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Cieśla J, Tomsia M. Cadaveric Stem Cells: Their Research Potential and Limitations. Front Genet 2022; 12:798161. [PMID: 35003228 PMCID: PMC8727551 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.798161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of growing interest in stem cells, the availability of donors for transplantation has become a problem. The isolation of embryonic and fetal cells raises ethical controversies, and the number of adult donors is deficient. Stem cells isolated from deceased donors, known as cadaveric stem cells (CaSCs), may alleviate this problem. So far, it was possible to isolate from deceased donors mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), adipose delivered stem cells (ADSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Recent studies have shown that it is possible to collect and use CaSCs from cadavers, even these with an extended postmortem interval (PMI) provided proper storage conditions (like cadaver heparinization or liquid nitrogen storage) are maintained. The presented review summarizes the latest research on CaSCs and their current therapeutic applications. It describes the developments in thanatotranscriptome and scaffolding for cadaver cells, summarizes their potential applications in regenerative medicine, and lists their limitations, such as donor’s unknown medical condition in criminal cases, limited differentiation potential, higher risk of carcinogenesis, or changing DNA quality. Finally, the review underlines the need to develop procedures determining the safe CaSCs harvesting and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cieśla
- School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marcin Tomsia
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Toxicology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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2
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Sánchez-Romero N, Sainz-Arnal P, Pla-Palacín I, Dachary PR, Almeida H, Pastor C, Soto DR, Rodriguez MC, Arbizu EO, Martinez LB, Serrano-Aulló T, Baptista PM. The role of extracellular matrix on liver stem cell fate: A dynamic relationship in health and disease. Differentiation 2019; 106:49-56. [PMID: 30878881 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver stem cell niche is a specialized and dynamic microenvironment with biomechanical and biochemical characteristics that regulate stem cell behavior. This is feasible due to the coordination of a complex network of secreted factors, small molecules, neural, blood inputs and extracellular matrix (ECM) components involved in the regulation of stem cell fate (self-renewal, survival, and differentiation into more mature phenotypes like hepatocytes and cholangiocytes). In this review, we describe and summarize all the major components that play essential roles in the liver stem cell niche, in particular, growth factor signaling and the biomechanical properties of the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pilar Sainz-Arnal
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon's Health Science Research Institute (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Iris Pla-Palacín
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Helen Almeida
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Pastor
- Aragon's Health Science Research Institute (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Daniela Rubio Soto
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Health Research Institute of Jiménez Díaz Foundation (IIS FJD), Madrid, Spain; Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Pedro M Baptista
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain; Health Research Institute of Jiménez Díaz Foundation (IIS FJD), Madrid, Spain; Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Kim Y, Kang K, Lee SB, Seo D, Yoon S, Kim SJ, Jang K, Jung YK, Lee KG, Factor VM, Jeong J, Choi D. Small molecule-mediated reprogramming of human hepatocytes into bipotent progenitor cells. J Hepatol 2019; 70:97-107. [PMID: 30240598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Currently, much effort is directed towards the development of new cell sources for clinical therapy using cell fate conversion by small molecules. Direct lineage reprogramming to a progenitor state has been reported in terminally differentiated rodent hepatocytes, yet remains a challenge in human hepatocytes. METHODS Human hepatocytes were isolated from healthy and diseased donor livers and reprogrammed into progenitor cells by 2 small molecules, A83-01 and CHIR99021 (AC), in the presence of EGF and HGF. The stemness properties of human chemically derived hepatic progenitors (hCdHs) were tested by standard in vitro and in vivo assays and transcriptome profiling. RESULTS We developed a robust culture system for generating hCdHs with therapeutic potential. The use of HGF proved to be an essential determinant of the fate conversion process. Based on functional evidence, activation of the HGF/MET signal transduction system collaborated with A83-01 and CHIR99021 to allow a rapid expansion of progenitor cells through the activation of the ERK pathway. hCdHs expressed hepatic progenitor markers and could self-renew for at least 10 passages while retaining a normal karyotype and potential to differentiate into functional hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells in vitro. Gene expression profiling using RNAseq confirmed the transcriptional reprogramming of hCdHs towards a progenitor state and the suppression of mature hepatocyte transcripts. Upon intrasplenic transplantation in several models of therapeutic liver repopulation, hCdHs effectively repopulated the damaged parenchyma. CONCLUSION Our study is the first report of successful reprogramming of human hepatocytes to a population of proliferating bipotent cells with regenerative potential. hCdHs may provide a novel tool that permits expansion and genetic manipulation of patient-specific progenitors to study regeneration and the repair of diseased livers. LAY SUMMARY Human primary hepatocytes were reprogrammed towards hepatic progenitor cells by a combined treatment with 2 small molecules, A83-01 and CHIR99021, and HGF. Chemically derived hepatic progenitors exhibited a high proliferation potential and the ability to differentiate into hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. This approach enables the generation of patient-specific hepatic progenitors and provides a platform for personal and stem cell-based regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Kim
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; HY Indang Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyojin Kang
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; HY Indang Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bum Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Daekwan Seo
- Macrogen Corporation, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Sangtae Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; HY Indang Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul 03063, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiseok Jang
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Jung
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Geun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Valentina M Factor
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jaemin Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; HY Indang Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongho Choi
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; HY Indang Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Kahn M. Wnt Signaling in Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells: A Tale of Two Coactivators. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 153:209-244. [PMID: 29389517 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling in stem cells plays critical roles in development, normal adult physiology, and disease. In this chapter, we focus on the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in somatic stem cell biology and its critical role in normal tissue homeostasis and cancer. Wnt signaling can both maintain potency and initiate differentiation in somatic stem cells, depending on the cellular and environmental context. Based principally on studies from our lab, we will explain the dichotomous behavior of this signaling pathway in determining stem cell fate decisions, placing special emphasis on the interaction of β-catenin with either of the two highly homologous Kat3 coactivator proteins, CBP and p300. We will also discuss our results, both preclinical and clinical, demonstrating that small molecule modulators of the β-catenin/Kat3 coactivator interaction can be safely utilized to shift the balance between maintenance of potency and initiation of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kahn
- Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States.
