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Davis EER, Manzoni TJ, Bianchi VJ, Weber JF, Wu PH, Regmi SC, Waldman SD, Schmidt TA, Su AW, Kandel RA, Parreno J. Passaged Articular Chondrocytes From the Superficial Zone and Deep Zone Can Regain Zone-Specific Properties After Redifferentiation. Am J Sports Med 2024; 52:1075-1087. [PMID: 38419462 DOI: 10.1177/03635465241230031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioengineered cartilage is a developing therapeutic to repair cartilage defects. The matrix must be rich in collagen type II and aggrecan and mechanically competent, withstanding compressive and shearing loads. Biomechanical properties in native articular cartilage depend on the zonal architecture consisting of 3 zones: superficial, middle, and deep. The superficial zone chondrocytes produce lubricating proteoglycan-4, whereas the deep zone chondrocytes produce collagen type X, which allows for integration into the subchondral bone. Zonal and chondrogenic expression is lost after cell number expansion. Current cell-based therapies have limited capacity to regenerate the zonal structure of native cartilage. HYPOTHESIS Both passaged superficial and deep zone chondrocytes at high density can form bioengineered cartilage that is rich in collagen type II and aggrecan; however, only passaged superficial zone-derived chondrocytes will express superficial zone-specific proteoglycan-4, and only passaged deep zone-derived chondrocytes will express deep zone-specific collagen type X. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Superficial and deep zone chondrocytes were isolated from bovine joints, and zonal subpopulations were separately expanded in 2-dimensional culture. At passage 2, superficial and deep zone chondrocytes were seeded, separately, in scaffold-free 3-dimensional culture within agarose wells and cultured in redifferentiation media. RESULTS Monolayer expansion resulted in loss of expression for proteoglycan-4 and collagen type X in passaged superficial and deep zone chondrocytes, respectively. By passage 2, superficial and deep zone chondrocytes had similar expression for dedifferentiated molecules collagen type I and tenascin C. Redifferentiation of both superficial and deep zone chondrocytes led to the expression of collagen type II and aggrecan in both passaged chondrocyte populations. However, only redifferentiated deep zone chondrocytes expressed collagen type X, and only redifferentiated superficial zone chondrocytes expressed and secreted proteoglycan-4. Additionally, redifferentiated deep zone chondrocytes produced a thicker and more robust tissue compared with superficial zone chondrocytes. CONCLUSION The recapitulation of the primary phenotype from passaged zonal chondrocytes introduces a novel method of functional bioengineering of cartilage that resembles the zone-specific biological properties of native cartilage. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The recapitulation of the primary phenotype in zonal chondrocytes could be a possible method to tailor bioengineered cartilage to have zone-specific expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E R Davis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas J Manzoni
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Vanessa J Bianchi
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanna F Weber
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Po Han Wu
- Department of Human Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suresh C Regmi
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen D Waldman
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tannin A Schmidt
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alvin W Su
- Nemours Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nemours Children's Hospital, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Rita A Kandel
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin Parreno
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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Bioprinting of a Zonal-Specific Cell Density Scaffold: A Biomimetic Approach for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11177821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of articular cartilage defects remains a significant clinical challenge. This is partially due to current tissue engineering strategies failing to recapitulate native organization. Articular cartilage is a graded tissue with three layers exhibiting different cell densities: the superficial zone having the highest density and the deep zone having the lowest density. However, the introduction of cell gradients for cartilage tissue engineering, which could promote a more biomimetic environment, has not been widely explored. Here, we aimed to bioprint a scaffold with different zonal cell densities to mimic the organization of articular cartilage. The scaffold was bioprinted using an alginate-based bioink containing human articular chondrocytes. The scaffold design included three cell densities, one per zone: 20 × 106 (superficial), 10 × 106 (middle), and 5 × 106 (deep) cells/mL. The scaffold was cultured in a chondrogenic medium for 25 days and analyzed by live/dead assay and histology. The live/dead analysis showed the ability to generate a zonal cell density with high viability. Histological analysis revealed a smooth transition between the zones in terms of cell distribution and a higher sulphated glycosaminoglycan deposition in the highest cell density zone. These findings pave the way toward bioprinting complex zonal cartilage scaffolds as single units, thereby advancing the translation of cartilage tissue engineering into clinical practice.
