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Zeshan M, Amjed N, Ashraf H, Farooq A, Akram N, Zia KM. A review on the application of chitosan-based polymers in liver tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129350. [PMID: 38242400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Chitosan-based polymers have enormous structural tendencies to build bioactive materials with novel characteristics, functions, and various applications, mainly in liver tissue engineering (LTE). The specific physicochemical, biological, mechanical, and biodegradation properties give the effective ways to blend these biopolymers with synthetic and natural polymers to fabricate scaffolds matrixes, sponges, and complexes. A variety of natural and synthetic biomaterials, including chitosan (CS), alginate (Alg), collagen (CN), gelatin (GL), hyaluronic acid (HA), hydroxyapatite (HAp), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PGLA), polylactic acid (PLA), and silk fibroin gained considerable attention due to their structure-properties relationship. The incorporation of CS within the polymer matrix results in increased mechanical strength and also imparts biological behavior to the designed PU formulations. The significant and growing interest in the LTE sector, this review aims to be a detailed exploration of CS-based polymers biomaterials for LTE. A brief explanation of the sources and extraction, properties, structure, and scope of CS is described in the introduction. After that, a full overview of the liver, its anatomy, issues, hepatocyte transplantation, LTE, and CS LTE applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zeshan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nyla Amjed
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Humna Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ariba Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Akram
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mahmood Zia
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
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2
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Shao B, Qin YF, Ren SH, Peng QF, Qin H, Wang ZB, Wang HD, Li GM, Zhu YL, Sun CL, Zhang JY, Li X, Wang H. Structural and Temporal Dynamics of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Liver Diseases From 2001 to 2021: A Bibliometric Analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:859972. [PMID: 35663940 PMCID: PMC9160197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.859972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have important research value and broad application prospects in liver diseases. This study aims to comprehensively review the cooperation and influence of countries, institutions, authors, and journals in the field of MSCs in liver diseases from the perspective of bibliometrics, evaluate the clustering evolution of knowledge structure, and discover hot trends and emerging topics. Methods The articles and reviews related to MSCs in liver diseases were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection using Topic Search. A bibliometric study was performed using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. Results A total of 3404 articles and reviews were included over the period 2001-2021. The number of articles regarding MSCs in liver diseases showed an increasing trend. These publications mainly come from 3251 institutions in 113 countries led by China and the USA. Li L published the most papers among the publications, while Pittenger MF had the most co-citations. Analysis of the most productive journals shows that most are specialized in medical research, experimental medicine and cell biology, and cell & tissue engineering. The macroscopical sketch and micro-representation of the whole knowledge field are realized through co-citation analysis. Liver scaffold, MSC therapy, extracellular vesicle, and others are current and developing areas of the study. The keywords "machine perfusion", "liver transplantation", and "microRNAs" also may be the focus of new trends and future research. Conclusions In this study, bibliometrics and visual methods were used to review the research of MSCs in liver diseases comprehensively. This paper will help scholars better understand the dynamic evolution of the application of MSCs in liver diseases and point out the direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ya-Fei Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shao-Hua Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiu-Feng Peng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhao-Bo Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong-da Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guang-Ming Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang-Lin Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Cheng-Lu Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing-Yi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Rajalekshmi R, Kaladevi Shaji A, Joseph R, Bhatt A. Scaffold for liver tissue engineering: Exploring the potential of fibrin incorporated alginate dialdehyde-gelatin hydrogel. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:999-1008. [PMID: 33166555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Development of a tissue-engineered construct for hepatic regeneration remains a challenging task due to the lack of an optimum environment that support the growth of hepatocytes. Hydrogel systems possess many similarities with tissues and have the potential to provide the microenvironment essential for the cells to grow, proliferate, and remain functionally active. METHODS In this work, fibrin (FIB) incorporated injectable alginate dialdehyde (ADA) - gelatin (G) hydrogel was explored as a matrix for liver tissue engineering. ADA was prepared by periodate oxidation of sodium alginate. An injectable formulation of ADA-G-FIB hydrogel was prepared and characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Micro-Computed Tomography. HepG2 cells were cultured on the hydrogel system; cellular growth and functions were analyzed using various functional markers. RESULTS FTIR spectra of ADA-G-FIB depicted the formation of Schiff's base at 1608.53 cm-1 with a gelation time of 3 min. ADA-G-FIB depicted a 3D surface topography with a pore size in the range of 100-200 μm. The non-cytotoxic nature of the scaffold was demonstrated using L929 cells and more than 80 % cell viability was observed. Functional analysis of cultured HepG2 cells demonstrated ICG uptake, albumin synthesis, CYP-P450 expression, and ammonia clearance. CONCLUSION ADA-G-FIB hydrogel can be used as an effective 3D scaffold system for liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resmi Rajalekshmi
- Division of Polymeric Medical Devices, Department of Medical Device Engineering, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695012, India
| | - Anusree Kaladevi Shaji
- Division of Thrombosis Research, Department of Applied Biology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695012, India
| | - Roy Joseph
- Division of Polymeric Medical Devices, Department of Medical Device Engineering, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695012, India
| | - Anugya Bhatt
- Division of Thrombosis Research, Department of Applied Biology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695012, India.
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4
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Sacco P, Cok M, Scognamiglio F, Pizzolitto C, Vecchies F, Marfoglia A, Marsich E, Donati I. Glycosylated-Chitosan Derivatives: A Systematic Review. Molecules 2020; 25:E1534. [PMID: 32230971 PMCID: PMC7180478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan derivatives, and more specifically, glycosylated derivatives, are nowadays attracting much attention within the scientific community due to the fact that this set of engineered polysaccharides finds application in different sectors, spanning from food to the biomedical field. Overcoming chitosan (physical) limitations or grafting biological relevant molecules, to mention a few, represent two cardinal strategies to modify parent biopolymer; thereby, synthetizing high added value polysaccharides. The present review is focused on the introduction of oligosaccharide side chains on the backbone of chitosan. The synthetic aspects and the effect on physical-chemical properties of such modifications are discussed. Finally, examples of potential applications in biomaterials design and drug delivery of these novel modified chitosans are disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (M.C.); (F.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Michela Cok
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (M.C.); (F.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Francesca Scognamiglio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza dell’Ospitale 1, I-34129 Trieste, Italy; (F.S.); (C.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Chiara Pizzolitto
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza dell’Ospitale 1, I-34129 Trieste, Italy; (F.S.); (C.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Federica Vecchies
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (M.C.); (F.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Marfoglia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (M.C.); (F.V.); (A.M.)
