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Bloise N, Giannaccari M, Guagliano G, Peluso E, Restivo E, Strada S, Volpini C, Petrini P, Visai L. Growing Role of 3D In Vitro Cell Cultures in the Study of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms: Short Focus on Breast Cancer, Endometriosis, Liver and Infectious Diseases. Cells 2024; 13:1054. [PMID: 38920683 PMCID: PMC11201503 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the development of three-dimensional (3D) models has increased exponentially, facilitating the unravelling of fundamental and essential cellular mechanisms by which cells communicate with each other, assemble into tissues and organs and respond to biochemical and biophysical stimuli under both physiological and pathological conditions. This section presents a concise overview of the most recent updates on the significant contribution of different types of 3D cell cultures including spheroids, organoids and organ-on-chip and bio-printed tissues in advancing our understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms. The case studies presented include the 3D cultures of breast cancer (BC), endometriosis, the liver microenvironment and infections. In BC, the establishment of 3D culture models has permitted the visualization of the role of cancer-associated fibroblasts in the delivery of exosomes, as well as the significance of the physical properties of the extracellular matrix in promoting cell proliferation and invasion. This approach has also become a valuable tool in gaining insight into general and specific mechanisms of drug resistance. Given the considerable heterogeneity of endometriosis, 3D models offer a more accurate representation of the in vivo microenvironment, thereby facilitating the identification and translation of novel targeted therapeutic strategies. The advantages provided by 3D models of the hepatic environment, in conjunction with the high throughput characterizing various platforms, have enabled the elucidation of complex molecular mechanisms underlying various threatening hepatic diseases. A limited number of 3D models for gut and skin infections have been developed. However, a more profound comprehension of the spatial and temporal interactions between microbes, the host and their environment may facilitate the advancement of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo disease models. Additionally, it may pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic approaches in diverse research fields. The interested reader will also find concluding remarks on the challenges and prospects of using 3D cell cultures for discovering cellular and molecular mechanisms in the research areas covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Bloise
- Molecular Medicine Department (DMM), Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), Unità di Ricerca (UdR) INSTM, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.G.); (E.P.); (E.R.); (S.S.); (C.V.)
- UOR6 Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Prevention and Rehabilitation in Occupational Medicine and Specialty Medicine, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via Maugeri 4, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), Operative Unit (OU) of University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marialaura Giannaccari
- Molecular Medicine Department (DMM), Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), Unità di Ricerca (UdR) INSTM, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.G.); (E.P.); (E.R.); (S.S.); (C.V.)
| | - Giuseppe Guagliano
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (P.P.)
| | - Emanuela Peluso
- Molecular Medicine Department (DMM), Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), Unità di Ricerca (UdR) INSTM, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.G.); (E.P.); (E.R.); (S.S.); (C.V.)
| | - Elisa Restivo
- Molecular Medicine Department (DMM), Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), Unità di Ricerca (UdR) INSTM, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.G.); (E.P.); (E.R.); (S.S.); (C.V.)
| | - Silvia Strada
- Molecular Medicine Department (DMM), Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), Unità di Ricerca (UdR) INSTM, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.G.); (E.P.); (E.R.); (S.S.); (C.V.)
- UOR6 Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Prevention and Rehabilitation in Occupational Medicine and Specialty Medicine, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via Maugeri 4, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Volpini
- Molecular Medicine Department (DMM), Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), Unità di Ricerca (UdR) INSTM, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.G.); (E.P.); (E.R.); (S.S.); (C.V.)
- UOR6 Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Prevention and Rehabilitation in Occupational Medicine and Specialty Medicine, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via Maugeri 4, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Petrini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.G.); (P.P.)
- Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), Operative Unit (OU) of Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Livia Visai
- Molecular Medicine Department (DMM), Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), Unità di Ricerca (UdR) INSTM, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.G.); (E.P.); (E.R.); (S.S.); (C.V.)