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Mouser VHM, Levato R, Mensinga A, Dhert WJA, Gawlitta D, Malda J. Bio-ink development for three-dimensional bioprinting of hetero-cellular cartilage constructs. Connect Tissue Res 2020; 61:137-151. [PMID: 30526130 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2018.1553960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting is a promising tool to fabricate organized cartilage. This study aimed to investigate the printability of gelatin-methacryloyl/gellan gum (gelMA/gellan) hydrogels with and without methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HAMA), and to explore (zone-specific) chondrogenesis of chondrocytes, articular cartilage progenitor cells (ACPCs), and multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) embedded in these bio-inks.The incorporating of HAMA in gelMA/gellan bio-ink increased filament stability, as measured using a filament collapse assay, but did not influence (zone-specific) chondrogenesis of any of the cell types. Highest chondrogenic potential was observed for MSCs, followed by ACPCs, which displayed relatively high proteoglycan IV mRNA levels. Therefore, two-zone constructs were printed with gelMA/gellan/HAMA containing ACPCs in the superficial region and MSCs in the middle/deep region. Chondrogenic differentiation was confirmed, however, printing influence cellular differentiation.ACPC- and MSC-laden gelMA/gellan/HAMA hydrogels are of interest for the fabrication of cartilage constructs. Nevertheless, this study underscores the need for careful evaluation of the effects of printing on cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian H M Mouser
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anneloes Mensinga
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J A Dhert
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Debby Gawlitta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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4
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Owida HA, Yang R, Cen L, Kuiper NJ, Yang Y. Induction of zonal-specific cellular morphology and matrix synthesis for biomimetic cartilage regeneration using hybrid scaffolds. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2018.0310. [PMID: 29950515 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage is anisotropic in nature and organized into distinct zones. Our goal was to develop zonal-specific three-dimensional hybrid scaffolds which could induce the generation of zonal-specific cellular morphology and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. The superficial and middle zones comprised two layers of hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel which enveloped specifically orientated or randomly arranged polylactic acid nanofibre meshes. The deep zone comprised a HA hydrogel with multiple vertical channels. Primary bovine chondrocytes were seeded into the individual zonal scaffolds, cultured for 14 days and then the ECM was analysed. The aligned nanofibre mesh used in the superficial zone induced an elongated cell morphology, lower glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen II production, and higher cell proliferation and collagen I production than the cells in the middle zone scaffold. Within the middle zone scaffold, which comprised a randomly orientated nanofibre mesh, the cells were clustered and expressed more collagen II. The deep zone scaffold induced the highest GAG production, the lowest cell proliferation and the lowest collagen I expression of the three zones. Assembling the three zones and stabilizing the arrangement with a HA hydrogel generated aligned, randomly aggregated and columnar cells in the superficial, middle and deep zones. This study presents a method to induce zonal-specific chondrocyte morphology and ECM production.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Owida
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
| | - R Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - L Cen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - N J Kuiper
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK.,Arthritis Research Centre, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Y Yang
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
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Guo T, Lembong J, Zhang LG, Fisher JP. Three-Dimensional Printing Articular Cartilage: Recapitulating the Complexity of Native Tissue<sup/>. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 23:225-236. [PMID: 27875945 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, the field of tissue engineering combined with rapid prototyping (RP) techniques has been successful in creating biological substitutes that mimic tissues. Its applications in regenerative medicine have drawn efforts in research from various scientific fields, diagnostics, and clinical translation to therapies. While some areas of therapeutics are well developed, such as skin replacement, many others such as cartilage repair can still greatly benefit from tissue engineering and RP due to the low success and/or inefficiency of current existing, often surgical treatments. Through fabrication of complex scaffolds and development of advanced materials, RP provides a new avenue for cartilage repair. Computer-aided design and three-dimensional (3D) printing allow the fabrication of modeled cartilage scaffolds for repair and regeneration of damaged cartilage tissues. Specifically, the various processes of 3D printing will be discussed in details, both cellular and acellular techniques, covering the different materials, geometries, and operational printing conditions for the development of tissue-engineered articular cartilage. Finally, we conclude with some insights on future applications and challenges related to this technology, especially using 3D printing techniques to recapitulate the complexity of native structure for advanced cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- 1 Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland
