1
|
Murphy CS, DeMambro VE, Fadel S, Fairfield H, Garter CA, Rodriguez P, Qiang YW, Vary CPH, Reagan MR. Inhibition of Acyl-CoA Synthetase Long Chain Isozymes Decreases Multiple Myeloma Cell Proliferation and Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.13.583708. [PMID: 38559245 PMCID: PMC10979990 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.13.583708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable cancer of plasma cells with a 5-year survival rate of 59%. Dysregulation of fatty acid (FA) metabolism is associated with MM development and progression; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family members (ACSLs) convert free long-chain fatty acids into fatty acyl-CoA esters and play key roles in catabolic and anabolic fatty acid metabolism. The Cancer Dependency Map data suggested that ACSL3 and ACSL4 were among the top 25% Hallmark Fatty Acid Metabolism genes that support MM fitness. Here, we show that inhibition of ACSLs in human myeloma cell lines using the pharmacological inhibitor Triascin C (TriC) causes apoptosis and decreases proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. RNA-seq of MM.1S cells treated with TriC for 24 h showed a significant enrichment in apoptosis, ferroptosis, and ER stress. Proteomics of MM.1S cells treated with TriC for 48 h revealed that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative phosphorylation were significantly enriched pathways of interest, consistent with our observations of decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased mitochondrial superoxide levels. Interestingly, MM.1S cells treated with TriC for 24 h also showed decreased mitochondrial ATP production rates and overall lower cellular respiration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connor S Murphy
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, USA
- University of Maine, University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Victoria E DeMambro
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, USA
- University of Maine, University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Samaa Fadel
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, USA
- University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA
| | - Heather Fairfield
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, USA
- University of Maine, University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston MA, USA
| | - Carlos A Garter
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, USA
- University of Maine, University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA
| | | | - Ya-Wei Qiang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Calvin P H Vary
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, USA
- University of Maine, University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston MA, USA
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, USA
- University of Maine, University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fairfield H, Reagan MR. The hope for targeting fatty acid binding proteins in multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2023; 14:612-613. [PMID: 37335289 PMCID: PMC10278659 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michaela R. Reagan
- Correspondence to:Michaela R. Reagan, Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Health Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA email
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Farrell M, Fairfield H, Karam M, D'Amico A, Murphy CS, Falank C, Pistofidi RS, Cao A, Marinac CR, Dragon JA, McGuinness L, Gartner CG, Iorio RD, Jachimowicz E, DeMambro V, Vary C, Reagan MR. Targeting the fatty acid binding proteins disrupts multiple myeloma cell cycle progression and MYC signaling. eLife 2023; 12:e81184. [PMID: 36880649 PMCID: PMC9995119 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is an incurable plasma cell malignancy with only a 53% 5-year survival rate. There is a critical need to find new multiple myeloma vulnerabilities and therapeutic avenues. Herein, we identified and explored a novel multiple myeloma target: the fatty acid binding protein (FABP) family. In our work, myeloma cells were treated with FABP inhibitors (BMS3094013 and SBFI-26) and examined in vivo and in vitro for cell cycle state, proliferation, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, cellular metabolism (oxygen consumption rates and fatty acid oxidation), and DNA methylation properties. Myeloma cell responses to BMS309403, SBFI-26, or both, were also assessed with RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and proteomic analysis, and confirmed with western blotting and qRT-PCR. Myeloma cell dependency on FABPs was assessed using the Cancer Dependency Map (DepMap). Finally, MM patient datasets (CoMMpass and GEO) were mined for FABP expression correlations with clinical outcomes. We found that myeloma cells treated with FABPi or with FABP5 knockout (generated via CRISPR/Cas9 editing) exhibited diminished proliferation, increased apoptosis, and metabolic changes in vitro. FABPi had mixed results in vivo, in two pre-clinical MM mouse models, suggesting optimization of in vivo delivery, dosing, or type of FABP inhibitors will be needed before clinical applicability. FABPi negatively impacted mitochondrial respiration and reduced expression of MYC and other key signaling pathways in MM cells in vitro. Clinical data demonstrated worse overall and progression-free survival in patients with high FABP5 expression in tumor cells. Overall, this study establishes the FABP family as a potentially new target in multiple myeloma. In MM cells, FABPs have a multitude of actions and cellular roles that result in the support of myeloma progression. Further research into the FABP family in MM is warrented, especially into the effective translation of targeting these in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariah Farrell
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Health Institute for ResearchScarboroughUnited States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of MaineOronoUnited States
- Tufts University School of MedicineBostonUnited States
| | - Heather Fairfield
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Health Institute for ResearchScarboroughUnited States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of MaineOronoUnited States
- Tufts University School of MedicineBostonUnited States
| | - Michelle Karam
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Health Institute for ResearchScarboroughUnited States
| | - Anastasia D'Amico
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Health Institute for ResearchScarboroughUnited States
| | - Connor S Murphy
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Health Institute for ResearchScarboroughUnited States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of MaineOronoUnited States
| | - Carolyne Falank
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Health Institute for ResearchScarboroughUnited States
| | | | - Amanda Cao
- Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Catherine R Marinac
- Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - Lauren McGuinness
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Health Institute for ResearchScarboroughUnited States
- University of New EnglandBiddefordUnited States
| | - Carlos G Gartner
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Health Institute for ResearchScarboroughUnited States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of MaineOronoUnited States
- Tufts University School of MedicineBostonUnited States
| | - Reagan Di Iorio
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Health Institute for ResearchScarboroughUnited States
- University of New EnglandBiddefordUnited States
| | - Edward Jachimowicz
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Health Institute for ResearchScarboroughUnited States
| | - Victoria DeMambro
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Health Institute for ResearchScarboroughUnited States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of MaineOronoUnited States
| | - Calvin Vary
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Health Institute for ResearchScarboroughUnited States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of MaineOronoUnited States
- Tufts University School of MedicineBostonUnited States
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Health Institute for ResearchScarboroughUnited States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of MaineOronoUnited States