- UOR6 Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Prevention and Rehabilitation in Occupational Medicine and Specialty Medicine, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via Maugeri 4, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), Operative Unit (OU) of University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Mir TA, Alzhrani A, Nakamura M, Iwanaga S, Wani SI, Altuhami A, Kazmi S, Arai K, Shamma T, Obeid DA, Assiri AM, Broering DC. Whole Liver Derived Acellular Extracellular Matrix for Bioengineering of Liver Constructs: An Updated Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1126. [PMID: 37892856 PMCID: PMC10604736 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10101126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterial templates play a critical role in establishing and bioinstructing three-dimensional cellular growth, proliferation and spatial morphogenetic processes that culminate in the development of physiologically relevant in vitro liver models. Various natural and synthetic polymeric biomaterials are currently available to construct biomimetic cell culture environments to investigate hepatic cell-matrix interactions, drug response assessment, toxicity, and disease mechanisms. One specific class of natural biomaterials consists of the decellularized liver extracellular matrix (dECM) derived from xenogeneic or allogeneic sources, which is rich in bioconstituents essential for the ultrastructural stability, function, repair, and regeneration of tissues/organs. Considering the significance of the key design blueprints of organ-specific acellular substrates for physiologically active graft reconstruction, herein we showcased the latest updates in the field of liver decellularization-recellularization technologies. Overall, this review highlights the potential of acellular matrix as a promising biomaterial in light of recent advances in the preparation of liver-specific whole organ scaffolds. The review concludes with a discussion of the challenges and future prospects of liver-specific decellularized materials in the direction of translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Ahmed Mir
- Laboratory of Tissue/Organ Bioengineering & BioMEMS, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (T.S.)
| | - Alaa Alzhrani
- Laboratory of Tissue/Organ Bioengineering & BioMEMS, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (T.S.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Makoto Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical System Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Education, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan; (M.N.); (S.I.)
| | - Shintaroh Iwanaga
- Division of Biomedical System Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Education, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan; (M.N.); (S.I.)
| | - Shadil Ibrahim Wani
- Division of Biomedical System Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Education, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan; (M.N.); (S.I.)
| | - Abdullah Altuhami
- Laboratory of Tissue/Organ Bioengineering & BioMEMS, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (T.S.)
| | - Shadab Kazmi
- Laboratory of Tissue/Organ Bioengineering & BioMEMS, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (T.S.)
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Kenchi Arai
- Department of Clinical Biomaterial Applied Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Talal Shamma
- Laboratory of Tissue/Organ Bioengineering & BioMEMS, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (T.S.)
| | - Dalia A. Obeid
- Laboratory of Tissue/Organ Bioengineering & BioMEMS, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (T.S.)
| | - Abdullah M. Assiri
- Laboratory of Tissue/Organ Bioengineering & BioMEMS, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (T.S.)
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dieter C. Broering
- Laboratory of Tissue/Organ Bioengineering & BioMEMS, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (T.S.)
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
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Messelmani T, Morisseau L, Sakai Y, Legallais C, Le Goff A, Leclerc E, Jellali R. Liver organ-on-chip models for toxicity studies and risk assessment. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2423-2450. [PMID: 35694831 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00307d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a key organ that plays a pivotal role in metabolism and ensures a variety of functions in the body, including homeostasis, synthesis of essential components, nutrient storage, and detoxification. As the centre of metabolism for exogenous molecules, the liver is continuously exposed to a wide range of compounds, such as drugs, pesticides, and environmental pollutants. Most of these compounds can cause hepatotoxicity and lead to severe and irreversible liver damage. To study the effects of chemicals and drugs on the liver, most commonly, animal models or in vitro 2D cell cultures are used. However, data obtained from animal models lose their relevance when extrapolated to the human metabolic situation and pose ethical concerns, while 2D static cultures are poorly predictive of human in vivo metabolism and toxicity. As a result, there is a widespread need to develop relevant in vitro liver models for toxicology studies. In recent years, progress in tissue engineering, biomaterials, microfabrication, and cell biology has created opportunities for more relevant in vitro models for toxicology studies. Of these models, the liver organ-on-chip (OoC) has shown promising results by reproducing the in vivo behaviour of the cell/organ or a group of organs, the controlled physiological micro-environment, and in vivo cellular metabolic responses. In this review, we discuss the development of liver organ-on-chip technology and its use in toxicity studies. First, we introduce the physiology of the liver and summarize the traditional experimental models for toxicity studies. We then present liver OoC technology, including the general concept, materials used, cell sources, and different approaches. We review the prominent liver OoC and multi-OoC integrating the liver for drug and chemical toxicity studies. Finally, we conclude with the future challenges and directions for developing or improving liver OoC models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Messelmani
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Lisa Morisseau
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- CNRS IRL 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cécile Legallais
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Anne Le Goff
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
| | - Eric Leclerc
- CNRS IRL 2820, Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Rachid Jellali
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne Cedex, France.
