex 3D tumor model. The combined in vitro and in silico model represents a powerful tool for systems analysis. Combination of a human 3D lung tumor tissue model with a Boolean in silico Model. Establishment of in silico signaling network topology for personalized medicine. Significant decrease of tumor proliferation and induction of apoptosis upon in vitro treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Decreased proliferation of tumor cells in the 3D model compared to 2D conditions. Induction of invasion with EMT by TGFβ stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T Stratmann
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Roentgenring 11, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - David Fecher
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Roentgenring 11, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Gaby Wangorsch
- Department of Bioinformatics, University Wuerzburg, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Göttlich
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Roentgenring 11, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Walles
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Oberduerrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Roentgenring 11, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, University Wuerzburg, Am Hubland/Biozentrum, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Gudrun Dandekar
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Roentgenring 11, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Sarah L Nietzer
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Roentgenring 11, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
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25
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Moll C, Reboredo J, Schwarz T, Appelt A, Schürlein S, Walles H, Nietzer S. Tissue engineering of a human 3D in vitro tumor test system. J Vis Exp 2013. [PMID: 23963401 PMCID: PMC3846813 DOI: 10.3791/50460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture systems, which inadequately reflect physiological conditions in vivo. Biological 3D matrices provide cells an environment in which cells can self-organize, allowing the study of tissue organization and cell differentiation. Such scaffolds can be seeded with a mixture of different cell types to study direct 3D cell-cell-interactions. To mimic the 3D complexity of cancer tumors, our group has developed a 3D in vitro tumor test system. Our 3D tissue test system models the in vivo situation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), which we established with our decellularized porcine jejunal segment derived biological vascularized scaffold (BioVaSc). In our model, we reseeded a modified BioVaSc matrix with primary fibroblasts, microvascular endothelial cells (mvECs) and the S462 tumor cell line. For static culture, the vascular structure of the BioVaSc is removed and the remaining scaffold is cut open on one side (Small Intestinal Submucosa SIS-Muc). The resulting matrix is then fixed between two metal rings (cell crowns). Another option is to culture the cell-seeded SIS-Muc in a flow bioreactor system that exposes the cells to shear stress. Here, the bioreactor is connected to a peristaltic pump in a self-constructed incubator. A computer regulates the arterial oxygen and nutrient supply via parameters such as blood pressure, temperature, and flow rate. This setup allows for a dynamic culture with either pressure-regulated pulsatile or constant flow. In this study, we could successfully establish both a static and dynamic 3D culture system for MPNSTs. The ability to model cancer tumors in a more natural 3D environment will enable the discovery, testing, and validation of future pharmaceuticals in a human-like model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Moll
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg
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26
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Marei MK, Nagy NB, Saad MS, Zaky SH, Elbackly RM, Eweida AM, Alkhodary MA. Strategy for a Biomimetic Paradigm in Dental and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering. Biomimetics (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118810408.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Yagi H, Soto-Gutierrez A, Kitagawa Y. Whole-organ re-engineering: a regenerative medicine approach to digestive organ replacement. Surg Today 2013; 43:587-94. [PMID: 23184357 PMCID: PMC3682788 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-012-0396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recovery from end-stage organ failure presents a challenge for the medical community, considering the limitations of extracorporeal assist devices and the shortage of donors when organ replacement is needed. There is a need for new methods to promote recovery from organ failure and regenerative medicine is an option that should be considered. Recent progress in the field of tissue engineering has opened avenues for potential clinical applications, including the use of microfluidic devices for diagnostic purposes, and bioreactors or cell/tissue-based therapies for transplantation. Early attempts to engineer tissues produced thin, planar constructs; however, recent approaches using synthetic scaffolds and decellularized tissue have achieved a more complex level of tissue organization in organs such as the urinary bladder and trachea, with some success in clinical trials. In this context, the concept of decellularization technology has been applied to produce whole organ-derived scaffolds by removing cellular content while retaining all the necessary vascular and structural cues of the native organ. In this review, we focus on organ decellularization as a new regenerative medicine approach for whole organs, which may be applied in the field of digestive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yagi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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28
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The success of liver transplantation has increased over the past 20 years due to improved immunosuppressive medications, surgical technique and donor-recipient selection. To date, the number of patients waiting for a liver transplant exceeds the number of transplants performed yearly by over a 2 : 1 ratio. Despite efforts to expand the donor pool, mortality of patients waiting for a liver remains high due to the shortage of donor organs. Herein, we discuss options for liver replacement that are currently under development. RECENT FINDINGS Extracorporeal bioactive liver perfusion devices were investigated in the late 1990s and preliminarily demonstrated safety but failed to show clinical efficacy. Current research is ongoing, but the focus has shifted to xenotransplantation of whole organs, organ engineering and cell transplantation. These new modalities are limited to small and large animal studies and each present unique advantages and limitations. SUMMARY Discovery of new sources of organs or cells to replace a damaged liver may be the only long-term solution to provide definitive therapy to all patients who require transplantation. The past 2 years have seen notable achievements in xenotransplantation, tissue engineering and cell transplantation. Though challenges remain, now identified, they may be readily solved.
