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Mortimer JW, Rust PA, Paxton JZ. Anatomical design and production of a novel three-dimensional co-culture system replicating the human flexor digitorum profundus enthesis. J Anat 2024. [PMID: 38400563 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The enthesis, the specialized junction between tendon and bone, is a common site of injury. Although notoriously difficult to repair, advances in interfacial tissue engineering techniques are being developed for restorative function. Most notably are 3D in vitro co-culture models, built to recreate the complex heterogeneity of the native enthesis. While cell and matrix properties are often considered, there has been little attention given to native enthesis anatomical morphometrics and replicating these to enhance clinical relevance. This study focuses on the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon enthesis and, by combining anatomical morphometrics with computer-aided design, demonstrates the design and construction of an accurate and scalable model of the FDP enthesis. Bespoke 3D-printed mould inserts were fabricated based on the size, shape and insertion angle of the FDP enthesis. Then, silicone culture moulds were created, enabling the production of bespoke anatomical culture zones for an in vitro FDP enthesis model. The validity of the model has been confirmed using brushite cement scaffolds seeded with osteoblasts (bone) and fibrin hydrogel scaffolds seeded with fibroblasts (tendon) in individual studies with cells from either human or rat origin. This novel approach allows a bespoke anatomical design for enthesis repair and should be applied to future studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Mortimer
- Anatomy@Edinburgh, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Old Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Philippa A Rust
- Anatomy@Edinburgh, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Old Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Hooper Hand Unit, St. John's Hospital, Livingston, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jennifer Z Paxton
- Anatomy@Edinburgh, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Old Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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2
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Zhao D, Saiding Q, Li Y, Tang Y, Cui W. Bone Organoids: Recent Advances and Future Challenges. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302088. [PMID: 38079529 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Bone defects stemming from tumorous growths, traumatic events, and diverse conditions present a profound conundrum in clinical practice and research. While bone has the inherent ability to regenerate, substantial bone anomalies require bone regeneration techniques. Bone organoids represent a new concept in this field, involving the 3D self-assembly of bone-associated stem cells guided in vitro with or without extracellular matrix material, resulting in a tissue that mimics the structural, functional, and genetic properties of native bone tissue. Within the scientific panorama, bone organoids ascend to an esteemed status, securing significant experimental endorsement. Through a synthesis of current literature and pioneering studies, this review offers a comprehensive survey of the bone organoid paradigm, delves into the quintessential architecture and ontogeny of bone, and highlights the latest progress in bone organoid fabrication. Further, existing challenges and prospective directions for future research are identified, advocating for interdisciplinary collaboration to fully harness the potential of this burgeoning domain. Conclusively, as bone organoid technology continues to mature, its implications for both clinical and research landscapes are poised to be profound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Qimanguli Saiding
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Yihan Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Yunkai Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
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3
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Rajabi M, Cabral JD, Saunderson S, Gould M, Ali MA. Development and optimisation of hydroxyapatite-polyethylene glycol diacrylate hydrogel inks for 3D printing of bone tissue engineered scaffolds. Biomed Mater 2023; 18:065009. [PMID: 37699400 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/acf90a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
In the event of excessive damage to bone tissue, the self-healing process alone is not sufficient to restore bone integrity. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, as an advanced additive manufacturing technology, can create implantable bone scaffolds with accurate geometry and internal architecture, facilitating bone regeneration. This study aims to develop and optimise hydroxyapatite-polyethylene glycol diacrylate (HA-PEGDA) hydrogel inks for extrusion 3D printing of bone tissue scaffolds. Different concentrations of HA were mixed with PEGDA, and further incorporated with pluronic F127 (PF127) as a sacrificial carrier. PF127 provided good distribution of HA nanoparticle within the scaffolds and improved the rheological requirements of HA-PEGDA inks for extrusion 3D printing without significant reduction in the HA content after its removal. Higher printing pressures and printing rates were needed to generate the same strand diameter when using a higher HA content compared to a lower HA content. Scaffolds with excellent shape fidelity up to 75-layers and high resolution (∼200 µm) with uniform strands were fabricated. Increasing the HA content enhanced the compression strength and decreased the swelling degree and degradation rate of 3D printed HA-PEGDA scaffolds. In addition, the incorporation of HA improved the adhesion and proliferation of human bone mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) onto the scaffolds. 3D printed scaffolds with 2 wt% HA promoted osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs as confirmed by the expression of alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition. Altogether, the developed HA-PEGDA hydrogel ink has promising potential as a scaffold material for bone tissue regeneration, with excellent shape fidelity and the ability to promote osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Rajabi
- Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jaydee D Cabral
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Saunderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Maree Gould
- Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - M Azam Ali
- Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Hakim Khalili M, Zhang R, Wilson S, Goel S, Impey SA, Aria AI. Additive Manufacturing and Physicomechanical Characteristics of PEGDA Hydrogels: Recent Advances and Perspective for Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102341. [PMID: 37242919 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this brief review, we discuss the recent advancements in using poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels for tissue engineering applications. PEGDA hydrogels are highly attractive in biomedical and biotechnology fields due to their soft and hydrated properties that can replicate living tissues. These hydrogels can be manipulated using light, heat, and cross-linkers to achieve desirable functionalities. Unlike previous reviews that focused solely on material design and fabrication of bioactive hydrogels and their cell viability and interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM), we compare the traditional bulk photo-crosslinking method with the latest three-dimensional (3D) printing of PEGDA hydrogels. We present detailed evidence combining the physical, chemical, bulk, and localized mechanical characteristics, including their composition, fabrication methods, experimental conditions, and reported mechanical properties of bulk and 3D printed PEGDA hydrogels. Furthermore, we highlight the current state of biomedical applications of 3D PEGDA hydrogels in tissue engineering and organ-on-chip devices over the last 20 years. Finally, we delve into the current obstacles and future possibilities in the field of engineering 3D layer-by-layer (LbL) PEGDA hydrogels for tissue engineering and organ-on-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hakim Khalili
- Surface Engineering and Precision Centre, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Rujing Zhang
- Sophion Bioscience A/S, Baltorpvej 154, 2750 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sandra Wilson
- Sophion Bioscience A/S, Baltorpvej 154, 2750 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saurav Goel
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Susan A Impey
- Surface Engineering and Precision Centre, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Adrianus Indrat Aria
- Surface Engineering and Precision Centre, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK
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5
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Chen C, Shi Q, Li M, Chen Y, Zhang T, Xu Y, Liao Y, Ding S, Wang Z, Li X, Zhao C, Sun L, Hu J, Lu H. Engineering an enthesis-like graft for rotator cuff repair: An approach to fabricate highly biomimetic scaffold capable of zone-specifically releasing stem cell differentiation inducers. Bioact Mater 2022; 16:451-471. [PMID: 35386315 PMCID: PMC8965727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotator cuff (RC) attaches to humerus across a triphasic yet continuous tissue zones (bone-fibrocartilage-tendon), termed "enthesis". Regrettably, rapid and functional enthesis regeneration is challenging after RC tear. The existing grafts bioengineered for RC repair are insufficient, as they were engineered by a scaffold that did not mimic normal enthesis in morphology, composition, and tensile property, meanwhile cannot simultaneously stimulate the formation of bone-fibrocartilage-tendon tissues. Herein, an optimized decellularization approach based on a vacuum aspiration device (VAD) was developed to fabricate a book-shaped decellularized enthesis matrix (O-BDEM). Then, three recombinant growth factors (CBP-GFs) capable of binding collagen were synthesized by fusing a collagen-binding peptide (CBP) into the N-terminal of BMP-2, TGF-β3, or GDF-7, and zone-specifically tethered to the collagen of O-BDEM to fabricate a novel scaffold (CBP-GFs/O-BDEM) satisfying the above-mentioned requirements. After ensuring the low immunogenicity of CBP-GFs/O-BDEM by a novel single-cell mass cytometry in a mouse model, we interleaved urine-derived stem cell-sheets into this CBP-GFs/O-BDEM to bioengineer an enthesis-like graft. Its high-performance on regenerating enthesis was determined in a canine model. These findings indicate this CBP-GFs/O-BDEM may be an excellent scaffold for constructing enthesis-like graft to patch large/massive RC tears, and provide breakthroughs in fabricating graded interfacial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Qiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, 410008, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Muzhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, 410008, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, 410008, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, 410008, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, 410008, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Yunjie Liao
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Shulin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, 410008, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Zhanwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, 410008, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Xing Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, 410008, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhao
- Division of Orthopedic Research and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, United States
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, 410008, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Corresponding author. Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Sports and Health, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya Hospital-International Chinese Musculoskeletal Research Society Sports Medicine Research Centre, Changsha, 410008, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
- Corresponding author. Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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6
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Driving native-like zonal enthesis formation in engineered ligaments using mechanical boundary conditions and β-tricalcium phosphate. Acta Biomater 2022; 140:700-716. [PMID: 34954418 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fibrocartilaginous entheses are structurally complex tissues that translate load from elastic ligaments to stiff bone via complex zonal gradients in the organization, mineralization, and cell phenotype. Currently, these complex gradients necessary for long-term mechanical function are not recreated in soft tissue-to-bone healing or engineered replacements, contributing to high failure rates. Previously, we developed a culture system that guides ligament fibroblasts to develop aligned native-sized collagen fibers using high-density collagen gels and mechanical boundary conditions. These constructs are promising ligament replacements, however functional ligament-to-bone attachments, or entheses, are required for long-term function in vivo. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of compressive mechanical boundary conditions and the addition of beta-tricalcium phosphate (βTCP), a known osteoconductive agent, on the development of zonal ligament-to-bone entheses. We found that compressive boundary clamps, that restrict cellular contraction and produce a zonal tensile-compressive environment, guide ligament fibroblasts to produce 3 unique zones of collagen organization and zonal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), type II, and type X collagen. Ultimately, by 6 weeks of culture these constructs had similar organization and composition as immature bovine entheses. Further, βTCP applied under the clamp enhanced maturation of these entheses, leading to significantly increased tensile moduli, and zonal GAG accumulation, ALP activity, and calcium-phosphate accumulation, suggesting the initiation of endochondral ossification. This culture system produced some of the most organized entheses to date, closely mirroring early postnatal enthesis development, and provides an in vitro platform to better understand the cues that drive enthesis maturation in vivo. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Ligaments are attached to bone via entheses. Entheses are complex tissues with gradients in organization, composition, and cell phenotype. Entheses are necessary for proper transfer of load from ligament-to-bone, but currently are not restored with healing or replacements. Here, we provide new insight into how tensile-compressive boundary conditions and βTCP drive zonal gradients in collagen organization, mineralization, and matrix composition, producing tissues similar to immature ligament-to-bone attachments. Collectively, this culture system uses a bottom-up approach with mechanical and biochemical cues to produce engineered replacements which closely mirror postnatal enthesis development. This culture system is a promising platform to better understanding the cues that regulate enthesis formation so to better drive enthesis regeneration following graft repair and in engineered replacements.