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Schmelzer E, Foka HG, Thompson RL, Luca A, Gridelli B, Gerlach JC. Response of Human Fetal Liver Progenitor Cell Types to Temperature and pH Stresses In Vitro. Rejuvenation Res 2017; 21:257-269. [PMID: 28891399 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2016.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged physiological stresses, including abnormal pH and temperature, are deleterious. However, human hepatic progenitors have been shown to be quite tolerant of temporary temperature stress such as in cold ischemia. We aimed at identifying how various stresses affect liver progenitors, and at determining whether distinct effects exist on different progenitor cells of the human liver. Total fetal liver cells were exposed to low (25°C), normal (37°C), or high (40°C) temperatures, or low (6.76), normal (7.35), or high (7.88) pH in vitro. Culture at 25°C increased cell numbers and percentages of proliferation marker Ki67+ total cells. In total cell cultures, percentages of CD326+ hepatic progenitors co-expressing DLK1 (delta-like 1 homolog), SSEA4, or CD90 increased, as well as proliferation of SSEA4+ and CD235a+ progenitors. Analyses of presorted hepatic progenitors revealed that culture at 25°C increased cell numbers of CD326+ hepatic stem/progenitor cells but not DLK+ hepatoblasts. The expression of several mesenchymal genes was reduced, and distinct hepatic stem/progenitor cell colonies emerged. At 40°C, numbers of adherent hepatic cells decreased but those of hematopoietic nonadherent cells increased. High pH did not cause major effects. Acidic pH resulted in decreased total cell numbers and affected hematopoietic cells. Percentages of DLK1+ hepatoblasts were increased, but those of hematopoietic mature CD45+ cells were decreased. In particular, proliferation of adherent hepatic CD326+, SSEA4+ progenitors, and hematopoietic CD45+ cells and CD235a+ erythroblasts was reduced. Conclusively, our data indicate that low-temperature stress stimulates hepatic progenitor and erythroblast proliferation, whereas acidic pH promotes hepatic maturation and reduces hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schmelzer
- 1 Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hubert G Foka
- 2 University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert L Thompson
- 2 University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Angelo Luca
- 3 Department of Surgery, ISMETT-Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione , UPMC Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bruno Gridelli
- 2 University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Department of Surgery, ISMETT-Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione , UPMC Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Jörg C Gerlach
- 1 Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 Department of Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Zeilinger K, Freyer N, Damm G, Seehofer D, Knöspel F. Cell sources for in vitro human liver cell culture models. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1684-98. [PMID: 27385595 PMCID: PMC4999620 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216657448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro liver cell culture models are gaining increasing importance in pharmacological and toxicological research. The source of cells used is critical for the relevance and the predictive value of such models. Primary human hepatocytes (PHH) are currently considered to be the gold standard for hepatic in vitro culture models, since they directly reflect the specific metabolism and functionality of the human liver; however, the scarcity and difficult logistics of PHH have driven researchers to explore alternative cell sources, including liver cell lines and pluripotent stem cells. Liver cell lines generated from hepatomas or by genetic manipulation are widely used due to their good availability, but they are generally altered in certain metabolic functions. For the past few years, adult and pluripotent stem cells have been attracting increasing attention, due their ability to proliferate and to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro However, controlling the differentiation of these cells is still a challenge. This review gives an overview of the major human cell sources under investigation for in vitro liver cell culture models, including primary human liver cells, liver cell lines, and stem cells. The promises and challenges of different cell types are discussed with a focus on the complex 2D and 3D culture approaches under investigation for improving liver cell functionality in vitro Finally, the specific application options of individual cell sources in pharmacological research or disease modeling are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Zeilinger
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nora Freyer
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fanny Knöspel
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Wnt signaling plays an important role in development and disease. In this review we focus on the role of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in somatic stem cell biology and its critical role in tissue homeostasis. We present current knowledge how Wnt/β-catenin signaling affects tissue stem cell behavior in various organ systems, including the gut, mammary gland, the hematopoietic and nervous system. We discuss evidence that canonical Wnt signaling can both maintain potency and an undifferentiated state as well as cause differentiation in somatic stem cells, depending on the cellular and environmental context. Based on studies by our lab and others, we will attempt to explain the dichotomous behavior of this signaling pathway in determining cell fate decisions and put special emphasis on the interaction of β-catenin with two highly homologous co-activator proteins, CBP and p300, to shed light on the their differential role in the outcome of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, we review current knowledge regarding the aberrant regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancer biology, particularly its pivotal role in the context of cancer stem cells. Finally, we discuss data demonstrating that small molecule modulators of the β-catenin/co-activator interaction can be used to shift the balance between undifferentiated proliferation and differentiation, which potentially presents a promising therapeutic approach to stem cell based disease mechanisms.
