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Madsen SD, Jones SH, Tucker HA, Giler MK, Muller DC, Discher CT, Russell KC, Dobek GL, Sammarco MC, Bunnell BA, O'Connor KC. Survival of aging CD264 + and CD264 - populations of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells is independent of colony-forming efficiency. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:223-237. [PMID: 31612990 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In vivo mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) survival is relevant to therapeutic applications requiring engraftment and potentially to nonengraftment applications as well. MSCs are a mixture of progenitors at different stages of cellular aging, but the contribution of this heterogeneity to the survival of MSC implants is unknown. Here, we employ a biomarker of cellular aging, the decoy TRAIL receptor CD264, to compare the survival kinetics of two cell populations in human bone marrow MSC (hBM-MSC) cultures. Sorted CD264+ hBM-MSCs from two age-matched donors have elevated β-galactosidase activity, decreased differentiation potential and form in vitro colonies inefficiently relative to CD264- hBM-MSCs. Counterintuitive to their aging phenotype, CD264+ hBM-MSCs exhibited comparable survival to matched CD264- hBM-MSCs from the same culture during in vitro colony formation and in vivo when implanted ectopically in immunodeficient NIH III mice. In vitro and in vivo survival of these two cell populations were independent of colony-forming efficiency. These findings have ramifications for the preparation of hBM-MSC therapies given the prevalence of aging CD264+ cells in hBM-MSC cultures and the popularity of colony-forming efficiency as a quality control metric in preclinical and clinical studies with MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Madsen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Sean H Jones
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - H Alan Tucker
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Margaret K Giler
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Dyllan C Muller
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Carson T Discher
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Katie C Russell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Georgina L Dobek
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Mimi C Sammarco
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Center for Aging, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Center for Aging, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kim C O'Connor
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Center for Aging, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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O'Connor KC. Molecular Profiles of Cell-to-Cell Variation in the Regenerative Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:5924878. [PMID: 31636675 PMCID: PMC6766122 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5924878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell variation in the regenerative potential of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) impedes the translation of MSC therapies into clinical practice. Cellular heterogeneity is ubiquitous across MSC cultures from different species and tissues. This review highlights advances to elucidate molecular profiles that identify cell subsets with specific regenerative properties in heterogeneous MSC cultures. Cell surface markers and global signatures are presented for proliferation and differentiation potential, as well as immunomodulation and trophic properties. Key knowledge gaps are discussed as potential areas of future research. Molecular profiles of MSC heterogeneity have the potential to enable unprecedented control over the regenerative potential of MSC therapies through the discovery of new molecular targets and as quality attributes to develop robust and reproducible biomanufacturing processes. These advances would have a positive impact on the nascent field of MSC therapeutics by accelerating the development of therapies with more consistent and effective treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim C. O'Connor
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Schreier C, Rothmiller S, Scherer MA, Rummel C, Steinritz D, Thiermann H, Schmidt A. Mobilization of human mesenchymal stem cells through different cytokines and growth factors after their immobilization by sulfur mustard. Toxicol Lett 2018; 293:105-111. [PMID: 29426001 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (SM), also known as mustard gas, was first used in World War I. Although prohibited by the chemical warfare convention, significant amounts of SM still exist and have still to be regarded as a threat for military personnel and civilians. After SM exposure, the most prominent clinical symptom is the development of extensive non-healing skin wounds. This chronic wound healing dysfunction is persisting over long time. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are known to play an important role in wound healing. Moreover, it is also known that patients with chronic wound healing diseases have compromised mesenchymal stem cell functionality. Based on these observations and the known relationship between wound healing dysfunction and MSC function we investigated the impact of sulfur mustard on human MSC. MATERIAL & METHODS Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were isolated from femoral heads of healthy donors. They were cultured for less than four passages. MSC were exposed towards different sulfur mustard concentrations. After exposure we analyzed the secretome and the migration capacity. The migration capacity under influence of SM was analyzed after treatment with various cytokines. RESULTS SM exposure (even at very low concentrations) showed negative effects on the migration capability. Many cytokines that are necessary for MSC migration were secreted in a reduced manner. The reduced migratory capacity can be compensated in part by the addition of cytokines. Here especially IL-8 (e and m) and IL-6 significantly compensated the SM induced migration reduction. DISCUSSION The effect of sulfur mustard on MSC might play an important role in the persistence of long-term adverse effects; here the reduced migration could particularly be important. The compensation of the SM-induced migration reduction by addition of cytokines could possibly solve this problem. Moreover, our current results will help to understand the relationship between alkylating agents and MSC and thus will also give guidance in the future perspective for the therapeutic use of MSC in patients suffering from sulfur mustard induced chronic skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Schreier
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Rothmiller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael A Scherer
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, HELIOS Amper Clinics, Krankenhausstrasse 15, 85221 Dachau, Germany
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Wolfart Clinic, Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Waldstrasse 7, 82166 Gräfelfing, Germany
| | - Dirk Steinritz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Munich, Goethestr. 33, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Schmidt
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 Munich, Germany; Universität der Bundeswehr, Fakultät für Humanwissenschaften, Department für Sportwissenschaft, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany.
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4
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Madsen SD, Russell KC, Tucker HA, Glowacki J, Bunnell BA, O'Connor KC. Decoy TRAIL receptor CD264: a cell surface marker of cellular aging for human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:201. [PMID: 28962588 PMCID: PMC5622446 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a mixture of progenitors that are heterogeneous in their regenerative potential. Development of MSC therapies with consistent efficacy is hindered by the absence of an immunophenotype of MSC heterogeneity. This study evaluates decoy TRAIL receptor CD264 as potentially the first surface marker to detect cellular aging in heterogeneous MSC cultures. METHODS CD264 surface expression, regenerative potential, and metrics of cellular aging were assessed in vitro for marrow MSCs from 12 donors ages 20-60 years old. Male and female donors were age matched. Expression of CD264 was compared with that of p16, p21, and p53 during serial passage of MSCs. RESULTS When CD264+ cell content was 20% to 35%, MSC cultures from young (ages 20-40 years) and older (ages 45-60 years) donors proliferated rapidly and differentiated extensively. Older donor MSCs containing < 35% CD264+ cells had a small size and negligible senescence despite the donor's advanced chronological age. Above the 35% threshold, CD264 expression inversely correlated with proliferation and differentiation potential. When CD264+ cell content was 75%, MSCs were enlarged and mostly senescent with severely compromised regenerative potential. There was no correlation of the older donors' chronological age to either CD264+ cell content or the regenerative potential of the donor MSCs. CD264 was upregulated after p53 and had a similar expression profile to that of p21 during serial passage of MSCs. No sex-linked differences were detected in this study. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CD264 is a surface marker of cellular age for MSCs, not the chronological age of the MSC donor. CD264 is first upregulated in MSCs at an intermediate stage of cellular aging and remains upregulated as aging progresses towards senescence. The strong inverse correlation of CD264+ cell content to the regenerative potential of MSCs has possible application to assess the therapeutic potential of patient MSCs, standardize the composition and efficacy of MSC therapies, and facilitate aging research on MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Madsen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Katie C Russell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - H Alan Tucker
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Julie Glowacki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kim C O'Connor
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. .,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. .,Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. .,Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
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5
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Lourenco S, Teixeira VH, Kalber T, Jose RJ, Floto RA, Janes SM. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor-CXCR4 is the dominant chemotactic axis in human mesenchymal stem cell recruitment to tumors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3463-74. [PMID: 25712213 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are inherently tumor homing and can be isolated, expanded, and transduced, making them viable candidates for cell therapy. This tumor tropism has been used to deliver anticancer therapies to various tumor models. In this study, we sought to discover which molecules are the key effectors of human MSC tumor homing in vitro and using an in vivo murine model. In this study, we discover a novel role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as the key director of MSC migration and infiltration toward tumor cells. We have shown this major role for MIF using in vitro migration and invasion assays, in presence of different receptor inhibitors and achieving a drastic decrease in both processes using MIF inhibitor. Additionally, we demonstrate physical interaction between MIF and three receptors: CXCR2, CXCR4, and CD74. CXCR4 is the dominant receptor used by MIF in the homing tumor context, although some signaling is observed through CXCR2. We demonstrate downstream activation of the MAPK pathway necessary for tumor homing. Importantly, we show that knockdown of either CXCR4 or MIF abrogates MSC homing to tumors in an in vivo pulmonary metastasis model, confirming the in vitro two-dimensional and three-dimensional assays. This improved understanding of MSC tumor tropism will further enable development of novel cellular therapies for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Lourenco
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom;
| | - Vitor H Teixeira
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Tammy Kalber
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom; University College London Centre of Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo J Jose
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom; and
| | - R Andres Floto
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Sam M Janes
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
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Peripheral blood derived mononuclear cells enhance the migration and chondrogenic differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:323454. [PMID: 25663840 PMCID: PMC4309296 DOI: 10.1155/2015/323454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in cartilage repair is the lack of chondrogenic cells migrating from healthy tissue into damaged areas and strategies to promote this should be developed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of peripheral blood derived mononuclear cell (PBMC) stimulation on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) derived from the infrapatellar fat pad of human OA knee.
Cell migration was measured using an xCELLigence electronic migration chamber system in combination with scratch assays. Gene expression was quantified with stem cell PCR arrays and validated using quantitative real-time PCR (rtPCR). In both migration assays PBMCs increased MSC migration by comparison to control. In scratch assay the wound closure was 55% higher after 3 hours in the PBMC stimulated test group (P = 0.002), migration rate was 9 times faster (P = 0.008), and total MSC migration was 25 times higher after 24 hours (P = 0.014). Analysis of MSCs by PCR array demonstrated that PBMCs induced the upregulation of genes associated with chondrogenic differentiation over 15-fold. In conclusion, PBMCs increase both MSC migration and differentiation suggesting that they are an ideal candidate for inclusion in regenerative medicine therapies aimed at cartilage repair.
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Mitchell RA, Yaddanapudi K. Stromal-dependent tumor promotion by MIF family members. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2969-78. [PMID: 25277536 PMCID: PMC4293307 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors are composed of a heterogeneous population of cells that interact with each other and with soluble and insoluble factors that, when combined, strongly influence the relative proliferation, differentiation, motility, matrix remodeling, metabolism and microvessel density of malignant lesions. One family of soluble factors that is becoming increasingly associated with pro-tumoral phenotypes within tumor microenvironments is that of the migration inhibitory factor family which includes its namesake, MIF, and its only known family member, D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT). This review seeks to highlight our current understanding of the relative contributions of a variety of immune and non-immune tumor stromal cell populations and, within those contexts, will summarize the literature associated with MIF and/or D-DT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Mitchell
- JG Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - Kavitha Yaddanapudi
- JG Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
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Gaberman E, Pinzur L, Levdansky L, Tsirlin M, Netzer N, Aberman Z, Gorodetsky R. Mitigation of Lethal Radiation Syndrome in Mice by Intramuscular Injection of 3D Cultured Adherent Human Placental Stromal Cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66549. [PMID: 23823334 PMCID: PMC3688917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to high lethal dose of ionizing radiation results in acute radiation syndrome with deleterious systemic effects to different organs. A primary target is the highly sensitive bone marrow and the hematopoietic system. In the current study C3H/HeN mice were total body irradiated by 7.7 Gy. Twenty four hrs and 5 days after irradiation 2×106 cells from different preparations of human derived 3D expanded adherent placental stromal cells (PLX) were injected intramuscularly. Treatment with batches consisting of pure maternal cell preparations (PLX-Mat) increased the survival of the irradiated mice from ∼27% to 68% (P<0.001), while cell preparations with a mixture of maternal and fetal derived cells (PLX-RAD) increased the survival to ∼98% (P<0.0001). The dose modifying factor of this treatment for both 50% and 37% survival (DMF50 and DMF37) was∼1.23. Initiation of the more effective treatment with PLX-RAD injection could be delayed for up to 48 hrs after irradiation with similar effect. A delayed treatment by 72 hrs had lower, but still significantly effect (p<0.05). A faster recovery of the BM and improved reconstitution of all blood cell lineages in the PLX-RAD treated mice during the follow-up explains the increased survival of the cells treated irradiated mice. The number of CD45+/SCA1+ hematopoietic progenitor cells within the fast recovering population of nucleated BM cells in the irradiated mice was also elevated in the PLX-RAD treated mice. Our study suggests that IM treatment with PLX-RAD cells may serve as a highly effective “off the shelf” therapy to treat BM failure following total body exposure to high doses of radiation. The results suggest that similar treatments may be beneficial also for clinical conditions associated with severe BM aplasia and pancytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gaberman