- Tufts University School of MedicineBostonUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fairfield H, Condruti R, Farrell M, Di Iorio R, Gartner CA, Vary C, Reagan MR. Development and characterization of three cell culture systems to investigate the relationship between primary bone marrow adipocytes and myeloma cells. Front Oncol 2023; 12:912834. [PMID: 36713534 PMCID: PMC9874147 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.912834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique properties of the bone marrow (BM) allow for migration and proliferation of multiple myeloma (MM) cells while also providing the perfect environment for development of quiescent, drug-resistant MM cell clones. BM adipocytes (BMAds) have recently been identified as important contributors to systemic adipokine levels, bone strength, hematopoiesis, and progression of metastatic and primary BM cancers, such as MM. Recent studies in myeloma suggest that BMAds can be reprogrammed by tumor cells to contribute to myeloma-induced bone disease, and, reciprocally, BMAds support MM cells in vitro. Importantly, most data investigating BMAds have been generated using adipocytes generated by differentiating BM-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) into adipocytes in vitro using adipogenic media, due to the extreme technical challenges associated with isolating and culturing primary adipocytes. However, if studies could be performed with primary adipocytes, then they likely will recapitulate in vivo biology better than BMSC-derived adipocytes, as the differentiation process is artificial and differs from in vivo differentiation, and progenitor cell(s) of the primary BMAd (pBMAds) may not be the same as the BMSCs precursors used for adipogenic differentiation in vitro. Therefore, we developed and refined three methods for culturing pBMAds: two-dimensional (2D) coverslips, 2D transwells, and three-dimensional (3D) silk scaffolds, all of which can be cultured alone or with MM cells to investigate bidirectional tumor-host signaling. To develop an in vitro model with a tissue-like structure to mimic the BM microenvironment, we developed the first 3D, tissue engineered model utilizing pBMAds derived from human BM. We found that pBMAds, which are extremely fragile, can be isolated and stably cultured in 2D for 10 days and in 3D for up to 4 week in vitro. To investigate the relationship between pBMAds and myeloma, MM cells can be added to investigate physical relationships through confocal imaging and soluble signaling molecules via mass spectrometry. In summary, we developed three in vitro cell culture systems to study pBMAds and myeloma cells, which could be adapted to investigate many diseases and biological processes involving the BM, including other bone-homing tumor types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Fairfield
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, United States,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Mariah Farrell
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, United States,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Reagan Di Iorio
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, United States,University of New England, Biddeford, ME, United States
| | - Carlos A. Gartner
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, United States,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Calvin Vary
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, United States,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michaela R. Reagan
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, ME, United States,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Michaela R. Reagan,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Marques-Mourlet C, Di Iorio R, Fairfield H, Reagan MR. Obesity and myeloma: Clinical and mechanistic contributions to disease progression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1118691. [PMID: 36909335 PMCID: PMC9996186 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1118691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and obesogenic behaviors are positively associated with both monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS) and multiple myeloma (MM). As the only known modifiable risk factor, this association has emerged as a new potential target for MM prevention, but little is known about the mechanistic relationship of body weight with MM progression. Here we summarize epidemiological correlations between weight, body composition, and the various stages of myeloma disease progression and treatments, as well as the current understanding of the molecular contributions of obesity-induced changes in myeloma cell phenotype and signaling. Finally, we outline groundwork for the future characterization of the relationship between body weight patterns, the bone marrow microenvironment, and MM pathogenesis in animal models, which have the potential to impact our understanding of disease pathogenesis and inform MM prevention messages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constance Marques-Mourlet
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, ME, United States
- University of Strasbourg, Pharmacology Department, Strasbourg, France
| | - Reagan Di Iorio
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, ME, United States
- University of New England, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, ME, United States
| | - Heather Fairfield
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, ME, United States
- University of Maine, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, United States
- Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michaela R. Reagan
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, ME, United States
- University of Maine, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, United States
- Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Michaela R. Reagan,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lelis Carvalho A, Treyball A, Brooks DJ, Costa S, Neilson RJ, Reagan MR, Bouxsein ML, Motyl KJ. TRPM8 modulates temperature regulation in a sex-dependent manner without affecting cold-induced bone loss. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0231060. [PMID: 34086678 PMCID: PMC8177490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Trpm8 (transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 8) is expressed by sensory neurons and is involved in the detection of environmental cold temperatures. TRPM8 activity triggers an increase in uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1)-dependent brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. Bone density and marrow adipose tissue are both influenced by rodent housing temperature and brown adipose tissue, but it is unknown if TRPM8 is involved in the co-regulation of thermogenesis and bone homeostasis. To address this, we examined the bone phenotypes of one-year-old Trpm8 knockout mice (Trpm8-KO) after a 4-week cold temperature challenge. Male Trpm8-KO mice had lower bone mineral density than WT, with smaller bone size (femur length and cross-sectional area) being the most striking finding, and exhibited a delayed cold acclimation with increased BAT expression of Dio2 and Cidea compared to WT. In contrast to males, female Trpm8-KO mice had low vertebral bone microarchitectural parameters, but no genotype-specific alterations in body temperature. Interestingly, Trpm8 was not required for cold-induced trabecular bone loss in either sex, but bone marrow adipose tissue in females was significantly suppressed by Trpm8 deletion. In summary, we identified sex differences in the role of TRPM8 in maintaining body temperature, bone microarchitecture and marrow adipose tissue. Identifying mechanisms through which cold temperature and BAT influence bone could help to ameliorate potential bone side effects of obesity treatments designed to stimulate thermogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Lelis Carvalho
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America
| | - Annika Treyball
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Brooks
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Samantha Costa
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America
| | - Ryan J. Neilson
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America
| | - Michaela R. Reagan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
| | - Mary L. Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Katherine J. Motyl