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Labour MN, Le Guilcher C, Aid-Launais R, El Samad N, Lanouar S, Simon-Yarza T, Letourneur D. Development of 3D Hepatic Constructs Within Polysaccharide-Based Scaffolds with Tunable Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103644. [PMID: 32455711 PMCID: PMC7279349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids production is a key tool for in vitro studies of physiopathological conditions, drug-induced toxicity assays, and for a potential use in regenerative medicine. Hence, it prompted studies on hepatic organoids and liver regeneration. Numerous attempts to produce hepatic constructs had often limited success due to a lack of viability or functionality. Moreover, most products could not be translated for clinical studies. The aim of this study was to develop functional and viable hepatic constructs using a 3D porous scaffold with an adjustable structure, devoid of any animal component, that could also be used as an in vivo implantable system. We used a combination of pharmaceutical grade pullulan and dextran with different porogen formulations to form crosslinked scaffolds with macroporosity ranging from 30 µm to several hundreds of microns. Polysaccharide scaffolds were easy to prepare and to handle, and allowed confocal observations thanks to their transparency. A simple seeding method allowed a rapid impregnation of the scaffolds with HepG2 cells and a homogeneous cell distribution within the scaffolds. Cells were viable over seven days and form spheroids of various geometries and sizes. Cells in 3D express hepatic markers albumin, HNF4α and CYP3A4, start to polarize and were sensitive to acetaminophen in a concentration-dependant manner. Therefore, this study depicts a proof of concept for organoid production in 3D scaffolds that could be prepared under GMP conditions for reliable drug-induced toxicity studies and for liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Noëlle Labour
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
- École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, 4-14 rue Ferrus, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Camile Le Guilcher
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Rachida Aid-Launais
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM UMS-34, FRIM Université de Paris, X Bichat School of Medicine, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Nour El Samad
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Soraya Lanouar
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Teresa Simon-Yarza
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Didier Letourneur
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université de Paris, X Bichat Hospital, 46 rue H Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (M.-N.L.); (C.L.G.); (R.A.-L.); (N.E.S.); (S.L.); (T.S.-Y.)
- INSERM U1148, LVTS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
- Correspondence:
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Tao F, Sayo K, Sugimoto K, Aoki S, Kojima N. Development of a tunable method to generate various three-dimensional microstructures by replenishing macromolecules such as extracellular matrix components and polysaccharides. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6567. [PMID: 32300241 PMCID: PMC7162899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular spheroids (spheroids) are expected to be a promising approach to mimic in vivo organ functions and cell microenvironments. However, conventional spheroids do not fully consider the existence of extracellular matrices (ECMs). In this study, we developed a tunable method for replenishing macromolecules, including ECM components and polysaccharides, into spheroids without compromising cell viability by injecting a microvolume cell suspension into a high density of methylcellulose dissolved in the culture medium. Adjusting the ECM concentration in the cell suspension enabled the generation of different three-dimensional microstructures, such as "ECM gel capsules", which contained individually separated cells, and "ECM-loaded spheroids", which had thin ECM layers between cells. ECM-loaded spheroids with a 30-fold dilution of Matrigel (0.3 mg/ml) showed significantly higher albumin secretion than control spheroids composed of Hep G2 or HuH-7 cells. Additionally, the expression levels of major CYP genes were decreased in ECM gel capsules with undiluted Matrigel (9 mg/ml) compared to those in control spheroids. However, 0.3 mg/ml Matrigel did not disrupt gene expression. Furthermore, cell polarity associated with tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Claudin-1) and the transporter protein MRP2 was markedly induced by using 0.3 mg/ml Matrigel. Thus, high-performance three-dimensional tissues fabricated by this method are applicable to increasing the efficiency of drug screening and to regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Tao