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Yang M, Zhang ZC, Liu Y, Chen YR, Deng RH, Zhang ZN, Yu JK, Yuan FZ. Function and Mechanism of RGD in Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:773636. [PMID: 34976971 PMCID: PMC8714999 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.773636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone and cartilage injury is common, tissue engineered scaffolds are potential means to repair. Because most of the scaffold materials used in bone and cartilage tissue engineering are bio-inert, it is necessary to increase the cellular adhesion ability of during tissue engineering reconstruction. The Arginine - Glycine - Aspartic acid (Arg-Gly-Asp, RGD) peptide family is considered as a specific recognition site for the integrin receptors. Integrin receptors are key regulators of cell-cell and cell-extracellular microenvironment communication. Therefore, the RGD polypeptide families are considered as suitable candidates for treatment of a variety of diseases and for the regeneration of various tissues and organs. Many scaffold material for tissue engineering and has been approved by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for human using. The application of RGD peptides in bone and cartilage tissue engineering was reported seldom. Only a few reviews have summarized the applications of RGD peptide with alloy, bone cements, and PCL in bone tissue engineering. Herein, we summarize the application progress of RGD in bone and cartilage tissue engineering, discuss the effects of structure, sequence, concentration, mechanical stimulation, physicochemical stimulation, and time stimulation of RGD peptide on cells differentiation, and introduce the mechanism of RGD peptide through integrin in the field of bone and cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Sports Medicine Department, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zheng-Chu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Sports Medicine Department, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - You-Rong Chen
- Sports Medicine Department, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-Hui Deng
- Sports Medicine Department, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Ning Zhang
- Sports Medicine Department, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Kuo Yu
- Sports Medicine Department, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Fu-Zhen Yuan
- Sports Medicine Department, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China
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8
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Hananouchi T, Suzuki T, Dorthe EW, Du J, D’Lima DD. The Resistance Force of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament during Pull Probing Is Related to the Mechanical Property. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 9:bioengineering9010004. [PMID: 35049713 PMCID: PMC8773175 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are various methods for reconstructing the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) from other muscles or tendons. Initial tension of the reconstructed ACL is one of the key elements affecting postoperative outcomes. However, tension cannot be measured after graft fixation. The only intraoperative assessment is pull probing, which is performed by pulling joint soft tissues with the arthroscopic probe and can be measured quantitatively. Therefore, its value might be used as an alternative value for the mechanical property of the ACL. Using a probing device one author developed to measure the resistance force of soft tissues quantitatively while probing, we measured the resistance force of dissected ACLs and used tensile testing to investigate the correlation between the resistance force and the mechanical property of the ligaments. According to the results, when a certain amount of tension (strain; 16.6%) was applied, its mechanical properties were moderately correlated (r = 0.56 [p = 0.045]) with the probing force. Therefore, the tension of the reconstructed ACL after fixation under real ACL reconstruction surgery can be derived from the value of the probing device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehito Hananouchi
- Medical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Sangyo University, Daito 574-8530, Osaka, Japan
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (E.W.D.); (D.D.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-875-3001
| | - Tomoyuki Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Maruyama Orthopedics Hospital, Sapporo 060-0007, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Erik W. Dorthe
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (E.W.D.); (D.D.D.)
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Darryl D. D’Lima
- Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (E.W.D.); (D.D.D.)
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9
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Pitta Kruize C, Panahkhahi S, Putra NE, Diaz-Payno P, van Osch G, Zadpoor AA, Mirzaali MJ. Biomimetic Approaches for the Design and Fabrication of Bone-to-Soft Tissue Interfaces. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021. [PMID: 34784181 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone-to-soft tissue interfaces are responsible for transferring loads between tissues with significantly dissimilar material properties. The examples of connective soft tissues are ligaments, tendons, and cartilages. Such natural tissue interfaces have unique microstructural properties and characteristics which avoid the abrupt transitions between two tissues and prevent formation of stress concentration at their connections. Here, we review some of the important characteristics of these natural interfaces. The native bone-to-soft tissue interfaces consist of several hierarchical levels which are formed in a highly specialized anisotropic fashion and are composed of different types of heterogeneously distributed cells. The characteristics of a natural interface can rely on two main design principles, namely by changing the local microarchitectural features (e.g., complex cell arrangements, and introducing interlocking mechanisms at the interfaces through various geometrical designs) and changing the local chemical compositions (e.g., a smooth and gradual transition in the level of mineralization). Implementing such design principles appears to be a promising approach that can be used in the design, reconstruction, and regeneration of engineered biomimetic tissue interfaces. Furthermore, prominent fabrication techniques such as additive manufacturing (AM) including 3D printing and electrospinning can be used to ease these implementation processes. Biomimetic interfaces have several biological applications, for example, to create synthetic scaffolds for osteochondral tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pitta Kruize
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Panahkhahi
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Niko Eka Putra
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro Diaz-Payno
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjo van Osch
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad J Mirzaali
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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10
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Sobczak-Kupiec A, Tomala AM, Domínguez López C, Drabczyk A, Tyliszczak B. Polymer–ceramic biocomposites based on PVP/histidine/hydroxyapatite for hard tissue engineering applications. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2021.1963725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sobczak-Kupiec
- Cracow University of Technology, Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Physics, Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Maria Tomala
- Cracow University of Technology, Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Physics, Cracow, Poland
| | | | - Anna Drabczyk
- Cracow University of Technology, Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Physics, Cracow, Poland
| | - Bożena Tyliszczak
- Cracow University of Technology, Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Physics, Cracow, Poland
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11
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Ruiz-Alonso S, Lafuente-Merchan M, Ciriza J, Saenz-Del-Burgo L, Pedraz JL. Tendon tissue engineering: Cells, growth factors, scaffolds and production techniques. J Control Release 2021; 333:448-486. [PMID: 33811983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tendon injuries are a global health problem that affects millions of people annually. The properties of tendons make their natural rehabilitation a very complex and long-lasting process. Thanks to the development of the fields of biomaterials, bioengineering and cell biology, a new discipline has emerged, tissue engineering. Within this discipline, diverse approaches have been proposed. The obtained results turn out to be promising, as increasingly more complex and natural tendon-like structures are obtained. In this review, the nature of the tendon and the conventional treatments that have been applied so far are underlined. Then, a comparison between the different tendon tissue engineering approaches that have been proposed to date is made, focusing on each of the elements necessary to obtain the structures that allow adequate regeneration of the tendon: growth factors, cells, scaffolds and techniques for scaffold development. The analysis of all these aspects allows understanding, in a global way, the effect that each element used in the regeneration of the tendon has and, thus, clarify the possible future approaches by making new combinations of materials, designs, cells and bioactive molecules to achieve a personalized regeneration of a functional tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ruiz-Alonso
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Markel Lafuente-Merchan
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jesús Ciriza
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Laura Saenz-Del-Burgo
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - Jose Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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12
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Tejo-Otero A, Ritchie AC. Biological and mechanical evaluation of mineralized-hydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. J Biomater Appl 2021; 36:460-473. [PMID: 33596707 DOI: 10.1177/0885328221995425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan and gelatin have been extensively used in tissue engineering for a wide range of different applications, such as wound healing or bone regeneration, due to their advantages: excellent biocompatibility (promoting cell adhesion and proliferation), low price and biodegradability. Nonetheless, their main drawback is that they have poor mechanical properties, consequently restricting their use in bone tissue engineering. In previous studies, both materials were cross-linked, with added calcium minerals, which led to an improvement in both mechanical and biological properties. Therefore, this study carries out a mechanical and biological characterization of mineral-hydrogel scaffolds in order to find the best compositions. Different proportions of calcium compounds (CaCO3 and CaHPO4) are used to make up between 20% and 30% of the minerals used in a mineral-hydrogel mix. This addition of minerals enhances not only the mechanical properties, but also the biological ones. On the one hand, the higher the amount of minerals added to the composition, the better the mechanical properties obtained. Additionally, as the proportion of CaCO3 in comparison with CaHPO4 rises, the mechanical properties improve. On the other hand, both cell proliferation and mineralization are improved with the addition of calcium minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Tejo-Otero
- Bioengineering Research Group, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alastair C Ritchie
- Bioengineering Research Group, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham, UK
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13