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Costa S, Fairfield H, Farrell M, Murphy CS, Soucy A, Vary C, Holdsworth G, Reagan MR. Sclerostin antibody increases trabecular bone and bone mechanical properties by increasing osteoblast activity damaged by whole-body irradiation in mice. Bone 2021; 147:115918. [PMID: 33737193 PMCID: PMC8076093 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation therapy causes bone deterioration and increased risk for skeletal-related events. Irradiation interferes with trabecular architecture through increased osteoclastic activity, decreased osteoblastic activity, and increased adipocyte expansion in the bone marrow (BM), which further compounds bone-related disease. Neutralizing antibodies to sclerostin (Scl-Ab) increase bone mass and strength by increasing bone formation and reducing bone resorption. We hypothesized that treatment with Scl-Ab would attenuate the adverse effects of irradiation by increasing bone volume and decreasing BM adipose tissue (BMAT), resulting in better quality bone. In this study, 12-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 6 Gy whole-body irradiation or were non-irradiated, then administered Scl-Ab (25 mg/kg) or vehicle weekly for 5 weeks. Femoral μCT analysis confirmed that the overall effect of IR significantly decreased trabecular bone volume/total volume (Tb.BV/TV) (2-way ANOVA, p < 0.0001) with a -43.8% loss in Tb.BV/TV in the IR control group. Scl-Ab independently increased Tb.BV/TV by 3.07-fold in non-irradiated and 3.6-fold in irradiated mice (2-way ANOVA, p < 0.0001). Irradiation did not affect cortical parameters, although Scl-Ab increased cortical thickness and area significantly in both irradiated and non-irradiated mice (2-way ANOVA, p < 0.0001). Femoral mechanical testing confirmed Scl-Ab significantly increased bending rigidity and ultimate moment independently of irradiation (2-way ANOVA, p < 0.0001). Static and dynamic histomorphometry of the femoral metaphysis revealed osteoblast vigor, not number, was significantly increased in the irradiated mice treated with Scl-Ab. Systemic alterations were assessed through serum lipidomic analysis, which showed that Scl-Ab normalized lipid profiles in the irradiated group. This data supports the theory of sclerostin as a novel contributor to the regulation of osteoblast activity after irradiation. Overall, our data support the hypothesis that Scl-Ab ameliorates the deleterious effects of whole-body irradiation on bone and adipose tissue in a mouse model. Our findings suggest that future research into localized and systemic therapies after irradiation exposure is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Costa
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heather Fairfield
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mariah Farrell
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Connor S Murphy
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashley Soucy
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Calvin Vary
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michaela R Reagan
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jafari A, Fairfield H, Andersen TL, Reagan MR. Myeloma-bone marrow adipocyte axis in tumour survival and treatment response. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:775-777. [PMID: 33859343 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is an incurable cancer of the bone marrow that is dependent on its microenvironment, including bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds). Here, we discuss our findings that the reciprocal interaction of myeloma cells and BMAds, leads to myeloma cell survival and induces metabolic dysfunction and senescence-associated secretory phenotype in BMAds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Jafari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Heather Fairfield
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA.,School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Thomas L Andersen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital-Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. .,Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA. .,School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fairfield H, Costa S, Falank C, Farrell M, Murphy CS, D’Amico A, Driscoll H, Reagan MR. Multiple Myeloma Cells Alter Adipogenesis, Increase Senescence-Related and Inflammatory Gene Transcript Expression, and Alter Metabolism in Preadipocytes. Front Oncol 2021; 10:584683. [PMID: 33680918 PMCID: PMC7930573 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.584683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the bone marrow microenvironment, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are an essential precursor to bone marrow adipocytes and osteoblasts. The balance between this progenitor pool and mature cells (adipocytes and osteoblasts) is often skewed by disease and aging. In multiple myeloma (MM), a cancer of the plasma cell that predominantly grows within the bone marrow, as well as other cancers, MSCs, preadipocytes, and adipocytes have been shown to directly support tumor cell survival and proliferation. Increasing evidence supports the idea that MM-associated MSCs are distinct from healthy MSCs, and their gene expression profiles may be predictive of myeloma patient outcomes. Here we directly investigate how MM cells affect the differentiation capacity and gene expression profiles of preadipocytes and bone marrow MSCs. Our studies reveal that MM.1S cells cause a marked decrease in lipid accumulation in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells. Also, MM.1S cells or MM.1S-conditioned media altered gene expression profiles of both 3T3-L1 and mouse bone marrow MSCs. 3T3-L1 cells exposed to MM.1S cells before adipogenic differentiation displayed gene expression changes leading to significantly altered pathways involved in steroid biosynthesis, the cell cycle, and metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis) after adipogenesis. MM.1S cells induced a marked increase in 3T3-L1 expression of MM-supportive genes including Il-6 and Cxcl12 (SDF1), which was confirmed in mouse MSCs by qRT-PCR, suggesting a forward-feedback mechanism. In vitro experiments revealed that indirect MM exposure prior to differentiation drives a senescent-like phenotype in differentiating MSCs, and this trend was confirmed in MM-associated MSCs compared to MSCs from normal donors. In direct co-culture, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) exposed to MM.1S, RPMI-8226, and OPM-2 prior to and during differentiation, exhibited different levels of lipid accumulation as well as secreted cytokines. Combined, our results suggest that MM cells can inhibit adipogenic differentiation while stimulating expression of the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and other pro-myeloma molecules. This study provides insight into a novel way in which MM cells manipulate their microenvironment by altering the expression of supportive cytokines and skewing the cellular diversity of the marrow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Fairfield
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States,School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Samantha Costa
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States,School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Carolyne Falank
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States,School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Mariah Farrell
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States,School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States,Biology Department, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, United States
| | - Connor S. Murphy
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States,School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Anastasia D’Amico
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States,School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States,Biology Department, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, United States
| | - Heather Driscoll
- Biology Department, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, United States
| | - Michaela R. Reagan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States,School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States,Biology Department, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, United States,*Correspondence: Michaela R. Reagan,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Reagan MR, Fairfield H, Rosen CJ. Bone Marrow Adipocytes: A Link between Obesity and Bone Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:364. [PMID: 33498240 PMCID: PMC7863952 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers that grow in the bone marrow are for most patients scary, painful, and incurable. These cancers are especially hard to treat due to the supportive microenvironment provided by the bone marrow niche in which they reside. New therapies designed to target tumor cells have extended the life expectancy for these patients, but better therapies are needed and new ideas for how to target these cancers are crucial. This need has led researchers to interrogate whether bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds), which increase in number and size during aging and in obesity, contribute to cancer initiation or progression within the bone marrow. Across the globe, the consensus in the field is a unified "yes". However, how to target these adipocytes or the factors they produce and how BMAds interact with different tumor cells are open research questions. Herein, we review this research field, with the goal of accelerating research in the network of laboratories working in this area and attracting bright scientists with new perspectives and ideas to the field in order to bring about better therapies for patients with bone cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela R. Reagan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, ME 04074, USA; (H.F.); (C.J.R.)