| | - Josephine Lembong
- 1 Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- 2 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia
| | - John P Fisher
- 1 Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland
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6
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Hsueh MF, Khabut A, Kjellström S, Önnerfjord P, Kraus VB. Elucidating the Molecular Composition of Cartilage by Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:374-88. [PMID: 26632656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage consists of chondrocytes and two major components, a collagen-rich framework and highly abundant proteoglycans. Most prior studies defining the zonal distribution of cartilage have extracted proteins with guanidine-HCl. However, an unextracted collagen-rich residual is left after extraction. In addition, the high abundance of anionic polysaccharide molecules extracted from cartilage adversely affects the chromatographic separation. In this study, we established a method for removing chondrocytes from cartilage sections with minimal extracellular matrix protein loss. The addition of surfactant to guanidine-HCl extraction buffer improved protein solubility. Ultrafiltration removed interference from polysaccharides and salts. Almost four-times more collagen peptides were extracted by the in situ trypsin digestion method. However, as expected, proteoglycans were more abundant within the guanidine-HCl extraction. These different methods were used to extract cartilage sections from different cartilage layers (superficial, intermediate, and deep), joint types (knee and hip), and disease states (healthy and osteoarthritic), and the extractions were evaluated by quantitative and qualitative proteomic analyses. The results of this study led to the identifications of the potential biomarkers of osteoarthritis (OA), OA progression, and the joint specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Feng Hsueh
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, ‡Departments of Medicine, and §Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States.,Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Rheumatology and Molecular Skeletal Biology and ¶Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University , SE 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Areej Khabut
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, ‡Departments of Medicine, and §Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States.,Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Rheumatology and Molecular Skeletal Biology and ¶Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University , SE 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sven Kjellström
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, ‡Departments of Medicine, and §Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States.,Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Rheumatology and Molecular Skeletal Biology and ¶Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University , SE 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrik Önnerfjord
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, ‡Departments of Medicine, and §Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States.,Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Rheumatology and Molecular Skeletal Biology and ¶Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University , SE 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Virginia Byers Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, ‡Departments of Medicine, and §Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27701, United States.,Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Rheumatology and Molecular Skeletal Biology and ¶Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University , SE 22184 Lund, Sweden
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7
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Tatman PD, Gerull W, Sweeney-Easter S, Davis JI, Gee AO, Kim DH. Multiscale Biofabrication of Articular Cartilage: Bioinspired and Biomimetic Approaches. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015. [PMID: 26200439 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is the load-bearing tissue found inside all articulating joints of the body. It vastly reduces friction and allows for smooth gliding between contacting surfaces. The structure of articular cartilage matrix and cellular composition is zonal and is important for its mechanical properties. When cartilage becomes injured through trauma or disease, it has poor intrinsic healing capabilities. The spectrum of cartilage injury ranges from isolated areas of the joint to diffuse breakdown and the clinical appearance of osteoarthritis. Current clinical treatment options remain limited in their ability to restore cartilage to its normal functional state. This review focuses on the evolution of biomaterial scaffolds that have been used for functional cartilage tissue engineering. In particular, we highlight recent developments in multiscale biofabrication approaches attempting to recapitulate the complex 3D matrix of native articular cartilage tissue. Additionally, we focus on the application of these methods to engineering each zone of cartilage and engineering full-thickness osteochondral tissues for improved clinical implantation. These methods have shown the potential to control individual cell-to-scaffold interactions and drive progenitor cell differentiation into a chondrocyte lineage. The use of these bioinspired nanoengineered scaffolds hold promise for recreation of structure and function on the whole tissue level and may represent exciting new developments for future clinical applications for cartilage injury and restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip David Tatman