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Best J, Manka P, Syn WK, Dollé L, van Grunsven LA, Canbay A. Role of liver progenitors in liver regeneration. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2015; 4:48-58. [PMID: 25713804 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2015.01.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During massive liver injury and hepatocyte loss, the intrinsic regenerative capacity of the liver by replication of resident hepatocytes is overwhelmed. Treatment of this condition depends on the cause of liver injury, though in many cases liver transplantation (LT) remains the only curative option. LT for end stage chronic and acute liver diseases is hampered by shortage of donor organs and requires immunosuppression. Hepatocyte transplantation is limited by yet unresolved technical difficulties. Since currently no treatment is available to facilitate liver regeneration directly, therapies involving the use of resident liver stem or progenitor cells (LPCs) or non-liver stem cells are coming to fore. LPCs are quiescent in the healthy liver, but may be activated under conditions where the regenerative capacity of mature hepatocytes is severely impaired. Non-liver stem cells include embryonic stem cells (ES cells) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In the first section, we aim to provide an overview of the role of putative cytokines, growth factors, mitogens and hormones in regulating LPC response and briefly discuss the prognostic value of the LPC response in clinical practice. In the latter section, we will highlight the role of other (non-liver) stem cells in transplantation and discuss advantages and disadvantages of ES cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS), as well as MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Best
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany ; 2 Liver Cell Biology Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium ; 3 Regeneration and Repair, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK ; 4 Liver Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK ; 5 Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, USA
| | - Paul Manka
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany ; 2 Liver Cell Biology Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium ; 3 Regeneration and Repair, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK ; 4 Liver Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK ; 5 Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, USA
| | - Wing-Kin Syn
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany ; 2 Liver Cell Biology Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium ; 3 Regeneration and Repair, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK ; 4 Liver Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK ; 5 Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, USA
| | - Laurent Dollé
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany ; 2 Liver Cell Biology Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium ; 3 Regeneration and Repair, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK ; 4 Liver Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK ; 5 Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, USA
| | - Leo A van Grunsven
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany ; 2 Liver Cell Biology Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium ; 3 Regeneration and Repair, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK ; 4 Liver Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK ; 5 Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, USA
| | - Ali Canbay
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany ; 2 Liver Cell Biology Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium ; 3 Regeneration and Repair, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK ; 4 Liver Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK ; 5 Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, USA
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Dollé L, Theise ND, Schmelzer E, Boulter L, Gires O, van Grunsven LA. EpCAM and the biology of hepatic stem/progenitor cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G233-50. [PMID: 25477371 PMCID: PMC4329473 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00069.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane glycoprotein, which is frequently and highly expressed on carcinomas, tumor-initiating cells, selected tissue progenitors, and embryonic and adult stem cells. During liver development, EpCAM demonstrates a dynamic expression, since it can be detected in fetal liver, including cells of the parenchyma, whereas mature hepatocytes are devoid of EpCAM. Liver regeneration is associated with a population of EpCAM-positive cells within ductular reactions, which gradually lose the expression of EpCAM along with maturation into hepatocytes. EpCAM can be switched on and off through a wide panel of strategies to fine-tune EpCAM-dependent functional and differentiative traits. EpCAM-associated functions relate to cell-cell adhesion, proliferation, maintenance of a pluripotent state, regulation of differentiation, migration, and invasion. These functions can be conferred by the full-length protein and/or EpCAM-derived fragments, which are generated upon regulated intramembrane proteolysis. Control by EpCAM therefore not only depends on the presence of full-length EpCAM at cellular membranes but also on varying rates of the formation of EpCAM-derived fragments that have their own regulatory properties and on changes in the association of EpCAM with interaction partners. Thus spatiotemporal localization of EpCAM in immature liver progenitors, transit-amplifying cells, and mature liver cells will decisively impact the regulation of EpCAM functions and might be one of the triggers that contributes to the adaptive processes in stem/progenitor cell lineages. This review will summarize EpCAM-related molecular events and how they relate to hepatobiliary differentiation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dollé
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Neil D. Theise
- 2Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center of Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York;
| | - Eva Schmelzer
- 3McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
| | - Luke Boulter
- 4Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland; and
| | - Olivier Gires
- 5Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Leo A. van Grunsven
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;