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Heather Fairfield
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, ME 04074, USA; (H.F.); (C.J.R.)
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Clifford J. Rosen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, ME 04074, USA; (H.F.); (C.J.R.)
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Farrell M, Fairfield H, Costa S, D'Amico A, Falank C, Brooks DJ, Reagan MR. Sclerostin-Neutralizing Antibody Treatment Rescues Negative Effects of Rosiglitazone on Mouse Bone Parameters. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:158-169. [PMID: 32845528 PMCID: PMC8080259 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, a growing pandemic, is a risk factor for many cancers and causes increased bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT). in vitro studies and obese animal models suggest that BMAT contributes to cancer progression, but there is a lack of preclinical models to directly test BMAT's role in cancer. Overactivation of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) can skew bone formation and resorption rates, resulting in increased BMAT and trabecular bone loss. Thiazolidinediones (eg, rosiglitazone) are anti-diabetic therapies that promote adipogenesis through PPARγ activation. We investigated if rosiglitazone increases BMAT in an immunocompromised model, commonly used in cancer research, and if these effects could be reversed by co-administering a bone anabolic agent (sclerostin-neutralizing antibody [Scl-Ab]), which has been shown to inhibit adipogenesis, using DXA, μCT, OsO4 μCT, and dynamic histomorphometry. Four weeks of rosiglitazone in female SCID Beige mice (cohort 1) significantly decreased trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) by about one-half, through increased osteoclast and suppressed osteoblast activity, and significantly increased BMAT. In cohort 2, mice were administered rosiglitazone ± Scl-Ab for 4 weeks, and then rosiglitazone was discontinued and Scl-Ab or vehicle were continued for 6 weeks. Scl-Ab significantly increased bone parameters (eg, BV/TV, N.Ob/B.Pm, and MS/BS) in both groups. Scl-Ab also overcame many negative effects of rosiglitazone (eg, effects on trabecular bone parameters, increased mineralization lag time [MLT], and decreased bone formation rate [BFR]). Interestingly, Scl-Ab significantly decreased rosiglitazone-induced BMAT in the femur, mostly due to a reduction in adipocyte size, but had a much weaker effect on tibial BMAT. These data suggest targeting sclerostin can prevent rosiglitazone-induced bone loss and reduce BM adiposity, in some, but not all BMAT locations. Collectively, our data demonstrate that rosiglitazone increases BMAT in SCID Beige mice, but concomitant changes in bone may confound its use to specifically determine BMAT's role in tumor models. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariah Farrell
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA.,Biology Department, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Heather Fairfield
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samantha Costa
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Anastasia D'Amico
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA.,Biology Department, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Carolyne Falank
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Daniel J Brooks
- Center for Skeletal Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA.,Biology Department, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lucas S, Tencerova M, von der Weid B, Andersen TL, Attané C, Behler-Janbeck F, Cawthorn WP, Ivaska KK, Naveiras O, Podgorski I, Reagan MR, van der Eerden BCJ. Guidelines for Biobanking of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue and Related Cell Types: Report of the Biobanking Working Group of the International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:744527. [PMID: 34646237 PMCID: PMC8503265 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.744527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, increased interest of scientists to study bone marrow adiposity (BMA) in relation to bone and adipose tissue physiology has expanded the number of publications using different sources of bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT). However, each source of BMAT has its limitations in the number of downstream analyses for which it can be used. Based on this increased scientific demand, the International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society (BMAS) established a Biobanking Working Group to identify the challenges of biobanking for human BMA-related samples and to develop guidelines to advance establishment of biobanks for BMA research. BMA is a young, growing field with increased interest among many diverse scientific communities. These bring new perspectives and important biological questions on how to improve and build an international community with biobank databases that can be used and shared all over the world. However, to create internationally accessible biobanks, several practical and legislative issues must be addressed to create a general ethical protocol used in all institutes, to allow for exchange of biological material internationally. In this position paper, the BMAS Biobanking Working Group describes similarities and differences of patient information (PIF) and consent forms from different institutes and addresses a possibility to create uniform documents for BMA biobanking purposes. Further, based on discussion among Working Group members, we report an overview of the current isolation protocols for human bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds) and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs, formerly mesenchymal), highlighting the specific points crucial for effective isolation. Although we remain far from a unified BMAd isolation protocol and PIF, we have summarized all of these important aspects, which are needed to build a BMA biobank. In conclusion, we believe that harmonizing isolation protocols and PIF globally will help to build international collaborations and improve the quality and interpretation of BMA research outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Lucas
- Marrow Adiposity and Bone Lab-MABLab ULR4490, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Michaela Tencerova
- Molecular Physiology of Bone, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Benoit von der Weid
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Levin Andersen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Clinical Cell Biology, Pathology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Camille Attané
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5089, Toulouse, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Friederike Behler-Janbeck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - William P. Cawthorn
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kaisa K. Ivaska
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olaia Naveiras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Hematology Service, Departments of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Michaela R. Reagan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States
- Graduate School for Biomedical Science, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bram C. J. van der Eerden
- Laboratory for Calcium and Bone Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Bram C. J. van der Eerden,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Patil PP, Reagan MR, Bohara RA. Silk fibroin and silk-based biomaterial derivatives for ideal wound dressings. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:4613-4627. [PMID: 32814099 PMCID: PMC7849047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) is derived from Bombyx mori silkworm cocoons and has been used in textiles and as a suture material for decades. More recently, SF has been used for various new biomedical applications, including as a wound dressing, owing to its excellent biological and mechanical properties. Specifically, the mechanical stiffness, versatility, biocompatibility, biodegradability, water vapour permeability and slight bactericidal properties make SF an excellent candidate biomaterial for wound dressing applications. The effectiveness of SF as a wound dressing has been tested and well-documented in vitro as well as in-vivo, as described here. Dressings based on SF are currently used for treating a wide variety of chronic and acute (e.g. burn) wounds. SF and its derivatives prepared as biomaterials are available as sponges, hydrogels, nanofibrous matrices, scaffolds, micro/nanoparticles, and films. The present review discusses the potential role of SF in wound dressing and its modulation for wound dressing applications. The comparison of SF based dressings with other natural polymers understands the readers, the scope and limitation of the subject in-depth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka P Patil
- Sigma Institute of Science and Commerce, Bakrol, Vadodara, Gujarat 390019, India
| | | | - Raghvendra A Bohara