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - William Gerull
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Sean Sweeney-Easter
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeffrey Isaac Davis
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Albert O Gee
- 2 Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,3 Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
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8
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Di Bella C, Fosang A, Donati DM, Wallace GG, Choong PFM. 3D Bioprinting of Cartilage for Orthopedic Surgeons: Reading between the Lines. Front Surg 2015; 2:39. [PMID: 26322314 PMCID: PMC4534805 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2015.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondral and osteochondral lesions represent one of the most challenging and frustrating scenarios for the orthopedic surgeon and for the patient. The lack of therapeutic strategies capable to reconstitute the function and structure of hyaline cartilage and to halt the progression toward osteoarthritis has brought clinicians and scientists together, to investigate the potential role of tissue engineering as a viable alternative to current treatment modalities. In particular, the role of bioprinting is emerging as an innovative technology that allows for the creation of organized 3D tissue constructs via a "layer-by-layer" deposition process. This process also has the capability to combine cells and biomaterials in an ordered and predetermined way. Here, we review the recent advances in cartilage bioprinting and we identify the current challenges and the directions for future developments in cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Di Bella
- Department of Orthopaedic, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amanda Fosang
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Davide M. Donati
- Unit of Orthopaedic Pathology and Osteoarticular Tissue Regeneration, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gordon G. Wallace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, AIIM Facility, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter F. M. Choong
- Department of Orthopaedic, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Mori Y, Chung UI, Tanaka S, Saito T. Determination of differential gene expression profiles in superficial and deeper zones of mature rat articular cartilage using RNA sequencing of laser microdissected tissue specimens. Biomed Res 2015; 35:263-70. [PMID: 25152035 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.35.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Superficial zone (SFZ) cells, which are morphologically and functionally distinct from chondrocytes in deeper zones, play important roles in the maintenance of articular cartilage. Here, we established an easy and reliable method for performance of laser microdissection (LMD) on cryosections of mature rat articular cartilage using an adhesive membrane. We further examined gene expression profiles in the SFZ and the deeper zones of articular cartilage by performing RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). We validated sample collection methods, RNA amplification and the RNA-seq data using real-time RT-PCR. The combined data provide comprehensive information regarding genes specifically expressed in the SFZ or deeper zones, as well as a useful protocol for expression analysis of microsamples of hard tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Mori
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo
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10
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McCarthy HS, Malda J, Richardson JB, Roberts S. Increased Production of Clusterin in Biopsies of Repair Tissue following Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation. Cartilage 2013; 4:227-38. [PMID: 26069669 PMCID: PMC4297085 DOI: 10.1177/1947603513477652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the immunolocalization of clusterin in the repair cartilage of patients having undergone autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) and evaluate correlation to clinical outcome. DESIGN Full-depth core biopsies of repair tissue were obtained from 38 patients who had undergone ACI at an average of 18 ± 13 months previously (range 8-67 months). The biopsies were snap frozen, cryosectioned, and clusterin production immunolocalized using a specific monoclonal clusterin antibody and compared with normal and osteoarthritic cartilage. Clinical outcome was assessed from patients preoperatively, at the time of biopsy, and annually postoperatively. RESULTS Intensity of immunostaining for clusterin decreased with age in healthy cartilage tissue. Clusterin was detected to a variable degree in 37 of the 38 ACI cartilage biopsies, in single and clustered chondrocytes, in the pericellular capsule and the cartilage extracellular matrix, as well as the osteocytes and osteoid within the bone. Chondrocytes in hyaline repair tissue were significantly more immunopositive than those in fibrocartilage repair tissue. Clinical outcome improved significantly post-ACI, but did not correlate with the presence of clusterin in the repair tissue. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the presence of clusterin in actively repairing human cartilage and indicate a different distribution of clusterin in this tissue compared to normal cartilage. Variability in clusterin staining in the repair tissue could indicate different states of chondrogenic differentiation. The clinical significance of clusterin within repair tissue is difficult to assess, although the ideal functioning repair tissue morphology should resemble that of healthy adult cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen S. McCarthy