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza dell’Ospitale 1, I-34129 Trieste, Italy; (F.S.); (C.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (P.S.); (M.C.); (F.V.); (A.M.)
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Mirdamadi ES, Kalhori D, Zakeri N, Azarpira N, Solati-Hashjin M. Liver Tissue Engineering as an Emerging Alternative for Liver Disease Treatment. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 26:145-163. [PMID: 31797731 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases affect thousands of lives throughout the world every year. The shortage of liver donors for transplantation has been the main driving force to employ alternative methods such as liver tissue engineering (LTE) in fabricating a three-dimensional transplantable liver tissue or enhancing cell delivery techniques alleviating the need for liver donors. LTE consists of three components, cells, ECM (extracellular matrix), and signaling molecules, which we discuss the first and second. The three most common cell sources used in LTE are human and animal primary hepatocytes, and stem cells for different applications. Two major categories of ECM are used to mimic the microenvironment of these cells, named scaffolds and microbeads. Scaffolds have been made by numerous methods with a wide range of synthetic and natural biomaterials. Cell encapsulation has also been utilized by many polymeric biomaterials. To investigate their functions, many properties have been discussed in the literature, such as biochemical, geometrical, and mechanical properties, in both of these categories. Overall, LTE shows excellent potential in assisting hepatic disorders. However, some challenges exist that prevent the practical use of it clinically, making LTE an ongoing research subject in the scientific society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Sadat Mirdamadi
- BioFabrication Lab (BFL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Dianoosh Kalhori
- BioFabrication Lab (BFL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Zakeri
- BioFabrication Lab (BFL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehran Solati-Hashjin
- BioFabrication Lab (BFL), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
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Gao C, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Qian M, Yang J. HGF Gene Delivering Alginate/Galactosylated Chitosan Sponge Scaffold for Three-Dimensional Coculture of Hepatocytes/3T3 Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:451-458. [PMID: 31910350 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.5136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene delivery from tissue engineering scaffold is a novel strategy in regulating long-term growth and function of cells in vitro culture. In this study, a hepatocyte growth factor plasmid/polyetherimide (pHGF/PEI) polyplex delivering alginate (AL)/galactosylated chitosan (GC) (pHGF/PEI-AL/GC) sponge scaffold was prepared for the in vitro coculture of hepatocytes/3T3 cells. The pHGF/PEI polyplex released for 6 days in the sponge scaffold with weight ratio of AL/GC being 3:1 and fixed amount of pHGF being 40 μg (24-well scaffold). In addition, the 3T3 cells culturing in the pHGF/PEI-AL/GC sponge scaffold could be continually transfected and expressed the exogenous HGF for 6 days. Furthermore, the albumin secretion and urea synthesis of hepatocytes were significantly enhanced when cocultured with 3T3 cells in the pHGF/PEI-AL/GC sponge scaffold compared with that in the AL/GC sponge without pHGF. In summary, the preparation of AL/GC sponge scaffold delivering pHGF/PEI polyplex is a critical significance for maintaining the long-term survival and function of primary hepatocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengyuan Qian
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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7
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da Silva Morais A, Oliveira JM, Reis RL. Biomaterials and Microfluidics for Liver Models. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1230:65-86. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36588-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Ahmed S, Annu, Ali A, Sheikh J. A review on chitosan centred scaffolds and their applications in tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:849-862. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Fan J, Yang J. Preparation and characterization of a chitosan/galactosylated hyaluronic acid/heparin scaffold for hepatic tissue engineering. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2017; 28:569-581. [PMID: 28125949 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2017.1288076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell culture microenvironment and hepatocyte-specific three-dimensional tissue-engineering scaffold play important roles for bioartificial liver devices. In the present study, highly porous sponge scaffolds composed of chitosan (CS) and galactosylated hyaluronic acid (GHA, galactose moieties were covalently coupled with hyaluronic acid through ethylenediamine), were prepared by freezing-drying technique. Because the growth factors specifically bind to heparin with a high affinity and biological stability of the growth factors are modulated by heparin. Heparin was added into CS/GHA scaffold under mild conditions. The effects of heparin on the morphology, structure, porosity, mechanical properties of the CS/GHA/heparin scaffold were studied. CS/GHA scaffold containing heparin maintains the porous structure and good mechanical properties. Furthermore, addition of heparin with the growth factors into the scaffold resulted in a significantly improved the microenvironment of cell growth and prolonged liver functions of the hepatocytes such as albumin secretion, urea synthesis and ammonia elimination. These results indicate that this CS/GHA/heparin scaffold is a potential candidate for liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Fan
- a Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry and Functional Materials in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Dezhou University , Dezhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- b The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences , Nankai University , Tianjin , People's Republic of China
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10
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Preparation of complementary glycosylated hyperbranched polymer/poly(ethylene glycol) brushes and their selective interactions with hepatocytes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 145:309-318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Orellana SL, Giacaman A, Pavicic F, Vidal A, Moreno-Villoslada I, Concha M. Relevance of charge balance and hyaluronic acid on alginate-chitosan sponge microstructure and its influence on fibroblast growth. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:2537-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L. Orellana
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Austral de Chile; Casilla 567 Valdivia Chile
| | - Annesi Giacaman
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología & Patología, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Austral de Chile; Casilla 567 Valdivia Chile
| | - Francisca Pavicic
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología & Patología, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Austral de Chile; Casilla 567 Valdivia Chile
| | - Alejandra Vidal
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología & Patología, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Austral de Chile; Casilla 567 Valdivia Chile
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Villoslada
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Austral de Chile; Casilla 567 Valdivia Chile
| | - Miguel Concha
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología & Patología, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Austral de Chile; Casilla 567 Valdivia Chile
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12
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Research on the structure of amino acid ILs and its solubility for chitosan with chemical software. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Natarajan V, Berglund EJ, Chen DX, Kidambi S. Substrate stiffness regulates primary hepatocyte functions. RSC Adv 2015; 5:80956-80966. [PMID: 32733675 PMCID: PMC7392243 DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15208a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis occurs as a consequence of chronic injuries from viral infections, metabolic disorders, and alcohol abuse. Fibrotic liver microenvironment (LME) is characterized by excessive deposition and aberrant turnover of extracellular matrix proteins, which leads to increased tissue stiffness. Liver stiffness acts as a vital cue in the regulation of hepatic responses in both healthy and diseased states; however, the effect of varying stiffness on liver cells is not well understood. There is a critical need to engineer in vitro models that mimic the liver stiffness corresponding to various stages of disease progression in order to elucidate the role of individual cellular responses. Here we employed polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) based substrates with tunable mechanical properties to investigate the effect of substrate stiffness on the behavior of primary rat hepatocytes. To recreate physiologically relevant stiffness, we designed soft substrates (2 kPa) to represent the healthy liver and stiff substrates (55 kPa) to represent the diseased liver. Tissue culture plate surface (TCPS) served as the control substrate. We observed that hepatocytes cultured on soft substrates displayed a more differentiated and functional phenotype for a longer duration as compared to stiff substrates and TCPS. We demonstrated that hepatocytes on soft substrates exhibited higher urea and albumin synthesis. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity, another critical marker of hepatocytes, displayed a strong dependence on substrate stiffness, wherein hepatocytes on soft substrates retained 2.7 fold higher CYP activity on day 7 in culture, as compared to TCPS. We further observed that an increase in stiffness induced downregulation of key drug transporter genes (NTCP, UGT1A1, and GSTM-2). In addition, we observed that the epithelial cell phenotype was better maintained on soft substrates as indicated by higher expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, cytokeratin 18, and connexin 32. These results indicate that the substrate stiffness plays a significant role in modulating hepatocyte behavior. Our PDMS based liver model can be utilized to investigate the signaling pathways mediating the hepatocyte-LME communication to understand the progression of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishaali Natarajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Eric J Berglund