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Shi Q, Chen Y, Li M, Zhang T, Ding S, Xu Y, Hu J, Chen C, Lu H. Designing a novel vacuum aspiration system to decellularize large-size enthesis with preservation of physicochemical and biological properties. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1364. [PMID: 33313109 PMCID: PMC7723548 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Functional and rapid enthesis regeneration remains a challenge after arthroscopic rotator cuff (RC) repair. Tissue-engineering a large-size biomimetic scaffold may be an adjuvant strategy to improve this clinical dilemma. Herein, we developed an optimized protocol to decellularize large-size enthesis as scaffolds for augmenting RC tear. Methods A novel vacuum aspiration system (VAS) was set up, which can provide a negative pressure to suck out cellular substances from tissue blocks without using chemical detergents. Large-size enthesis tissue specimens were harvested from canine infraspinatus tendon (IT) insertion, and then decellularized with an optimized protocol [freeze-thaw processing followed by nuclease digestion and phosphate buffer saline (PBS) rinsing in the custom-designed VAS], or a conventional protocol (freeze-thaw processing followed by nuclease digestion and PBS rinsing), thus fabricating two kinds of acellular enthesis matrix (AEM), namely C-AEM and O-AEM. After that, the C-AEM and O-AEM were comparatively evaluated from the aspect of their physicochemical and biological properties. Results Physiochemically, the O-AEM preserved the morphologies, ingredients, and tensile properties much better than the C-AEM. Biologically, in vitro studies demonstrated that both C-AEM and O-AEM show no cytotoxicity and low immunogenicity, which could promote stem cells attachment and proliferation. Interestingly, O-AEM showed better region-specific inducibility on the interacted stem cell down osteogenic, chondrogenic and tenogenic lineages compared with C-AEM. Additionally, using a canine IT repair model, the injured enthesis patched with O-AEM showed a significant improvement compared with the injured enthesis patched with C-AEM or direct suture histologically. Conclusions The proposed VAS may help us fabricate large-size AEM with good physicochemical and biological properties, and this AEM may have potential clinical applications in patching large/massive RC tear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shi
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Muzhi Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Shulin Ding
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Can Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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14
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He F, Lycke R, Ganji M, Xie C, Luan L. Ultraflexible Neural Electrodes for Long-Lasting Intracortical Recording. iScience 2020; 23:101387. [PMID: 32745989 PMCID: PMC7398974 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Implanted electrodes provide one of the most important neurotechniques for fundamental and translational neurosciences by permitting time-resolved electrical detection of individual neurons in vivo. However, conventional rigid electrodes typically cannot provide stable, long-lasting recordings. Numerous interwoven biotic and abiotic factors at the tissue-electrode interface lead to short- and long-term instability of the recording performance. Making neural electrodes flexible provides a promising approach to mitigate these challenges on the implants and at the tissue-electrode interface. Here we review the recent progress of ultraflexible neural electrodes and discuss the engineering principles, the material properties, and the implantation strategies to achieve stable tissue-electrode interface and reliable unit recordings in living brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA; NeuroEngineering Initiative, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Roy Lycke
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA; NeuroEngineering Initiative, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 107 Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mehran Ganji
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA; NeuroEngineering Initiative, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 107 Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chong Xie
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA; NeuroEngineering Initiative, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Lan Luan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA; NeuroEngineering Initiative, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Musculoskeletal injuries account for more than 70% of time away from sports. One of the reasons for the high number of injuries and long return to play is that we have only a very basic understanding of how our training alters tendon and ligament (sinew) structure and function. Sinews are highly dense tissues that are difficult to characterize both in vivo and in vitro. Recently, engineered ligaments have been developed in vitro using cells from human anterior cruciate ligaments or hamstring tendons. These three-dimensional tissues can be grown in a laboratory, treated with agents thought to affect sinew physiology, and then mechanically tested to determine their function. Using these tissues, we have learned that sinews, like bone, quickly become refractory to an exercise stimulus, suggesting that short (<10 min) periods of activity with relatively long (6 h) periods of rest are best to train these tissues. The engineered sinews have also shown how estrogen decreases sinew function and that a factor released following intense exercise increases sinew collagen synthesis and function. Last, engineered sinews are being used to screen possible nutritional interventions that may benefit tendon or ligament function. Using the data derived from these tissue-engineered sinews, new nutritional and training regimes are being designed and tested with the goal of minimizing injury and accelerating return to play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Baar
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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16
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Patel S, Caldwell JM, Doty SB, Levine WN, Rodeo S, Soslowsky LJ, Thomopoulos S, Lu HH. Integrating soft and hard tissues via interface tissue engineering. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1069-1077. [PMID: 29149506 PMCID: PMC6467291 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The enthesis, or interface between bone and soft tissues such as ligament and tendon, is prone to injury and often does not heal, even post surgical intervention. Interface tissue engineering represents an integrative strategy for regenerating the native enthesis by functionally connecting soft and hard tissues and thereby improving clinical outcome. This review focuses on integrative and cell-instructive scaffold designs that target the healing of the two most commonly injured soft tissue-bone junctions: tendon-bone interface (e.g., rotator cuff) and ligament-bone interface (e.g., anterior cruciate ligament). The inherent connectivity between soft and hard tissues is instrumental for musculoskeletal motion and is therefore a key design criterion for soft tissue regeneration. To this end, scaffold design for soft tissue regeneration have progressed from single tissue systems to the emerging focus on pre-integrated and functional composite tissue units. Specifically, a multifaceted, bioinspired approach has been pursued wherein scaffolds are tailored to stimulate relevant cell responses using spatially patterned structural and chemical cues, growth factors, and/or mechanical stimulation. Moreover, current efforts to elucidate the essential scaffold design criteria via strategic biomimicry are emphasized as these will reduce complexity in composite tissue regeneration and ease the related burden for clinical translation. These innovative studies underscore the clinical relevance of engineering connective tissue integration and have broader impact in the formation of complex tissues and total joint regeneration. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1069-1077, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahishnu Patel
- Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Jon-Michael Caldwell
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Stephen B. Doty
- Analytical Microscopy Core Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10021
| | - William N. Levine
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Scott Rodeo
- Soft Tissue Research Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10021
| | - Louis J. Soslowsky
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- Carroll Laboratories of Orthopedic Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Helen H. Lu
- Biomaterials and Interface Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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17
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Lee-Barthel A, Lee CA, Vidal MA, Baar K. Localized BMP-4 release improves the enthesis of engineered bone-to-bone ligaments. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Lee-Barthel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of California Davis; Davis CA USA
| | - C. A. Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; University of California Davis; Sacramento CA USA
| | - M. A. Vidal
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; University of California Davis; Davis CA USA
| | - K. Baar
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior; University of California Davis; Davis CA USA
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18
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Douglas TEL, Schietse J, Zima A, Gorodzha S, Parakhonskiy BV, KhaleNkow D, Shkarin R, Ivanova A, Baumbach T, Weinhardt V, Stevens CV, Vanhoorne V, Vervaet C, Balcaen L, Vanhaecke F, Slośarczyk A, Surmeneva MA, Surmenev RA, Skirtach AG. Novel self-gelling injectable hydrogel/alpha-tricalcium phosphate composites for bone regeneration: Physiochemical and microcomputer tomographical characterization. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 106:822-828. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. L. Douglas
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Engineering Department; Lancaster University; Lancaster United Kingdom
- Materials Science Institute (MSI); Lancaster University; Lancaster United Kingdom
| | - Josefien Schietse
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Aneta Zima
- Department of Ceramics and Refractories; AGH University of Science and Technology; Kraków Poland
| | - Svetlana Gorodzha
- Department of Experimental Physics; National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University; Tomsk Russia
| | - Bogdan V. Parakhonskiy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics”; Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography; RAS Moscow Russia
- Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems, Saratov State University; Saratov Russia
| | - Dmitry KhaleNkow
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Roman Shkarin
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Anna Ivanova
- FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics”; Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography; RAS Moscow Russia
| | - Tilo Baumbach
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe Germany
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Venera Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe Germany
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe Germany
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Christian V. Stevens
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Valérie Vanhoorne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Chris Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Lieve Balcaen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Vanhaecke
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anna Slośarczyk
- Engineering Department; Lancaster University; Lancaster United Kingdom
| | - Maria A. Surmeneva
- Department of Experimental Physics; National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University; Tomsk Russia