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Li J, Xin J, Zhang L, Wu J, Jiang L, Zhou Q, Li J, Guo J, Cao H, Li L. Human hepatic progenitor cells express hematopoietic cell markers CD45 and CD109. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:65-79. [PMID: 24396288 PMCID: PMC3880993 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.7426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the precise characteristics of human hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) for future cytotherapy in liver diseases. METHODS Hepatic progenitor-like cells were isolated and cultured from the livers of patients who had undergone partial hepatectomy for various pathologies but displayed no sign of hepatic dysfunction. These cells were characterized by transcriptomic profiling, quantitative real-time PCR and immunocyto/histochemistry. RESULTS Cultured HPCs contained polygonal, high nucleus/cytoplasm ratio and exhibited a global gene expression profile similar (67.8%) to that of primary hepatocytes. Among the genes with more than 20-fold higher expression in HPCs were a progenitor marker (CD90), a pentraxin-related gene (PTX3), collagen proteins (COL5A2, COL1A1 and COL4A2), cytokines (EGF and PDGFD), metabolic enzymes (CYBRD1, BCAT1, TIMP2 and PAM), a secreted protein (SPARC) and an endothelial protein C receptor (PROCR). Moreover, eight markers (ALB, AFP, CK8, CK18, CK19, CD90, CD117 and Oval-6) previously described as HPC markers were validated by qRT-PCR and/or immunocyto/histochemistry. Interestingly, human HPCs were also positive for the hematopoietic cell markers CD45 and CD109. Finally, we characterized the localization of HPCs in the canals of Hering and periportal areas with six previously described markers (Oval-6, CK8, CK18, CK19, CD90 and CD117) and two potential markers (CD45 and CD109). CONCLUSION The human HPCs are highly similar to primary hepatocytes in their transcriptional profiles. The CD45 and CD109 markers could potentially be utilized to identify and isolate HPCs for further cytotherapy of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University. 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003. China
| | - Jiaojiao Xin
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University. 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003. China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University. 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003. China
| | - Jian Wu
- 2. Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University. 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003. China
| | - Longyan Jiang
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University. 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003. China
| | - Qian Zhou
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University. 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003. China
| | - Jun Li
- 3. Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University. 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, China. 310003
| | - Jing Guo
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University. 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003. China
| | - Hongcui Cao
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University. 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003. China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University. 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003. China
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11
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Lanzoni G, Oikawa T, Wang Y, Cui CB, Carpino G, Cardinale V, Gerber D, Gabriel M, Dominguez-Bendala J, Furth ME, Gaudio E, Alvaro D, Inverardi L, Reid LM. Concise review: clinical programs of stem cell therapies for liver and pancreas. Stem Cells 2013; 31:2047-60. [PMID: 23873634 PMCID: PMC3812254 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is transitioning into clinical programs using stem/progenitor cell therapies for repair of damaged organs. We summarize those for liver and pancreas, organs that share endodermal stem cell populations, biliary tree stem cells (hBTSCs), located in peribiliary glands. They are precursors to hepatic stem/progenitors in canals of Hering and to committed progenitors in pancreatic duct glands. They give rise to maturational lineages along a radial axis within bile duct walls and a proximal-to-distal axis starting at the duodenum and ending with mature cells in the liver or pancreas. Clinical trials have been ongoing for years assessing effects of determined stem cells (fetal-liver-derived hepatic stem/progenitors) transplanted into the hepatic artery of patients with various liver diseases. Immunosuppression was not required. Control subjects, those given standard of care for a given condition, all died within a year or deteriorated in their liver functions. Subjects transplanted with 100-150 million hepatic stem/progenitor cells had improved liver functions and survival extending for several years. Full evaluations of safety and efficacy of transplants are still in progress. Determined stem cell therapies for diabetes using hBTSCs remain to be explored but are likely to occur following ongoing preclinical studies. In addition, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are being used for patients with chronic liver conditions or with diabetes. MSCs have demonstrated significant effects through paracrine signaling of trophic and immunomodulatory factors, and there is limited evidence for inefficient lineage restriction into mature parenchymal or islet cells. HSCs' effects are primarily via modulation of immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Lanzoni
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL. 33136
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tsunekazu Oikawa
- Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Yunfang Wang
- The Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, PR China, 100850
| | - Cai-Bin Cui
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome “ForoItalico”, Rome, Italy
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Scienze e Biotecnologie Medico-Chirurgiche, Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - David Gerber
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Mara Gabriel
- MGabriel Consulting, 3621 Sweeten Creek Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Juan Dominguez-Bendala
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL. 33136
| | - Mark E. Furth
- Wake Forest Innovations, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Scienze e Biotecnologie Medico-Chirurgiche, Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Inverardi
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL. 33136