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust and ISTM (Keele University), Oswestry, Shropshire, UK
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - James B. Richardson
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust and ISTM (Keele University), Oswestry, Shropshire, UK
| | - Sally Roberts
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust and ISTM (Keele University), Oswestry, Shropshire, UK
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11
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Schuurman W, Harimulyo EB, Gawlitta D, Woodfield TBF, Dhert WJA, van Weeren PR, Malda J. Three-dimensional assembly of tissue-engineered cartilage constructs results in cartilaginous tissue formation without retainment of zonal characteristics. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:315-24. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Schuurman
- Department of Orthopaedics; University Medical Centre Utrecht; The Netherlands
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
| | - E. B. Harimulyo
- Department of Orthopaedics; University Medical Centre Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - D. Gawlitta
- Department of Orthopaedics; University Medical Centre Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - T. B. F. Woodfield
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; University of Otago; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - W. J. A. Dhert
- Department of Orthopaedics; University Medical Centre Utrecht; The Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences; University of Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - P. R. van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
| | - J. Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics; University Medical Centre Utrecht; The Netherlands
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12
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Hong E, Reddi AH. Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation of Articular Chondrocytes from Surface and Middle Zones: Changes in MicroRNAs-221/-222, -140, and -143/145 Expression. Tissue Eng Part A 2013. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eunmee Hong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - A. Hari Reddi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
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13
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Malda J, de Grauw JC, Benders KEM, Kik MJL, van de Lest CHA, Creemers LB, Dhert WJA, van Weeren PR. Of mice, men and elephants: the relation between articular cartilage thickness and body mass. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57683. [PMID: 23437402 PMCID: PMC3578797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian articular cartilage serves diverse functions, including shock absorption, force transmission and enabling low-friction joint motion. These challenging requirements are met by the tissue’s thickness combined with its highly specific extracellular matrix, consisting of a glycosaminoglycan-interspersed collagen fiber network that provides a unique combination of resilience and high compressive and shear resistance. It is unknown how this critical tissue deals with the challenges posed by increases in body mass. For this study, osteochondral cores were harvested post-mortem from the central sites of both medial and lateral femoral condyles of 58 different mammalian species ranging from 25 g (mouse) to 4000 kg (African elephant). Joint size and cartilage thickness were measured and biochemical composition (glycosaminoclycan, collagen and DNA content) and collagen cross-links densities were analyzed. Here, we show that cartilage thickness at the femoral condyle in the mammalian species investigated varies between 90 µm and 3000 µm and bears a negative allometric relationship to body mass, unlike the isometric scaling of the skeleton. Cellular density (as determined by DNA content) decreases with increasing body mass, but gross biochemical composition is remarkably constant. This however need not affect life-long performance of the tissue in heavier mammals, due to relatively constant static compressive stresses, the zonal organization of the tissue and additional compensation by joint congruence, posture and activity pattern of larger mammals. These findings provide insight in the scaling of articular cartilage thickness with body weight, as well as in cartilage biochemical composition and cellularity across mammalian species. They underscore the need for the use of appropriate in vivo models in translational research aiming at human applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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14
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Coates EE, Riggin CN, Fisher JP. Matrix molecule influence on chondrocyte phenotype and proteoglycan 4 expression by alginate-embedded zonal chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:1886-97. [PMID: 22674584 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage resists load and provides frictionless movement at joint surfaces. The tissue is organized into the superficial, middle, deep, and calcified zones throughout its depth, each which serve distinct functions. Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), found in the superficial zone, is a critical component of the joint's lubricating mechanisms. Maintenance of both the chondrocyte and zonal chondrocyte phenotype remain challenges for in vitro culture and tissue engineering. Here we investigate the expression of PRG4 mRNA and protein by primary bovine superficial zone chondrocytes, middle/deep zone chondrocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in alginate hydrogels with hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) additives. Chondrogenic phenotype and differentiation markers are evaluated by mRNA expression, histochemical, and immunohistochemical staining. Results show middle/deep cells express no measurable PRG4 mRNA by day 7. In contrast, superficial zone cells express elevated PRG4 mRNA throughout culture time. This expression can be significantly enhanced up to 15-fold by addition of both HA and CS to scaffolds. Conversely, PRG4 mRNA expression is downregulated (up to 5-fold) by CS and HA in differentiating MSCs, possibly due to build up of entrapped protein. HA and CS demonstrate favorable effects on chondrogenesis by upregulating transcription factor Sox9 mRNA (up to 4.6-fold) and downregulating type I collagen mRNA (up to 18-fold). Results highlight the important relationship between matrix components and expression of critical lubricating proteins in an engineered cartilage scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Coates
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3238 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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15
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Schuurman W, Klein TJ, Dhert WJA, van Weeren PR, Hutmacher DW, Malda J. Cartilage regeneration using zonal chondrocyte subpopulations: a promising approach or an overcomplicated strategy? J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 9:669-78. [PMID: 23135870 DOI: 10.1002/term.1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage defects heal imperfectly and osteoarthritic changes develop frequently as a result. Although the existence of specific behaviours of chondrocytes derived from various depth-related zones in vitro has been known for over 20 years, only a relatively small body of in vitro studies has been performed with zonal chondrocytes and current clinical treatment strategies do not reflect these native depth-dependent (zonal) differences. This is surprising since mimicking the zonal organization of articular cartilage in neo-tissue by the use of zonal chondrocyte subpopulations could enhance the functionality of the graft. Although some research groups including our own have made considerable progress in tailoring culture conditions using specific growth factors and biomechanical loading protocols, we conclude that an optimal regime has not yet been determined. Other unmet challenges include the lack of specific zonal cell sorting protocols and limited amounts of cells harvested per zone. As a result, the engineering of functional tissue has not yet been realized and no long-term in vivo studies using zonal chondrocytes have been described. This paper critically reviews the research performed to date and outlines our view of the potential future significance of zonal chondrocyte populations in regenerative approaches for the treatment of cartilage defects. Secondly, we briefly discuss the capabilities of additive manufacturing technologies that can not only create patient-specific grafts directly from medical imaging data sets but could also more accurately reproduce the complex 3D zonal extracellular matrix architecture using techniques such as hydrogel-based cell printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schuurman
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - T J Klein
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - W J A Dhert
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P R van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - D W Hutmacher
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - J Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
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16
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Schrobback K, Malda J, Crawford RW, Upton Z, Leavesley DI, Klein TJ. Effects of oxygen on zonal marker expression in human articular chondrocytes. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:920-33. [PMID: 22097912 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is organized in depth zones with phenotypically distinct subpopulations of chondrocytes that are exposed to different oxygen tensions. Despite growing evidence of the critical role for oxygen in chondrogenesis, little is known about its effect on chondrocytes from different zones. This study evaluates zonal marker expression of human articular chondrocytes from different zones under various oxygen tensions. Chondrocytes isolated from full-thickness, superficial, and middle/deep cartilage from knee replacement surgeries were expanded and redifferentiated under hypoxic (5% O(2)) or normoxic (20% O(2)) conditions. Differentiation under hypoxia increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factors 1alpha and 2alpha and accumulation of extracellular matrix, particularly in middle/deep chondrocytes, and favored re-expression of proteoglycan 4 by superficial chondrocytes compared with middle/deep cells. Zone-dependent expression of clusterin varied with culture duration. These results demonstrate that zonal chondrocytes retain important phenotypic differences during in vitro cultivation, and that these characteristics can be improved by altering the oxygen environment. However, transcript levels for pleiotrophin, cartilage intermediate layer protein, and collagen type X were similar between zones, challenging their reliability as zonal markers for tissue-engineered cartilage from osteoarthritis patients. Key factors including oxygen tension and cell source should be considered to prescribe zone-specific properties to tissue-engineered cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Schrobback
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia.