| | - Roman A. Surmenev
- Department of Experimental Physics; National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University; Tomsk Russia
| | - Andre G. Skirtach
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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19
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Nitta S, Komatsu A, Ishii T, Ohnishi M, Inoue A, Iwamoto H. Fabrication and characterization of water-dispersed chitosan nanofiber/poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate/calcium phosphate-based porous composites. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 174:1034-1040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Boys AJ, McCorry MC, Rodeo S, Bonassar LJ, Estroff LA. Next Generation Tissue Engineering of Orthopedic Soft Tissue-to-Bone Interfaces. MRS COMMUNICATIONS 2017; 7:289-308. [PMID: 29333332 PMCID: PMC5761353 DOI: 10.1557/mrc.2017.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Soft tissue-to-bone interfaces are complex structures that consist of gradients of extracellular matrix materials, cell phenotypes, and biochemical signals. These interfaces, called entheses for ligaments, tendons, and the meniscus, are crucial to joint function, transferring mechanical loads and stabilizing orthopedic joints. When injuries occur to connected soft tissue, the enthesis must be re-established to restore function, but due to structural complexity, repair has proven challenging. Tissue engineering offers a promising solution for regenerating these tissues. This prospective review discusses methodologies for tissue engineering the enthesis, outlined in three key design inputs: materials processing methods, cellular contributions, and biochemical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Boys
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | | - Scott Rodeo
- Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
- Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
- Tissue Engineering, Regeneration, and Repair Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
- Orthopedic Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Cornell University, New York, NY
- New York Giants, East Rutherford, NJ
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Lara A Estroff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
- Kavli Institute at Cornell, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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21
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Wen B, Shafer D, Schleier P, Pendrys D, Kuhn L, Freilich M. Implant-guided supracrestal alveolar bone growth using scaffolds, BMP-2, and novel scaffold-retaining device. Clin Oral Implants Res 2017; 28:1411-1420. [DOI: 10.1111/clr.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wen
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery; Division of Implant Dentistry; Nanjing Stomatological Hospital; Medical School of Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - David Shafer
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences; Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery; School of Dental Medicine; University of Connecticut; Farmington CT USA
| | - Peter Schleier
- Department of head and neck; Stavanger University Hospital; Stavanger Norway
| | - David Pendrys
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences; School of Dental Medicine; University of Connecticut; Farmington CT USA
| | - Liisa Kuhn
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences; Center for Biomaterials; School of Dental Medicine; University of Connecticut; Farmington CT USA
| | - Martin Freilich
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences; Center for Biomaterials; School of Dental Medicine; University of Connecticut; Farmington CT USA
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22
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Xu K, Kuntz LA, Foehr P, Kuempel K, Wagner A, Tuebel J, Deimling CV, Burgkart RH. Efficient decellularization for tissue engineering of the tendon-bone interface with preservation of biomechanics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171577. [PMID: 28170430 PMCID: PMC5295703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interfaces between tendon/ligament and bone (“entheses”) are highly specialized tissues that allow for stress transfer between mechanically dissimilar materials. Entheses show very low regenerative capacity resulting in high incidences of failure after surgical repair. Tissue engineering is a promising approach to recover functionality of entheses. Here, we established a protocol to decellularize porcine entheses as scaffolds for enthesis tissue engineering. Chemical detergents as well as physical treatments were investigated with regard to their efficiency to decellularize 2 mm thick porcine Achilles tendon entheses. A two-phase approach was employed: study 1 investigated the effect of various concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and t-octylphenoxypolyethoxy-ethanol (Triton X-100) as decellularization agents. The most efficient combination of SDS and Triton was then carried forward into study 2, where different physical methods, including freeze-thaw cycles, ultrasound, perfusion, and hydrostatic washing were used to enhance the decellularization effect. Cell counts, DNA quantification, and histology showed that washing with 0.5% SDS + 1% Triton X-100 for 72 h at room temperature could remove ~ 98% cells from the interface. Further investigation of physical methods proved that washing under 200 mmHg hydrostatic pressure shortened the detergent exposing time from 72 h to 48 h. Biomechanical tensile testing showed that the biomechanical features of treated samples were preserved. Washing under 200 mmHg hydrostatic pressure with 0.5% SDS + 1% Triton X-100 for 48 h efficiently decellularized entheses with preservation of matrix structure and biomechanical features. This protocol can be used to efficiently decellularize entheses as scaffolds for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sportsorthopaedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Lara A Kuntz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sportsorthopaedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Foehr
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sportsorthopaedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Kuempel
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sportsorthopaedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Wagner
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sportsorthopaedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Jutta Tuebel
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sportsorthopaedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Constantin V Deimling
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sportsorthopaedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer H Burgkart
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sportsorthopaedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
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23
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Shaw G, Lee-Barthel A, Ross MLR, Wang B, Baar K. Vitamin C-enriched gelatin supplementation before intermittent activity augments collagen synthesis. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:136-143. [PMID: 27852613 PMCID: PMC5183725 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.138594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Musculoskeletal injuries are the most common complaint in active populations. More than 50% of all injuries in sports can be classified as sprains, strains, ruptures, or breaks of musculoskeletal tissues. Nutritional and/or exercise interventions that increase collagen synthesis and strengthen these tissues could have an important effect on injury rates. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to determine whether gelatin supplementation could increase collagen synthesis. DESIGN Eight healthy male subjects completed a randomized, double-blinded, crossover-design study in which they consumed either 5 or 15 g of vitamin C-enriched gelatin or a placebo control. After the initial drink, blood was taken every 30 min to determine amino acid content in the blood. A larger blood sample was taken before and 1 h after consumption of gelatin for treatment of engineered ligaments. One hour after the initial supplement, the subjects completed 6 min of rope-skipping to stimulate collagen synthesis. This pattern of supplementation was repeated 3 times/d with ≥6 h between exercise bouts for 3 d. Blood was drawn before and 4, 24, 48, and 72 h after the first exercise bout for determination of amino-terminal propeptide of collagen I content. RESULTS Supplementation with increasing amounts of gelatin increased circulating glycine, proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine, peaking 1 h after the supplement was given. Engineered ligaments treated for 6 d with serum from samples collected before or 1 h after subjects consumed a placebo or 5 or 15 g gelatin showed increased collagen content and improved mechanics. Subjects who took 15 g gelatin 1 h before exercise showed double the amino-terminal propeptide of collagen I in their blood, indicating increased collagen synthesis. CONCLUSION These data suggest that adding gelatin to an intermittent exercise program improves collagen synthesis and could play a beneficial role in injury prevention and tissue repair. This trial was registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12616001092482.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Shaw
- Sport Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Megan LR Ross
- Sport Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia;,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; Departments of
| | - Bing Wang
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Keith Baar
- Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior and .,Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA
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24
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Aziz AH, Wahlquist J, Sollner A, Ferguson V, DelRio FW, Bryant SJ. Mechanical characterization of sequentially layered photo-clickable thiol-ene hydrogels. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 65:454-465. [PMID: 27664813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multi-layer hydrogels are promising for tissue engineering due to the ability to control the local properties within each layer. However, the interface that forms between each layer has the potential to affect the performance of the hydrogel. The goals of this study were to characterize how the interface forms via its thickness and mechanical properties, identify its impact on the overall hydrogel properties, and provide new insights into how to control the interface. A photo-clickable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel was used to form bilayer hydrogels that were sequentially polymerized in a step-and-repeat process. Different processing conditions were studied: the time (0-20min) before initiating polymerization of the second layer (soak time, ts) and the hydrogel crosslink density (the same, less crosslinked, or more crosslinked) of the first layer as compared to the second layer. Interface thickness was characterized by confocal microscopy, monomer transport by Fickian diffusion, single and bilayer hydrogel mechanics by bulk moduli measurements, and interface moduli measurements using AFM, nanoindentation, and strain mapping. The interface thickness ranged from ~70 to 600μm (1-10% of total height) depending on processing conditions, but did not affect the bulk hydrogel modulus. Analysis of monomer transport revealed that convection, due to changes in hydrogel swelling, and diffusion contribute to interface thickness. Nanomechanical analysis of bilayer hydrogels formed from soft (75kPa) and stiff (250kPa) layers showed a gradient in elastic modulus across the interface, which corresponded to strain maps. In summary, this work identifies that diffusive and convective transport of monomers across the interface controls its thickness and that a mechanically robust interface forms, which does not affect the hydrogel modulus. By controlling the processing conditions, the thickness of the interface can be tuned without affecting the mechanical properties of the bulk hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H Aziz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Joseph Wahlquist