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kanae Sayo
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sugimoto
- Solution Division, Quality Assurance and Customer Support Center, Life Innovation Business Headquarters, Yokogawa Electric Corporation, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Aoki
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Kojima
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
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Ye S, Boeter JWB, Penning LC, Spee B, Schneeberger K. Hydrogels for Liver Tissue Engineering. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:E59. [PMID: 31284412 PMCID: PMC6784004 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioengineered livers are promising in vitro models for drug testing, toxicological studies, and as disease models, and might in the future be an alternative for donor organs to treat end-stage liver diseases. Liver tissue engineering (LTE) aims to construct liver models that are physiologically relevant. To make bioengineered livers, the two most important ingredients are hepatic cells and supportive materials such as hydrogels. In the past decades, dozens of hydrogels have been developed to act as supportive materials, and some have been used for in vitro models and formed functional liver constructs. However, currently none of the used hydrogels are suitable for in vivo transplantation. Here, the histology of the human liver and its relationship with LTE is introduced. After that, significant characteristics of hydrogels are described focusing on LTE. Then, both natural and synthetic materials utilized in hydrogels for LTE are reviewed individually. Finally, a conclusion is drawn on a comparison of the different hydrogels and their characteristics and ideal hydrogels are proposed to promote LTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Ye
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem W B Boeter
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Schneeberger
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Bile canaliculi formation and biliary transport in 3D sandwich-cultured hepatocytes in dependence of the extracellular matrix composition. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2497-511. [PMID: 27325308 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1758-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes (PHH) are still considered as gold standard for investigation of in vitro metabolism and hepatotoxicity in pharmaceutical research. It has been shown that the three-dimensional (3D) cultivation of PHH in a sandwich configuration between two layers of extracellular matrix (ECM) enables the hepatocytes to adhere three dimensionally leading to formation of in vivo like cell-cell contacts and cell-matrix interactions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of different ECM compositions on morphology, cellular arrangement and bile canaliculi formation as well as bile excretion processes in PHH sandwich cultures systematically. Freshly isolated PHH were cultured for 6 days between two ECM layers made of collagen and/or Matrigel in four different combinations. The cultures were investigated by phase contrast microscopy and immunofluorescence analysis with respect to cell-cell connections, repolarization as well as bile canaliculi formation. The influence of the ECM composition on cell activity and viability was measured using the XTT assay and a fluorescent dead or alive assay. Finally, the bile canalicular transport was analyzed by live cell imaging to monitor the secretion and accumulation of the fluorescent substance CDF in bile canaliculi. Using collagen and Matrigel in different compositions in sandwich cultures of hepatocytes, we observed differences in morphology, cellular arrangement and cell activity of PHH in dependence of the ECM composition. Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes with an underlay of collagen seem to represent the best in vivo tissue architecture in terms of formation of trabecular cell arrangement. Cultures overlaid with collagen were characterized by the formation of abundant bile canaliculi, while the bile canaliculi network in hepatocytes cultured on a layer of Matrigel and overlaid with collagen showed the most branched and stable canalicular network. All cultures showed a time-dependent leakage of CDF from the bile canaliculi into the culture supernatant with variations in dependence on the used matrix combination. In conclusion, the results of this study show that the choice of ECM has an impact on the morphology, cell assembly and bile canaliculi formation in PHH sandwich cultures. The morphology and the multicellular arrangement were essentially influenced by the underlaying matrix, while bile excretion and leakage of sandwich-cultured hepatocytes were mainly influenced by the overlay matrix. Leaking and damaged bile canaliculi could be a limitation of the investigated sandwich culture models in long-term excretion studies.