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, D. Y. Patil Education Society (Institution Deemed to be University), Kolhapur 416006, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fairfield H, Dudakovic A, Khatib CM, Farrell M, Costa S, Falank C, Hinge M, Murphy CS, DeMambro V, Pettitt JA, Lary CW, Driscoll HE, McDonald MM, Kassem M, Rosen C, Andersen TL, van Wijnen AJ, Jafari A, Reagan MR. Myeloma-Modified Adipocytes Exhibit Metabolic Dysfunction and a Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype. Cancer Res 2020; 81:634-647. [PMID: 33218968 PMCID: PMC7854508 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow adipocytes (BMAd) have recently been implicated in accelerating bone metastatic cancers, such as acute myelogenous leukemia and breast cancer. Importantly, bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) expands with aging and obesity, two key risk factors in multiple myeloma disease prevalence, suggesting that BMAds may influence and be influenced by myeloma cells in the marrow. Here, we provide evidence that reciprocal interactions and cross-regulation of myeloma cells and BMAds play a role in multiple myeloma pathogenesis and treatment response. Bone marrow biopsies from patients with multiple myeloma revealed significant loss of BMAT with myeloma cell infiltration of the marrow, whereas BMAT was restored after treatment for multiple myeloma. Myeloma cells reduced BMAT in different preclinical murine models of multiple myeloma and in vitro using myeloma cell-adipocyte cocultures. In addition, multiple myeloma cells altered adipocyte gene expression and cytokine secretory profiles, which were also associated with bioenergetic changes and induction of a senescent-like phenotype. In vivo, senescence markers were also increased in the bone marrow of tumor-burdened mice. BMAds, in turn, provided resistance to dexamethasone-induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, illuminating a new possible driver of myeloma cell evolution in a drug-resistant clone. Our findings reveal that bidirectional interactions between BMAds and myeloma cells have significant implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of multiple myeloma. Targeting senescence in the BMAd or other bone marrow cells may represent a novel therapeutic approach for treatment of multiple myeloma. SIGNIFICANCE: This study changes the foundational understanding of how cancer cells hijack the bone marrow microenvironment and demonstrates that tumor cells induce senescence and metabolic changes in adipocytes, potentially driving new therapeutic directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Fairfield
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Casper M Khatib
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mariah Farrell
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine
| | - Samantha Costa
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine
| | - Carolyne Falank
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine
| | - Maja Hinge
- Division of Haematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Connor S Murphy
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine
| | - Victoria DeMambro
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine
| | - Jessica A Pettitt
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Michelle M McDonald
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Clifford Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine
| | - Thomas L Andersen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Regional Health Research, Vejle/Lillebaelt Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark.,Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital - Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine. .,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fairfield H, Costa S, DeMambro V, Schott C, Martins JDS, Ferron M, Vary C, Reagan MR. Targeting Bone Cells During Sexual Maturation Reveals Sexually Dimorphic Regulation of Endochondral Ossification. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10413. [PMID: 33210065 PMCID: PMC7657395 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In endochondral ossification, chondroblasts become embedded in their matrix and become chondrocytes, which are mature cells that continue to proliferate, eventually becoming hypertrophic. Hypertrophic chondrocytes produce cartilage that is then resorbed by osteoclasts prior to bone matrix replacement via osteoblasts. Although sexually dimorphic bone phenotypes have long been characterized, specific modulation of the growth plate during a critical window in sexual maturation has not been evaluated. Here we report that specific depletion of osteocalcin‐ (OCN‐) expressing cells in vivo during sexual maturation leads to dimorphic bone phenotypes in males and females. At 6 to 8 weeks of age, OCN‐Cre;iDTR (inducible diphtheria toxin receptor‐expressing) mice were treated with diphtheria toxin (DT) for 2 weeks to deplete OCN+ cells. At the end of the study, long bones were collected for μCT and histomorphometry, and serum was collected for proteomic and lipidomic analyses. Ablation of OCN+ cells in mice leads to consistent trends for weight loss after 2 weeks of treatment. Females exhibited decreased skeletal parameters in response to OCN+ cell ablation treatment, as expected. However, OCN+ cell ablation in males uniquely displayed an expansion of hypertrophic chondrocytes, a widening of the growth plate, and an abnormal “clubbing” anatomy of the distal femur. Following DT treatment, mice from both sexes also underwent metabolic cage analysis, in which both sexes exhibited decreased energy expenditure. We conclude that skewing endochondral bone formation during longitudinal growth has a profound effect on body weight and energy expenditure with sex‐specific effects on developing bone. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Fairfield
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME USA
| | - Samantha Costa
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME USA.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering Orono ME USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Medicine Tufts University Boston MA USA
| | - Victoria DeMambro
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME USA.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering Orono ME USA
| | - Celine Schott
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada.,Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Programs of the Faculty of Medicine Université de Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | | | - Mathieu Ferron
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada.,Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Programs of the Faculty of Medicine Université de Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Calvin Vary
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME USA.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering Orono ME USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Medicine Tufts University Boston MA USA
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME USA.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering Orono ME USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Medicine Tufts University Boston MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kreeger PK, Brock A, Gibbs HC, Grande-Allen KJ, Huang AH, Masters KS, Rangamani P, Reagan MR, Servoss SL. Ten simple rules for women principal investigators during a pandemic. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008370. [PMID: 33119585 PMCID: PMC7595267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela K. Kreeger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Amy Brock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Holly C. Gibbs
- Microscopy and Imaging Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - K. Jane Grande-Allen
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alice H. Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kristyn S. Masters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Michaela R. Reagan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
| | - Shannon L. Servoss
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW The purpose of this review is to describe the in vitro and in vivo methods that researchers use to model and investigate bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds). RECENT FINDINGS The bone marrow (BM) niche is one of the most interesting and dynamic tissues of the human body. Relatively little is understood about BMAds, perhaps in part because these cells do not easily survive flow cytometry and histology processing and hence have been overlooked. Recently, researchers have developed in vitro and in vivo models to study normal function and dysfunction in the BM niche. Using these models, scientists and clinicians have noticed that BMAds, which form bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT), are able to respond to numerous signals and stimuli, and communicate with local cells and distant tissues in the body. This review provides an overview of how BMAds are modeled and studied in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela R Reagan
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Center for Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA.
