1
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Jeyachandran D, Murshed M, Haglund L, Cerruti M. A Bioglass-Poly(lactic-co-glycolic Acid) Scaffold@Fibrin Hydrogel Construct to Support Endochondral Bone Formation. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300211. [PMID: 37462089 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering using stem cells to build bone directly on a scaffold matrix often fails due to lack of oxygen at the injury site. This may be avoided by following the endochondral ossification route; herein, a cartilage template is promoted first, which can survive hypoxic environments, followed by its hypertrophy and ossification. However, hypertrophy is so far only achieved using biological factors. This work introduces a Bioglass-Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid@fibrin (Bg-PLGA@fibrin) construct where a fibrin hydrogel infiltrates and encapsulates a porous Bg-PLGA. The hypothesis is that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) loaded in the fibrin gel and induced into chondrogenesis degrade the gel and become hypertrophic upon reaching the stiffer, bioactive Bg-PLGA core, without external induction factors. Results show that Bg-PLGA@fibrin induces hypertrophy, as well as matrix mineralization and osteogenesis; it also promotes a change in morphology of the MSCs at the gel/scaffold interface, possibly a sign of osteoblast-like differentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes. Thus, the Bg-PLGA@fibrin construct can sequentially support the different phases of endochondral ossification purely based on material cues. This may facilitate clinical translation by decreasing in-vitro cell culture time pre-implantation and the complexity associated with the use of external induction factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monzur Murshed
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Medicine, and Shriners Hospital for Children, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Lisbet Haglund
- Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, H3G 2M1, Canada
| | - Marta Cerruti
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 0C1, Canada
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2
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Junka R, Zhou X, Wang W, Yu X. Albumin-Coated Polycaprolactone (PCL)-Decellularized Extracellular Matrix (dECM) Scaffold for Bone Regeneration. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:5634-5644. [PMID: 36374246 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the emphasis on collagen and hydroxyapatite, the main structural components of bone tissue, synthetic grafts fall short of matching the clinical efficacy of autologous bone grafts. Excluded non-collagenous protein (NCPs) and carbohydrates also participate in critical cell signaling cascades and guide mineral deposition during intermediate stages of bone healing. By mimicking the native fracture repair process, polymeric scaffolds that incorporate calcium-binding moieties present in fibrocartilage can potentially enhance their bioactivity, mineralization, and bone growth. Likewise, coating polymeric fibers with serum albumin is an additional strategy that can impart collagen-like biofunctionality and further increase mineral deposition on the fibrous surface. Here, a combination of electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) fibers with chondrocyte-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) and albumin coating were investigated as a fibrocartilage-mimetic scaffold that can serve as a woven bone precursor for bone regeneration. PCL fibrous constructs coated with dECM and albumin are shown to synergistically increase calcium concentration and calcium phosphate (CaP) deposition in a simulated body fluid biomineralization assay. Albumin/dECM coating increased osteoblast proliferation and mineral deposition in culture. In contrast, CaP coating transformed osteoblast bone lining morphology into cuboidal phenotype and arrested their proliferation. Cell sheets of osteoblasts cultured on dECM/albumin/CaP-coated constructs exhibited an increase in calcium deposition and secretion of collagen, osteopontin, osteocalcin, and bone morphogenetic protein. These results highlight the potential of biomolecular coatings to enhance bone-mimetic properties of synthetic nanofibrous scaffolds, stimulate critical protein and mineral deposition, and augment the bone's capacity to heal. Thus, mimicking the intermediate stages of bone regeneration by incorporating calcium-binding moieties may prove to be a useful strategy for improving the clinical outcomes of synthetic bone grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslaw Junka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Charles V. Schaefer School of Engineering and Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey07030, United States
| | - Xiaqing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Charles V. Schaefer School of Engineering and Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey07030, United States
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Charles V. Schaefer School of Engineering and Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey07030, United States
| | - Xiaojun Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Charles V. Schaefer School of Engineering and Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey07030, United States
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3
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Nadine S, Fernandes IJ, Correia CR, Mano JF. Close-to-native bone repair via tissue-engineered endochondral ossification approaches. iScience 2022; 25:105370. [PMID: 36339269 PMCID: PMC9626746 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to solve the clinical challenges related to bone grafting, several tissue engineering (TE) strategies have been proposed to repair critical-sized defects. Generally, the classical TE approaches are designed to promote bone repair via intramembranous ossification. Although promising, strategies that direct the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells are usually characterized by a lack of functional vascular supply, often resulting in necrotic cores. A less explored alternative is engineering bone constructs through a cartilage-mediated approach, resembling the embryological process of endochondral ossification. The remodeling of an intermediary hypertrophic cartilaginous template triggers vascular invasion and bone tissue deposition. Thus, employing this knowledge can be a promising direction for the next generation of bone TE constructs. This review highlights the most recent biomimetic strategies for applying endochondral ossification in bone TE while discussing the plethora of cell types, culture conditions, and biomaterials essential to promote a successful bone regeneration process.
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4
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Iimori Y, Morioka M, Koyamatsu S, Tsumaki N. Implantation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cartilage in Bone Defects of Mice. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 27:1355-1367. [PMID: 33567995 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bone has an innate capacity for repair, clinical situations such as comminuted fracture, open fracture, or the surgical resection of bone tumors produce critical-sized bone defects that exceed the capacity and require external intervention. Initiating endochondral ossification (EO) by the implantation of a cartilaginous template into the bone defect is a relatively new approach to cure critical-sized bone defects. The combination of chondrogenically primed mesenchymal stromal/stem cells and artificial scaffolds has been the most extensively studied approach for inducing endochondral bone formation in bone defects. In this study, we prepared cartilage (human-induced pluripotent stem [hiPS]-Cart) from hiPS cells (hiPSCs) in a scaffoldless manner and implanted hiPS-Cart into 3.5 mm large defects created in the femurs of immunodeficient mice to examine the repair capacity. For the control, nothing was implanted into the defects. The implantation of hiPS-Cart significantly induced more new bone in the defect compared with the control. Culture periods for the chondrogenic differentiation of hiPSCs significantly affected the speed of bone induction, with less time resulting in faster bone formation. Histological analysis revealed that hiPS-Cart induced new bone formation in a manner resembling EO of the secondary ossification center, with the cartilage canal, which extended from the periphery to the center of hiPS-Cart, initially forming in unmineralized cartilage, followed by chondrocyte hypertrophy at the center. In the newly formed bone, the majority of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes expressed human nuclear antigen (HNA), suggesting that these types of cells mainly derived from the perichondrium of hiPS-Cart. Osteoclasts and blood vessel cells did not express HNA and thus were mouse. Finally, integration between the newly formed bone and mouse femur was attained substantially. Although hiPS-Cart induced new bone that filled bone defects, the newly formed bone, which is a hybrid of human and mouse, had not remodeled to mature bone within the observation period of this study (28 weeks).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Iimori
- Cell Induction and Regulation Field, Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Miho Morioka
- Cell Induction and Regulation Field, Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saeko Koyamatsu
- Cell Induction and Regulation Field, Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Tsumaki
- Cell Induction and Regulation Field, Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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5