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Dorothy X Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Srivatsan Kidambi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA
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14
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Wang K, David AE, Choi YS, Wu Y, Buschle-Diller G. Scaffold materials from glycosylated and PEGylated bovine serum albumin. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:2839-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Polymer and Fiber Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Allan E. David
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Young-Suk Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Yonnie Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Gisela Buschle-Diller
- Department of Polymer and Fiber Engineering; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama 36849
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15
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Bachmann A, Moll M, Gottwald E, Nies C, Zantl R, Wagner H, Burkhardt B, Sánchez JJM, Ladurner R, Thasler W, Damm G, Nussler AK. 3D Cultivation Techniques for Primary Human Hepatocytes. MICROARRAYS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:64-83. [PMID: 27600213 PMCID: PMC4996383 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays4010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the main challenges in drug development is the prediction of in vivo toxicity based on in vitro data. The standard cultivation system for primary human hepatocytes is based on monolayer cultures, even if it is known that these conditions result in a loss of hepatocyte morphology and of liver-specific functions, such as drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. As it has been demonstrated that hepatocytes embedded between two sheets of collagen maintain their function, various hydrogels and scaffolds for the 3D cultivation of hepatocytes have been developed. To further improve or maintain hepatic functions, 3D cultivation has been combined with perfusion. In this manuscript, we discuss the benefits and drawbacks of different 3D microfluidic devices. For most systems that are currently available, the main issues are the requirement of large cell numbers, the low throughput, and expensive equipment, which render these devices unattractive for research and the drug-developing industry. A higher acceptance of these devices could be achieved by their simplification and their compatibility with high-throughput, as both aspects are of major importance for a user-friendly device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Bachmann
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076 Tü̈bingen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Moll
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076 Tü̈bingen, Germany.
| | - Eric Gottwald
- Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, POB 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Cordula Nies
- Institute for Biological Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, POB 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Roman Zantl
- GmbH, Am Klopferspitz 19, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Helga Wagner
- GmbH, Am Klopferspitz 19, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076 Tü̈bingen, Germany.
| | - Juan J Martínez Sánchez
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076 Tü̈bingen, Germany.
| | - Ruth Ladurner
- Clinic for General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Georg Damm
- Department for General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité Medical University Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, 72076 Tü̈bingen, Germany.
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16
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Tian M, Han B, Tan H, You C. Preparation and characterization of galactosylated alginate-chitosan oligomer microcapsule for hepatocytes microencapsulation. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 112:502-11. [PMID: 25129774 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Galactosylated alginate (GA)-chitosan oligomer microcapsule was prepared to provide a sufficient mechanical stability, a selective permeability and an appropriate three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment for hepatocytes microencapsulation. The microcapsule has a unique asymmetric membrane structure, with a dense layer located in the inner surface and gradually decreasing toward the outside surface. The stable microcapsule was obtained when GA lower than 50%, while the permeability was increased with increasing of GA. A balance between mechanical stability and permeability was achieved through modulating membrane porosity and thickness. The optimal microcapsule displays a selective permeability allowing efficient transport of human serum albumin while effectively blocking immunoglobulin G. Hepatocytes exhibited high and long term viability (>92%), proliferability, multicellular spheroid morphology, and enhancement of liver-specific functions in the microcapsule wherein galactose moieties present chemical cues to support cell-matrix interactions while the 3D structure of the microcapsule behaves physical cues to facilitate cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Hong Tan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Chao You
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China.
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17
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Jin GZ, Park JH, Seo SJ, Kim HW. Dynamic cell culture on porous biopolymer microcarriers in a spinner flask for bone tissue engineering: a feasibility study. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:1539-48. [PMID: 24652549 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1513-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porous microspherical carriers have great promise for cell culture and tissue engineering. Dynamic cultures enable more uniform cell population and effective differentiation than static cultures. Here we applied dynamic spinner flask culture for the loading and multiplication of cells onto porous biopolymer microcarriers. The abilities of the microcarriers to populate cells and to induce osteogenic differentiation were examined and the feasibility of in vivo delivery of the constructs was addressed. Over time, the porous microcarriers enabled cell adhesion and expansion under proper dynamic culture conditions. Osteogenic markers were substantially expressed by the dynamic cell cultures. The cell-cultured microcarriers implanted in the mouse subcutaneous tissue for 4 weeks showed excellent tissue compatibility, with minimal inflammatory signs and significant induction of bone tissues. This first report on dynamic culture of porous biopolymer microcarriers providing an effective tool for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhen Jin
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, Republic of Korea,
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18
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Effects of coencapsulation of hepatocytes with adipose-derived stem cells in the treatment of rats with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Int J Artif Organs 2014; 37:133-41. [PMID: 24619896 PMCID: PMC6161594 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Cell transplantation is an alternative to liver transplantation, which is hampered by short survival time and immunorejection. The goal of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of hepatocytes coencapsulated with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in treating acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Methods Rat hepatocytes and ADSCs were isolated, and coencapsulated by alginate-poly-L-lysinealginate microencapsulation. The morphological and functional changes of heterotypic interactions were characterized. ACLF in rats was induced by D-galactosamine administration following CCl4-induced cirrhosis. These rats were subjected to intraperitoneal transplantation of 5 × 107 coencapsulated hepatocytes with ADSCs, 5 × 107 encapsulated hepatocytes alone, or empty vehicles after 24 h, respectively. The survival rate and liver functions were assessed. Results Hepatocyte performance levels such as albumin secretion and urea synthesis induction were all significantly enhanced in the coencapsulation group compared with the homo-encapsulated hepatocytes group (p<0.05). The results of cell cycle analysis showed that larger populations of hepatocytes with ADSC treatment were accumulated in the G2-S phase, and there were fewer in the G0-G1 phase compared to encapsulation of hepatocytes alone. Intraperitoneal transplantation of coencapsulated hepatocytes with ADSCs not only increased the survival rate, but also improved liver functions in a rat model of ACLF. Conclusions Transplantation of coencapsulated hepatocytes and ADSCs might be a promising strategy for cell-based therapy of acute liver diseases.