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29
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Andrée B, Bär A, Haverich A, Hilfiker A. Small intestinal submucosa segments as matrix for tissue engineering: review. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 19:279-91. [PMID: 23216258 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) is an emerging interdisciplinary field aiming at the restoration or improvement of impaired tissue function. A combination of cells, scaffold materials, engineering methods, and biochemical and physiological factors is employed to generate the desired tissue substitute. Scaffolds often play a pivotal role in the engineering process supporting a three-dimensional tissue formation. The ideal scaffold should mimic the native extracellular environment providing mechanical and biological properties to allow cell attachment, migration, and differentiation, as well as remodeling by the host organism. The scaffold should be nonimmunogenic and should ideally be resorbed by the host over time, leaving behind only the regenerated tissue. More than 40 years ago, a preparation of the small intestine was introduced for the replacement of vascular structures. Since then the small intestinal submucosa (SIS) has gained a lot of interest in TE and subsequent clinical applications, as this material exhibits key features of a highly supportive scaffold. This review will focus on the general properties of the SIS and its applications in therapeutical approaches as well as in generating tissue substitutes in vitro. Furthermore, the main problem of TE, which is the insufficient nourishment of cells within three-dimensional, artificial tissues exceeding certain dimensions is addressed. To solve this issue the implementation of another small intestine-derived preparation, the biological vascularized matrix (BioVaM), could be a feasible option. The BioVaM comprises in addition to SIS the arterial and venous mesenteric pedicles and exhibits thereby a perfusable vessel bed that is preserved after decellularization.
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30
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Booth C, Soker T, Baptista P, Ross CL, Soker S, Farooq U, Stratta RJ, Orlando G. Liver bioengineering: Current status and future perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:6926-34. [PMID: 23322990 PMCID: PMC3531676 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i47.6926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review aims to illustrate the strategies that are being implemented to regenerate or bioengineer livers for clinical purposes. There are two general pathways to liver bioengineering and regeneration. The first consists of creating a supporting scaffold, either synthetically or by decellularization of human or animal organs, and seeding cells on the scaffold, where they will mature either in bioreactors or in vivo. This strategy seems to offer the quickest route to clinical translation, as demonstrated by the development of liver organoids from rodent livers which were repopulated with organ specific cells of animal and/or human origin. Liver bioengineering has potential for transplantation and for toxicity testing during preclinical drug development. The second possibility is to induce liver regeneration of dead or resected tissue by manipulating cell pathways. In fact, it is well known that the liver has peculiar regenerative potential which allows hepatocyte hyperplasia after amputation of liver volume. Infusion of autologous bone marrow cells, which aids in liver regeneration, into patients was shown to be safe and to improve their clinical condition, but the specific cells responsible for liver regeneration have not yet been determined and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. A complete understanding of the cell pathways and dynamics and of the functioning of liver stem cell niche is necessary for the clinical translation of regenerative medicine strategies. As well, it will be crucial to elucidate the mechanisms through which cells interact with the extracellular matrix, and how this latter supports and drives cell fate.