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Arakura M, Lee SY, Fukui T, Oe K, Takahara S, Matsumoto T, Hayashi S, Matsushita T, Kuroda R, Niikura T. Endochondral Bone Tissue Engineering Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 28:184-195. [PMID: 34309415 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been great interest in the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in bone regenerative strategies for bone defects. In the present study, we investigated whether the implantation of chondrogenically differentiated iPSC-derived mesenchymal stem cells (iMSCs) could lead to the successful regeneration of bone defects in nude mice. Two clones of human iPSCs (201B7 and 454E2) were used. After the generation of iMSCs, chondrogenic differentiation was achieved using a three-dimensional pellet culture. Then, a 2-mm defect was created in the radius of nude mice and chondrogenically differentiated iMSC pellets were placed in the defect. Micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) imaging analysis was performed 8 weeks after transplantation to assess bone regeneration. Eleven out of 11 (100%) radii in the 201B7 cell-derived-pellet transplantation group and 7 out of 10 (70%) radii in the 454E2 cell-derived-pellet transplantation group showed bone union. On the other hand, only 2 out of 11 radii (18%) in the control group showed bone union. Therefore, the bone union rates in the experimental groups were significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05). Histological analysis 2 weeks post-implantation in the experimental groups revealed hypertrophic chondrocytes within grafted iMSC pellets, and the formation of woven bone around them; this hypertrophic chondrocyte transitioning to the newly formed bone suggests that the cartilaginous template can trigger the process of endochondral bone ossification (ECO). Four weeks post-implantation, the cartilage template was reduced in size; newly formed woven bone predominated at the defect site. New vessels were surrounded by a matrix of woven bone and the hypertrophic chondrocytes transitioning to the newly formed bone indicated the progression of ECO. Eight weeks post-implantation, the pellets were completely resorbed and replaced by bone; complete bone union was overall observed. Dense mature bone developed with evidence of lamellar-like bone formation. Collectively, our results suggest that iMSC-based cartilage grafts recapitulating the morphogenetic process of ECO in the context of embryonic skeletogenesis are a novel and promising strategy for the repair of large bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Arakura
- Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan;
| | - Sang Yang Lee
- Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Tomoaki Fukui
- Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan;
| | - Keisuke Oe
- Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan;
| | - Shunsuke Takahara
- Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan;
| | - Tomoyuki Matsumoto
- Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan;
| | - Shinya Hayashi
- Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan;
| | - Takehiko Matsushita
- Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan;
| | - Ryosuke Kuroda
- Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan;
| | - Takahiro Niikura
- Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe, Japan;
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6
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Papantoniou I, Nilsson Hall G, Loverdou N, Lesage R, Herpelinck T, Mendes L, Geris L. Turning Nature's own processes into design strategies for living bone implant biomanufacturing: a decade of Developmental Engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 169:22-39. [PMID: 33290762 PMCID: PMC7839840 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A decade after the term developmental engineering (DE) was coined to indicate the use of developmental processes as blueprints for the design and development of engineered living implants, a myriad of proof-of-concept studies demonstrate the potential of this approach in small animal models. This review provides an overview of DE work, focusing on applications in bone regeneration. Enabling technologies allow to quantify the distance between in vitro processes and their developmental counterpart, as well as to design strategies to reduce that distance. By embedding Nature's robust mechanisms of action in engineered constructs, predictive large animal data and subsequent positive clinical outcomes can be gradually achieved. To this end, the development of next generation biofabrication technologies should provide the necessary scale and precision for robust living bone implant biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Papantoniou
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Stadiou street, 26504 Patras, Greece; Skeletal Biology & Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, The KU Leuven R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Gabriella Nilsson Hall
- Skeletal Biology & Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, The KU Leuven R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Niki Loverdou
- Prometheus, The KU Leuven R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; GIGA in silico medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11 (B34), 4000 Liège, Belgium; Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C (2419), 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Raphaelle Lesage
- Prometheus, The KU Leuven R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C (2419), 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Tim Herpelinck
- Skeletal Biology & Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, The KU Leuven R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Luis Mendes
- Skeletal Biology & Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, The KU Leuven R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Skeletal Biology & Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; GIGA in silico medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11 (B34), 4000 Liège, Belgium; Prometheus, The KU Leuven R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C (2419), 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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7
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Fu R, Liu C, Yan Y, Li Q, Huang RL. Bone defect reconstruction via endochondral ossification: A developmental engineering strategy. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:20417314211004211. [PMID: 33868628 PMCID: PMC8020769 DOI: 10.1177/20417314211004211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional bone tissue engineering (BTE) strategies induce direct bone-like matrix formation by mimicking the embryological process of intramembranous ossification. However, the clinical translation of these clinical strategies for bone repair is hampered by limited vascularization and poor bone regeneration after implantation in vivo. An alternative strategy for overcoming these drawbacks is engineering cartilaginous constructs by recapitulating the embryonic processes of endochondral ossification (ECO); these constructs have shown a unique ability to survive under hypoxic conditions as well as induce neovascularization and ossification. Such developmentally engineered constructs can act as transient biomimetic templates to facilitate bone regeneration in critical-sized defects. This review introduces the concept and mechanism of developmental BTE, explores the routes of endochondral bone graft engineering, highlights the current state of the art in large bone defect reconstruction via ECO-based strategies, and offers perspectives on the challenges and future directions of translating current knowledge from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Fu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanqi Liu
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxin Yan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru-Lin Huang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Pigeot S, Bourgine PE, Claude J, Scotti C, Papadimitropoulos A, Todorov A, Epple C, Peretti GM, Martin I. Orthotopic Bone Formation by Streamlined Engineering and Devitalization of Human Hypertrophic Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197233. [PMID: 33008121 PMCID: PMC7582540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most bones of the human body form and heal through endochondral ossification, whereby hypertrophic cartilage (HyC) is formed and subsequently remodeled into bone. We previously demonstrated that HyC can be engineered from human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC), and subsequently devitalized by apoptosis induction. The resulting extracellular matrix (ECM) tissue retained osteoinductive properties, leading to ectopic bone formation. In this study, we aimed at engineering and devitalizing upscaled quantities of HyC ECM within a perfusion bioreactor, followed by in vivo assessment in an orthotopic bone repair model. We hypothesized that the devitalized HyC ECM would outperform a clinical product currently used for bone reconstructive surgery. Human MSC were genetically engineered with a gene cassette enabling apoptosis induction upon addition of an adjuvant. Engineered hMSC were seeded, differentiated, and devitalized within a perfusion bioreactor. The resulting HyC ECM was subsequently implanted in a 10-mm rabbit calvarial defect model, with processed human bone (Maxgraft®) as control. Human MSC cultured in the perfusion bioreactor generated a homogenous HyC ECM and were efficiently induced towards apoptosis. Following six weeks of in vivo implantation, microcomputed tomography and histological analyses of the defects revealed an increased bone formation in the defects filled with HyC ECM as compared to Maxgraft®. This work demonstrates the suitability of engineered devitalized HyC ECM as a bone substitute material, with a performance superior to a state-of-the-art commercial graft. Streamlined generation of the devitalized tissue transplant within a perfusion bioreactor is relevant towards standardized and automated manufacturing of a clinical product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Pigeot
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (S.P.); (P.E.B.); (A.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Paul Emile Bourgine
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (S.P.); (P.E.B.); (A.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Jaquiery Claude
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (J.C.); (C.E.)
| | - Celeste Scotti
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4056 Basel, Switzerland;
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy;
| | - Adam Papadimitropoulos
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (S.P.); (P.E.B.); (A.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Atanas Todorov
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (S.P.); (P.E.B.); (A.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Christian Epple
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (J.C.); (C.E.)
| | - Giuseppe M. Peretti
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (S.P.); (P.E.B.); (A.P.); (A.T.)