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Jiang WC, Cheng YH, Yen MH, Chang Y, Yang VW, Lee OK. Cryo-chemical decellularization of the whole liver for mesenchymal stem cells-based functional hepatic tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2014; 35:3607-17. [PMID: 24462361 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the ultimate treatment for severe hepatic failure to date. However, the limited supply of donor organs has severely hampered this treatment. So far, great potentials of using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to replenish the hepatic cell population have been shown; nevertheless, there still is a lack of an optimal three-dimensional scaffold for generation of well-transplantable hepatic tissues. In this study, we utilized a cryo-chemical decellularization method which combines physical and chemical approach to generate acellular liver scaffolds (ALS) from the whole liver. The produced ALS provides a biomimetic three-dimensional environment to support hepatic differentiation of MSCs, evidenced by expression of hepatic-associated genes and marker protein, glycogen storage, albumin secretion, and urea production. It is also found that hepatic differentiation of MSCs within the ALS is much more efficient than two-dimensional culture in vitro. Importantly, the hepatic-like tissues (HLT) generated by repopulating ALS with MSCs are able to act as functional grafts and rescue lethal hepatic failure after transplantation in vivo. In summary, the cryo-chemical method used in this study is suitable for decellularization of liver and create acellular scaffolds that can support hepatic differentiation of MSCs and be used to fabricate functional tissue-engineered liver constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Jiang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan; Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Hao Cheng
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Hua Yen
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan.
| | - Yin Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan.
| | - Vincent W Yang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Oscar K Lee
- Department of Medical Research & Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan.
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20
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Hengstler JG, Hammad S, Ghallab A, Reif R, Godoy P. In Vitro Systems for Hepatotoxicity Testing. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0521-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1051] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Roh H, Yang DH, Chun HJ, Khang G. Cellular behaviour of hepatocyte-like cells from nude mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on galactosylated poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid). J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 9:819-25. [PMID: 23784953 DOI: 10.1002/term.1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previously, the galactosylation of poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) surface was accomplished by grafting allylamine (AA), using inductively coupled plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition (ICP-CVD) and conjugating lactobionic acid (LA) with AA via 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) activation for hepatic tissue-engineering purposes. As a continuation study, the cellular behaviour of hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) on the surface of the galactosylated PLGA were investigated. Nude mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cultured under hepatogenic conditions and the differentiated cells were characterized by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunofluorescence and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. Galactosylated PLGA enhanced the proliferation rate of HLCs compared to the control; HLCs on the surface of the sample became aggregated and formed spheroids after 3 days of culture. A large number of cells on the surface of the sample exhibited increased liver-specific functional activities, such as albumin and urea secretions. In addition, multicellular spheroids in the sample strongly expressed phospholyated focal adhesion kinase (pFAK) (cell-matrix interactions), E-cadherin (cell-cell interactions) and connexin 32 (Cox32; gap junction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Roh
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Engineering, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hyeok Yang
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Engineering, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Jae Chun
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Engineering, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gilson Khang
- Department of BIN Fusion Technology, Department of Polymer-Nanoscience and Technology and Polymer BIN Research Centre, Chonbuk National University, Deokjin, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Weeks CA, Newman K, Turner PA, Rodysill B, Hickey RD, Nyberg SL, Janorkar AV. Suspension culture of hepatocyte‐derived reporter cells in presence of albumin to form stable three‐dimensional spheroids. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:2548-55. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Andrew Weeks
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of DentistryUniversity of Mississippi Medical Center2500 North State StreetJacksonMississippi 39216
| | - Kristen Newman
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of DentistryUniversity of Mississippi Medical Center2500 North State StreetJacksonMississippi 39216
| | - Paul A. Turner
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of DentistryUniversity of Mississippi Medical Center2500 North State StreetJacksonMississippi 39216
| | - Brian Rodysill
- Division of Experimental SurgeryMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesota
| | - Raymond D. Hickey
- Division of Experimental SurgeryMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesota
| | - Scott L. Nyberg
- Division of Experimental SurgeryMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesota
| | - Amol V. Janorkar
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of DentistryUniversity of Mississippi Medical Center2500 North State StreetJacksonMississippi 39216
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Wright B, Cave RA, Cook JP, Khutoryanskiy VV, Mi S, Chen B, Leyland M, Connon CJ. Enhanced viability of corneal epithelial cells for efficient transport/storage using a structurally modified calcium alginate hydrogel. Regen Med 2012; 7:295-307. [PMID: 22594324 DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Therapeutic limbal epithelial stem cells could be managed more efficiently if clinically validated batches were transported for 'on-demand' use. MATERIALS & METHODS In this study, corneal epithelial cell viability in calcium alginate hydrogels was examined under cell culture, ambient and chilled conditions for up to 7 days. RESULTS Cell viability improved as gel internal pore size increased, and was further enhanced with modification of the gel from a mass to a thin disc. Ambient storage conditions were optimal for supporting cell viability in gel discs. Cell viability in gel discs was significantly enhanced with increases in pore size mediated by hydroxyethyl cellulose. CONCLUSION Our novel methodology of controlling alginate gel shape and pore size together provides a more practical and economical alternative to established corneal tissue/cell storage methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernice Wright