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Aaron Sollner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Virginia Ferguson
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Material Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Frank W DelRio
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Stephanie J Bryant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Material Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
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25
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Li H, Fan J, Sun L, Liu X, Cheng P, Fan H. Functional regeneration of ligament-bone interface using a triphasic silk-based graft. Biomaterials 2016; 106:180-92. [PMID: 27566867 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradable silk-based scaffold with unique mechanical property and biocompatibility represents a favorable ligamentous graft for tissue-engineering anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. However, the low efficiency of ligament-bone interface restoration barriers the isotropic silk graft to common ACL therapeutics. To enhance the regeneration of the silk-mediated interface, we developed a specialized stratification approach implementing a sequential modification on isotropic silk to constitute a triphasic silk-based graft in which three regions respectively referring to ligament, cartilage and bone layers of interface were divided, followed by respective biomaterial coating. Furthermore, three types of cells including bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), chondrocytes and osteoblasts were respectively seeded on the ligament, cartilage and bone region of the triphasic silk graft, and the cell/scaffold complex was rolled up as a multilayered graft mimicking the stratified structure of native ligament-bone interface. In vitro, the trilineage cells loaded on the triphasic silk scaffold revealed a high proliferative capacity as well as enhanced differentiation ability into their corresponding cell lineage. 24 weeks postoperatively after the construct was implanted to repair the ACL defect in rabbit model, the silk-based ligamentous graft exhibited the enhancement of osseointegration detected by a robust pullout force and formation of three-layered structure along with conspicuously corresponding matrix deposition via micro-CT and histological analysis. These findings potentially broaden the application of silk-based ligamentous graft for ACL reconstruction and further large animal study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguo Li
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China; Department of Orthopaedics, 513 Hospital of PLA, Lanzhou, 732750, China
| | - Jiabing Fan
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Liguo Sun
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xincheng Liu
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Pengzhen Cheng
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hongbin Fan
- Institute of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi-jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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26
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Nojoomi A, Tamjid E, Simchi A, Bonakdar S, Stroeve P. Injectable polyethylene glycol-laponite composite hydrogels as articular cartilage scaffolds with superior mechanical and rheological properties. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2016.1182914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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27
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Negahi Shirazi A, Chrzanowski W, Khademhosseini A, Dehghani F. Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Structure, Injuries and Regenerative Treatments. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 881:161-86. [PMID: 26545750 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22345-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most vulnerable ligaments of the knee. ACL impairment results in episodic instability, chondral and meniscal injury and early osteoarthritis. The poor self-healing capacity of ACL makes surgical treatment inevitable. Current ACL reconstructions include a substitution of torn ACL via biological grafts such as autograft, allograft. This review provides an insight of ACL structure, orientation and properties followed by comparing the performance of various constructs that have been used for ACL replacement. New approaches, undertaken to induce ACL regeneration and fabricate biomimetic scaffolds, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Negahi Shirazi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | | | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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28
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Gorodzha S, Douglas TEL, Samal SK, Detsch R, Cholewa-Kowalska K, Braeckmans K, Boccaccini AR, Skirtach AG, Weinhardt V, Baumbach T, Surmeneva MA, Surmenev RA. High-resolution synchrotron X-ray analysis of bioglass-enriched hydrogels. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:1194-201. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Gorodzha
- Department of Experimental Physics; National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University; Russia
| | | | - Sangram K. Samal
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University; Belgium
| | - Rainer Detsch
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Cauerstr. 6 Erlangen 91058 Germany
| | - Katarzyna Cholewa-Kowalska
- Department of Glass Technology and Amorphous Coatings; AGH University of Science and Technology; Krakow Poland
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University; Belgium
| | - Aldo R. Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Cauerstr. 6 Erlangen 91058 Germany
| | - Andre G. Skirtach
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology; Coupure Links 653, Ghent University; Belgium
| | - Venera Weinhardt
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Tilo Baumbach
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Maria A. Surmeneva
- Department of Experimental Physics; National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University; Russia
| | - Roman A. Surmenev
- Department of Experimental Physics; National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University; Russia
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB; Stuttgart Germany
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29
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Wang A, Williams RL, Jumbu N, Paxton JZ, Davis ET, Snow MA, Campbell Ritchie A, Johansson CB, Sammons RL, Grover LM. Development of tissue engineered ligaments with titanium spring reinforcement. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18005a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium spring reinforced tissue-engineered ligament replacement: enhancing construct stiffness, load propagation and robustness under cyclic loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Wang
- The School of Dentistry
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham
- UK
| | | | - Neeraj Jumbu
- The Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham
- UK
| | | | - Edward T. Davis
- The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
- Birmingham
- UK
| | - Martyn A. Snow
- The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
- Birmingham
- UK
| | | | - Carina B. Johansson
- Department of Prosthodontics/Dental Materials Science
- Institute of Odontology
- The Sahlgrenska Academy
- University of Gothenburg
- Gothenburg
| | | | - Liam M. Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham
- UK
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30
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Wudebwe UNG, Bannerman A, Goldberg-Oppenheimer P, Paxton JZ, Williams RL, Grover LM. Exploiting cell-mediated contraction and adhesion to structure tissues in vitro. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140200. [PMID: 25533106 PMCID: PMC4275918 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in tissue engineering is now impacting beyond the field of regenerative medicine. Engineered tissues are now used as tools to evaluate the toxicity of compounds or even to enable the modelling of disease. While many of the materials that are used to facilitate tissue growth are designed to enable cell attachment, many researchers consider that the contraction and modification of these matrices by attached cells is not desirable and take measures to prevent this from occurring. Where substantial alignment of the molecules within tissues, however, is a feature of structure the process of contraction can be exploited to guide new matrix deposition. In this paper, we will demonstrate how we have used the cell contraction process to generate tissues with high levels of organization. The tissues that have been grown in the laboratory have been characterized using a suite of analytical techniques to demonstrate significant levels of matrix organization and mechanical behaviour analogous to natural tissues. This paper provides an overview of research that has been undertaken to determine how tissues have been grown in vitro with structuring from the molecular, right through to the macroscopic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchena N G Wudebwe
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alistair Bannerman
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Jennifer Z Paxton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Richard L Williams
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Liam M Grover
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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31
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Liu X, Chen W, Gustafson CT, Miller AL, Waletzki BE, Yaszemski MJ, Lu L. Tunable tissue scaffolds fabricated by in situ crosslink in phase separation system. RSC Adv 2015; 5:100824-100833. [PMID: 26989479 DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19406g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3-D) scaffolds with intrinsic porous structures are desirable in various tissue regeneration applications. In this study, a unique method that combines thermally induced phase separation with a photocrosslinking process was developed for the fabrication of 3-D crosslinked polymer scaffolds with densely interconnected porous structures. Biodegradable poly(propylene fumarate)-co-poly(L-lactic acid) with crosslinkable fumarate bonds were used as the structural polymer material and a dioxane/water binary system was applied for the phase separation. By altering the polymer composition (9, 5 and 3 wt%), different types of scaffolds with distinct morphology, mechanical strength, degradation rate, cell growth and morphology, and extracellular matrix production were fabricated. These crosslinked 3-D porous scaffolds with tunable strength and biological responses show promise for potential applications in regenerative therapies, including bone and neural tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Liu
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Laboratory, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Wenjian Chen
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Laboratory, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Carl T Gustafson
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Laboratory, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - A Lee Miller
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Laboratory, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Brian E Waletzki
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Laboratory, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael J Yaszemski
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Laboratory, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Lichun Lu
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Laboratory, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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32