| | - Lola M. Reid
- Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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12
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Abstract
Because of their high proliferative capacity, resistance to cryopreservation, and ability to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells, stem and progenitor cells have recently emerged as attractive cell sources for liver cell therapy, a technique used as an alternative to orthotopic liver transplantation in the treatment of various hepatic ailments ranging from metabolic disorders to end-stage liver disease. Although stem and progenitor cells have been isolated from various tissues, obtaining them from the liver could be an advantage for the treatment of hepatic disorders. However, the techniques available to isolate these stem/progenitor cells are numerous and give rise to cell populations with different morphological and functional characteristics. In addition, there is currently no established consensus on the tests that need to be performed to ensure the quality and safety of these cells when used clinically. The purpose of this review is to describe the different types of liver stem/progenitor cells currently reported in the literature, discuss their suitability and limitations in terms of clinical applications, and examine how the culture and transplantation techniques can potentially be improved to achieve a better clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Lombard
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Prigent
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne M. Sokal
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Yap KK, Dingle AM, Palmer JA, Dhillon RS, Lokmic Z, Penington AJ, Yeoh GC, Morrison WA, Mitchell GM. Enhanced liver progenitor cell survival and differentiation in vivo by spheroid implantation in a vascularized tissue engineering chamber. Biomaterials 2013; 34:3992-4001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Aupet S, Simoné G, Heyd B, Bachellier P, Vidal I, Richert L, Martin H. Isolation of viable human hepatic progenitors from adult livers is possible even after 48 hours of cold ischemia. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2013. [PMID: 23198983 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2012.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation, utilized routinely for end-stage liver disease, has been constrained by the paucity of organ donors, and is being complemented by alternative strategies such as liver cell transplantation. One of the most promising forms of liver cell transplantation is hepatic stem cell therapies, as the number of human hepatic stem cells (hHpSCs) and other early hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) are sufficient to provide treatment for multiple patients from a single liver source. In the present study, human adult livers were exposed to cold ischemia and then processed after <24 or 48 h. Cells positive for epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), a marker on early lineage stage HPCs, were immunoselected and counted. Approximately 100,000 EpCAM(+) cells/gram of tissue was obtained from surgical resection of livers subjected to cold ischemia up to 24 h and comparable numbers, albeit somewhat lower, were obtained from those exposed to 48 h of cold ischemia. The yields are similar to those reported from livers with minimal exposure to ischemia. When cultured on plastic dishes and in Kubota's Medium, a serum-free medium designed for early lineage stage HPCs, colonies of rapidly expanding cells formed. They were confirmed to be probable hHpSCs by their ability to survive and expand on plastic and in Kubota's Medium for months, by co-expression of EpCAM and neural cell adhesion molecule, minimal if any albumin expression, with EpCAM found throughout the cells, and no expression of alpha-fetoprotein. The yields of viable EpCAM(+) cells were surprisingly large, and the numbers from a single donor liver are sufficient to treat approximately 50-100 patients given the numbers of EpCAM(+) cells currently used in hepatic stem cell therapies. Thus, cold ischemic livers for up to 48 h are a new source of cells that might be used for liver cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Aupet
- EA4267 FDE, SFR133, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Besançon, France
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the most effective therapy for liver failure. However, OLT is severely limited by the shortage of liver donors. Bioartificial liver (BAL) shows great potential as an alternative therapy for liver failure. In recent years, progress has been made in BAL regarding genetically engineered cell lines, immortalized human hepatocytes, methods for preserving the phenotype of primary human hepatocytes, and other functional hepatocytes derived from stem cells. DATA SOURCES A systematic search of PubMed and ISI Web of Science was performed to identify relevant studies in English language literature using the key words such as liver failure, bioartificial liver, hepatocyte, stem cells, differentiation, and immortalization. More than 200 articles related to the cell sources of hepatocyte in BAL were systematically reviewed. RESULTS Methods for preserving the phenotype of primary human hepatocytes have been successfully developed. Many genetically engineered cell lines and immortalized human hepatocytes have also been established. Among these cell lines, the incorporation of BAL with GS-HepG2 cells or alginate-encapsulated HepG2 cells could prolong the survival time and improve pathophysiological parameters in an animal model of liver failure. The cBAL111 cells were evaluated using the AMC-BAL bioreactor, which could eliminate ammonia and lidocaine, and produce albumin. Importantly, BAL loading with HepLi-4 cells could significantly improve the blood biochemical parameters, and prolong the survival time in pigs with liver failure. Other functional hepatocytes differentiated from stem cells, such as human liver progenitor cells, have been successfully achieved. CONCLUSIONS Aside from genetically modified liver cell lines and immortalized human hepatocytes, other functional hepatocytes derived from stem cells show great potential as cell sources for BAL. BAL with safe and effective liver cells may be achieved for clinical liver failure in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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16