- Stem Cells & Nanomaterials Laboratory, Reading School of Pharmacy, Hopkins Building, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6UB, UK
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Singh S, Wu BM, Dunn JCY. Enhancing angiogenesis alleviates hypoxia and improves engraftment of enteric cells in polycaprolactone scaffolds. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 7:925-33. [PMID: 22511397 DOI: 10.1002/term.1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether expediting angiogenesis in porous polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds could reduce hypoxia and consequently improve the survival of transplanted enteric cells. To accelerate angiogenesis, we delivered vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using PCL scaffolds with surface crosslinked heparin. The fabrication and characterization of scaffolds has been reported in our previous study. Enteric cells, isolated from intestinal tissue of neonatal mice and expanded in vitro for 10 days, exhibited high expression levels for contractile protein α-smooth muscle actin and desmin. The cultured enteric cells were seeded in scaffolds and were implanted subcutaneously in immunodeficient mice for 7 and 14 days. At day 7, the heparin-modified PCL scaffolds with VEGF exhibited significantly increased angiogenesis and engraftment of enteric cells, with a simultaneous reduction in hypoxia. At day 14, the blood vessels grew across the entire thickness of the scaffold and resulted in a significantly diminished hypoxic environment; however, the transplanted cell density did not increase further. In conclusion, the enhancement of angiogenesis reduced cellular hypoxia and improved the engraftment of enteric cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Singh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Chen F, Tian M, Zhang D, Wang J, Wang Q, Yu X, Zhang X, Wan C. Preparation and characterization of oxidized alginate covalently cross-linked galactosylated chitosan scaffold for liver tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Mesenchymal stem cell-based tissue engineering for chondrogenesis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:806891. [PMID: 22007146 PMCID: PMC3191858 DOI: 10.1155/2011/806891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In tissue engineering fields, recent interest has been focused on stem cell therapy to replace or repair damaged or worn-out tissues due to congenital abnormalities, disease, or injury. In particular, the repair of articular cartilage degeneration by stem cell-based tissue engineering could be of enormous therapeutic and economic benefit for an aging population. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that can induce chondrogenic differentiation would provide an appropriate cell source to repair damaged cartilage tissues; however, we must first understand the optimal environmental conditions for chondrogenic differentiation. In this review, we will focus on identifying the best combination of MSCs and functional extracellular matrices that provides the most successful chondrogenesis.
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Nugraha B, Hong X, Mo X, Tan L, Zhang W, Chan PM, Kang CH, Wang Y, Beng LT, Sun W, Choudhury D, Robens JM, McMillian M, Silva J, Dallas S, Tan CH, Yue Z, Yu H. Galactosylated cellulosic sponge for multi-well drug safety testing. Biomaterials 2011; 32:6982-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kim BS, Park IK, Hoshiba T, Jiang HL, Choi YJ, Akaike T, Cho CS. Design of artificial extracellular matrices for tissue engineering. Prog Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Janorkar AV, Harris LM, Murphey BS, Sowell BL. Use of three-dimensional spheroids of hepatocyte-derived reporter cells to study the effects of intracellular fat accumulation and subsequent cytokine exposure. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:1171-80. [PMID: 21449029 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a family of liver diseases associated with obesity. Initial stage of NAFLD is characterized by a fatty liver, referred to as steatosis, which progresses in some individuals to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver failure. In order to study and treat the many liver diseases such as NAFLD, an improved in vitro cellular model is needed. Several studies in the past have attempted to elucidate these mechanisms using primary hepatocytes or relevant hepatoma cell lines in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer in vitro cultures. These 2D planar culture systems, unfortunately, do not represent the complex architecture of hepatic tissue in vivo. Therefore, we have engineered an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP)-polyethyleneimine (PEI) copolymer and shown that ELP-PEI coated surfaces influenced H35 rat hepatoma cell morphology to create 3D spheroids. Our reporter cell model recapitulates many cellular features of the human disease, including fatty acid uptake, intracellular triglyceride accumulation, decreased proliferation, decreased liver-specific function, and increased reactive oxygen species accumulation. Finally, to demonstrate the utility of the reporter cells for studying transcriptional regulation, we compared the transcriptional dynamics of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) in response to its classical inducer (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) under lean and fatty conditions in both 2D and 3D culture configurations. We found that, in 3D spheroids, linoleic acid treatment activated NFκB at earlier time points during the development of steatosis, but suppressed the TNF-mediated NFκB activation at later time points. These studies therefore provide a good starting point to evaluate such relationships observed during NAFLD in a 3D in vitro cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol V Janorkar
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.
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31
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Silva SS, Mano JF, Reis RL. Potential applications of natural origin polymer-based systems in soft tissue regeneration. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2010; 30:200-21. [PMID: 20735324 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2010.505561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the many advances in tissue engineering approaches, scientists still face significant challenges in trying to repair and replace soft tissues. Nature-inspired routes involving the creation of polymer-based systems of natural origins constitute an interesting alternative route to produce novel materials. The interest in these materials comes from the possibility of constructing multi-component systems that can be manipulated by composition allowing one to mimic the tissue environment required for the cellular regeneration of soft tissues. For this purpose, factors such as the design, choice, and compatibility of the polymers are considered to be key factors for successful strategies in soft tissue regeneration. More recently, polysaccharide-protein based systems have being increasingly studied and proposed for the treatment of soft tissues. The characteristics, properties, and compatibility of the resulting materials investigated in the last 10 years, as well as commercially available matrices or those currently under investigation are the subject matter of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone S Silva
- 3B's Research Group- Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Dept. of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine - AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra - Caldas das Taipas - 4806-909 Guimarães- Portugal.