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Wang J, Chen F, Liu L, Qi C, Wang B, Yan X, Huang C, Hou W, Zhang MQ, Chen Y, Du Y. Engineering EMT using 3D micro-scaffold to promote hepatic functions for drug hepatotoxicity evaluation. Biomaterials 2016; 91:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zhang S, Zhang B, Chen X, Chen L, Wang Z, Wang Y. Three-dimensional culture in a microgravity bioreactor improves the engraftment efficiency of hepatic tissue constructs in mice. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:2699-2709. [PMID: 25056199 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-014-5279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered liver using primary hepatocytes has been considered a valuable new therapeutic modality as an alternative to whole organ liver transplantation for different liver diseases. The development of clinically feasible liver tissue engineering approaches, however, has been hampered by the poor engraftment efficiency of hepatocytes. We developed a three-dimensional (3D) culture system using a microgravity bioreactor (MB), biodegradable scaffolds and growth-factor-reduced Matrigel to construct a tissue-engineered liver for transplantation into the peritoneal cavity of non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient mice. The number of viable cells in the hepatic tissue constructs was stably maintained in the 3D MB culture system. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and zonula occludens-1 expression revealed that neonatal mouse liver cells were reorganized to form tissue-like structures during MB culture. Significantly upregulated hepatic functions (albumin secretion, urea production and cytochrome P450 activity) were observed in the MB culture group. Post-transplantation analysis indicated that the engraftment efficiency of the hepatic tissue constructs prepared in MB cultures was higher than that of those prepared in the static cultures. Higher level of hepatic function in the implants was confirmed by the expression of albumin. These findings suggest that 3D MB culture systems may offer an improved method for creating tissue-engineered liver because of the higher engraftment efficiency and the reduction of the initial cell function loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichang Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China,
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Ramaiahgari SC, den Braver MW, Herpers B, Terpstra V, Commandeur JNM, van de Water B, Price LS. A 3D in vitro model of differentiated HepG2 cell spheroids with improved liver-like properties for repeated dose high-throughput toxicity studies. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1083-95. [PMID: 24599296 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immortalized hepatocyte cell lines show only a weak resemblance to primary hepatocytes in terms of gene expression and function, limiting their value in predicting drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Furthermore, primary hepatocytes cultured on two-dimensional tissue culture plastic surfaces rapidly dedifferentiate losing their hepatocyte functions and metabolic competence. We have developed a three-dimensional in vitro model using extracellular matrix-based hydrogel for long-term culture of the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. HepG2 cells cultured in this model stop proliferating, self-organize and differentiate to form multiple polarized spheroids. These spheroids re-acquire lost hepatocyte functions such as storage of glycogen, transport of bile salts and the formation of structures resembling bile canaliculi. HepG2 spheroids also show increased expression of albumin, urea, xenobiotic transcription factors, phase I and II drug metabolism enzymes and transporters. Consistent with this, cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism is significantly higher in HepG2 spheroids compared to monolayer cultures. This highly differentiated phenotype can be maintained in 384-well microtiter plates for at least 28 days. Toxicity assessment studies with this model showed an increased sensitivity in identifying hepatotoxic compounds with repeated dosing regimens. This simple and robust high-throughput-compatible methodology may have potential for use in toxicity screening assays and mechanistic studies and may represent an alternative to animal models for studying DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasa C Ramaiahgari