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West DWD, Lee-Barthel A, McIntyre T, Shamim B, Lee CA, Baar K. The exercise-induced biochemical milieu enhances collagen content and tensile strength of engineered ligaments. J Physiol 2015; 593:4665-75. [PMID: 26282066 DOI: 10.1113/jp270737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise stimulates a dramatic change in the concentration of circulating hormones, such as growth hormone (GH), but the biological functions of this response are unclear. Pharmacological GH administration stimulates collagen synthesis; however, whether the post-exercise systemic milieu has a similar action is unknown. We aimed to determine whether the collagen content and tensile strength of tissue-engineered ligaments is enhanced by serum obtained post-exercise. Primary cells from a human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) were used to engineer ligament constructs in vitro. Blood obtained from 12 healthy young men 15 min after resistance exercise contained GH concentrations that were ∼7-fold greater than resting serum (P < 0.001), whereas IGF-1 was not elevated at this time point (P = 0.21 vs. rest). Ligament constructs were treated for 7 days with medium supplemented with serum obtained at rest (RestTx) or 15 min post-exercise (ExTx), before tensile testing and collagen content analysis. Compared with RestTx, ExTx enhanced collagen content (+19%; 181 ± 33 vs. 215 ± 40 μg per construct P = 0.001) and ligament mechanical properties - maximal tensile load (+17%, P = 0.03 vs. RestTx) and ultimate tensile strength (+10%, P = 0.15 vs. RestTx). In a separate set of engineered ligaments, recombinant IGF-1, but not GH, enhanced collagen content and mechanics. Bioassays in 2D culture revealed that acute treatment with post-exercise serum activated mTORC1 and ERK1/2. In conclusion, the post-exercise biochemical milieu, but not recombinant GH, enhances collagen content and tensile strength of engineered ligaments, in association with mTORC1 and ERK1/2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W D West
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ann Lee-Barthel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Todd McIntyre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Baubak Shamim
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behaviour, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Cassandra A Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Keith Baar
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behaviour, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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33
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Lee CA, Lee-Barthel A, Marquino L, Sandoval N, Marcotte GR, Baar K. Estrogen inhibits lysyl oxidase and decreases mechanical function in engineered ligaments. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:1250-7. [PMID: 25979936 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00823.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Women are more likely to suffer an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture than men, and the incidence of ACL rupture in women rises with increasing estrogen levels. We used an engineered ligament model to determine how an acute rise in estrogen decreases the mechanical properties of ligaments. Using fibroblasts isolated from human ACLs from male or female donors, we engineered ligaments and determined that ligaments made from female ACL cells had more collagen and were equal in strength to those made from male ACL cells. We then treated engineered ligaments for 14 days with low (5 pg/ml), medium (50 pg/ml), or high (500 pg/ml) estrogen, corresponding to the range of in vivo serum estrogen concentrations and found that collagen within the grafts increased without a commensurate increase in mechanical strength. Mimicking the menstrual cycle, with 12 days of low estrogen followed by 2 days of physiologically high estrogen, resulted in a decrease in engineered ligament mechanical function with no change in the amount of collagen in the graft. The decrease in mechanical stiffness corresponded with a 61.7 and 76.9% decrease in the activity of collagen cross-linker lysyl oxidase with 24 and 48 h of high estrogen, respectively. Similarly, grafts treated with the lysyl oxidase inhibitor β-aminoproprionitrile (BAPN) for 24 h showed a significant decrease in ligament mechanical strength [control (CON) = 1.58 ± 0.06 N; BAPN = 1.06 ± 0.13 N] and stiffness (CON = 7.7 ± 0.46 MPa; BAPN = 6.1 ± 0.71 MPa) without changing overall collagen levels (CON = 396 ± 11.5 μg; BAPN = 382 ± 11.6 μg). Together, these data suggest that the rise in estrogen during the follicular phase decreases lysyl oxidase activity in our engineered ligament model and if this occurs in vivo may decrease the stiffness of ligaments and contribute to the elevated rate of ACL rupture in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra A Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Davis, California
| | - Ann Lee-Barthel
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California; and
| | - Louise Marquino
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Natalie Sandoval
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California
| | - George R Marcotte
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Keith Baar
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California; and Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California
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34
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Armitage OE, Oyen ML. Hard-Soft Tissue Interface Engineering. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 881:187-204. [PMID: 26545751 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22345-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system is comprised of three distinct tissue categories: structural mineralized tissues, actuating muscular soft tissues, and connective tissues. Where connective tissues - ligament, tendon and cartilage - meet with bones, a graded interface in mechanical properties occurs that allows the transmission of load without creating stress concentrations that would cause tissue damage. This interface typically occurs over less than 1 mm and contains a three order of magnitude difference in elastic stiffness, in addition to changes in cell type and growth factor concentrations among others. Like all engineered tissues, the replication of these interfaces requires the production of scaffolds that will provide chemical and mechanical cues, resulting in biologically accurate cellular differentiation. For interface tissues however, the scaffold must provide spatially graded chemical and mechanical cues over sub millimetre length scales. Naturally, this complicates the manufacture of the scaffolds and every stage of their subsequent cell seeding and growth, as each region has different optimal conditions. Given the higher degree of difficulty associated with replicating interface tissues compared to surrounding homogeneous tissues, it is likely that the development of complex musculoskeletal tissue systems will continue to be limited by the engineering of connective tissues interfaces with bone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle L Oyen
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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35
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Liu X, Miller AL, Waletzki BE, Yaszemski MJ, Lu L. Novel biodegradable poly(propylene fumarate)- co-poly(l-lactic acid) porous scaffolds fabricated by phase separation for tissue engineering applications. RSC Adv 2015; 5:21301-21309. [PMID: 26989483 PMCID: PMC4792309 DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00508f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffolds with intrinsically interconnected porous structures are highly desirable in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this study, three-dimensional polymer scaffolds with highly interconnected porous structures were fabricated by thermally induced phase separation of novel synthesized biodegradable poly(propylene fumarate)-co-poly(l-lactic acid) in a dioxane/water binary system. Defined porous scaffolds were achieved by optimizing conditions to attain interconnected porous structures. The effect of phase separation parameters on scaffold morphology were investigated, including polymer concentration (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9%), quench time (1, 4, and 8 min), dioxane/water ratio (83/17, 85/15, and 87/13 wt/wt), and freeze temperature (-20, -80, and -196 °C). Interesting pore morphologies were created by adjusting these processing parameters, e.g., flower-shaped (5%; 85/15; 1 min; -80 °C), spherulite-like (5%; 85/15; 8 min; -80 °C), and bead-like (5%; 87/13; 1 min; -80 °C) morphology. Modulation of phase separation conditions also resulted in remarkable differences in scaffold porosities (81% to 91%) and thermal properties. Furthermore, scaffolds with varied mechanic strengths, degradation rates, and protein adsorption capabilities could be fabricated using the phase separation method. In summary, this work provides an effective route to generate multi-dimensional porous scaffolds that can be applied to a variety of hydrophobic polymers and copolymers. The generated scaffolds could potentially be useful for various tissue engineering applications including bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - A. Lee Miller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Brian E. Waletzki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael J. Yaszemski
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Lichun Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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36
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Engineering complex orthopaedic tissues via strategic biomimicry. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:697-717. [PMID: 25465616 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The primary current challenge in regenerative engineering resides in the simultaneous formation of more than one type of tissue, as well as their functional assembly into complex tissues or organ systems. Tissue-tissue synchrony is especially important in the musculoskeletal system, wherein overall organ function is enabled by the seamless integration of bone with soft tissues such as ligament, tendon, or cartilage, as well as the integration of muscle with tendon. Therefore, in lieu of a traditional single-tissue system (e.g., bone, ligament), composite tissue scaffold designs for the regeneration of functional connective tissue units (e.g., bone-ligament-bone) are being actively investigated. Closely related is the effort to re-establish tissue-tissue interfaces, which is essential for joining these tissue building blocks and facilitating host integration. Much of the research at the forefront of the field has centered on bioinspired stratified or gradient scaffold designs which aim to recapitulate the structural and compositional inhomogeneity inherent across distinct tissue regions. As such, given the complexity of these musculoskeletal tissue units, the key question is how to identify the most relevant parameters for recapitulating the native structure-function relationships in the scaffold design. Therefore, the focus of this review, in addition to presenting the state-of-the-art in complex scaffold design, is to explore how strategic biomimicry can be applied in engineering tissue connectivity. The objective of strategic biomimicry is to avoid over-engineering by establishing what needs to be learned from nature and defining the essential matrix characteristics that must be reproduced in scaffold design. Application of this engineering strategy for the regeneration of the most common musculoskeletal tissue units (e.g., bone-ligament-bone, muscle-tendon-bone, cartilage-bone) will be discussed in this review. It is anticipated that these exciting efforts will enable integrative and functional repair of soft tissue injuries, and moreover, lay the foundation for the development of composite tissue systems and ultimately, total limb or joint regeneration.