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Mohajerani SA, Nourbakhsh M, Cadili A, Lakey JR, Kneteman NM. Transplant of Primary Human Hepatocytes Cocultured With Bone Marrow Stromal Cells to SCID Alb-uPA Mice. CELL MEDICINE 2010; 1:81-92. [PMID: 26966632 DOI: 10.3727/215517910x536627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are vulnerable to loss of function and viability in culture. Modified culture methods have been applied to maintain their functional status. Heterotypic interactions between hepatocytes and nonparenchymal neighbors in liver milieu are thought to modulate cell differentiation. Cocultivation of hepatocyte with various cell types has been applied to mimic the hepatic environment. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) are plastic cell lines capable of transforming to other cell types. In this study hepatocyte coculture with BMSCs achieved long-term function of human hepatocytes in culture for 4 weeks. In vitro functional status of human hepatocytes in BMSC coculture was compared with fibroblast coculture and collagen culture by measuring albumin, human-α-1-antitrypsin (hAAT), urea secretion, CYP450 activity, and staining for intracellular albumin and glycogen. After 2 weeks in culture hepatocytes were retrieved and transplanted to severe combined immunodeficiency/albumin linked-urokinase type plasminogen activator (SCID Alb-uPA) mice and engraft-ment capacity was analyzed by human hepatic-specific function measured by hAAT levels in mouse serum, and Alu staining of mouse liver for human hepatocytes. Hepatocytes from BMSC coculture had significantly higher albumin, hAAT secretion, urea production, and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity than other culture groups. Staining confirmed the higher functional status in BMSC coculture. Transplantation of hepatocytes detached from BMSC cocultures showed significantly higher engraftment function than hepatocytes from other culture groups measured by hAAT levels in mouse serum. In conclusion, BMSC coculture has excellent potential for hepatocyte function preservation in vitro and in vivo after transplant. It is possible to use BMSC hepatocyte coculture as a supply of cell therapy in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Mohajerani
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - M Nourbakhsh
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - A Cadili
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
| | - J R Lakey
- † Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University of California , Irvine, CA , USA
| | - N M Kneteman
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta , Canada
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Saxena AK. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine research perspectives for pediatric surgery. Pediatr Surg Int 2010; 26:557-73. [PMID: 20333389 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-010-2591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine research is being aggressively pursued in attempts to develop biological substitutes to replace lost tissue or organs. Remarkable degrees of success have been achieved in the generation of a variety of tissues and organs as a result of concerted contributions by multidisciplinary groups in the field of biotechnology. Engineering of an organ is a complex process which is initiated by appropriate sourcing of cells and their controlled proliferation to achieve critical numbers for seeding on biodegradable scaffolds in order to create cell-scaffold constructs, which are thereafter maintained in bioreactors to generate tissues identical to those required for replacement. Extensive efforts in understanding the characteristics of cells and their interaction with specifically tailored scaffolds holds the key to their attachment, controlled proliferation and differentiation, intercommunication, and organization to form tissues. The demand for tissue-engineered organs is enormous and this technology holds the promise to supply customized organs to overcome the severe shortages that are currently faced by the pediatric patient, especially due to organ-size mismatch. The contemporary state of tissue-engineering technology presented in this review summarizes the advances in the various areas of regenerative medicine and addresses issues that are associated with its future implementation in the pediatric surgical patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amulya K Saxena
- Experimental Fetal Surgery and Tissue Engineering Unit, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz-34, 8036, Graz, Austria.
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Lee KH, Shin SJ, Kim CB, Kim JK, Cho YW, Chung BG, Lee SH. Microfluidic synthesis of pure chitosan microfibers for bio-artificial liver chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:1328-34. [PMID: 20445889 DOI: 10.1039/b924987g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We developed microfluidic-based pure chitosan microfibers (approximately 1 meter long, 70-150 microm diameter) for liver tissue engineering applications. Despite the potential of the chitosan for creating bio-artificial liver chips, its major limitation is the inability to fabricate pure chitosan-based microstructures with controlled shapes because of the mechanical weakness of the pure chitosan. Previous studies have shown that chitosan micro/nanofibers can be fabricated by using chemicals and electrospinning techniques. However, there is no paper regarding pure chitosan-based microfibers in a microfluidic device. This paper suggests a unique method to fabricate pure chitosan microfibers without any chemical additive. We also analyzed the chemical, mechanical, and diffusion properties of pure chitosan microfibers. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometry and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) were used to analyze the chemical composition of the synthesized chitosan microfibers. We measured the mechanical axial-force and diffusion coefficient in pure chitosan-based microfibers using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) techniques. Furthermore, to evaluate the capability of the microfibers for liver tissue formation, hepatoma HepG2 cells were seeded onto the chitosan microfibers. The functionality of these hepatic cells cultured on chitosan microfibers was analyzed by measuring albumin secretion and urea synthesis. Therefore, this pure chitosan-based microfiber chip could be a potentially useful method for liver tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Ho Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Kim M, Lee JY, Jones CN, Revzin A, Tae G. Heparin-based hydrogel as a matrix for encapsulation and cultivation of primary hepatocytes. Biomaterials 2010; 31:3596-603. [PMID: 20153045 PMCID: PMC2837121 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Primary hepatocytes are commonly used as liver surrogates in toxicology and tissue engineering fields, therefore, maintenance of functional hepatocytes in vitro is an important topic of investigation. This paper sought to characterize heparin-based hydrogel as a three-dimensional scaffold for hepatocyte culture. The primary rat hepatocytes were mixed with a prepolymer solution comprised of thiolated heparin and acrylated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Raising the temperature from 25 degrees to 37 degrees C initiated Michael addition reaction between the thiol and acrylated moieties and resulted in formation of hydrogel with entrapped cells. Analysis of liver-specific products, albumin and urea, revealed that the heparin hydrogel was non-cytotoxic to cells and, in fact, promoted hepatic function. Hepatocytes entrapped in the heparin-based hydrogel maintained high levels of albumin and urea synthesis after three weeks in culture. Because heparin is known to bind growth factors, we incorporated hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-an important liver signaling molecule - into the hydrogel. HGF release from heparin hydrogel matrix was analyzed using enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) and was shown to occur in a controlled manner with only 40% of GF molecules released after 30 days in culture. Importantly, hepatocytes cultured within HGF-containing hydrogels exhibited significantly higher levels of albumin and urea synthesis compared to cells cultured in the hydrogel alone. Overall, heparin-based hydrogel showed to be a promising matrix for encapsulation and maintenance of difficult-to-culture primary hepatocytes. In the future, we envision employing heparin-based hyrogels as matrices for in vitro differentiation of hepatocytes or stem cells and as vehicles for transplantation of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihye Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ji Youn Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Caroline N. Jones
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Giyoong Tae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
- Department of Nanobio Materials and Electronics, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