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31
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Lübberstedt M, Müller-Vieira U, Biemel KM, Darnell M, Hoffmann SA, Knöspel F, Wönne EC, Knobeloch D, Nüssler AK, Gerlach JC, Andersson TB, Zeilinger K. Serum-free culture of primary human hepatocytes in a miniaturized hollow-fibre membrane bioreactor for pharmacological in vitro studies. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 9:1017-26. [PMID: 23165723 DOI: 10.1002/term.1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes represent an important cell source for in vitro investigation of hepatic drug metabolism and disposition. In this study, a multi-compartment capillary membrane-based bioreactor technology for three-dimensional (3D) perfusion culture was further developed and miniaturized to a volume of less than 0.5 ml to reduce demand for cells. The miniaturized bioreactor was composed of two capillary layers, each made of alternately arranged oxygen and medium capillaries serving as a 3D culture for the cells. Metabolic activity and stability of primary human hepatocytes was studied in this bioreactor in the presence of 2.5% fetal calf serum (FCS) under serum-free conditions over a culture period of 10 days. The miniaturized bioreactor showed functions comparable to previously reported data for larger variants. Glucose and lactate metabolism, urea production, albumin synthesis and release of intracellular enzymes (AST, ALT, GLDH) showed no significant differences between serum-free and serum-supplemented bioreactors. Activities of human-relevant cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes (CYP1A2, CYP3A4/5, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2B6) analyzed by determination of product formation rates from selective probe substrates were also comparable in both groups. Gene expression analysis showed moderately higher expression in the majority of CYP enzymes, transport proteins and enzymes of Phase II metabolism in the serum-free bioreactors compared to those maintained with FCS. In conclusion, the miniaturized bioreactor maintained stable function over the investigated period and thus provides a suitable system for pharmacological studies on primary human hepatocytes under defined serum-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lübberstedt
- Bioreactor Group, Division of Experimental Surgery, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Malin Darnell
- DMPK Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan A Hoffmann
- Bioreactor Group, Division of Experimental Surgery, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fanny Knöspel
- Bioreactor Group, Division of Experimental Surgery, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva C Wönne
- Bioreactor Group, Division of Experimental Surgery, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Andreas K Nüssler
- Department of Traumatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörg C Gerlach
- Departments of Surgery and of Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Bioreactor Group, Division of Experimental Surgery, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Groeber F, Kahlig A, Loff S, Walles H, Hansmann J. A bioreactor system for interfacial culture and physiological perfusion of vascularized tissue equivalents. Biotechnol J 2012; 8:308-16. [PMID: 23047238 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A pivotal requirement for the generation of vascularized tissue equivalents is the development of culture systems that provide a physiological perfusion of the vasculature and tissue-specific culture conditions. Here, we present a bioreactor system that is suitable to culture vascularized tissue equivalents covered with culture media and at the air-medium interface, which is a vital stimulus for skin tissue. For the perfusion of the vascular system a new method was integrated into the bioreactor system that creates a physiological pulsatile medium flow between 80 and 120 mmHg to the arterial inflow of the equivalent's vascular system. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (hDMECs) were injected into the vascular system of a biological vascularized scaffold based on a decellularized porcine jejunal segment and cultured in the bioreactor system for 14 days. Histological analysis and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) staining revealed that the hDMECs were able to recolonize the perfused vascular structures and expressed endothelial cell specific markers such as platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule and von Willebrand factor. These results indicate that our bioreactor system can serve as a platform technology to generate advanced bioartificial tissues with a functional vasculature for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Groeber