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (J.C.); (C.E.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Kronemberger GS, Dalmônico GML, Rossi AL, Leite PEC, Saraiva AM, Beatrici A, Silva KR, Granjeiro JM, Baptista LS. Scaffold- and serum-free hypertrophic cartilage tissue engineering as an alternative approach for bone repair. Artif Organs 2020; 44:E288-E299. [PMID: 31950507 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human adipose stem/stromal cell (ASC) spheroids were used as a serum-free in vitro model to recapitulate the molecular events and extracellular matrix organization that orchestrate a hypertrophic cartilage phenotype. Induced-ASC spheroids (ø = 450 µm) showed high cell viability throughout the period of culture. The expression of collagen type X alpha 1 chain (COLXA1) and matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP-13) was upregulated at week 2 in induced-ASC spheroids compared with week 5 (P < .001) evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. In accordance, secreted levels of IL-6 (P < .0001), IL-8 (P < .0001), IL-10 (P < .0001), bFGF (P < .001), VEGF (P < .0001), and RANTES (P < .0001) were the highest at week 2. Strong in situ staining for collagen type X and low staining for TSP-1 was associated with the increase of hypertrophic genes expression at week 2 in induced-ASC spheroids. Collagen type I, osteocalcin, biglycan, and tenascin C were detected at week 5 by in situ staining, in accordance with the highest expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) gene and the presence of calcium deposits as evaluated by Alizarin Red O staining. Induced-ASC spheroids showed a higher force required to compression at week 2 (P < .0001). The human ASC spheroids under serum-free inducer medium and normoxic culture conditions were induced to a hypertrophic cartilage phenotype, opening a new perspective to recapitulate endochondral ossification in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela S Kronemberger
- Nucleus of Multidisciplinary Research in Biology (Numpex-Bio), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Duque de Caxias, Brazil.,Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program of Translational Biomedicine (Biotrans), Unigranrio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Emílio Correa Leite
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Antonio M Saraiva
- Laboratory of Macromolecules, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Anderson Beatrici
- Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Brazil.,Scientific and Technological Metrology Division (Dimci), National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Karina Ribeiro Silva
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program of Translational Biomedicine (Biotrans), Unigranrio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Brazil.,Laboratory of Clinical Research in Odontology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Leandra Santos Baptista
- Nucleus of Multidisciplinary Research in Biology (Numpex-Bio), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Duque de Caxias, Brazil.,Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program of Translational Biomedicine (Biotrans), Unigranrio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
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10
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Sheehy E, Kelly D, O'Brien F. Biomaterial-based endochondral bone regeneration: a shift from traditional tissue engineering paradigms to developmentally inspired strategies. Mater Today Bio 2019; 3:100009. [PMID: 32159148 PMCID: PMC7061547 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2019.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent, clinical need for an alternative to the use of autologous grafts for the ever increasing number of bone grafting procedures performed annually. Herein, we describe a developmentally inspired approach to bone tissue engineering, which focuses on leveraging biomaterials as platforms for recapitulating the process of endochondral ossification. To begin, we describe the traditional biomaterial-based approaches to tissue engineering that have been investigated as methods to promote in vivo bone regeneration, including the use of three-dimensional biomimetic scaffolds, the delivery of growth factors and recombinant proteins, and the in vitro engineering of mineralized bone-like tissue. Thereafter, we suggest that some of the hurdles encountered by these traditional tissue engineering approaches may be circumvented by modulating the endochondral route to bone repair and, to that end, we assess various biomaterials that can be used in combination with cells and signaling factors to engineer hypertrophic cartilaginous grafts capable of promoting endochondral bone formation. Finally, we examine the emerging trends in biomaterial-based approaches to endochondral bone regeneration, such as the engineering of anatomically shaped templates for bone and osteochondral tissue engineering, the fabrication of mechanically reinforced constructs using emerging three-dimensional bioprinting techniques, and the generation of gene-activated scaffolds, which may accelerate the field towards its ultimate goal of clinically successful bone organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.J. Sheehy
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D.J. Kelly
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - F.J. O'Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Perez JR, Kouroupis D, Li DJ, Best TM, Kaplan L, Correa D. Tissue Engineering and Cell-Based Therapies for Fractures and Bone Defects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:105. [PMID: 30109228 PMCID: PMC6079270 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone fractures and segmental bone defects are a significant source of patient morbidity and place a staggering economic burden on the healthcare system. The annual cost of treating bone defects in the US has been estimated to be $5 billion, while enormous costs are spent on bone grafts for bone injuries, tumors, and other pathologies associated with defective fracture healing. Autologous bone grafts represent the gold standard for the treatment of bone defects. However, they are associated with variable clinical outcomes, postsurgical morbidity, especially at the donor site, and increased surgical costs. In an effort to circumvent these limitations, tissue engineering and cell-based therapies have been proposed as alternatives to induce and promote bone repair. This review focuses on the recent advances in bone tissue engineering (BTE), specifically looking at its role in treating delayed fracture healing (non-unions) and the resulting segmental bone defects. Herein we discuss: (1) the processes of endochondral and intramembranous bone formation; (2) the role of stem cells, looking specifically at mesenchymal (MSC), embryonic (ESC), and induced pluripotent (iPSC) stem cells as viable building blocks to engineer bone implants; (3) the biomaterials used to direct tissue growth, with a focus on ceramic, biodegradable polymers, and composite materials; (4) the growth factors and molecular signals used to induce differentiation of stem cells into the osteoblastic lineage, which ultimately leads to active bone formation; and (5) the mechanical stimulation protocols used to maintain the integrity of the bone repair and their role in successful cell engraftment. Finally, a couple clinical scenarios are presented (non-unions and avascular necrosis—AVN), to illustrate how novel cell-based therapy approaches can be used. A thorough understanding of tissue engineering and cell-based therapies may allow for better incorporation of these potential therapeutic approaches in bone defects allowing for proper bone repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Perez
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Dimitrios Kouroupis
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Diabetes Research Institute & Cell Transplant Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Deborah J Li
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Thomas M Best
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Lee Kaplan
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Diego Correa
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Diabetes Research Institute & Cell Transplant Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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12
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Bai Y, Liu C, Fu L, Gong X, Dou C, Cao Z, Quan H, Li J, Kang F, Dai J, Zhao C, Dong S. Mangiferin enhances endochondral ossification-based bone repair in massive bone defect by inducing autophagy through activating AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. FASEB J 2018; 32:4573-4584. [PMID: 29547701 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701411r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endochondral ossification is crucial for bone formation in both adult bone repair process and embryo long-bone development. In endochondral ossification, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) first differentiate to chondrocytes, then BMSC-derived chondrocytes endure a hypertrophic process to generate new bone. Endochondral ossification-based bone repair is a promising strategy to cure massive bone defect, which is a major clinical issue in orthopedics. However, challenges still remain for this novel strategy. One challenge is to ensure the sufficient hypertrophic differentiation. Another is to maintain the survival of the above hypertrophic chondrocytes under the hypoxic environment of massive bone defect. To solve this issue, mangiferin (MAG) was introduced to endochondral ossification-based bone repair. In this report, we proved MAG to be a novel autophagy inducer, which promoted BMSC-derived hypertrophic chondrocyte survival against hypoxia-induced injury through inducing autophagy. Furthermore, MAG enhances hypertrophic differentiation of BMSC-derived chondrocytes via upregulating key hypertrophic markers. Mechanistically, MAG induced autophagy in BMSC-derived chondrocytes by promoting AMPKα phosphorylation. Additionally, MAG balanced the expression of sex-determining region Y-box 9 and runt-related transcription factor 2 to facilitate hypertrophic differentiation. These results indicated that MAG was a potential drug to improve the efficacy of endochondral ossification-based bone repair in massive bone defects.-Bai, Y., Liu, C., Fu, L., Gong, X., Dou, C., Cao, Z., Quan, H., Li, J., Kang, F., Dai, J., Zhao, C., Dong, S. Mangiferin enhances endochondral ossification-based bone repair in massive bone defect by inducing autophagy through activating AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Trauma Orthopedics, Army General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Fu
- Institute of Trauma Orthopedics, The 89th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaoshan Gong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ce Dou
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyu Quan
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianmei Li
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Kang
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingjin Dai
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunrong Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiwu Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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13
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Marcucio RS, Qin L, Alsberg E, Boerckel JD. Reverse engineering development: Crosstalk opportunities between developmental biology and tissue engineering. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:2356-2368. [PMID: 28660712 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The fields of developmental biology and tissue engineering have been revolutionized in recent years by technological advancements, expanded understanding, and biomaterials design, leading to the emerging paradigm of "developmental" or "biomimetic" tissue engineering. While developmental biology and tissue engineering have long overlapping histories, the fields have largely diverged in recent years at the same time that crosstalk opportunities for mutual benefit are more salient than ever. In this perspective article, we will use musculoskeletal development and tissue engineering as a platform on which to discuss these emerging crosstalk opportunities and will present our opinions on the bright future of these overlapping spheres of influence. The multicellular programs that control musculoskeletal development are rapidly becoming clarified, represented by shifting paradigms in our understanding of cellular function, identity, and lineage specification during development. Simultaneously, advancements in bioartificial matrices that replicate the biochemical, microstructural, and mechanical properties of developing tissues present new tools and approaches for recapitulating development in tissue engineering. Here, we introduce concepts and experimental approaches in musculoskeletal developmental biology and biomaterials design and discuss applications in tissue engineering as well as opportunities for tissue engineering approaches to inform our understanding of fundamental biology. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2356-2368, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph S Marcucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia 19104-6081, Pennsylvania
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Joel D Boerckel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia 19104-6081, Pennsylvania.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennslyvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
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14