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Hepatocyte function within a stacked double sandwich culture plate cylindrical bioreactor for bioartificial liver system. Biomaterials 2012; 33:7925-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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ANENE-NZELU CHUKWUEMEKA, WANG YAN, YU HANRY, LIANG LEOHWA. LIVER TISSUE MODEL FOR DRUG TOXICITY SCREENING. J MECH MED BIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519411004083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms involved in the biotransformation of new drugs and their toxicological implications is important for drug development. In this regard, a lot of effort has been put into research to recreate the liver tissue in the laboratory for the purpose of drug screening. This has also helped to minimize the use of laboratory animal and reduce incidence of post-market withdrawal of drugs. Despite the progress made so far, cell source remains a major limitation since primary human hepatocytes are scarce and the various cell alternatives do not express all the genes found in the normal liver. In terms of tissue construct, there is a current shift to 3D models since the cell–cell interactions found in the 3D configuration enhance the morphology and function of hepatocytes. Furthermore, the engineered tissue's performance can be optimized by cocultures, perfusion-based systems, and the use of scaffolds. Nanotechnology seems promising in the field of tissue engineering, as it has been proven that cell–matrix interactions at the nano level can influence greatly on the outcome of the tissue. The review explores the various cell sources, the 3D model, flow-based systems, cocultures, and nanoscaffolds use in hepatocytes in vitro drug testing
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Affiliation(s)
| | - YAN WANG
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore
| | - HANRY YU
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - LEO HWA LIANG
- Division of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Goral VN, Yuen PK. Microfluidic platforms for hepatocyte cell culture: new technologies and applications. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 40:1244-54. [PMID: 22042626 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we summarize the key elements of microfluidic platforms for mimicking in vivo hepatocyte cell culture and the major recent advances in this area. Specifically, we will give brief background and rationale for key design requirements for mimicking in vivo hepatocyte cell culture, and then summarize findings, applications, and limitations from microfluidic platforms that addressed these design requirements. Although no ideal microfluidic platform has so far been developed for fully mimicking in vivo hepatocyte cell culture, some approaches and designs have demonstrated great potential in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy N Goral
- Science and Technology, Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY 14831-0001, USA
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14
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Nugraha B, Hong X, Mo X, Tan L, Zhang W, Chan PM, Kang CH, Wang Y, Beng LT, Sun W, Choudhury D, Robens JM, McMillian M, Silva J, Dallas S, Tan CH, Yue Z, Yu H. Galactosylated cellulosic sponge for multi-well drug safety testing. Biomaterials 2011; 32:6982-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Purpose-driven biomaterials research in liver-tissue engineering. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:110-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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16
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Rapid and enhanced repolarization in sandwich-cultured hepatocytes on an oxygen-permeable membrane. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Zhang F, Xu R, Zhao MJ. QSG-7701 human hepatocytes form polarized acini in three-dimensional culture. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:1175-86. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Meng Q. Three-dimensional culture of hepatocytes for prediction of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:733-46. [DOI: 10.1517/17425251003674356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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The use of vitrification to preserve primary rat hepatocyte monolayer on collagen-coated poly(ethylene-terephthalate) surfaces for a hybrid liver support system. Biomaterials 2009; 30:4136-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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20
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Gómez-Aristizábal A, Keating A, Davies JE. Mesenchymal stromal cells as supportive cells for hepatocytes. Mol Ther 2009; 17:1504-8. [PMID: 19584815 PMCID: PMC2835270 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) appear to share many of the same requirements for their survival, functionality, and proliferation. This may be due to a shared location during fetal development. Moreover, hepatocytes and HSCs are unable to function, or even survive, without stromal cell support. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) support the proliferation and functionality, not only of HSCs, but also of hepatocytes. Although knowledge of the mechanisms underlying HSCs' support is far more advanced than for hepatocytes, data suggest that many agents important for HSCs also maintain the normal hepatocyte phenotype in vitro. Thus, it is possible that new techniques for the maintenance and expansion of HSCs may also be useful for hepatocytes. Bone marrow-derived MSCs are easily cultured and expanded in vitro, and some data suggest that they are immunoregulatory as well as relatively nonimmunogenic. These observations suggest that allogeneic MSCs may be useful not only in supporting hepatocyte growth and proliferation but also in modulating immune responses such as stellate cell activation.