- Institute for Interfacial Engineering (IGVT), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Gibbons MC, Foley MA, Cardinal KO. Thinking inside the box: keeping tissue-engineered constructs in vitro for use as preclinical models. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2012; 19:14-30. [PMID: 22800715 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineers have made great strides toward the creation of living tissue replacements for a wide range of tissue types and applications, with eventual patient implantation as the primary goal. However, an alternate use of tissue-engineered constructs exists: as in vitro preclinical models for purposes such as drug screening and device testing. Tissue-engineered preclinical models have numerous potential advantages over existing models, including cultivation in three-dimensional geometries, decreased cost, increased reproducibility, precise control over cultivation conditions, and the incorporation of human cells. Over the past decade, a number of researchers have developed and used tissue-engineered constructs as preclinical models for testing pharmaceuticals, gene therapies, stents, and other technologies, with examples including blood vessels, skeletal muscle, bone, cartilage, skin, cardiac muscle, liver, cornea, reproductive tissues, adipose, small intestine, neural tissue, and kidney. The focus of this article is to review accomplishments toward the creation and use of tissue-engineered preclinical models of each of these different tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Gibbons
- Department of Biomedical and General Engineering, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, USA
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34
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM) are common diseases. To date, it is widely accepted that all forms of DM lead to the loss of beta cells. Therefore, to avoid the debilitating comorbidities when glycemic control cannot be fully achieved, some would argue that beta cell replacement is the only way to cure the disease. Due to organ donor shortage, other cell sources for beta cell replacement strategies have to be employed. Pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells offer a valuable alternative to provide the necessary cells to substitute organ transplants but also to serve as a model to study the onset and progression of the disease, resulting in better treatment regimens. This review will summarize recent progress in the establishment of pluripotent stem cells, their differentiation into the pancreatic lineage with a focus on two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) differentiation settings, the special role of iPS cells in the analysis of genetic predispositions to diabetes, and techniques that help to move current approaches to clinical applications. Particular attention, however, is also given to the long-term challenges that have to be addressed before ES or iPS cell-based therapies will become a broadly accepted treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa S Schroeder
- JRG Stem Cell Research, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06108, Halle/Saale, Germany.
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Scheller K, Dally I, Hartmann N, Münst B, Braspenning J, Walles H. Upcyte® microvascular endothelial cells repopulate decellularized scaffold. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 19:57-67. [PMID: 22799502 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A general problem in tissue engineering is the poor and insufficient blood supply to guarantee tissue cell survival as well as physiological tissue function. To address this limitation, we have developed an in vitro vascularization model in which a decellularized porcine small bowl segment, representing a capillary network within a collagen matrix (biological vascularized scaffold [BioVaSc]), is reseeded with microvascular endothelial cells (mvECs). However, since the supply of mvECs is limited, in general, and as these cells rapidly dedifferentiate, we have applied a novel technology, which allows the generation of large batches of quasi-primary cells with the ability to proliferate, whilst maintaining their differentiated functionality. These so called upcyte mvECs grew for an additional 15 population doublings (PDs) compared to primary cells. Upcyte mvECs retained endothelial characteristics, such as von Willebrandt Factor (vWF), CD31 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression, as well as positive Ulex europaeus agglutinin I staining. Upcyte mvECs also retained biological functionality such as tube formation, cell migration, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake, which were still evident after PD27. Initial experiments using MTT and Live/Dead staining indicate that upcyte mvECs repopulate the BioVaSc Scaffold. As with conventional cultures, these cells also express key endothelial molecules (vWF, CD31, and eNOS) in a custom-made bioreactor system even after a prolonged period of 14 days. The combination of upcyte mvECs and the BioVaSc represents a novel and promising approach toward vascularizing bioreactor models which can better reflect organs, such as the liver.