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Caires HR, Esteves T, Quelhas P, Barbosa MA, Navarro M, Almeida CR. Macrophage interactions with polylactic acid and chitosan scaffolds lead to improved recruitment of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells: a comprehensive study with different immune cells. J R Soc Interface 2017; 13:rsif.2016.0570. [PMID: 27628173 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of immune cell-biomaterial interactions for the regenerative outcome, few studies have investigated how distinct three-dimensional biomaterials modulate the immune cell-mediated mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) recruitment and function. Thus, this work compares the response of varied primary human immune cell populations triggered by different model scaffolds and describes its functional consequence on recruitment and motility of bone marrow MSC. It was found that polylactic acid (PLA) and chitosan scaffolds lead to an increase in the metabolic activity of macrophages but not of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), natural killer (NK) cells or monocytes. PBMC and NK cells increase their cell number in PLA scaffolds and express a secretion profile that does not promote MSC recruitment. Importantly, chitosan increases IL-8, MIP-1, MCP-1 and RANTES secretion by macrophages while PLA stimulates IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 production, all chemokines that can lead to MSC recruitment. This secretion profile of macrophages in contact with biomaterials correlates with the highest MSC invasion. Furthermore, macrophages enhance stem cell motility within chitosan scaffolds by 44% but not in PLA scaffolds. Thus, macrophages are the cells that in contact with engineered biomaterials become activated to secrete bioactive molecules that stimulate MSC recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo R Caires
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto, Portugal ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Esteves
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto, Portugal Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Quelhas
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário A Barbosa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto, Portugal ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Melba Navarro
- International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE), Edificio Nexus (103) Carrer del Gran Capità, 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catarina R Almeida
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto, Portugal Department of Medical Sciences and Institute for Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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15
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Chai YC, Bolander J, Papantoniou I, Patterson J, Vleugels J, Schrooten J, Luyten FP. Harnessing the Osteogenicity of In Vitro Stem Cell-Derived Mineralized Extracellular Matrix as 3D Biotemplate to Guide Bone Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:874-890. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoke Chin Chai
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johanna Bolander
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Patterson
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Vleugels
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Schrooten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Bahney CS, Jacobs L, Tamai R, Hu D, Luan TF, Wang M, Reddy S, Park M, Limburg S, Kim HT, Marcucio R, Kuo AC. Promoting Endochondral Bone Repair Using Human Osteoarthritic Articular Chondrocytes. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:427-35. [PMID: 26830207 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current tissue engineering strategies to heal critical-size bone defects through direct bone formation are limited by incomplete integration of grafts with host bone and incomplete graft vascularization. An alternative strategy for bone regeneration is the use of cartilage grafts that form bone through endochondral ossification. Endochondral cartilages stimulate angiogenesis and are remodeled into bone, but are found in very small quantities in growth plates and healing fractures. We sought to develop engineered endochondral cartilage grafts using osteoarthritic (OA) articular chondrocytes as a cell source. Such chondrocytes often undergo hypertrophy, which is a characteristic of endochondral cartilages. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared the ability of unmodified human OA (hOA) cartilage and cartilage grafts formed in vitro from hOA chondrocytes to undergo endochondral ossification in mice. Scaffold-free engineered chondrocyte grafts were generated by pelleting chondrocytes, followed by culture with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and bone morphogenetic protein 4. Samples derived from either primary or passaged chondrocytes were implanted subcutaneously into immunocompromised mice. Grafts derived from passaged chondrocytes from three patients were implanted into critical-size tibial defects in mice. Bone formation was assessed with histology after 4 weeks of implantation. The composition of tibial repair tissue was quantified with histomorphometry. RESULTS Engineered cartilage grafts generated from passaged OA chondrocytes underwent endochondral ossification after implantation either subcutaneously or in bone. Cartilage grafts integrated with host bone at 15 out of 16 junctions. Grafts variably remodeled into woven bone, with the proportion of bony repair tissue in tibial defects ranging from 22% to 85% (average 48%). Bony repair tissue bridged the tibial defects in half of the animals. In contrast, unmodified OA cartilage and engineered grafts formed from primary chondrocytes did not undergo endochondral ossification in vivo. CONCLUSIONS hOA chondrocytes can adopt an endochondral phenotype after passaging and TGF-β superfamily treatment. Engineered endochondral cartilage grafts can integrate with host bone, undergo ossification, and heal critical-size long-bone defects in a mouse model. However, additional methods to further enhance ossification of these grafts are required before the clinical translation of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea S Bahney
- 1 The Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Linsey Jacobs
- 2 San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert Tamai
- 2 San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Diane Hu
- 1 The Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Tammy F Luan
- 2 San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Miqi Wang
- 2 San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sanjay Reddy
- 2 San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michelle Park
- 2 San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sonja Limburg
- 2 San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Hubert T Kim
- 2 San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ralph Marcucio
- 1 The Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Alfred C Kuo
- 2 San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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17
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Almubarak S, Nethercott H, Freeberg M, Beaudon C, Jha A, Jackson W, Marcucio R, Miclau T, Healy K, Bahney C. Tissue engineering strategies for promoting vascularized bone regeneration. Bone 2016; 83:197-209. [PMID: 26608518 PMCID: PMC4911893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on current tissue engineering strategies for promoting vascularized bone regeneration. We review the role of angiogenic growth factors in promoting vascularized bone regeneration and discuss the different therapeutic strategies for controlled/sustained growth factor delivery. Next, we address the therapeutic uses of stem cells in vascularized bone regeneration. Specifically, this review addresses the concept of co-culture using osteogenic and vasculogenic stem cells, and how adipose derived stem cells compare to bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells in the promotion of angiogenesis. We conclude this review with a discussion of a novel approach to bone regeneration through a cartilage intermediate, and discuss why it has the potential to be more effective than traditional bone grafting methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Almubarak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; UCSF-UCB Masters of Translational Medicine Program, Berkeley and San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Hubert Nethercott
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; UCSF-UCB Masters of Translational Medicine Program, Berkeley and San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marie Freeberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; UCSF-UCB Masters of Translational Medicine Program, Berkeley and San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Caroline Beaudon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; UCSF-UCB Masters of Translational Medicine Program, Berkeley and San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Amit Jha
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Material Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley (UCB), Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Wesley Jackson
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Material Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley (UCB), Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ralph Marcucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Theodore Miclau
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kevin Healy
- Departments of Bioengineering, and Material Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley (UCB), Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Chelsea Bahney
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Departments of Bioengineering, and Material Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley (UCB), Berkeley, CA, United States.
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18
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Freeman FE, Allen AB, Stevens HY, Guldberg RE, McNamara LM. Effects of in vitro endochondral priming and pre-vascularisation of human MSC cellular aggregates in vivo. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:218. [PMID: 26541817 PMCID: PMC4635553 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction During endochondral ossification, both the production of a cartilage template and the subsequent vascularisation of that template are essential precursors to bone tissue formation. Recent studies have found the application of both chondrogenic and vascular priming of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) enhanced the mineralisation potential of MSCs in vitro whilst also allowing for immature vessel formation. However, the in vivo viability, vascularisation and mineralisation potential of MSC aggregates that have been pre-conditioned in vitro by a combination of chondrogenic and vascular priming, has yet to be established. In this study, we test the hypothesis that a tissue regeneration approach that incorporates both chondrogenic priming of MSCs, to first form a cartilage template, and subsequent pre-vascularisation of the cartilage constructs, by co-culture with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro, will improve vessel infiltration and thus mineral formation once implanted in vivo. Methods Human MSCs were chondrogenically primed for 21 days, after which they were co-cultured with MSCs and HUVECs and cultured in endothelial growth medium for another 21 days. These aggregates were then implanted subcutaneously in nude rats for 4 weeks. We used a combination of bioluminescent imaging, microcomputed tomography, histology (Masson’s trichrome and Alizarin Red) and immunohistochemistry (CD31, CD146, and α-smooth actin) to assess the vascularisation and mineralisation potential of these MSC aggregates in vivo. Results Pre-vascularised cartilaginous aggregates were found to have mature endogenous vessels (indicated by α-smooth muscle actin walls and erythrocytes) after 4 weeks subcutaneous implantation, and also viable human MSCs (detected by bioluminescent imaging) 21 days after subcutaneous implantation. In contrast, aggregates that were not pre-vascularised had no vessels within the aggregate interior and human MSCs did not remain viable beyond 14 days. Interestingly, the pre-vascularised cartilaginous aggregates were also the only group to have mineralised nodules within the cellular aggregates, whereas mineralisation occurred in the alginate surrounding the aggregates for all other groups. Conclusions Taken together these results indicate that a combined chondrogenic priming and pre-vascularisation approach for in vitro culture of MSC aggregates shows enhanced vessel formation and increased mineralisation within the cellular aggregate when implanted subcutaneously in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Freeman
- Centre for Biomechanics Research (BMEC), Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Ashley B Allen
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Hazel Y Stevens
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Robert E Guldberg
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Laoise M McNamara
- Centre for Biomechanics Research (BMEC), Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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19
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Cunniffe G, Vinardell T, Thompson E, Daly A, Matsiko A, O’Brien F, Kelly D. Chondrogenically primed mesenchymal stem cell-seeded alginate hydrogels promote early bone formation in critically-sized defects. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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20
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Chitosan and Its Potential Use as a Scaffold for Tissue Engineering in Regenerative Medicine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:821279. [PMID: 26504833 PMCID: PMC4609393 DOI: 10.1155/2015/821279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is an important therapeutic strategy to be used in regenerative medicine in the present and in the future. Functional biomaterials research is focused on the development and improvement of scaffolding, which can be used to repair or regenerate an organ or tissue. Scaffolds are one of the crucial factors for tissue engineering. Scaffolds consisting of natural polymers have recently been developed more quickly and have gained more popularity. These include chitosan, a copolymer derived from the alkaline deacetylation of chitin. Expectations for use of these scaffolds are increasing as the knowledge regarding their chemical and biological properties expands, and new biomedical applications are investigated. Due to their different biological properties such as being biocompatible, biodegradable, and bioactive, they have given the pattern for use in tissue engineering for repair and/or regeneration of different tissues including skin, bone, cartilage, nerves, liver, and muscle. In this review, we focus on the intrinsic properties offered by chitosan and its use in tissue engineering, considering it as a promising alternative for regenerative medicine as a bioactive polymer.