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Xia L, Ng S, Han R, Tuo X, Xiao G, Leo HL, Cheng T, Yu H. Laminar-flow immediate-overlay hepatocyte sandwich perfusion system for drug hepatotoxicity testing. Biomaterials 2009; 30:5927-36. [PMID: 19646750 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug hepatotoxicity testing requires in vitro hepatocyte culture to maintain the long-term and stable liver specific functions. We developed a drug testing platform based on laminar-flow immediate-overlay hepatocyte sandwich perfusion culture. The immediate-overlay sandwich (collagen-coated porous polymeric membrane as top overlay) protects the cells and integrity of the top collagen matrix from the impact of flow. A bioreactor was designed that allowed proper control of shear stress and mass transfer. The culture parameters such as the optimal perfusion initiation time and flow rate were systematically and mechanistically determined. The optimized system could re-establish hepatocyte polarity to support biliary excretion and to maintain other liver specific functions, such as the biotransformation enzyme activities, for two weeks that extended the usable in vitro hepatocyte-based drug testing window. When the perfusion cultured hepatocytes from days 7 or 14 were used for drug testing, the APAP-induced hepatotoxicity measurements were more sensitive and consistent over time than the static culture control, enabling further exploitations in large-scale drug testing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xia
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, Singapore, Singapore
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22
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Synthetic sandwich culture of 3D hepatocyte monolayer. Biomaterials 2007; 29:290-301. [PMID: 17964646 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The sandwich culture of hepatocytes, between double layers of extra-cellular matrix (ECM), is a well-established in vitro model for re-establishing hepatic polarity and maintaining differentiated functions. Applications of the ECM-based sandwich culture are limited by the mass transfer barriers induced by the top gelled ECM layer, complex molecular composition of ECM with batch-to-batch variation and uncontrollable coating of the ECM double layers. We have addressed these limitations of the ECM-based sandwich culture by developing an 'ECM-free' synthetic sandwich culture, which is constructed by sandwiching a 3D hepatocyte monolayer between a glycine-arginine-glycine-aspatic acid-serine (GRGDS)-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PET) track-etched membrane (top support) and a galactosylated PET film (bottom substratum). The bioactive top support and bottom substratum in the synthetic sandwich culture substituted for the functionalities of the ECM in the ECM-based sandwich culture with further improvement in mass transfer and optimal material properties. The 3D hepatocyte monolayer in the synthetic sandwich culture exhibited a similar process of hepatic polarity formation, better cell-cell interaction and improved differentiated functions over 14-day culture compared to the hepatocytes in collagen sandwich culture. The novel 3D hepatocyte monolayer sandwich culture using bioactive synthetic materials may readily replace the ECM-based sandwich culture for liver tissue engineering applications, such as drug metabolism/toxicity testing and hepatocyte-based bioreactors.
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Du Y, Han R, Ng S, Ni J, Sun W, Wohland T, Ong SH, Kuleshova L, Yu H. Identification and Characterization of a Novel Prespheroid 3-Dimensional Hepatocyte Monolayer on Galactosylated Substratum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:1455-68. [PMID: 17518743 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) hepatocyte spheroids mimicking the structural and functional characteristics of hepatocytes in vivo were self-assembled onto a galactosylated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substratum, and the dynamic process of spheroid formation was investigated using time-lapse confocal microscopy. Hepatocytes cultured on this galactosylated substratum formed small cell-aggregates within 12 h, which gradually merged into "island-like" clusters at approximately 1 day and spread to form prespheroid monolayer within 2 days; the prespheroid monolayer was stretched to fold into compact and larger 3D spheroids after 3 days. We compared the expressions of F-actin (cytoskeleton), phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK, cell-substratum interactions) and E-cadherin (cell-cell interactions) during the dynamic process of 3D hepatocyte spheroid formation with the dynamic process of 2D hepatocyte monolayer formation on collagen substratum. Hepatocytes in the prespheroid monolayer stage exhibited the strongest cell-substratum interactions of all 4 stages during spheroid formation with cell-cell interactions and F-actin distribution comparable with those of the 3D hepatocyte spheroids. The prespheroid monolayer also exhibited better hepatocyte polarity (multidrug resistance protein 2) and tight junction (zonula occludens-1) formation, more-differentiated hepatocyte functions (albumin production and cytochrome P450 1 A activity), and higher sensitivity to hepatotoxicity than the conventional 2D hepatocyte monolayer. The transient prespheroid 3D monolayer could be stabilized on a hybrid glycine-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-serine (GRGDS)/galactose-PET substratum for up to 1 week and destabilized to form 3D spheroids in excess soluble GRGDS peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Du
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
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