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36
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Shupe T, Williams M, Brown A, Willenberg B, Petersen BE. Method for the decellularization of intact rat liver. Organogenesis 2012; 6:134-6. [PMID: 20885860 DOI: 10.4161/org.6.2.11546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a method for the decellularization of whole rat livers by perfusion with increasing concentrations of detergents. This procedure resulted in an intact, decellularized organ with an intact liver capsule. These decellularized organs were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and retained an appropriate distribution of extracellular matrix components. The laminin basement membranes of the liver vasculature also remain intact. These acellular vessel remnants were strong enough to be cannulated, providing a convenient means for the delivery of cells to areas deep within the decellularized organ. Cannulation of the extrahepatic vessel remnants allow for media to be circulated through the decellularized organ. These decellularized livers provide a natural matrix for research in the fields of bio-artificial livers and liver engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Shupe
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Chistiakov DA. Liver regenerative medicine: advances and challenges. Cells Tissues Organs 2012; 196:291-312. [PMID: 22572238 DOI: 10.1159/000335697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the standard care for many end-stage liver diseases. However, donor organs are scarce and some people succumb to liver failure before a donor is found. Liver regenerative medicine is a special interdisciplinary field of medicine focused on the development of new therapies incorporating stem cells, gene therapy and engineered tissues in order to repair or replace the damaged organ. In this review we consider the emerging progress achieved in the hepatic regenerative medicine within the last decade. The review starts with the characterization of liver organogenesis, fetal and adult stem/progenitor cells. Then, applications of primary hepatocytes, embryonic and adult (mesenchymal, hematopoietic and induced pluripotent) stem cells in cell therapy of liver diseases are considered. Current advances and challenges in producing mature hepatocytes from stem/progenitor cells are discussed. A section about hepatic tissue engineering includes consideration of synthetic and natural biomaterials in engineering scaffolds, strategies and achievements in the development of 3D bioactive matrices and 3D hepatocyte cultures, liver microengineering, generating bioartificial liver and prospects for fabrication of the bioengineered liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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Berthiaume F, Maguire TJ, Yarmush ML. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: history, progress, and challenges. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2012; 2:403-30. [PMID: 22432625 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061010-114257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The past three decades have seen the emergence of an endeavor called tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in which scientists, engineers, and physicians apply tools from a variety of fields to construct biological substitutes that can mimic tissues for diagnostic and research purposes and can replace (or help regenerate) diseased and injured tissues. A significant portion of this effort has been translated to actual therapies, especially in the areas of skin replacement and, to a lesser extent, cartilage repair. A good amount of thoughtful work has also yielded prototypes of other tissue substitutes such as nerve conduits, blood vessels, liver, and even heart. Forward movement to clinical product, however, has been slow. Another offshoot of these efforts has been the incorporation of some new exciting technologies (e.g., microfabrication, 3D printing) that may enable future breakthroughs. In this review we highlight the modest beginnings of the field and then describe three application examples that are in various stages of development, ranging from relatively mature (skin) to ongoing proof-of-concept (cartilage) to early stage (liver). We then discuss some of the major issues that limit the development of complex tissues, some of which are fundamentals-based, whereas others stem from the needs of the end users.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Berthiaume
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Wang Z, He Y, Yu X, Fu W, Wang W, Huang H. Rapid vascularization of tissue-engineered vascular grafts in vivo by endothelial cells in co-culture with smooth muscle cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:1109-17. [PMID: 22331376 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge facing the development of tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs), promising living replacements for diseased vascular structures, is enhancing angiogenesis. To promote rapid vascularization, endothelial cells (ECs) were co-cultured with smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in decellularized small intestinal submucosa scaffolds to regenerate angiogenic-TEVGs (A-TEVGs). Observation of the A-TEVGs at 1 month post-implantation revealed that a rich network of neocapillaries lining the blood vessel wall had developed; that the ECs of the neovasculatures had been derived from previously seeded ECs and later invading ECs of the host's vascular bed; that tissue vascularization had not significantly impaired mechanical properties; and that the maximal tensile strength of the A-TEVGs was of the same order of magnitude as that of native porcine femoral arteries. These results indicate that of the co-culturing of ECs with SMCs could enhance vascularization of TEVGs in vivo, possibly increasing graft perfusion and host integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Pediatric Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Marx U. Trends in Cell Culture Technology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 745:26-46. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3055-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Liebsch M, Grune B, Seiler A, Butzke D, Oelgeschläger M, Pirow R, Adler S, Riebeling C, Luch A. Alternatives to animal testing: current status and future perspectives. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:841-58. [PMID: 21607681 PMCID: PMC3149673 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments (ZEBET), an international symposium was held at the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) in Berlin. At the same time, this symposium was meant to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the publication of the book “The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique” by Russell and Burch in 1959 in which the 3Rs principle (that is, Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) has been coined and introduced to foster the development of alternative methods to animal testing. Another topic addressed by the symposium was the new vision on “Toxicology in the twenty-first Century”, as proposed by the US-National Research Council, which aims at using human cells and tissues for toxicity testing in vitro rather than live animals. An overview of the achievements and current tasks, as well as a vision of the future to be addressed by ZEBET@BfR in the years to come is outlined in the present paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Liebsch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Grune
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Seiler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Butzke
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Oelgeschläger
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Pirow
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Adler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Riebeling
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments—ZEBET, 12277 Berlin, Germany
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Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Wang J, Yin P, Zhou J, Zhen M, Cui W, Xu G, Yang D, Liu Z. Abdominal hernia repair with a decellularized dermal scaffold seeded with autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Artif Organs 2011; 36:247-55. [PMID: 21899574 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2011.01343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Surgeons usually use synthetic polymer meshes for abdominal wall hernia repair. However, synthetic polymer meshes exhibit a lack of growth and related complications. In this study, we produced a tissue-engineered patch for abdominal hernia repair. Autologous bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were isolated and proliferated in vitro; decellularized dermal scaffolds (DSs) were prepared using enzymatic process; and then BMSCs were seeded onto the DSs for the construction of tissue-engineered patches. Under general anesthesia, rabbits underwent creation of abdominal wall defects and which were repaired with BMSC-seeded DSs, acellular DSs, and skin sutures only, respectively. Animals were sacrificed after 2 months for assessing the histological and gross examination. Abdominal hernias were absent in animals repaired with cell-seeded group, and abdominal hernias or bulges appeared in all animals repaired with acellular group. All the animals that were not repaired died within 10 days. The cell-seeded implants were thicker and indicated good angiogenesis compared with that of the acellular implants, both in histological and gross examination. The tissue-engineered patches prepared with BMSCs seeding on DSs can be used for abdominal wall hernia repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Zhao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University Department of Emergency, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, 201 Hubinnan Road, Xiamen, China
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Novosel EC, Kleinhans C, Kluger PJ. Vascularization is the key challenge in tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:300-11. [PMID: 21396416 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The main limitation in engineering in vitro tissues is the lack of a sufficient blood vessel system - the vascularization. In vivo almost all tissues are supplied by these endothelial cell coated tubular networks. Current strategies to create vascularized tissues are discussed in this review. The first strategy is based on the endothelial cells and their ability to form new vessels known as neoangiogenesis. Herein prevascularization techniques are compared to approaches in which biomolecules, such as growth factors, cytokines, peptides and proteins as well as cells are applied to generate new vessels. The second strategy is focused on scaffold-based techniques. Naturally-derived scaffolds, which contain vessels, are distinguished from synthetically manufactured matrices. Advantages and pitfalls of the approaches to create vascularized tissues in vitro are outlined and feasible future strategies are discussed.