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21
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Dennis SC, Berkland CJ, Bonewald LF, Detamore MS. Endochondral ossification for enhancing bone regeneration: converging native extracellular matrix biomaterials and developmental engineering in vivo. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 21:247-66. [PMID: 25336144 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autologous bone grafting (ABG) remains entrenched as the gold standard of treatment in bone regenerative surgery. Consequently, many marginally successful bone tissue engineering strategies have focused on mimicking portions of ABG's "ideal" osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and osteogenic composition resembling the late reparative stage extracellular matrix (ECM) in bone fracture repair, also known as the "hard" or "bony" callus. An alternative, less common approach that has emerged in the last decade harnesses endochondral (EC) ossification through developmental engineering principles, which acknowledges that the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in developmental skeletogenesis, specifically EC ossification, are closely paralleled during native bone healing. EC ossification naturally occurs during the majority of bone fractures and, thus, can potentially be utilized to enhance bone regeneration for nearly any orthopedic indication, especially in avascular critical-sized defects where hypoxic conditions favor initial chondrogenesis instead of direct intramembranous ossification. The body's native EC ossification response, however, is not capable of regenerating critical-sized defects without intervention. We propose that an underexplored potential exists to regenerate bone through the native EC ossification response by utilizing strategies which mimic the initial inflammatory or fibrocartilaginous ECM (i.e., "pro-" or "soft" callus) observed in the early reparative stage of bone fracture repair. To date, the majority of strategies utilizing this approach rely on clinically burdensome in vitro cell expansion protocols. This review will focus on the confluence of two evolving areas, (1) native ECM biomaterials and (2) developmental engineering, which will attempt to overcome the technical, business, and regulatory challenges that persist in the area of bone regeneration. Significant attention will be given to native "raw" materials and ECM-based designs that provide necessary osteo- and chondro-conductive and inductive features for enhancing EC ossification. In addition, critical perspectives on existing stem cell-based therapeutic strategies will be discussed with a focus on their use as an extension of the acellular ECM-based designs for specific clinical indications. Within this framework, a novel realm of unexplored design strategies for bone tissue engineering will be introduced into the collective consciousness of the regenerative medicine field.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Connor Dennis
- 1Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.,2Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Cory J Berkland
- 1Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.,2Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.,3Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- 4Department of Oral Biology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Michael S Detamore
- 1Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.,2Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
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22
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Ferré FC, Larjava H, Loison-Robert LS, Berbar T, Owen GR, Berdal A, Chérifi H, Gogly B, Häkkinen L, Fournier BPJ. Formation of cartilage and synovial tissue by human gingival stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:2895-907. [PMID: 25003637 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gingival stem cells (HGSCs) can be easily isolated and manipulated in culture to investigate their multipotency. Osteogenic differentiation of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells has been well documented. HGSCs derive from neural crests, however, and their differentiation capacity has not been fully established. The aim of the present report was to investigate whether HGSCs can be induced to differentiate to osteoblasts and chondrocytes. HGSCs were cultured either in a classical monolayer culture or in three-dimensional floating micromass pellet cultures in specific differentiation media. HGSC differentiation to osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages was determined by protein and gene expression analyses, and also by specific staining of cells and tissue pellets. HGSCs cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium showed induction of Runx2, alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), and osterix expression, and subsequently formed mineralized nodules consistent with osteogenic differentiation. Interestingly, HGSC micromass cultures maintained in chondrogenic differentiation medium showed SOX9-dependent differentiation to both chondrocyte and synoviocyte lineages. Chondrocytes at different stages of differentiation were identified by gene expression profiles and by histochemical and immunohistochemical staining. In 3-week-old cultures, peripheral cells in the micromass cultures organized in layers of cuboidal cells with villous structures facing the medium. These cells were strongly positive for cadherin-11, a marker of synoviocytes. In summary, the findings indicate that HGSCs have the capacity to differentiate to osteogenic, chondrogenic, and synoviocyte lineages. Therefore, HGSCs could serve as an alternative source for stem cell therapies in regenerative medicine for patients with cartilage and joint destructions, such as observed in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Côme Ferré
- 1 INSERM UMR 1138, Laboratory of Oral Molecular Physiopathology, Cordeliers Research Center, Team 5, Paris Diderot, Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris Descartes Universities , Paris, France
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23
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Thompson EM, Matsiko A, Farrell E, Kelly DJ, O'Brien FJ. Recapitulating endochondral ossification: a promising route toin vivobone regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 9:889-902. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmet M. Thompson
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre; Dublin Ireland
| | - Amos Matsiko
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre; Dublin Ireland
| | - Eric Farrell
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC; University Medical Centre Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Daniel J. Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre; Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering; Trinity College Dublin; Ireland
| | - Fergal J. O'Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre; Dublin Ireland
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24
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Abstract
With few exceptions, tissue regeneration strategies based on the conventional combination of cells, scaffolding materials, and soluble factors (tissue engineering) have introduced a rather limited clinical impact. While it is being recognized that the nonconvincing benefits of engineered grafts require more fundamental knowledge on mechanisms of action and potency factors, the attempt to mimic and recapitulate developmental events has inspired an evolution of the paradigm. In the context of skeletal regeneration, a "developmental engineering" approach has been advocated to generate intermediate grafts (i.e., hypertrophic cartilage templates) which, as suggested by limb developmental biology, are capable of autonomous spatial and temporal evolution into fully functional bone organs. However, limited consideration has been given to the fact that the recipient site within adult organisms may not be compatible with well-established developmental processes. This can be due to the possibly restricted function of resident progenitors, to the critical mechanical and physical boundary conditions of mature organs, or to the strong role of inflammatory signals and immune cells at repair sites. We thus propose that predictable, orderly, and durable tissue regeneration should be based on a "developmental RE-engineering" paradigm, with the challenge to instruct the execution of developmental programs in the context of an adult system.