- University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA.
- School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Natoni A, Farrell ML, Harris S, Falank C, Kirkham-McCarthy L, Macauley MS, Reagan MR, O’Dwyer M. Sialyltransferase inhibition leads to inhibition of tumor cell interactions with E-selectin, VCAM1, and MADCAM1, and improves survival in a human multiple myeloma mouse model. Haematologica 2020; 105:457-467. [PMID: 31101754 PMCID: PMC7012485 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.212266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation resulting from altered expression of sialyltransferases, such as ST3 β-galactoside α2-3-sialyltransferase 6, plays an important role in disease progression in multiple myeloma (MM). Hypersialylation can lead to increased immune evasion, drug resistance, tumor invasiveness, and disseminated disease. In this study, we explore the in vitro and in vivo effects of global sialyltransferase inhibition on myeloma cells using the pan-sialyltransferase inhibitor 3Fax-Neu5Ac delivered as a per-acetylated methyl ester pro-drug. Specifically, we show in vivo that 3Fax-Neu5Ac improves survival by enhancing bortezomib sensitivity in an aggressive mouse model of MM. However, 3Fax-Neu5Ac treatment of MM cells in vitro did not reverse bortezomib resistance conferred by bone marrow (BM) stromal cells. Instead, 3Fax-Neu5Ac significantly reduced interactions of myeloma cells with E-selectin, MADCAM1 and VCAM1, suggesting that reduced sialylation impairs extravasation and retention of myeloma cells in the BM. Finally, we showed that 3Fax-Neu5Ac alters the post-translational modification of the α4 integrin, which may explain the reduced affinity of α4β1/α4β7 integrins for their counter-receptors. We propose that inhibiting sialylation may represent a valuable strategy to restrict myeloma cells from entering the protective BM microenvironment, a niche in which they are normally protected from chemotherapeutic agents such as bortezomib. Thus, our work demonstrates that targeting sialylation to increase the ratio of circulating to BM-resident MM cells represents a new avenue that could increase the efficacy of other anti-myeloma therapies and holds great promise for future clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Natoni
- Apoptosis Research Center, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mariah L. Farrell
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Sophie Harris
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Carolyne Falank
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | | | - Matthew S. Macauley
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michaela R. Reagan
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Michael O’Dwyer
- Apoptosis Research Center, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland,Correspondence: MICHAEL O’DWYER,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue is a vital tissue in mammals that functions to insulate our bodies, regulate our internal thermostat, protect our organs, store energy (and burn energy, in the case of beige and brown fat), and provide endocrine signals to other organs in the body. Tissue engineering of adipose and other soft tissues may prove essential for people who have lost this tissue from trauma or disease. MAIN TEXT In this review, we discuss the applications of tissue-engineered adipose tissue specifically for disease modeling applications. We provide a basic background to adipose depots and describe three-dimensional (3D) in vitro adipose models for obesity, diabetes, and cancer research applications. CONCLUSIONS The approaches to engineering 3D adipose models are diverse in terms of scaffold type (hydrogel-based, silk-based and scaffold-free), species of origin (H. sapiens and M. musculus) and cell types used, which allows researchers to choose a model that best fits their application, whether it is optimization of adipocyte differentiation or studying the interaction of adipocytes and other cell types like endothelial cells. In vitro 3D adipose tissue models support discoveries into the mechanisms of adipose-related diseases and thus support the development of novel anti-cancer or anti-obesity/diabetes therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connor S. Murphy
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME USA
- University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Center for Translational Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074 USA
| | - Lucy Liaw
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME USA
- University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME USA
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Center for Translational Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074 USA
| | - Michaela R. Reagan
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME USA
- University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME USA
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Center for Translational Research, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074 USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Over the past century, the study of biological processes in the human body has progressed from tissue culture on glass plates to complex 3D models of tissues, organs, and body systems. These dynamic 3D systems have allowed for more accurate recapitulation of human physiology and pathology, which has yielded a platform for disease study with a greater capacity to understand pathophysiology and to assess pharmaceutical treatments. Specifically, by increasing the accuracy with which the microenvironments of disease processes are modeled, the clinical manifestation of disease has been more accurately reproduced in vitro. The application of these models is crucial in all realms of medicine, but they find particular utility in diseases related to the complex bone marrow niche. Osteoblast, osteoclasts, bone marrow adipocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, and red and white blood cells represent some of cells that call the bone marrow microenvironment home. During states of malignant marrow disease, neoplastic cells migrate to and join this niche. These cancer cells both exploit and alter the niche to their benefit and to the patient's detriment. Malignant disease of the bone marrow, both primary and secondary, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality today. Innovative study methods are necessary to improve patient outcomes. In this review, we discuss the evolution of 3D models and compare them to the preceding 2D models. With a specific focus on malignant bone marrow disease, we examine 3D models currently in use, their observed efficacy, and their potential in developing improved treatments and eventual cures. Finally, we comment on the aspects of 3D models that must be critically examined as systems continue to be optimized so that they can exert greater clinical impact in the future. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Ham
- Center for Molecular MedicineMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarboroughMEUSA,University of New EnglandBiddefordMEUSA
| | - Lauren Lever
- Center for Molecular MedicineMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarboroughMEUSA,University of New EnglandBiddefordMEUSA
| | - Maura Fox