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Kleger A, Mahaddalkar PU, Katz SF, Lechel A, Joo JY, Loya K, Lin Q, Hartmann D, Liebau S, Kraus JM, Cantz T, Kestler HA, Zaehres H, Schöler H, Rudolph KL. Increased reprogramming capacity of mouse liver progenitor cells, compared with differentiated liver cells, requires the BAF complex. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:907-17. [PMID: 22245845 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Ectopic expression of certain transcription factors can reprogram somatic cells to a pluripotent state. Hematopoietic and muscle stem cells can be more efficiently reprogrammed than differentiated blood or muscle cells, yet similar findings have not been shown in other primary organ systems. Moreover, molecular characteristics of the cellular hierarchy of tissues that influence reprogramming capacities need to be delineated. We analyzed the effect of differentiation stage of freshly isolated, mouse liver cells on the reprogramming efficiency. METHODS Liver progenitor cell (LPC)-enriched cell fractions were isolated from adult (6-8 wk) and fetal (embryonic day 14.5) livers of mice and reprogrammed to become induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Different transcription factors were expressed in liver cells, and markers of pluripotency were examined, along with the ability of iPS cells to differentiate, in vitro and in vivo, into different germ layers. RESULTS Fetal and adult LPCs had significantly greater reprogramming efficiency after transduction with 3 or 4 reprogramming factors. Transduction efficiency-corrected reprogramming rates of fetal LPCs were 275-fold higher, compared with unsorted fetal liver cells, when 3 reprogramming factors were transduced. The increased reprogramming efficiency of LPCs, compared with differentiated liver cells, occurred independently of proliferation rates, but was associated with endogenous expression of reprogramming factors (Klf4 and c-Myc) and BAF (Brg1/Brm associated factor)-complex members Baf155 and Brg1, which mediate epigenetic changes during reprogramming. Knockdown of BAF complex members negated the increased reprogramming efficiency of LPCs, compared with non-LPCs. CONCLUSIONS LPCs have intrinsic, cell proliferation-independent characteristics resulting in an increased reprogramming capacity compared to differentiated liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kleger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Max-Planck-Research Department on Stem Cell Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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17
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Gridelli B, Vizzini G, Pietrosi G, Luca A, Spada M, Gruttadauria S, Cintorino D, Amico G, Chinnici C, Miki T, Schmelzer E, Conaldi PG, Triolo F, Gerlach JC. Efficient human fetal liver cell isolation protocol based on vascular perfusion for liver cell-based therapy and case report on cell transplantation. Liver Transpl 2012; 18:226-37. [PMID: 22034152 DOI: 10.1002/lt.22322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although hepatic cell transplantation (CT) holds the promise of bridging patients with end-stage chronic liver failure to whole liver transplantation, suitable cell populations are under debate. In addition to hepatic cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are being considered as alternative cell sources for initial clinical cell work. Fetal liver (FL) tissue contains potential progenitors for all these cell lineages. Based on the collagenase incubation of tissue fragments, traditional isolation techniques yield only a fraction of the number of available cells. We report a 5-step method in which a portal vein in situ perfusion technique is used for tissue from the late second trimester. This method results in the high viabilities known for adult liver vascular perfusion, addresses the low cell yields of conventional digestion methods, and reduces the exposure of the tissue to collagenase 4-fold. We used donated tissue from gestational weeks 18 to 22, which yielded 1.8 ± 0.7 × 10(9) cells with an average viability of 78%. Because HSC transplantation and MSC transplantation are of interest for the treatment of hepatic failure, we phenotypically confirmed that in addition to hepatic progenitors, the resulting cell preparation contained cells expressing typical MSC and HSC markers. The percentage of FL cells expressing proliferation markers was 45 times greater than the percentage of adult hepatocytes expressing these markers and was comparable to the percentage of immortalized HepG2 liver hepatocellular carcinoma cells; this indicated the strong proliferative capacity of fetal cells. We report a case of human FL CT with the described liver cell population for clinical end-stage chronic liver failure. The patient's Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score improved from 15 to 10 within the first 18 months of observation. In conclusion, this human FL cell isolation protocol may be of interest for further clinical translation work on the development of liver cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gridelli
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA
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18
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Dollé L, Best J, Empsen C, Mei J, Van Rossen E, Roelandt P, Snykers S, Najimi M, Al Battah F, Theise ND, Streetz K, Sokal E, Leclercq IA, Verfaillie C, Rogiers V, Geerts A, van Grunsven LA. Successful isolation of liver progenitor cells by aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in naïve mice. Hepatology 2012; 55:540-52. [PMID: 21953779 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of progenitor cells in liver repair and fibrosis has been extensively described, but their purification remains a challenge, hampering their characterization and use in regenerative medicine. To address this issue, we developed an easy and reproducible liver progenitor cell (LPC) isolation strategy based on aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, a common feature shared by many progenitor cells. We demonstrate that a subset of nonparenchymal mouse liver cells displays high levels of ALDH activity, allowing the isolation of these cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Immunocytochemistry and qPCR analyses on freshly isolated ALDH(+) cells reveal an enrichment in cells expressing liver stem cell markers such as EpCAM, CK19, CD133, and Sox9. In culture, the ALDH(+) population can give rise to functional hepatocyte-like cells as illustrated by albumin and urea secretion and cytochrome P450 activity. ALDH1A1 expression can be detected in canals of Hering and bile duct epithelial cells and is increased on liver injury. Finally, we showed that the isolation and differentiation toward hepatocyte-like cells of LPCs with high ALDH activity is also successfully applicable to human liver samples. CONCLUSION High ALDH activity is a feature of LPCs that can be taken advantage of to isolate these cells from untreated mouse as well as human liver tissues. This novel protocol is practically relevant, because it provides an easy and nontoxic method to isolate liver stem cells from normal tissue for potential therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dollé