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Lilia Levdansky
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maria Tsirlin
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nir Netzer
- Pluristem Therapeutics Inc., Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Raphael Gorodetsky
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Russell KC, Tucker HA, Bunnell BA, Andreeff M, Schober W, Gaynor AS, Strickler KL, Lin S, Lacey MR, O'Connor KC. Cell-surface expression of neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2) and melanoma cell adhesion molecule (CD146) in heterogeneous cultures of marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:2253-66. [PMID: 23611563 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) impedes their use in regenerative medicine. The objective of this research is to identify potential biomarkers for the enrichment of progenitors from heterogeneous MSC cultures. To this end, the present study examines variation in expression of neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2) and melanoma cell adhesion molecule (CD146) on the surface of MSCs derived from human bone marrow in response to culture conditions and among cell populations. Multipotent cells isolated from heterogeneous MSC cultures exhibit a greater than three-fold increase in surface expression for NG2 and greater than two-fold increase for CD146 as compared with parental and lineage-committed MSCs. For both antigens, surface expression is downregulated by greater than or equal to six-fold when MSCs become confluent. During serial passage, maximum surface expression of NG2 and CD146 is associated with minimum doubling time. Upregulation of NG2 and CD146 during loss of adipogenic potential at early passage suggests some limits to their utility as potency markers. A potential relationship between proliferation and antigen expression was explored by sorting heterogeneous MSCs into rapidly and slowly dividing groups. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting revealed that rapidly dividing MSCs display lower scatter and 50% higher NG2 surface expression than slowly dividing cells, but CD146 expression is comparable in both groups. Heterogeneous MSCs were sorted based on scatter properties and surface expression of NG2 and CD146 into high (HI) and low (LO) groups. Sc(LO)NG2(HI) and Sc(LO)NG2(HI)CD146(HI) MSCs have the highest proliferative potential of the sorted groups, with colony-forming efficiencies that are 1.5-2.2 times the value for the parental controls. The Sc(LO) gate enriches for rapidly dividing cells. Addition of the NG2(HI) gate increases cell survival to 1.5 times the parental control. Further addition of the CD146(HI) gate does not significantly improve cell division or survival. The combination of low scatter and high NG2 surface expression is a promising selection criterion to enrich a proliferative phenotype from heterogeneous MSCs during ex vivo expansion, with potentially numerous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie C Russell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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10
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Yuan L, Sakamoto N, Song G, Sato M. Low-level shear stress induces human mesenchymal stem cell migration through the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis via MAPK signaling pathways. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2384-93. [PMID: 23544621 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are able to home and migrate into damaged tissues and are thus, considered an optimal therapeutic strategy for clinical use. We previously demonstrated that higher shear stress (>2 Pa) hindered human MSC (hMSC) migration, whereas lower shear stress (0.2 Pa) induced cell migration through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Here the mechanisms underlying shear stress-induced hMSC migration have been studied further. An MSC monolayer was mechanically wounded and subsequently exposed to low-level shear stress of 0.2 Pa. Image analysis was performed to quantify cell migration speeds under both flow and static conditions. hMSCs along both upstream- and downstream edges of the wound migrated at a similar speed to cover the wounded area under static conditions, whereas shear stress induced cells along the downstream edge of the wound to migrate significantly faster than those along the upstream edge. We also found that shear stress upregulated the secretion of stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), which stimulated its receptor CXCR4 expression in hMSCs until the cells covered the wounded area. A CXCR4 antagonist repressed both cell migration and activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK but did not affect extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation. When MAPK activation in upstream- and downstream hMSCs was evaluated separately, ERK1/2 was activated earlier in downstream than in upstream cells. These results indicate that the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis mediates shear stress-induced hMSC migration through JNK and p38 MAPK pathways and that the difference in migration speeds between upstream- and downstream cells may be due to ERK1/2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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11