- University of New EnglandBiddefordMEUSA
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Center for Molecular MedicineMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarboroughMEUSA,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringOronoMEUSA,Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical SciencesTufts UniversityBostonMAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Co-culture assays are used to study the mutual interaction between cells in vitro. This chapter describes 2D and 3D co-culture systems used to study cell-cell signaling crosstalk between cancer cells and bone marrow adipocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. The chapter provides a step-by-step guide to the most commonly used cell culture techniques, functional assays, and gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marino
- Division Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Ryan T Bishop
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Daniëlle de Ridder
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jesus Delgado-Calle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Centre Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Costa S, Fairfield H, Reagan MR. Inverse correlation between trabecular bone volume and bone marrow adipose tissue in rats treated with osteoanabolic agents. Bone 2019; 123:211-223. [PMID: 30954729 PMCID: PMC6559822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is currently an unmet clinical need for improved treatments for skeletal diseases such as osteoporosis and cancer-induced bone disease. This is due in part to a paucity of novel targets and an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms of action for established therapies. We defined the effects of anabolic treatments on bone and the bone marrow adipocyte (BMA). Sclerostin-neutralizing antibodies (Scl-Ab), romosozumab, human parathyroid hormone (hPTH, 1-34), and hPTH/hPTHrP analogues (e.g. teriparatide and abaloparatide) stimulate bone formation and have been studied in clinical trials for severe osteoporosis. In this study, eight-week-old male and female rats were administered vehicle, Scl-Ab (3 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg) weekly, or hPTH (1-34) (75 μg/kg) daily for 4 or 26 weeks. Histological analyses of distal femura were performed using a novel ImageJ method for trabecular bone and bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT). Adipocyte number, circumference, and total adipose area were compared within the tissue area (T.Ar) or the marrow area (Ma.Ar), (defined as the T.Ar minus the trabecular bone area). After 26 weeks of treatment, a significant inverse correlation between bone and tissue adiposity (total adipocyte area divided by T.Ar) were observed in males and females (p < 0.0001). However, there were no significant correlations between bone and marrow adiposity (total adipocyte area divided by Ma.Ar) for either sex after 26 weeks of treatments. Scl-Ab treatments also resulted in no effect on adipocytes based on marrow adiposity for either sex after 26 weeks. However, chronic hPTH treatments significantly reduced adipocyte number and adiposity within the T.Ar and within the Ma.Ar in males. Overall, our data suggest that with long-term treatment, Scl-Abs decrease total tissue adiposity mainly by increasing trabecular bone, resulting in an overall reduction in the space in which adipocytes can reside. These findings were determined by developing and comparing two different methods of assessment of the marrow cavity, defined to either include or exclude trabecular bone. Thus, researchers should consider which adiposity measurement is more informative and relevant for their studies. Overall, our findings should help design improved therapies or combination treatments to target a potential new contributor to bone diseases: the bone marrow adipocyte.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Costa
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heather Fairfield
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Masarwi M, DeSchiffart A, Ham J, Reagan MR. Multiple Myeloma and Fatty Acid Metabolism. JBMR Plus 2019; 3:e10173. [PMID: 30918920 PMCID: PMC6419611 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) accounts for 13% to 15% of all blood cancers1 and is characterized by the proliferation of malignant cells within the bone marrow (BM). Despite important advances in treatment, most patients become refractory and relapse with the disease. As MM tumors grow in the BM, they disrupt hematopoiesis, create monoclonal protein spikes in the blood, initiate systemic organ and immune system shutdown,2 and induce painful osteolytic lesions caused by overactive osteoclasts and inhibited osteoblasts.3, 4 MM cells are also extremely dependent on the BM niche, and targeting the BM niche has been clinically transformative for inhibiting the positive-feedback "vicious cycle" between MM cells and osteoclasts that leads to bone resorption and tumor proliferation.5, 6, 7, 8 Bone marrow adipocytes (BMAs) are dynamic, secretory cells that have complex effects on osteoblasts and tumor cells, but their role in modifying the MM cell phenotype is relatively unexplored.9, 10, 11, 12, 13 Given their active endocrine function, capacity for direct cell-cell communication, correlation with aging and obesity (both MM risk factors), potential roles in bone disease, and physical proximity to MM cells, it appears that BMAs support MM cells.14, 15, 16, 17 This supposition is based on research from many laboratories, including our own. Therapeutically targeting the BMA may prove to be equally transformative in the clinic if the pathways through which BMAs affect MM cells can be determined. In this review, we discuss the potential for BMAs to provide free fatty acids to myeloma cells to support their growth and evolution. We highlight certain proteins in MM cells responsible for fatty acid uptake and oxidation and discuss the potential for therapeutically targeting fatty acid metabolism or BMAs from where they may be derived. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majdi Masarwi
- Center for Molecular Medicine Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME USA
| | - Abigail DeSchiffart
- Center for Molecular Medicine Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME USA
| | - Justin Ham
- Center for Molecular Medicine Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME USA