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Gu J, Shi X, Chu X, Zhang Y, Ding Y. Contribution of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to porcine hepatocyte culture in vitro. Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 87:595-604. [PMID: 19767823 DOI: 10.1139/o09-017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges in the attempt to create functional bioartificial liver designs is the maintenance of porcine hepatocyte differentiated functions in vitro. Co-cultivation of hepatocytes with nonparenchymal cells may be beneficial for optimizing cell functions via mimicry of physiological microenvironment. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. An equal number of freshly isolated porcine hepatocytes and purified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCS) was randomly co-cultured and the morphological and functional changes of heterotypic interactions were characterized. Furthermore, contributions of soluble factors involved in the separated co-culture system were evaluated. The purity of the third-passage MSCS and primary hepatocytes was more than 90% and 99%, respectively. Hepatocyte viability was greater than 95%. A rapid attachment and self-organization of three-dimensional hepatocyte spheroids were encouraged, which was due to the supporting MSCS of high motility. The elevated induction of both albumin production and urea synthesis was achieved in co-culture (P < 0.05). Data from semipermeable membrane cultures suggested that interleukin-6 is one of the key stimulators in hepatic functional enhancement. These results demonstrate for the first time that soluble factors have beneficial effects on the preservation of hepatic morphology and functionality in the co-culture of hepatocytes with MSCS in vitro, which could represent a promising tool for tissue engineering, cell biology, and bioartificial liver devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Gu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, DrumTower Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
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Chang TT, Hughes-Fulford M. Monolayer and spheroid culture of human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line cells demonstrate distinct global gene expression patterns and functional phenotypes. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:559-67. [PMID: 18724832 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding cell biology of three-dimensional (3D) biological structures is important for more complete appreciation of in vivo tissue function and advancing ex vivo organ engineering efforts. To elucidate how 3D structure may affect hepatocyte cellular responses, we compared global gene expression of human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) cells cultured as monolayers on tissue culture dishes (TCDs) or as spheroids within rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactors. HepG2 cells grown in RWVs form spheroids up to 100 mum in diameter within 72 h and up to 1 mm with long-term culture. The actin cytoskeleton in monolayer cells show stress fiber formation while spheroids have cortical actin organization. Global gene expression analysis demonstrates upregulation of structural genes such as extracellular matrix, cytoskeletal, and adhesion molecules in monolayers, whereas RWV spheroids show upregulation of metabolic and synthetic genes, suggesting functional differences. Indeed, liver-specific functions of cytochrome P450 activity and albumin production are higher in the spheroids. Enhanced liver functions require maintenance of 3D structure and environment, because transfer of spheroids to a TCD results in spheroid disintegration and subsequent loss of function. These findings illustrate the importance of physical environment on cellular organization and its effects on hepatocyte processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy T Chang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94121, USA.
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Gu J, Shi X, Zhang Y, Chu X, Hang H, Ding Y. Establishment of a three-dimensional co-culture system by porcine hepatocytes and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Hepatol Res 2009; 39:398-407. [PMID: 19207578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2008.00472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM The application of porcine hepatocytes in liver support systems has been hampered by the short-term survival. Co-cultivation of hepatocytes with non-parenchymal cells may be beneficial for optimizing cell functions via heterotypic interactions. In this study, we present a new cultivation system of porcine hepatocytes and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a randomly distributed co-culture manner. METHODS Mononuclear cells were isolated from bone marrow aspirate of swines (n = 3) by density gradient centrifugation. MSCs were characterized by flow cytometry with CD29, CD44, CD45 and CD90, respectively. Then freshly isolated hepatocytes were simultaneously inoculated with MSCs in a hepatocyte dominant manner. The morphological and functional changes of heterotypic interactions were characterized. RESULTS Ninety percent MSCs of passage 3 were positive for CD29, CD44 and CD90, but negative for CD45. A rapid attachment and self-organization of three-dimensional hepatocyte aggregates were encouraged. The cell ultrastructure indicating heterotypic junctions remained similar to that of hepatocytes in vivo. Fluorescence microscopy further verified that MSCs served as a feeder layer for hepatocyte aggregates. Hepatocyte performance levels such as albumin secretion, urea synthesis and CYP3A1 induction were all significantly enhanced in co-culture group compared with hepatocyte homo-culture (P < 0.05). The best hepatic function levels were achieved on day 2 and moderately decreased in the following co-culture days. Moreover, the cell cycle of hepatocytes manifested the same trend in parallel to the enhancement of hepatocyte functionality. CONCLUSIONS A three-dimensional co-culture system by porcine hepatocytes and bone marrow MSCs was for the first time established in vitro. Enhanced liver-specific functions make such a co-culture system a promising tool for tissue engineering, cell biology, and bioartificial liver devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Gu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, DrumTower Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Bazou D. Biochemical properties of encapsulated high-density 3-D HepG2 aggregates formed in an ultrasound trap for application in hepatotoxicity studies. Cell Biol Toxicol 2009; 26:127-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-009-9123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Gu J, Shi X, Zhang Y, Ding Y. Heterotypic interactions in the preservation of morphology and functionality of porcine hepatocytes by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. J Cell Physiol 2009; 219:100-8. [PMID: 19086033 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Temporary replacement of specific liver functions with extracorporeal bioartificial liver has been hampered by rapid de-differentiation of porcine hepatocytes in vitro. Co-cultivation of hepatocytes with non-parenchymal cells may be beneficial for optimizing cell functions via mimicry of physiological microenvironment consisting of endogenous matrix proteins. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. A randomly distributed co-culture system composed of porcine hepatocytes and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells was generated, and the morphological and functional changes of varying degrees of heterotypic interactions were characterized. Furthermore, contributions of extracellular matrix within this co-culture were evaluated. A rapid attachment and self-organization of three-dimensional hepatocyte spheroids were encouraged. Studies on hepatocyte viability showed a metabolically active, viable cell population in all co-culture configurations with occurrence of few dead cells. The maximal induction of albumin production, urea synthesis, and cytochrome P4503A1 activities was achieved at seeding ratio of 2:1. Immunocytochemical detection of various extracellular matrix confirmed that a high level of matrix proteins synthesis within distinct cells was involved in hepatocyte homeostasis. These results demonstrate for the first time that cell-matrix has synergic effects on the preservation of hepatic morphology and functionality in the co-culture of porcine hepatocytes with mesenchymal stem cells in vitro, which could represent a promising tool for tissue engineering, cell biology, and bioartificial liver devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Gu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, DrumTower Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Feng ZQ, Chu X, Huang NP, Wang T, Wang Y, Shi X, Ding Y, Gu ZZ. The effect of nanofibrous galactosylated chitosan scaffolds on the formation of rat primary hepatocyte aggregates