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Xiong CJ, Huang B, Zhou Y, Cun YP, Liu LT, Wang J, Li CQ, Pan Y, Wang H. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor inhibits the migration of cartilage end plate-derived stem cells by reacting with CD74. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43984. [PMID: 22952837 PMCID: PMC3428348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates inflammatory reactions and the pathophysiology of many inflammatory diseases. Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is characterized by an inflammatory reaction, but the potential role of MIF in IVD degeneration has not been determined. Recent studies have shown that MIF and its receptor, CD74, are involved in regulating the migration of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs); Thus, MIF might impair the ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to home to injured tissues. Our previous studies indicated that cartilage endplate (CEP)-derived stem cells (CESCs) as a type of MSCs exist in human degenerate IVDs. Here, we investigate the role of MIF in regulating the migration of CESCs. METHODS AND FINDINGS CESCs were isolated and identified. We have shown that MIF was distributed in human degenerate IVD tissues and was subject to regulation by the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Furthermore, in vitro cell migration assays revealed that nucleus pulposus (NP) cells inhibited the migration of CESCs in a number-dependent manner, and ELISA assays revealed that the amount of MIF in conditioned medium (CM) was significantly increased as a function of increasing cell number. Additionally, recombinant human MIF (r-MIF) inhibited the migration of CESCs in a dose-dependent manner. CESCs migration was restored when an antagonist of MIF, (S, R)-3(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4, 5-dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic acid methyl ester (ISO-1), was added. Finally, a CD74 activating antibody (CD74Ab) was used to examine the effect of CD74 on CESCs motility and inhibited the migration of CESCs in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS We have identified and characterized a novel regulatory mechanism governing cell migration during IVD degeneration. The results will benefit understanding of another possible mechanism for IVD degeneration, and might provide a new method to repair degenerate IVD by enhancing CESCs migration to degenerated NP tissues to exert their regenerative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-jie Xiong
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Millitary Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Repulic of China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Millitary Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Repulic of China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Millitary Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Repulic of China
| | - Yan-ping Cun
- Cancer Centre, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan-tao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Millitary Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Repulic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Millitary Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Repulic of China
| | - Chang-qing Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Millitary Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Repulic of China
| | - Yong Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Millitary Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Repulic of China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Millitary Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Repulic of China
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O'Connor KC, Russell KC, Phinney DG, Lacey MR, Barrilleaux BL, Meyertholen KE. High-capacity assay to quantify the clonal heterogeneity in potency of mesenchymal stem cells. BMC Proc 2011; 5 Suppl 8:O14. [PMID: 22373225 PMCID: PMC3284945 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-5-s8-o14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kim C O'Connor
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Katie C Russell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | | | - Michelle R Lacey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Bonnie L Barrilleaux
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Kristin E Meyertholen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine that has been implicated as playing a causative role in many disease states, including sepsis, pneumonia, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis and cancer. To inhibit the enzymatic and biologic activities of MIF, we and others have developed small-molecule MIF inhibitors. Most MIF inhibitors bind within the hydrophobic pocket that contains highly conserved amino acids known to be essential for MIF's proinflammatory activity. The best characterized of these small-molecule MIF inhibitors, (S,R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic acid methyl ester (ISO-1) has been validated in scores of laboratories worldwide. Like neutralizing anti-MIF antibodies, ISO-1 significantly improves survival and reduces disease progression and/or severity in multiple murine models where MIF is implicated. This MIF inhibitor, its derivatives and other MIF-targeted compounds show great promise for future testing in disease states where increased MIF activity has been discovered.