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37
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Correia SI, Pereira H, Silva-Correia J, Van Dijk CN, Espregueira-Mendes J, Oliveira JM, Reis RL. Current concepts: tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications in the ankle joint. J R Soc Interface 2013; 11:20130784. [PMID: 24352667 PMCID: PMC3899856 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) has caused a revolution in present and future trends of medicine and surgery. In different tissues, advanced TERM approaches bring new therapeutic possibilities in general population as well as in young patients and high-level athletes, improving restoration of biological functions and rehabilitation. The mainstream components required to obtain a functional regeneration of tissues may include biodegradable scaffolds, drugs or growth factors and different cell types (either autologous or heterologous) that can be cultured in bioreactor systems (in vitro) prior to implantation into the patient. Particularly in the ankle, which is subject to many different injuries (e.g. acute, chronic, traumatic and degenerative), there is still no definitive and feasible answer to ‘conventional’ methods. This review aims to provide current concepts of TERM applications to ankle injuries under preclinical and/or clinical research applied to skin, tendon, bone and cartilage problems. A particular attention has been given to biomaterial design and scaffold processing with potential use in osteochondral ankle lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Correia
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, , Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, S. Cláudio de Barco, Taipas, Guimarães 4806-909, Portugal
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38
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Lu HH, Thomopoulos S. Functional attachment of soft tissues to bone: development, healing, and tissue engineering. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2013; 15:201-26. [PMID: 23642244 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071910-124656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissues such as tendons or ligaments attach to bone across a multitissue interface with spatial gradients in composition, structure, and mechanical properties. These gradients minimize stress concentrations and mediate load transfer between the soft and hard tissues. Given the high incidence of tendon and ligament injuries and the lack of integrative solutions for their repair, interface regeneration remains a significant clinical challenge. This review begins with a description of the developmental processes and the resultant structure-function relationships that translate into the functional grading necessary for stress transfer between soft tissue and bone. It then discusses the interface healing response, with a focus on the influence of mechanical loading and the role of cell-cell interactions. The review continues with a description of current efforts in interface tissue engineering, highlighting key strategies for the regeneration of the soft tissue-to-bone interface, and concludes with a summary of challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen H Lu
- Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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39
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Biocompatibility evaluation of polyethylene terephthalate artificial ligament coating hydroxyapatite by fibroblasts cells in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12204-012-1352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Bailey BM, Fei R, Munoz-Pinto D, Hahn MS, Grunlan MA. PDMS(star)-PEG hydrogels prepared via solvent-induced phase separation (SIPS) and their potential utility as tissue engineering scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:4324-33. [PMID: 22842033 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic-organic hydrogels based on methacrylated star polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS(star)-MA) and diacrylated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-DA) macromers were prepared via solvent-induced phase separation (SIPS). The macromers were combined in a dichloromethane precursor solution and sequentially photopolymerized, dried and hydrated. The chemical and physical properties of the hydrogels were further tailored by varying the number average molecular weight (M(n)) of PEG-DA (M(n)=3.4k and 6k gmol(-1)) as well as the weight percent ratio of PDMS(star)-MA (M(n)=7k gmol(-1)) to PEG-DA from 0:100 to 20:80. Compared to analogous hydrogels fabricated from aqueous precursor solutions, SIPS produced hydrogels with a macroporous morphology, a more even distribution of PDMS(star)-MA, increased modulus and enhanced degradation rates. The morphology, swelling ratio, mechanical properties, bioactivity, non-specific protein adhesion, controlled introduction of cell adhesion, and cytocompatibility of the hydrogels were characterized. As a result of their tunable properties, this library of hydrogels is useful to study material-guided cell behavior and ultimate tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan M Bailey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120, USA
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41
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Dua R, Ramaswamy S. Relative survivability of human osteoblasts is enhanced by 39 °C and ascorbic acid after exposure to photopolymerization ingredients. Cytotechnology 2012; 65:587-96. [PMID: 23117200 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-012-9512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Photopolymerizable hydrogels offer great potential in cartilage tissue engineering due to their ability to conform to irregular defect shapes and be applied in a potentially minimally invasive manner. An important process requirement in the use of photopolymerizable hydrogels is the ability of the suspended cells to withstand low intensity ultraviolet light (UV) exposure (4-5 mW/cm(2)) and photoinitiator concentrations. For cartilage integration with underlying subchondral bone tissue, robust localized osteoblast activity is necessary. Yet, while it is known that osteoblasts do not respond well to UV light, limited work has been conducted to improve their survivability. In this study, we evaluated the cellular cytotoxicity of five different human cell sources at different UV exposure times, with and without a commercially used photoinitiator. We were able to confirm that human osteoblasts were the least tolerant to varying UV exposure times in comparison to bone marrow stem cell, periodontal ligament cell, smooth muscle and endothelial cell lineages. Moreover osteoblasts cultured at 39 °C did not deteriorate in terms of alkaline phosphatase expression or calcium deposition within the extracellular matrix (ECM), but did reduce cell proliferation. We believe however that the lower proliferation diminished osteoblast sensitivity to UV and the photoinitiator. In fact, the relative survivability of osteoblasts was found to be augmented by the combination of a biochemical factor and an elevated incubation temperature; specifically, the use of 50 mg/l of the anti-oxidant, ascorbic acid significantly (P < 0.05) increased the survivability of osteoblasts when cultured at 39 °C. We conclude that ascorbic acid at an incubation temperature of 39 °C can be included in in vitro protocols used to assess cartilage integration with bone ECM. Such inclusion will enhance conditions of the engineered tissue model system in recapitulating in vivo osteoblast activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Dua
- Tissue Engineered Mechanics, Imaging and Materials Laboratory (TEMIM Lab), Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, 10555 W. Flagler Street, EC 2612, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
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Hagerty P, Lee A, Calve S, Lee CA, Vidal M, Baar K. The effect of growth factors on both collagen synthesis and tensile strength of engineered human ligaments. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6355-61. [PMID: 22698725 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors play a central role in the development and remodelling of musculoskeletal tissues. To determine which growth factors optimized in vitro ligament formation and mechanics, a Box-Behnken designed array of varying concentrations of growth factors and ascorbic acid were applied to engineered ligaments and the collagen content and mechanics of the grafts were determined. Increasing the amount of transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 led to an additive effect on ligament collagen and maximal tensile load (MTL). In contrast, epidermal growth factor (EGF) had a negative effect on both collagen content and MTL. The predicted optimal growth media (50 μg/ml TGFβ, IGF-1, and GDF-7 and 200 μM ascorbic acid) was then validated in two separate trials: showing a 5.7-fold greater MTL and 5.2-fold more collagen than a minimal media. Notably, the effect of the maximized growth media was scalable such that larger constructs developed the same material properties, but larger MTL. These results show that optimizing the interactions between growth factors and engineered ligament volume results in an engineered ligament of clinically relevant function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hagerty
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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43
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Anderson JM, Patterson JL, Vines JB, Javed A, Gilbert SR, Jun HW. Biphasic peptide amphiphile nanomatrix embedded with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles for stimulated osteoinductive response. ACS NANO 2011; 5:9463-79. [PMID: 22077993 PMCID: PMC3691849 DOI: 10.1021/nn203247m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Formation of the native bone extracellular matrix (ECM) provides an attractive template for bone tissue engineering. The structural support and biological complexity of bone ECM are provided within a composite microenvironment that consists of an organic fibrous network reinforced by inorganic hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles. Recreating this biphasic assembly, a bone ECM analogous scaffold comprising self-assembling peptide amphiphile (PA) nanofibers and interspersed HA nanoparticles was investigated. PAs were endowed with biomolecular ligand signaling using a synthetically inscribed peptide sequence (i.e., RGDS) and integrated with HA nanoparticles to form a biphasic nanomatrix hydrogel. It was hypothesized the biphasic hydrogel would induce osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and improve bone healing as mediated by RGDS ligand signaling within PA nanofibers and embedded HA mineralization source. Viscoelastic stability of the biphasic PA hydrogels was evaluated with different weight concentrations of HA for improved gelation. After demonstrating initial viability, long-term cellularity and osteoinduction of encapsulated hMSCs in different PA hydrogels were studied in vitro. Temporal progression of osteogenic maturation was assessed by gene expression of key markers. A preliminary animal study demonstrated bone healing capacity of the biphasic PA nanomatrix under physiological conditions using a critical size femoral defect rat model. The combination of RGDS ligand signaling and HA nanoparticles within the biphasic PA nanomatrix hydrogel demonstrated the most effective osteoinduction and comparative bone healing response. Therefore, the biphasic PA nanomatrix establishes a well-organized scaffold with increased similarity to natural bone ECM with the prospect for improved bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M. Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, United States
| | - Jessica L. Patterson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, United States
| | - Jeremy B. Vines
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, United States
| | - Amjad Javed
- Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, United States
| | - Shawn R. Gilbert
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, United States
| | - Ho-Wook Jun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, United States
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44
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Tissue engineering strategies in ligament regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2012:374676. [PMID: 22242032 PMCID: PMC3253484 DOI: 10.1155/2012/374676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligaments are dense fibrous connective tissues that connect bones to other bones and their injuries are frequently encountered in the clinic. The current clinical approaches in ligament repair and regeneration are limited to autografts, as the gold standard, and allografts. Both of these techniques have their own drawbacks that limit the success in clinical setting; therefore, new strategies are being developed in order to be able to solve the current problems of ligament grafting. Tissue engineering is a novel promising technique that aims to solve these problems, by producing viable artificial ligament substitutes in the laboratory conditions with the potential of transplantation to the patients with a high success rate. Direct cell and/or growth factor injection to the defect site is another current approach aiming to enhance the repair process of the native tissue. This review summarizes the current approaches in ligament tissue engineering strategies including the use of scaffolds, their modification techniques, as well as the use of bioreactors to achieve enhanced regeneration rates, while also discussing the advances in growth factor and cell therapy applications towards obtaining enhanced ligament regeneration.