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Nussler AK, Zeilinger K, Schyschka L, Ehnert S, Gerlach JC, Yan X, Lee SML, Ilowski M, Thasler WE, Weiss TS. Cell therapeutic options in liver diseases: cell types, medical devices and regulatory issues. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2011; 22:1087-1099. [PMID: 21461918 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although significant progress has been made in the field of orthotopic liver transplantation, cell-based therapies seem to be a promising alternative to whole-organ transplantation. The reasons are manifold but organ shortage is the main cause for this approach. However, many problems such as the question which cell type should be used or which application site is best for transplantation have been raised. In addition, some clinicians have had success by cultivating liver cells in bioreactors for temporary life support. Besides answering the question which cell type, which injection site or even which culture form should be used for liver support recent international harmonization of legal requirements is needed to be addressed by clinicians, scientists and companies dealing with cellular therapies. We here briefly summarize the possible cell types used to partially or temporarily correct liver diseases, the most recent development of bioreactor technology and important regulatory issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas K Nussler
- Department of Traumatology, MRI, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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20
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Mueller D, Tascher G, Müller-Vieira U, Knobeloch D, Nuessler AK, Zeilinger K, Heinzle E, Noor F. In-depth physiological characterization of primary human hepatocytes in a 3D hollow-fiber bioreactor. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 5:e207-18. [DOI: 10.1002/term.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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21
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Turner R, Lozoya O, Wang Y, Cardinale V, Gaudio E, Alpini G, Mendel G, Wauthier E, Barbier C, Alvaro D, Reid LM. Human hepatic stem cell and maturational liver lineage biology. Hepatology 2011; 53:1035-45. [PMID: 21374667 PMCID: PMC3066046 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Livers are comprised of maturational lineages of cells beginning extrahepatically in the hepato-pancreatic common duct near the duodenum and intrahepatically in zone 1 by the portal triads. The extrahepatic stem cell niches are the peribiliary glands deep within the walls of the bile ducts; those intrahepatically are the canals of Hering in postnatal livers and that derive from ductal plates in fetal livers. Intrahepatically, there are at least eight maturational lineage stages from the stem cells in zone 1 (periportal), through the midacinar region (zone 2), to the most mature cells and apoptotic cells found pericentrally in zone 3. Those found in the biliary tree are still being defined. Parenchymal cells are closely associated with lineages of mesenchymal cells, and their maturation is coordinated. Each lineage stage consists of parenchymal and mesenchymal cell partners distinguishable by their morphology, ploidy, antigens, biochemical traits, gene expression, and ability to divide. They are governed by changes in chromatin (e.g., methylation), gradients of paracrine signals (soluble factors and insoluble extracellular matrix components), mechanical forces, and feedback loop signals derived from late lineage cells. Feedback loop signals, secreted by late lineage stage cells into bile, flow back to the periportal area and regulate the stem cells and other early lineage stage cells in mechanisms dictating the size of the liver mass. Recognition of maturational lineage biology and its regulation by these multiple mechanisms offers new understandings of liver biology, pathologies, and strategies for regenerative medicine and treatment of liver cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Turner
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Oswaldo Lozoya
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Yunfang Wang
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Medicine, Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76504
| | - Gemma Mendel
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Eliane Wauthier
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Claire Barbier
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lola M. Reid
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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22
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Jozefczuk J, Stachelscheid H, Chavez L, Herwig R, Lehrach H, Zeilinger K, Gerlach JC, Adjaye J. Molecular Characterization of Cultured Adult Human Liver Progenitor Cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:821-34. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Jozefczuk
- Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Stachelscheid
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Chavez
- Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Herwig
- Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Lehrach
- Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joerg C. Gerlach
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James Adjaye
- Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Bae JY, Han DW, Matsumura K, Wakitani S, Nawata M, Hyon SH. Nonfrozen preservation of articular cartilage by epigallocatechin-3-gallate reversibly regulating cell cycle and NF-kappaB expression. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:595-603. [PMID: 19737073 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) is known to have beneficial effects on the nonfrozen preservation of mammalian cells and tissues. In this study, we aimed at testifying the hypothesis that the deleterious effects of cold preservation of articular cartilages can be ameliorated by the addition of EGCG to the storage media. Articular cartilages were preserved in a storage solution composed of serum-free RPMI 1640 media with 1 mM EGCG at 4 degrees C for 1-4 weeks. The regulatory effects of EGCG on cell cycle progression as well as expression levels of CyCliNS (CCNs) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) were investigated in articular chondrocytes. Chondrocyte viability of cartilages preserved with EGCG was significantly well maintained for 2 weeks with high contents of glycosaminoglycan and total collagen. These beneficial effects of EGCG were confirmed by histological and immunohistochemical observations showing well-preserved cartilaginous structures and delayed denaturation of extracellular matrices. The compressive elastic modulus of cartilages preserved with EGCG was close to that of fresh specimens. Increased cell population at the G(0)/G(1) phase by EGCG returned to the normal level after EGCG removal, whereas decrease at the G(2)/M phase did not. Negatively regulated expression of CCND1, CCNE2, or NF-kappaB in EGCG-treated cells was restored by removing EGCG, but not CCNA2 and CCNB1. After 8 weeks of in vivo implantation into full-thickness cartilage defects in rabbits, the cartilages preserved with EGCG were found to be integrated with the host environment and support tissue regeneration. It is suggested that EGCG plays effective roles in preserving and repairing articular cartilages by reversibly regulating cell cycle at G(0)/G(1) phase and NF-kappaB expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yoon Bae
- Department of Medical Simulation Engineering, Research Center for Nano Medical Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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24
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Erker L, Azuma H, Lee AY, Guo C, Orloff S, Eaton L, Benedetti E, Jensen B, Finegold M, Willenbring H, Grompe M. Therapeutic liver reconstitution with murine cells isolated long after death. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:1019-29. [PMID: 20621682 PMCID: PMC3786690 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Due to the shortage of donor organs, many patients needing liver transplantation cannot receive one. For some liver diseases, hepatocyte transplantation could be a viable alternative, but donor cells currently are procured from the same sources as whole organs, and thus the supply is severely limited. METHODS Here, we investigated the possibility of isolating viable hepatocytes for liver cell therapy from the plentiful source of morgue cadavers. To determine the utility of this approach, cells were isolated from the livers of non-heart-beating cadaveric mice long after death and transplanted into fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase-deficient mice, a model for the human metabolic liver disease hereditary tyrosinemia type I and a stringent in vivo model for hepatic cell transplantation. RESULTS Surprisingly, complete and therapeutic liver repopulation could be achieved with hepatocytes derived up to 27 hours post mortem. CONCLUSIONS Competitive repopulation experiments showed that cadaveric liver cells had a repopulation capacity similar to freshly isolated hepatocytes. Importantly, viable hepatocytes also could be isolated from cadaveric primate liver (monkey and human) efficiently. These data provide evidence that non-heart-beating donors could be a suitable source of hepatocytes for much longer time periods than previously thought possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Erker
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
| | - Hisaya Azuma
- Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon Stem Cell Center 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd L-321 Portland, OR 97239
| | - Andrew Y. Lee
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA,Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Changsheng Guo
- Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon Stem Cell Center 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd L-321 Portland, OR 97239
| | - Susan Orloff
- Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon Stem Cell Center 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd L-321 Portland, OR 97239
| | - Laura Eaton
- Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon Stem Cell Center 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd L-321 Portland, OR 97239
| | - Eric Benedetti
- Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon Stem Cell Center 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd L-321 Portland, OR 97239
| | - Bryan Jensen
- Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon Stem Cell Center 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd L-321 Portland, OR 97239
| | - Milton Finegold
- Texas Children's Hospital Department of Pathology 6621 Fanin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Holger Willenbring
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA,Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon Stem Cell Center 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd L-321 Portland, OR 97239
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25
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Stem cell origins and animal models of hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:1241-50. [PMID: 19513833 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-0861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor that almost always occurs within a preexisting background of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Currently, medical therapy is not effective in treating most HCC, and the only hope of cure is either resection or liver transplantation. A small minority of patients is eligible for these therapies, which entail major morbidity at the very least. In spite of immense scientific advances during the past 3 decades, patient survival has improved very little. In order to reduce morbidity and mortality from HCC, improvements in early diagnosis and development of novel local and systemic therapies for advanced disease are essential, in addition to efforts geared towards primary prevention. Studies with experimental animal models that closely mimic human disease are very valuable in understanding physiological, cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. Furthermore, appropriate animal models have the potential to increase our understanding of the effects of image-guided minimally invasive therapies and thereby help to improve such therapies. In this review, we examine the evidence for stem cell origins of such tumors, critically evaluate existing models and reflect on how to develop new models for minimally invasive, image-guided treatment of HCC.
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