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Russell KC, Lacey MR, Gilliam JK, Tucker HA, Phinney DG, O'Connor KC. Clonal analysis of the proliferation potential of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as a function of potency. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:2716-26. [PMID: 21538337 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow are a heterogeneous ensemble of progenitors and lineage-committed cells, with a broad range of regenerative properties. Ex vivo expansion to produce sufficient quantities of MSCs is essential for most therapeutic applications. The present study resolves the relationship between proliferation potential of MSCs and their potency. Clonal analysis generated single-cell derived colonies of MSCs that were classified according to their trilineage potential to exhibit adipo- (A), chondro- (C), and osteogenesis (O) as a measure of potency. Multipotent OAC clones were highly proliferative with colony-forming efficiencies that ranged from 35% to 90%; whereas, O clones formed colonies with an efficiency of 5% or less (P < 0.01). Similar trends were evident during ex vivo expansion: for example, the median specific growth rate was 0.8 day(-1) (20 h doubling time) for cultures inoculated with OAC clones and was 5-fold less for inocula of O clones (P < 0.01). OA and OC clones had similar proliferation potentials. More than 75% of cells in subconfluent cultures inoculated with O clones stained positive for senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity vs. less than 10% for OAC clones (P < 0.001). Apoptotic cells were in the minority for all potency groups. Preliminary data generated during clonal analysis suggest that osteogenic potential of MSCs to produce mineralized matrix is a function of potency, as well. These results are discussed in the context of the preparation of efficacious MSC therapies by ex vivo expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie C Russell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, Boggs Center, Room 300, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
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Barrilleaux BL, Fischer-Valuck BW, Gilliam JK, Phinney DG, O'Connor KC. Activation of CD74 inhibits migration of human mesenchymal stem cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2010; 46:566-72. [PMID: 20198449 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-010-9279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by systemic delivery utilizes the innate ability of the cells to home to damaged tissues, but it can be an inefficient process due to a limited knowledge of cellular cues that regulate migration and homing. Our lab recently discovered that a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), inhibits MSC migration. Because MIF may act on multiple cellular targets, an activating antibody (CD74Ab) was employed in this study to examine the effect of one MIF receptor, CD74 (major histocompatibility complex class II-associated invariant chain), on MSC motility. CD74 activation inhibits in a dose-dependent manner up to 90% of in vitro migration of MSCs at 40 mug/ml CD74Ab (p < 0.001), with consistent effects observed among three MSC donor preparations. A blocking peptide from the C-terminus of CD74 eliminates the effect of CD74Ab on MSCs. This suggests that MIF may act on MSCs, at least in part, through CD74. Late-passage MSCs exhibit less chemokinesis than those at passage 2. However, MSCs remain responsive to CD74 activation during ex vivo expansion: MSC migration is inhibited approximately 2-fold in the presence of 5 microg/ml CD74Ab at passage 9 vs. approximately 3-fold at passage 2 (p < 0.001). Consistent with this result, there were no significant differences in CD74 expression at all tested passages or after CD74Ab exposure. Targeting CD74 to regulate migration and homing potentially may be a useful strategy to improve the efficacy of a variety of MSC therapies, including those that require ex vivo expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie L Barrilleaux
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, Lindy Boggs Center Room 300, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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Allsopp TE, Bunnage ME, Fish PV. Small molecule modulation of stem cells in regenerative medicine: recent applications and future direction. MEDCHEMCOMM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0md00055h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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