and the maintenance of liver function. Biomaterials 2009; 30:2753-63. [PMID: 19232710 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Liver tissue engineering requires a perfect extracellular matrix (ECM) for primary hepatocytes culture to maintain high level of liver-specific functions and desirable mechanical stability. The aim of this study was to develop a novel natural nanofibrous scaffold with surface-galactose ligands to enhance the bioactivity and mechanical stability of primary hepatocytes in culture. The nanofibrous scaffold was fabricated by electrospinning a natural material, galactosylated chitosan (GC), into nanofibers with an average diameter of approximately 160 nm. The GC nanofibrous scaffolds displayed slow degradation and suitable mechanical properties as an ECM for hepatocytes according to the evaluation of disintegration and Young's modulus testing. The results of morphology characterization, double-staining fluorescence assay and function detection showed that hepatocytes cultured on GC nanofibrous scaffold formed stably immobilized 3D flat aggregates and exhibited superior cell bioactivity with higher levels of liver-specific function maintenance in terms of albumin secretion, urea synthesis and cytochrome P-450 enzyme than 3D spheroid aggregates formed on GC films. These spheroid aggregates could be detached easily during culture period from the flat GC films. We suggest such GC-based nanofibrous scaffolds could be useful for various applications such as bioartificial liver-assist devices and tissue engineering for liver regeneration as primary hepatocytes culture substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Qi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Weng L, Pan H, Chen W. Self-crosslinkable hydrogels composed of partially oxidized hyaluronan and gelatin: in vitro and in vivo responses. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 85:352-65. [PMID: 17688243 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Self-crosslinkable hydrogels had been formulated from two precursors, partially oxidized hyaluronan (oHA) and gelatin. The physicochemical properties of the resulting hydrogels have been elucidated by instrumental analyses (FTIR, SEM, and rheometry). These hydrogels were highly porous with an average pore size of 60 microm, and evidently, accommodative to cell infiltration. Increasing the oxidation degree of oHA resulted in corresponding increases in hydrogels' storage moduli and decreases in water uptake. Dermal fibroblasts were used to study the cell-hydrogel interactions in vitro. Both the hydrogels and their degradation byproducts are biocompatible as indicated by long-term cell viability assay. In addition, significant amount of cells migrated into the hydrogels and they aligned into highly organized arrays. When cultured with cells, the hydrogels underwent degradation within 4 weeks depending on composition with obvious loss of cohesiveness over time. The good biocompatibility and biodegradability of oHA/gelatin hydrogel were further demonstrated in mice subdermal implantations. Lastly, in vitro and in vivo depositions of extracellular matrix in hydrogels by cells were demonstrated by SEM analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Weng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8181, USA
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Chiu CT, Lee JS, Chu CS, Chang YP, Wang YJ. Development of two alginate-based wound dressings. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2008; 19:2503-2513. [PMID: 18266085 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-008-3389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Two types of new alginate-based wound dressings, Type-AP and Type-AE, were fabricated by the EDC-activated crosslinking of alginate with Polyethyleneimine and Ethylenediamine, respectively. As compared with the commercial non-woven wound dressing, Kaltostat, both Type-AP and Type-AE dressings had higher degradation temperature, lower calcium content, and a sponge-like macroporous structure. In addition, these two alginate-based dressings had higher mechanical stress (12.37 +/- 1.72 and 6.87 +/- 0.5 MPa for Type-AP and -AE, respectively) and higher water vapor transmission rates (both about 3,500 g/m2/day) than Kaltostat (0.87 +/- 0.12 MPa and 2,538 g/m2/day). Fibroblasts proliferated faster on these two newly developed wound dressings at a higher rate as compared with that on Kalostat dressing. The results of animal study showed that the wounds treated with either Type-AP or Type-AE dressings healed faster than Kaltostat with less encapsulation of residuals by fibrous tissue and more neo-capillary formation. These two newly developed Type-AP and Type-AE porous wound dressings thus have great potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Tung Chiu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nung St., Beitou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC
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Chen YL, Chen HC, Chan HY, Chuang CK, Chang YH, Hu YC. Co-conjugating chondroitin-6-sulfate/dermatan sulfate to chitosan scaffold alters chondrocyte gene expression and signaling profiles. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:821-30. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.21953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
This manuscript presents hydrogels (HGs) from a tissue engineering perspective being especially written for those who are approaching this field by offering a concise but inclusive review of hydrogel synthesis, properties, characterization methods, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biancamaria Baroli
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Cagliari, Via Ospedale, 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
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The use of elastin-like polypeptide-polyelectrolyte complexes to control hepatocyte morphology and function in vitro. Biomaterials 2007; 29:625-32. [PMID: 18006054 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Both tissue engineering and biological science will benefit from improved methods to control the morphology, differentiated state, and function of primary cells. In this paper, we show that surface modification of tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) with chemically derivatized elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) enables control over the in vitro morphology and liver-specific function of primary rat hepatocytes. The ELP (VPGVG)40 was produced in Escherichia coli and conjugated with polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) using carbodiimide activation chemistry. These conjugates were characterized by transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and the ninhydrin assay. We demonstrated that the ELP-polyelectrolyte conjugates profoundly influenced the morphology, aggregation, and differentiated function of primary rat hepatocytes, where hepatocytes plated on the ELP-PAA and ELP-PEI surfaces formed spread and spheroidal morphologies with corresponding low and high liver-specific function, respectively. These materials may have utility as substrata for in vitro studies of hepatocyte biology and tissue engineering applications.
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Maguire T, Davidovich AE, Wallenstein EJ, Novik E, Sharma N, Pedersen H, Androulakis IP, Schloss R, Yarmush M. Control of hepatic differentiation via cellular aggregation in an alginate microenvironment. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 98:631-44. [PMID: 17390383 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Integral to the development of embryonic stem cell therapeutic strategies for hepatic disorders is the identification and establishment of a controllable hepatic differentiation strategy. In order to address this issue we have established an alginate microencapsulation approach which provides a means to modulate the differentiation process through changes in key encapsulation parameters. We report that a wide array of hepatocyte specific markers is expressed by cells differentiated during a 23-day period within an alginate bead microenvironment. These include urea and albumin secretion, glycogen storage, and cytochrome P450 transcription factor activity. In addition, we demonstrate that cellular aggregation is integral to the control of differentiation within the bead environment and this process is mediated by the E-cadherin protein. The temporal expression of surface E-cadherin and hepatocyte functional expression occur concomitantly and both cellular aggregation and albumin synthesis are blocked in the presence of anti E-cadherin immunoglobulin. Furthermore, by establishing a compartmental model of differentiation, which incorporates this aggregation phenomenon, we can optimize key encapsulation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Maguire
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 617 Bowser Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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