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25
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Bahney CS, Hu DP, Taylor AJ, Ferro F, Britz HM, Hallgrimsson B, Johnstone B, Miclau T, Marcucio RS. Stem cell-derived endochondral cartilage stimulates bone healing by tissue transformation. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1269-82. [PMID: 24259230 PMCID: PMC4802866 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although bone has great capacity for repair, there are a number of clinical situations (fracture non-unions, spinal fusions, revision arthroplasty, segmental defects) in which auto- or allografts attempt to augment bone regeneration by promoting osteogenesis. Critical failures associated with current grafting therapies include osteonecrosis and limited integration between graft and host tissue. We speculated that the underlying problem with current bone grafting techniques is that they promote bone regeneration through direct osteogenesis. Here we hypothesized that using cartilage to promote endochondral bone regeneration would leverage normal developmental and repair sequences to produce a well-vascularized regenerate that integrates with the host tissue. In this study, we use a translational murine model of a segmental tibia defect to test the clinical utility of bone regeneration from a cartilage graft. We further test the mechanism by which cartilage promotes bone regeneration using in vivo lineage tracing and in vitro culture experiments. Our data show that cartilage grafts support regeneration of a vascularized and integrated bone tissue in vivo, and subsequently propose a translational tissue engineering platform using chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Interestingly, lineage tracing experiments show the regenerate was graft derived, suggesting transformation of the chondrocytes into bone. In vitro culture data show that cartilage explants mineralize with the addition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) or by exposure to human vascular endothelial cell (HUVEC)-conditioned medium, indicating that endothelial cells directly promote ossification. This study provides preclinical data for endochondral bone repair that has potential to significantly improve patient outcomes in a variety of musculoskeletal diseases and injuries. Further, in contrast to the dogmatic view that hypertrophic chondrocytes undergo apoptosis before bone formation, our data suggest cartilage can transform into bone by activating the pluripotent transcription factor Oct4A. Together these data represent a paradigm shift describing the mechanism of endochondral bone repair and open the door for novel regenerative strategies based on improved biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea S Bahney
- University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) & San Francisco General Hospital (SFGH), Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, 2550 23 Street, Building 9, 3 Floor, San Francisco, CA 94110
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, OP31, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Road, Portland, OR 97239, Phone: (503) 494-9505, Fax: (503) 494-5050
| | - Diane P Hu
- University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) & San Francisco General Hospital (SFGH), Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, 2550 23 Street, Building 9, 3 Floor, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Aaron J Taylor
- University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) & San Francisco General Hospital (SFGH), Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, 2550 23 Street, Building 9, 3 Floor, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Federico Ferro
- University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) & San Francisco General Hospital (SFGH), Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, 2550 23 Street, Building 9, 3 Floor, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Hayley M Britz
- University of Calgary, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1, Tel: (403) 220-8632, Fax: (403) 210-3829
| | - Benedikt Hallgrimsson
- University of Calgary, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1, Tel: (403) 220-8632, Fax: (403) 210-3829
| | - Brian Johnstone
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, OP31, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Road, Portland, OR 97239, Phone: (503) 494-9505, Fax: (503) 494-5050
| | - Theodore Miclau
- University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) & San Francisco General Hospital (SFGH), Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, 2550 23 Street, Building 9, 3 Floor, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Ralph S Marcucio
- University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) & San Francisco General Hospital (SFGH), Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, 2550 23 Street, Building 9, 3 Floor, San Francisco, CA 94110
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26
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Kuhn LT, Liu Y, Boyd NL, Dennis JE, Jiang X, Xin X, Charles LF, Wang L, Aguila HL, Rowe DW, Lichtler AC, Goldberg AJ. Developmental-like bone regeneration by human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:365-77. [PMID: 23952622 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo osteogenesis potential of mesenchymal-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC-MCs) was evaluated in vivo by implantation on collagen/hydroxyapatite scaffolds into calvarial defects in immunodeficient mice. This study is novel because no osteogenic or chondrogenic differentiation protocols were applied to the cells prior to implantation. After 6 weeks, X-ray, microCT, and histological analysis showed that the hESC-MCs had consistently formed a highly vascularized new bone that bridged the bone defect and seamlessly integrated with host bone. The implanted hESC-MCs differentiated in situ to functional hypertrophic chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteocytes forming new bone tissue via an endochondral ossification pathway. Evidence for the direct participation of the human cells in bone morphogenesis was verified by two separate assays: with Alu and by human mitochondrial antigen positive staining in conjunction with co-localized expression of human bone sialoprotein in histologically verified regions of new bone. The large volume of new bone in a calvarial defect and the direct participation of the hESC-MCs far exceeds that of previous studies and that of the control adult hMSCs. This study represents a key step forward for bone tissue engineering because of the large volume, vascularity, and reproducibility of new bone formation and the discovery that it is advantageous to not over-commit these progenitor cells to a particular lineage prior to implantation. The hESC-MCs were able to recapitulate the mesenchymal developmental pathway and were able to repair the bone defect semi-autonomously without preimplantation differentiation to osteo- or chondroprogenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa T Kuhn
- 1 Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Biomaterials, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, Connecticut
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27
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Kleinschmidt K, Ploeger F, Nickel J, Glockenmeier J, Kunz P, Richter W. Enhanced reconstruction of long bone architecture by a growth factor mutant combining positive features of GDF-5 and BMP-2. Biomaterials 2013; 34:5926-36. [PMID: 23680368 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Non healing bone defects remain a worldwide health problem and still only few osteoinductive growth factors are available for clinical use in bone regeneration. By introducing BMP-2 residues into growth and differentiation factor (GDF)-5 we recently produced a mutant GDF-5 protein BB-1 which enhanced heterotopic bone formation in mice. Designed to combine positive features of GDF-5 and BMP-2, we suspected that this new growth factor variant may improve long bone healing compared to the parent molecules and intended to unravel functional mechanisms behind its action. BB-1 acquired an increased binding affinity to the BMP-IA receptor, mediated enhanced osteogenic induction of human mesenchymal stem cells versus GDF-5 and higher VEGF secretion than BMP-2 in vitro. Rabbit radius defects treated with a BB-1-coated collagen carrier healed earlier and with increased bone volume compared to BMP-2 and GDF-5 according to in vivo micro-CT follow-up. While BMP-2 callus often remained spongy, BB-1 supported earlier corticalis and marrow cavity formation, showing no pseudojoint persistence like with GDF-5. Thus, by combining positive angiogenic and osteogenic features of GDF-5 and BMP-2, only BB-1 restored a natural bone architecture within 12 weeks, rendering this promising growth factor variant especially promising for long bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Kleinschmidt
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic University Hospital Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany.
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28
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Antonioli E, Lobo AO, Ferretti M, Cohen M, Marciano FR, Corat EJ, Trava-Airoldi VJ. An evaluation of chondrocyte morphology and gene expression on superhydrophilic vertically-aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube films. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012; 33:641-7. [PMID: 25427468 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage serves as a low-friction and wear-resistant articulating surface in diarthrodial joints and is also important during early stages of bone remodeling. Recently, regenerative cartilage research has focused on combinations of cells paired with scaffolds. Superhydrophilic vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) are of particular interest in regenerative medicine. The aim of this study is to evaluate cell expansion of human articular chondrocytes on superhydrophilic VACNTs, as well as their morphology and gene expression. VACNT films were produced using a microwave plasma chamber on Ti substrates and submitted to an O2 plasma treatment to make them superhydrophilic. Human chondrocytes were cultivated on superhydrophilic VACNTs up to five days. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed to measure type I and type II Collagen, Sox9, and Aggrecan mRNA expression levels. The morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal microscopy. SEM images demonstrated that superhydrophilic VACNTs permit cell growth and adhesion of human chondrocytes. The chondrocytes had an elongated morphology with some prolongations. Chondrocytes cultivated on superhydrophilic VACNTs maintain the level expression of Aggrecan, Sox9, and Collagen II determined by qPCR. This study was the first to indicate that superhydrophilic VACNTs may be used as an efficient scaffold for cartilage or bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Antonioli
- Research and Education Institute, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Anderson O Lobo
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnology, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Mario Ferretti
- Research and Education Institute, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Ortophedic Division, Federal University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Moisés Cohen
- Research and Education Institute, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Ortophedic Division, Federal University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda R Marciano
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnology, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Evaldo J Corat
- Laboratorio Associado de Sensores e Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Vladimir J Trava-Airoldi
- Laboratorio Associado de Sensores e Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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29
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Chen Q, Zhu C, Thouas GA. Progress and challenges in biomaterials used for bone tissue engineering: bioactive glasses and elastomeric composites. Prog Biomater 2012; 1:2. [PMID: 29470743 PMCID: PMC5120665 DOI: 10.1186/2194-0517-1-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Driven by the increasing economic burden associated with bone injury and disease, biomaterial development for bone repair represents the most active research area in the field of tissue engineering. This article provides an update on recent advances in the development of bioactive biomaterials for bone regeneration. Special attention is paid to the recent developments of sintered Na-containing bioactive glasses, borate-based bioactive glasses, those doped with trace elements (such as Cu, Zn, and Sr), and novel elastomeric composites. Although bioactive glasses are not new to bone tissue engineering, their tunable mechanical properties, biodegradation rates, and ability to support bone and vascular tissue regeneration, as well as osteoblast differentiation from stem and progenitor cells, are superior to other bioceramics. Recent progresses on the development of borate bioactive glasses and trace element-doped bioactive glasses expand the repertoire of bioactive glasses. Although boride and other trace elements have beneficial effects on bone remodeling and/or associated angiogenesis, the risk of toxicity at high levels must be highly regarded in the design of new composition of bioactive biomaterials so that the release of these elements must be satisfactorily lower than their biologically safe levels. Elastomeric composites are superior to the more commonly used thermoplastic-matrix composites, owing to the well-defined elastic properties of elastomers which are ideal for the replacement of collagen, a key elastic protein within the bone tissue. Artificial bone matrix made from elastomeric composites can, therefore, offer both sound mechanical integrity and flexibility in the dynamic environment of injured bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Chen
- Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Chenghao Zhu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - George A Thouas
- Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
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30
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Jeong CG, Zhang H, Hollister SJ. Three-dimensional polycaprolactone scaffold-conjugated bone morphogenetic protein-2 promotes cartilage regeneration from primary chondrocytes in vitro and in vivo without accelerated endochondral ossification. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:2088-96. [PMID: 22615065 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
As articular cartilage is avascular, and mature chondrocytes do not proliferate, cartilage lesions have a limited capacity for regeneration after severe damage. The treatment of such damage has been challenging due to the limited availability of autologous healthy cartilage and lengthy and expensive cell isolation and expansion procedures. Hence, the use of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), a potent regulator of chondrogenic expression, has received considerable attention in cartilage and osteochondral tissue engineering. However, the exact role of BMP-2 in cartilage repair has been postulated to promote both cartilage formation and subsequent cartilage degradation through hypertrophy and endochondral ossification. Furthermore, it is likely that the manner in which BMP-2 is presented to chondrocytes will influence the physiologic pathway (repair vs. degeneration). This study investigates the relative influence of BMP-2 on cartilage matrix and potential subsequent bone matrix production using primary chondrocytes seeded on designed 3D polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds with chemically conjugated BMP-2. The results show that chemically conjugated BMP-2 PCL scaffolds can promote significantly greater cartilage regeneration from seeded chondrocytes both in vitro and in vivo compared with untreated scaffolds. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the conjugated BMP-2 does not particularly accelerate endochondral ossification even in a readily permissible and highly vascular in vivo environment compared with untreated PCL scaffolds. This study not only reveals the potential use of the BMP-2 conjugation delivery method for enhanced cartilage tissue formation but also gives new insights for the effects of conjugated BMP-2 on cartilage regeneration and osteochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire G Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2125, USA
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31
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Fei Y, Xu RH, Hurley MM. Stem cell-based bone repair. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF STEM CELLS 2012; 1:106-113. [PMID: 23671803 PMCID: PMC3636738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To accelerate bone repair, one strategy is to deliver the cells that make bone. The current review focuses on stem cell-based bone repair. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can self-renew unlimitedly and differentiate into the bone forming cells - osteoblasts. Scientists have been actively investigating culture conditions to stably and efficiently induce differentiation of these stem cells into osteoblasts. However, ESCs have the issues of ethnics, immune response and both ESCs and iPSCs have tumorigenic potential. In contrast, bone marrow stromal/stem cells (BMSCs) hold great potential to enhance bone formation. Use of BMSCs can avoid the ethical issues and can obviate the immune response problem. However, BMSCs are a rare population with limited self-renewal ability and their differentiation ability decreases in elderly individuals. Considering the unlimited self-renewal ability, it is promising to develop protocols to differentiate ESCs into osteoblasts faithfully and efficiently. It is important to eliminate undifferentiated ESCs or iPSCs because of their tumorigenic potential. Therefore, future studies need to identify BMSCs specific cell surface markers since the cell surface markers utilized currently are not specific to BMSCs. Future studies also need to enhance the osteogenic potential without using viral vectors for transgene delivery to eliminate the risk of tumor generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Fei
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center; University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Ren-He Xu
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center; University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Marja M Hurley
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center; University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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32
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Kerkhofs J, Roberts SJ, Luyten FP, Van Oosterwyck H, Geris L. Relating the chondrocyte gene network to growth plate morphology: from genes to phenotype. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34729. [PMID: 22558096 PMCID: PMC3340393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During endochondral ossification, chondrocyte growth and differentiation is controlled by many local signalling pathways. Due to crosstalks and feedback mechanisms, these interwoven pathways display a network like structure. In this study, a large-scale literature based logical model of the growth plate network was developed. The network is able to capture the different states (resting, proliferating and hypertrophic) that chondrocytes go through as they progress within the growth plate. In a first corroboration step, the effect of mutations in various signalling pathways of the growth plate network was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Kerkhofs
- Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Biomechanics section, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, The Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Scott J. Roberts
- Prometheus, The Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Rheumatology Department, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Prometheus, The Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Rheumatology Department, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Oosterwyck
- Biomechanics section, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, The Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Prometheus, The Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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33
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Almeida CR, Vasconcelos DP, Gonçalves RM, Barbosa MA. Enhanced mesenchymal stromal cell recruitment via natural killer cells by incorporation of inflammatory signals in biomaterials. J R Soc Interface 2011; 9:261-71. [PMID: 21752807 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
An exacerbated inflammatory response questions biomaterial biocompatibility, but on the other hand, inflammation has a central role in the regulation of tissue regeneration. Therefore, it may be argued that an 'ideal' inflammatory response is crucial to achieve efficient tissue repair/regeneration. Natural killer (NK) cells, being one of the first populations arriving at an injury site, can have an important role in regulating bone repair/regeneration, particularly through interactions with mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). Here, we studied how biomaterials designed to incorporate inflammatory signals affected NK cell behaviour and NK cell-MSC interactions. Adsorption of the pro-inflammatory molecule fibrinogen (Fg) to chitosan films led to a 1.5-fold increase in adhesion of peripheral blood human NK cells, without an increase in cytokine secretion. Most importantly, it was found that NK cells are capable of stimulating a threefold increase in human bone marrow MSC invasion, a key event taking place in tissue repair, but did not affect the expression of the differentiation marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Of significant importance, this NK cell-mediated MSC recruitment was modulated by Fg adsorption. Designing novel biomaterials leading to rational modulation of the inflammatory response is proposed as an alternative to current bone regeneration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina R Almeida
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Biomaterials Division, NEWTherapies Group, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.
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Gawlitta D, Farrell E, Malda J, Creemers LB, Alblas J, Dhert WJA. Modulating endochondral ossification of multipotent stromal cells for bone regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 16:385-95. [PMID: 20131956 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
For years it has been recognized that engineering of large bone constructs will be feasible only if the hurdle of vascularization is overcome. Attempts to engineer bone tissue have predominantly focused on intramembranous (direct) bone formation. A relatively new and most likely more physiological approach in this line is endochondral bone formation, comprising an intermediate cartilaginous stage. Cartilage in nature is an avascular tissue and its cells are equipped to survive the poor oxygenation and nutritional conditions inherent to implanted tissues. Subsequent terminal differentiation (hypertrophy) of the chondrocytes initiates the formation of a mineralized matrix that will then be converted into bone. Through this mechanism, our long bones grow and most fractures heal through the process of secondary fracture healing. The feasibility of the attractive concept of endochondral bone tissue engineering has already been shown. Most emphasis has gone to the multipotent stromal cells because of their great potential for expansion and differentiation and immunoprivileged nature. This review will focus on the promises and current status of this new field. Further, potent modulators of endochondral bone tissue engineering, including oxygen tension and mechanical stimuli, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby Gawlitta
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Farrell E, Both SK, Odörfer KI, Koevoet W, Kops N, O'Brien FJ, Baatenburg de Jong RJ, Verhaar JA, Cuijpers V, Jansen J, Erben RG, van Osch GJVM. In-vivo generation of bone via endochondral ossification by in-vitro chondrogenic priming of adult human and rat mesenchymal stem cells. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011; 12:31. [PMID: 21281488 PMCID: PMC3045394 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone grafts are required to repair large bone defects after tumour resection or large trauma. The availability of patients' own bone tissue that can be used for these procedures is limited. Thus far bone tissue engineering has not lead to an implant which could be used as alternative in bone replacement surgery. This is mainly due to problems of vascularisation of the implanted tissues leading to core necrosis and implant failure. Recently it was discovered that embryonic stem cells can form bone via the endochondral pathway, thereby turning in-vitro created cartilage into bone in-vivo. In this study we investigated the potential of human adult mesenchymal stem cells to form bone via the endochondral pathway. METHODS MSCs were cultured for 28 days in chondrogenic, osteogenic or control medium prior to implantation. To further optimise this process we induced mineralisation in the chondrogenic constructs before implantation by changing to osteogenic medium during the last 7 days of culture. RESULTS After 8 weeks of subcutaneous implantation in mice, bone and bone marrow formation was observed in 8 of 9 constructs cultured in chondrogenic medium. No bone was observed in any samples cultured in osteogenic medium. Switch to osteogenic medium for 7 days prevented formation of bone in-vivo. Addition of β-glycerophosphate to chondrogenic medium during the last 7 days in culture induced mineralisation of the matrix and still enabled formation of bone and marrow in both human and rat MSC cultures. To determine whether bone was formed by the host or by the implanted tissue we used an immunocompetent transgenic rat model. Thereby we found that osteoblasts in the bone were almost entirely of host origin but the osteocytes are of both host and donor origin. CONCLUSIONS The preliminary data presented in this manuscript demonstrates that chondrogenic priming of MSCs leads to bone formation in vivo using both human and rat cells. Furthermore, addition of β-glycerophosphate to the chondrogenic medium did not hamper this process. Using transgenic animals we also demonstrated that both host and donor cells played a role in bone formation. In conclusion these data indicate that in-vitro chondrogenic differentiation of human MSCs could lead to an alternative and superior approach for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Farrell
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Sheehy EJ, Buckley CT, Kelly DJ. Chondrocytes and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells undergoing chondrogenesis in agarose hydrogels of solid and channelled architectures respond differentially to dynamic culture conditions. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 5:747-58. [DOI: 10.1002/term.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Szpalski C, Barr J, Wetterau M, Saadeh PB, Warren SM. Cranial bone defects: current and future strategies. Neurosurg Focus 2010; 29:E8. [DOI: 10.3171/2010.9.focus10201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bony defects in the craniomaxillofacial skeleton remain a major and challenging health concern. Surgeons have been trying for centuries to restore functionality and aesthetic appearance using autografts, allografts, and even xenografts without entirely satisfactory results. As a result, physicians, scientists, and engineers have been trying for the past few decades to develop new techniques to improve bone growth and bone healing. In this review, the authors summarize the advantages and limitations of current animal models; describe current materials used as scaffolds, cell-based, and protein-based therapies; and lastly highlight areas for future investigation. The purpose of this review is to highlight the major scaffold-, cell-, and protein-based preclinical tools that are currently being developed to repair cranial defects.