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Zhou P, Lessa N, Estrada DC, Severrson EB, Lingala S, Zern MA, Nolta JA, Wu J. Decellularized liver matrix as a carrier for the transplantation of human fetal and primary hepatocytes in mice. Liver Transpl 2011; 17:418-27. [PMID: 21445925 PMCID: PMC3079538 DOI: 10.1002/lt.22270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transplantation of primary hepatocytes has been shown to augment the function of damaged livers and to bridge patients to liver transplantation. However, primary hepatocytes often have low levels of engraftment and survive for only a short time after transplantation. To explore the potential benefits of using decellularized liver matrix (DLM) as a carrier for hepatocyte transplantation, DLM from whole mouse livers was generated. Human fetal hepatocytes immortalized by telomerase reconstitution (FH-hTERTs) or primary human hepatocytes were infused into the DLM, which was then implanted into the omenta of immunodeficient nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient/interleukin-2 receptor γ-deficient mice or nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient/mucopolysaccharidosis type VII mice. The removal of endogenous cellular components and the preservation of the extracellular matrix proteins and vasculature were demonstrated in the resulting DLM. Bioluminescent imaging revealed that FH-hTERTs transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing firefly luciferase survived in the DLM for 8 weeks after peritoneal implantation, whereas the luciferase signal from FH-hTERTs rapidly declined in control mice 3 to 4 weeks after transplantation via splenic injection or omental implantation after Matrigel encapsulation. Furthermore, primary human hepatocytes that were reconstituted in the DLM not only survived 6 weeks after transplantation but also maintained their function, as demonstrated by messenger RNA levels of albumin and cytochrome P450 (CYP) subtypes (CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP1A1) similar to the levels in freshly isolated human primary hepatocytes (hPHs). In contrast, when hPHs were transplanted into mice via splenic injection, they failed to express CYP3A4, although they expressed albumin. In conclusion, DLM provides an excellent environment for long-term survival and maintenance of the hepatocyte phenotype after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Nataly Lessa
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Daniel C. Estrada
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Ella B. Severrson
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Shilpa Lingala
- Transplant Research Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Mark A. Zern
- Transplant Research Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Jan A. Nolta
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Jian Wu
- Stem Cell Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, Transplant Research Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817
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Li J, Tao R, Wu W, Cao H, Xin J, Li J, Guo J, Jiang L, Gao C, Demetriou AA, Farkas DL, Li L. 3D PLGA scaffolds improve differentiation and function of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived hepatocytes. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 19:1427-36. [PMID: 20055663 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver tissue engineering with hepatic stem cells provides a promising alternative to liver transplantation in patients with acute and chronic hepatic failure. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) bioscaffold was introduced for differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into hepatocytes. For hepatocyte differentiation, third passage BMSCs isolated from normal adult F344 rats were seeded into collagen-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (C-PLGA) 3D scaffolds with hepatocyte differentiation medium for 3 weeks. Hepatogenesis in scaffolds was characterized by reverse transcript PCR, western blot, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), periodic acid-Schiff staining, histochemistry, and biochemical assays with hepatic-specific genes and markers. A monolayer culture system was used as a control differentiation group. The results showed that isolated cells possessed the basic features of BMSCs. Differentiated hepatocyte-like cells in C-PLGA scaffolds expressed hepatocyte-specific markers [eg, albumin (ALB), alpha-fetoprotein, cytokeratin 18, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha, and cytochrome P450] at mRNA and protein levels. Most markers were expressed in C-PLGA group 1 week earlier than in the control group. Results of biocompatibility indicated that the differentiated hepatocyte-like cells grew more stably in C-PLGA scaffolds than that in controls during a 3-week differentiation period. The significantly higher metabolic functions in hepatocyte-like cells in the C-PLGA scaffold group further demonstrated the important role of the scaffold. CONCLUSION As the phenomenon of transdifferentiation is uncommon, our successful transdifferentiation rates of BMSCs to mature hepatocytes prove the superiority of the C-PLGA scaffold in providing a suitable environment for such a differentiation. This material can possibly be used as a bioscaffold for liver tissue engineering in future clinical therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Bao J, Shi Y, Sun H, Yin X, Yang R, Li L, Chen X, Bu H. Construction of a portal implantable functional tissue-engineered liver using perfusion-decellularized matrix and hepatocytes in rats. Cell Transplant 2010; 20:753-66. [PMID: 21054928 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x536572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Innovative cell-based therapies, including hepatic tissue engineering following hepatocyte transplantation, are considered as theoretical alternatives to liver transplant or for partial replacement of liver function in patients. However, recent progress in hepatic tissue engineering has been hampered by low initial hepatocyte engraftment and insufficient blood supply in vivo. We developed an intact 3D scaffold of an extracellular matrix (ECM) derived from a decellularized liver lobe, with layer-by-layer (LbL) heparin deposition to avoid thrombosis, which we repopulated with hepatocytes and successfully implanted as a tissue-engineered liver (TEL) into the portal system. The TEL provided sufficient volume for transplantation of cell numbers representing up to 10% of whole-liver equivalents and was perfused by portal vein blood. Treatment of extended hepatectomized rats with a TEL improved liver function and prolonged survival; mean lifespan was extended from 16 to 72 h. At 72 h postoperation, the TEL sustained functional and viable hepatocytes. In conclusion, we propose the TEL as a state-of-the-art substitute for whole-liver transplantation and as a proof of concept for the technology that will eventually allow for the transplantation of a reconstituted liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Bao