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17
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Tissue engineering of functional articular cartilage: the current status. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 347:613-27. [PMID: 22030892 PMCID: PMC3306561 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by pain and disability. It involves all ages and 70% of people aged >65 have some degree of osteoarthritis. Natural cartilage repair is limited because chondrocyte density and metabolism are low and cartilage has no blood supply. The results of joint-preserving treatment protocols such as debridement, mosaicplasty, perichondrium transplantation and autologous chondrocyte implantation vary largely and the average long-term result is unsatisfactory. One reason for limited clinical success is that most treatments require new cartilage to be formed at the site of a defect. However, the mechanical conditions at such sites are unfavorable for repair of the original damaged cartilage. Therefore, it is unlikely that healthy cartilage would form at these locations. The most promising method to circumvent this problem is to engineer mechanically stable cartilage ex vivo and to implant that into the damaged tissue area. This review outlines the issues related to the composition and functionality of tissue-engineered cartilage. In particular, the focus will be on the parameters cell source, signaling molecules, scaffolds and mechanical stimulation. In addition, the current status of tissue engineering of cartilage will be discussed, with the focus on extracellular matrix content, structure and its functionality.
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18
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Sun L, Reagan MR, Kaplan DL. Role of Cartilage Forming Cells in Regenerative Medicine for Cartilage Repair. Orthop Res Rev 2010; 2010:85-94. [PMID: 24049462 PMCID: PMC3773876 DOI: 10.2147/orr.s7194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, cartilage repair remains a major challenge for researchers and physicians due to its limited healing capacity. Cartilage regeneration requires suitable cells; these must be easily obtained and expanded, able to produce hyaline matrix with proper mechanical properties, and demonstrate sustained integration with native tissue. At present, there is a wide variety of possible cell sources for cartilage regeneration; this review explores the diversity of sources for cartilage forming cells and the distinctive characteristics, advantages, limitations, and potential applications of each cell source. We place emphasis on cell sources used for in vitro and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford MA., USA
| | - Michaela R. Reagan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford MA., USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford MA., USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford MA., USA
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Coates EE, Fisher JP. Phenotypic variations in chondrocyte subpopulations and their response to in vitro culture and external stimuli. Ann Biomed Eng 2010; 38:3371-88. [PMID: 20556515 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-010-0096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage defects have limited capacity to self-repair, and cost society up to 60 billion dollars annually in both medical treatments and loss of working days. Recent developments in cartilage tissue engineering have resulted in many new products coming to market or entering clinical trials. However, there is a distinct lack of treatments which aim to recreate the complex zonal organization of articular cartilage. Cartilage tissue withstands repetitive strains throughout an individual's lifetime and provides frictionless movement between joints. The structure and composition of its intricately organized extracellular matrix varies with tissue depth to provide optimal resistance to loading, ensure ease of movement, and integrate with the subchondral bone. Each tissue zone is specially designed to resist the load it experiences, and maximize the tissue properties needed for its location. It is unlikely that a homogenous solution to tissue repair will be able to optimally restore the function of such a heterogeneous tissue. For zonal engineering of articular cartilage to become practical, maintenance of phenotypically stable zonal cell populations must be achieved. The chondrocyte phenotype varies considerably by zone, and it is the activity of these cells that help achieve the structural organization of the tissue. This review provides an examination of literature which has studied variations in cellular phenotype between cartilage zones. By doing so, we have identified critical differences between cell populations and highlighted areas of research which show potential in the field. Current research has made the morphological and metabolic variations between these cell populations clear, but an ideal way of maintaining these differences in vitro culture is yet to be established. Combinations of delivered growth factors, mechanical loading, and layered three-dimensional culture systems all show potential for achieving this goal. Furthermore, differentiation of progenitor cell populations into chondrocyte subpopulations may also hold promise for achieving large numbers of zonal chondrocytes. Success of the field lies in establishing methods of retaining phenotypically stable cell populations for in vitro culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Coates
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3238 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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