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Oliveira SM, Ringshia RA, Legeros RZ, Clark E, Yost MJ, Terracio L, Teixeira CC. An improved collagen scaffold for skeletal regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 94:371-9. [PMID: 20186736 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bone repair and regeneration is one of the most extensively studied areas in the field of tissue engineering. All of the current tissue engineering approaches to create bone focus on intramembranous ossification, ignoring the other mechanism of bone formation, endochondral ossification. We propose to create a transient cartilage template in vitro, which could serve as an intermediate for bone formation by the endochondral mechanism once implanted in vivo. The goals of the study are (1) to prepare and characterize type I collagen sponges as a scaffold for the cartilage template, and (2) to establish a method of culturing chondrocytes in type I collagen sponges and induce cell maturation. Collagen sponges were generated from a 1% solution of type I collagen using a freeze/dry technique followed by UV light crosslinking. Chondrocytes isolated from two locations in chick embryo sterna were cultured in these sponges and treated with retinoic acid to induce chondrocyte maturation and extracellular matrix deposition. Material strength testing as well as microscopic and biochemical analyzes were conducted to evaluate the properties of sponges and cell behavior during the culture period. We found that our collagen sponges presented improved stiffness and supported chondrocyte attachment and proliferation. Cells underwent maturation, depositing an abundant extracellular matrix throughout the scaffold, expressing high levels of type X collagen, type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase. These results demonstrate that we have created a transient cartilage template with potential to direct endochondral bone formation after implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serafim M Oliveira
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ESTG-Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
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Abarrategi A, Lópiz-Morales Y, Ramos V, Civantos A, López-Durán L, Marco F, López-Lacomba JL. Chitosan scaffolds for osteochondral tissue regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 95:1132-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Recapitulation of endochondral bone formation using human adult mesenchymal stem cells as a paradigm for developmental engineering. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:7251-6. [PMID: 20406908 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000302107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are typically used to generate bone tissue by a process resembling intramembranous ossification, i.e., by direct osteoblastic differentiation. However, most bones develop by endochondral ossification, i.e., via remodeling of hypertrophic cartilaginous templates. To date, endochondral bone formation has not been reproduced using human, clinically compliant cell sources. Here, we aimed at engineering tissues from bone marrow-derived, adult human MSC with an intrinsic capacity to undergo endochondral ossification. By analogy to embryonic limb development, we hypothesized that successful execution of the endochondral program depends on the initial formation of hypertrophic cartilaginous templates. Human MSC, subcutaneously implanted into nude mice at various stages of chondrogenic differentiation, formed bone trabeculae only when they had developed in vitro hypertrophic tissue structures. Advanced maturation in vitro resulted in accelerated formation of larger bony tissues. The underlying morphogenetic process was structurally and molecularly similar to the temporal and spatial progression of limb bone development in embryos. In particular, Indian hedgehog signaling was activated at early stages and required for the in vitro formation of hypertrophic cartilage. Subsequent development of a bony collar in vivo was followed by vascularization, osteoclastic resorption of the cartilage template, and appearance of hematopoietic foci. This study reveals the capacity of human MSC to generate bone tissue via an endochondral program and provides a valid model to study mechanisms governing bone development. Most importantly, this process could generate advanced grafts for bone regeneration by invoking a "developmental engineering" paradigm.
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Doan L, Kelley C, Luong H, English J, Gomez H, Johnson E, Cody D, Duke PJ. Engineered cartilage heals skull defects. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 137:162.e1-9; discussion 162-3. [PMID: 20152663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2008] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purposes of this study were to differentiate embryonic limb bud cells into cartilage, characterize the nodules produced, and determine their ability to heal a mouse skull defect. METHODS Aggregated mouse limb bud cells (E12-E12.5), cultured in a bioreactor for 3 weeks, were analyzed by histology or implanted in 6 skull defects. Six controls had no implants. The mice were scanned with microcomputed tomography weekly. At 2 and 4 weeks, a mouse from each group was killed, and the defect region was prepared for histology. RESULTS Chondrocytes in nodules were mainly hypertrophic. About 90% of the nodules mineralized. BrdU staining showed dividing cells in the perichondrium. Microcomputed tomography scans showed increasing minerals in implanted nodules that completely filled the defect by 6 weeks; defects in the control mice were not healed by then. At 2 and 4 weeks, the control skull sections showed only a thin bony layer over the defect. At 2 weeks, bone and cartilage filled the defects with implants, and the implants were well integrated with the adjacent cortical bone. At 4 weeks, the implant had turned almost entirely into bone. CONCLUSIONS Cartilage differentiated in the bioreactor and facilitated healing when implanted into a defect. Engineering cartilage to replace bone is an alternative to current methods of bone grafting.
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Duke PJ, Doan L, Luong H, Kelley C, Leboeuf W, Diep Q, Johnson E, Cody DD. CORRELATION BETWEEN MICRO-CT SECTIONS AND HISTOLOGICAL SECTIONS OF MOUSE SKULL DEFECTS IMPLANTED WITH ENGINEERED CARTILAGE. GRAVITATIONAL AND SPACE BIOLOGY BULLETIN : PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR GRAVITATIONAL AND SPACE BIOLOGY 2009; 22:45-50. [PMID: 24478573 PMCID: PMC3902829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
One advantage of using cartilage to replace/repair bone is that the implant disappears as bone is formed by endochondral ossification. Previously, we showed that cartilage spheroids, grown in a rotating bioreactor (Synthecon, Inc.) and implanted into a 2 mm skull defect, contributed to healing of the defect. Skulls with or without implants were subjected to microCT scans. Mineralized regions from microCT sections correlated with regions of bone in histological sections of the defect region of demineralized skulls. Recently, sections from microCT scans of live mice were compared to histological sections from the same mice. The area of the defect staining for bone in histological sections of demineralized skulls was the same region shown as mineralized in microCT sections. Defects without implants were not healed. This study demonstrates that microCT scans are an important corollary to histological studies evaluating the use of implants in healing of bony defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Duke
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, UTHSC, Houston, TX
| | - L Doan
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, UTHSC, Houston, TX
| | - H Luong
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, UTHSC, Houston, TX
| | - C Kelley
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Branch, UTHSC, Houston, TX
| | - W Leboeuf
- Our Lady of the Lake College, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Q Diep
- University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - E Johnson
- Dept of Imaging Physics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77225, U.S.A
| | - D D Cody
- Dept of Imaging Physics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77225, U.S.A
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