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Nakayama KH, Batchelder CA, Lee CI, Tarantal AF. Decellularized rhesus monkey kidney as a three-dimensional scaffold for renal tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:2207-16. [PMID: 20156112 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was the production of a decellularized kidney scaffold with structural, mechanical, and physiological properties necessary for engineering basic renal structures in vitro. Fetal, infant, juvenile, and adult rhesus monkey kidney sections were treated with either 1% (v/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate or Triton X-100 followed by quantitative and qualitative analysis. Comparison of decellularization agents and incubation temperatures demonstrated sodium dodecyl sulfate at 4 degrees C to be most effective in preserving the native architecture. Hematoxylin and eosin staining confirmed the removal of cellular material, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated preservation of native expression patterns of extracellular matrix proteins, including heparan sulfate proteoglycan, fibronectin, collagen types I and IV, and laminin. Biomechanical testing revealed a decrease in the compressive modulus of decellularized compared to fresh kidneys. Layering of fetal kidney explants on age-matched decellularized kidney scaffolds demonstrated the capacity of the scaffold to support Pax2+/vimentin+ cell attachment and migration to recellularize the scaffold. These findings demonstrate that decellularized kidney sections retain critical structural and functional properties necessary for use as a three-dimensional scaffold and promote cellular repopulation. Further, this study provides the initial steps in developing new regenerative medicine strategies for renal tissue engineering and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina H Nakayama
- Center of Excellence in Translational Human Stem Cell Research, California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California 95616-8542, USA
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Shupe T, Petersen BE. Potential applications for cell regulatory factors in liver progenitor cell therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 43:214-21. [PMID: 20851776 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplant represent the state of the art treatment for terminal liver pathologies such as cirrhosis in adults and hemochromatosis in neonates. A limited supply of transplantable organs in relationship to the demand means that many patients will succumb to disease before an organ becomes available. One promising alternative to liver transplant is therapy based on the transplant of liver progenitor cells. These cells may be derived from the patient, expanded in vitro, and transplanted back to the diseased liver. Inborn metabolic disorders represent the most attractive target for liver progenitor cell therapy, as many of these disorders may be corrected by repopulation of only a portion of the liver by healthy cells. Another potential application for liver progenitor cell therapy is the seeding of bio-artificial liver matrix. These ex vivo bioreactors may someday be used to bridge critically ill patients to other treatments. Conferring a selective growth advantage to the progenitor cell population remains an obstacle to therapy development. Understanding the molecular signaling mechanisms and micro-environmental cues that govern liver progenitor cell phenotype may someday lead to strategies for providing this selective growth advantage. The discovery of a population of cells within the bone marrow possessing the ability to differentiate into hepatocytes may provide an easily accessible source of cells for liver therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Shupe
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0275, USA.
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Kaully T, Kaufman-Francis K, Lesman A, Levenberg S. Vascularization--the conduit to viable engineered tissues. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2010; 15:159-69. [PMID: 19309238 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Long-term viability of thick three-dimensional engineered tissue constructs is a major challenge. Addressing it requires development of vessel-like network that will allow the survival of the construct in vitro and its integration in vivo owing to improved vascularization after implantation. Resulting from work of various research groups, several approaches were developed aiming engineered tissue vascularization: (1) embodiment of angiogenesis growth factors in the polymeric scaffolds for prolonged release, (2) coculture of endothelial cells with target tissue cells and angiogenesis signaling cells, (3) use of microfabrication methods for creating designed channels for allowing nutrients to flow and/or for directing endothelial cells attachment, and (4) decellularization of organs and blood vessels for creating extracellular matrix. A synergistic effect is expected by combining several of these approaches as already demonstrated in some of the latest studies. Current paper reviews the progress in each approach and recent achievements toward vascularization of engineered tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Kaully
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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