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45
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Paxton JZ, Hagerty P, Andrick JJ, Baar K. Optimizing an intermittent stretch paradigm using ERK1/2 phosphorylation results in increased collagen synthesis in engineered ligaments. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 18:277-84. [PMID: 21902469 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic mechanical input is believed to play a critical role in the development of functional musculoskeletal tissues. To study this phenomenon, cyclic uniaxial mechanical stretch was applied to engineered ligaments using a custom-built bioreactor and the effects of different stretch frequency, amplitude, and duration were determined. Stretch acutely increased the phosphorylation of p38 (3.5±0.74-fold), S6K1 (3.9±0.19-fold), and ERK1/2 (2.45±0.32-fold). The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was dependent on time, rather than on frequency or amplitude, within these constructs. ERK1/2 phosphorylation was similar following stretch at frequencies from 0.1 to 1 Hz and amplitudes from 2.5% to 15%, whereas phosphorylation reached maximal levels at 10 min of stretch and returned toward basal within 60 min of stretch. Following a single 10-min bout of cyclic stretch, the cells remained refractory to a second stretch for up to 6 h. Using the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 as a guide, the optimum stretch paradigm was hypothesized to be 10 min of stretch at 2.5% of resting length repeated every 6 h. Consistent with this hypothesis, 7 days of stretch using this optimized intermittent stretch program increased the collagen content of the grafts more than a continuous stretch program (CTL=3.1%±0.44%; CONT=4.8%±0.30%; and INT=5.9%±0.56%). These results suggest that short infrequent bouts of loading are optimal for improving engineered tendon and ligament physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Z Paxton
- Division of Molecular Physiology, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
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46
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Scaffolds in tendon tissue engineering. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2012:517165. [PMID: 22190961 PMCID: PMC3236365 DOI: 10.1155/2012/517165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering techniques using novel scaffold materials offer potential alternatives for managing tendon disorders. Tissue engineering strategies to improve tendon repair healing include the use of scaffolds, growth factors, cell seeding, or a combination of these approaches. Scaffolds have been the most common strategy investigated to date. Available scaffolds for tendon repair include both biological scaffolds, obtained from mammalian tissues, and synthetic scaffolds, manufactured from chemical compounds. Preliminary studies support the idea that scaffolds can provide an alternative for tendon augmentation with an enormous therapeutic potential. However, available data are lacking to allow definitive conclusion on the use of scaffolds for tendon augmentation. We review the current basic science and clinical understanding in the field of scaffolds and tissue engineering for tendon repair.
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47
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Preparation of a porous scaffold based on polypropylene grafted with monomethylitaconate as potential bone graft. Macromol Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-011-1113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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48
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Abstract
Hydrogels are swollen, crosslinked networks that have great potential for use in biomedicine. Their softness, biocompatibility and ability for rapid diffusion of molecules make them useful for drug delivery, cell culture, wound healing and sensing applications. The chemical functionality of the gels can be easily modified to provide signalling and growth factors for cell proliferation. To allow the ingress of large cells, either porosity of the substrate can be controlled, or the gel can be made biodegradable. One ultimate goal is the growth of entire organs in the laboratory for eventual transplantation. Gels can be used as drug-delivery vehicles, either as implantable depots, or as microgels in blood-based delivery systems. One expanding area is the use of gels as surgical aides to prevent bleeding, infection and post-operative complications.
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49
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Bailey BM, Hui V, Fei R, Grunlan MA. Tuning PEG-DA hydrogel properties via solvent-induced phase separation (SIPS)(). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 21:18776-18782. [PMID: 22956857 DOI: 10.1039/c1jm13943f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA) hydrogels are widely utilized to probe cell-material interactions and ultimately for a material-guided approach to tissue regeneration. In this study, PEG-DA hydrogels were fabricated via solvent-induced phase separation (SIPS) to obtain hydrogels with a broader range of tunable physical properties including morphology (e.g. porosity), swelling and modulus (G'). In contrast to conventional PEG-DA hydrogels prepared from an aqueous precursor solution, the reported SIPS protocol utilized a dichloromethane (DCM) precursor solution which was sequentially photopolymerized, dried and hydrated. Physical properties were further tailored by varying the PEG-DA wt% concentration (5 wt%-25 wt%) and M(n) (3.4k and 6k g mol (-1)). SIPS produced PEG-DA hydrogels with a macroporous morphology as well as increased G' values versus the corresponding conventional PEG-DA hydrogels. Notably, since the total swelling was not significantly changed versus the corresponding conventional PEG-DA hydrogels, pairs or series of hydrogels represent scaffolds in which morphology and hydration or G' and hydration are uncoupled. In addition, PEG-DA hydrogels prepared via SIPS exhibited enhanced degradation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan Margaret Bailey
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, 3120 TAMU College Station, TX, USA. ; Tel: (+979) 845-2406
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50
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Tremblay P, Cloutier R, Lamontagne J, Belzil AM, Larkin AM, Chouinard L, Chabaud S, Laverty S, Lussier B, Goulet F. Potential of Skin Fibroblasts for Application to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tissue Engineering. Cell Transplant 2011; 20:535-42. [DOI: 10.3727/096368910x536482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts isolated from skin and from anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) secrete type I and type III collagens in vivo and in vitro. However, it is much easier and practical to obtain a small skin biopsy than an ACL sample to isolate fibroblasts for tissue engineering applications. Various tissue engineering strategies have been proposed for torn ACL replacement. We report here the results of the implantation of bioengineered ACLs (bACLs), reconstructed in vitro using a type I collagen scaffold, anchored with two porous bone plugs to allow bone–ligament–bone surgical engraftment. The bACLs were seeded with autologous living dermal fibroblasts, and grafted for 6 months in goat knee joints. Histological and ultrastructural observations ex vivo demonstrated a highly organized ligamentous structure, rich in type I collagen fibers and cells. Grafts' vascularization and innervation were observed in all bACLs that were entirely reconstructed in vitro. Organized Sharpey's fibers and fibrocartilage, including chondrocytes, were present at the osseous insertion sites of the grafts. They showed remodeling and matrix synthesis postimplantation. Our tissue engineering approach may eventually provide a new solution to replace torn ACL in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierrot Tremblay
- Laboratory of tissue engineering/LOEX, CHA, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Réjean Cloutier
- Laboratory of tissue engineering/LOEX, CHA, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Lamontagne
- Laboratory of tissue engineering/LOEX, CHA, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Belzil
- Laboratory of tissue engineering/LOEX, CHA, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Larkin
- Laboratory of tissue engineering/LOEX, CHA, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Stéphane Chabaud
- Laboratory of tissue engineering/LOEX, CHA, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sheila Laverty
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département des sciences cliniques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bertrand Lussier
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département des sciences cliniques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Francine Goulet
- Laboratory of tissue engineering/LOEX, CHA, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de chirurgie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de réadaptation, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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