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Center for Molecular Medicine Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME USA.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering Orono ME USA.,Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences Tufts University Boston MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Harmer D, Falank C, Reagan MR. Interleukin-6 Interweaves the Bone Marrow Microenvironment, Bone Loss, and Multiple Myeloma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 9:788. [PMID: 30671025 PMCID: PMC6333051 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is strongly linked to the maintenance of healthy bone. Inflammatory cytokines, specifically, are crucial to skeletal homeostasis and any dysregulation can result in detrimental health complications. Interleukins, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), act as osteoclast differentiation modulators and as such, must be carefully monitored and regulated. IL-6 encourages osteoclastogenesis when bound to progenitors and can cause excessive osteoclastic activity and osteolysis when overly abundant. Numerous bone diseases are tied to IL-6 overexpression, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, and bone-metastatic cancers. In the latter, IL-6 can be released with growth factors into the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) during osteolysis from bone matrix or from cancer cells and osteoblasts in an inflammatory response to cancer cells. Thus, IL-6 helps create an ideal microenvironment for oncogenesis and metastasis. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a blood cancer that homes to the BMM and is strongly tied to overexpression of IL-6 and bone loss. The roles of IL-6 in the progression of MM are discussed in this review, including roles in bone homing, cancer-associated bone loss, disease progression and drug resistance. MM disease progression often includes the development of drug-resistant clones, and patients commonly struggle with reoccurrence. As such, therapeutics that specifically target the microenvironment, rather than the cancer itself, are ideal and IL-6, and its myriad of downstream signaling partners, are model targets. Lastly, current and potential therapeutic interventions involving IL-6 and connected signaling molecules are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Harmer
- Reagan Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Carolyne Falank
- Reagan Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States
| | - Michaela R. Reagan
- Reagan Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Radiotherapy continues to be one of the most accepted medical treatments for cancer. Localized irradiation is the most common treatment for prostate, pancreatic, rectal, cervical and endometrial malignancies. Conventional localized fractions are total doses of 30-62Gy at 1.8-2Gy per fraction, with administration of ~60Gy often used for tumor ablation. However, even the lowest dose of localized irradiation exposure can result in adverse complications to adjacent organs, tissues, and vessels, which absorb a portion of the treatment. Skeletal complications are common amongst cancer patients undergoing these localized treatments. Irradiation exposure causes deterioration to the overall quantity and quality of bone by interfering with the trabecular architecture through increased osteoclast activity and decreased osteoblast activity. Irradiation-induced bone damage parallels adipocyte infiltration of the bone marrow (BM) resulting in compositional alterations of the microenvironment that may further affect bone quality and disease state. There may also be direct effects of irradiation on the BM adipocyte/pre-adipocyte, although in vitro findings do not always agree and cellular response is dependent on irradiation dosage. Hematopoietic cells also become apoptotic upon irradiation, which causes a range of skeletal effects. Bone loss leaves patients at a greater risk for osteopenia, osteoporosis, osteonecrosis, and skeletal fractures that drastically reduce quality of life. Osteoanabolic agents stimulate bone formation and reduce fracture risk in patients with low bone density; thus, osteoanabolic or anti-resorptive agents may be useful co-treatments with irradiation. This review discusses these topics and proposes further research directions using novel or combination therapies to enhance bone health during irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Costa
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States
- University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, United States
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michaela R. Reagan
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States
- University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, United States
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Michaela R. Reagan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fairfield H, Falank C, Farrell M, Vary C, Boucher JM, Driscoll H, Liaw L, Rosen CJ, Reagan MR. Development of a 3D bone marrow adipose tissue model. Bone 2019; 118:77-88. [PMID: 29366838 PMCID: PMC6062483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past twenty years, evidence has accumulated that biochemically and spatially defined networks of extracellular matrix, cellular components, and interactions dictate cellular differentiation, proliferation, and function in a variety of tissue and diseases. Modeling in vivo systems in vitro has been undeniably necessary, but when simplified 2D conditions rather than 3D in vitro models are used, the reliability and usefulness of the data derived from these models decreases. Thus, there is a pressing need to develop and validate reliable in vitro models to reproduce specific tissue-like structures and mimic functions and responses of cells in a more realistic manner for both drug screening/disease modeling and tissue regeneration applications. In adipose biology and cancer research, these models serve as physiologically relevant 3D platforms to bridge the divide between 2D cultures and in vivo models, bringing about more reliable and translationally useful data to accelerate benchtop to bedside research. Currently, no model has been developed for bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT), a novel adipose depot that has previously been overlooked as "filler tissue" but has more recently been recognized as endocrine-signaling and systemically relevant. Herein we describe the development of the first 3D, BMAT model derived from either human or mouse bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). We found that BMAT models can be stably cultured for at least 3 months in vitro, and that myeloma cells (5TGM1, OPM2 and MM1S cells) can be cultured on these for at least 2 weeks. Upon tumor cell co-culture, delipidation occurred in BMAT adipocytes, suggesting a bidirectional relationship between these two important cell types in the malignant BM niche. Overall, our studies suggest that 3D BMAT represents a "healthier," more realistic tissue model that may be useful for elucidating the effects of MAT on tumor cells, and tumor cells on MAT, to identify novel therapeutic targets. In addition, proteomic characterization as well as microarray data (expression of >22,000 genes) coupled with KEGG pathway analysis and gene set expression analysis (GSEA) supported our development of less-inflammatory 3D BMAT compared to 2D culture. In sum, we developed the first 3D, tissue-engineered bone marrow adipose tissue model, which is a versatile, novel model that can be used to study numerous diseases and biological processes involved with the bone marrow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Fairfield
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Carolyne Falank
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Mariah Farrell
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Calvin Vary
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Joshua M Boucher
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Heather Driscoll
- Vermont Genetics Network, Department of Biology, Norwich University, 158 Harmon Drive, Northfield, VT 05663, USA
| | - Lucy Liaw
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Farrell ML, Reagan MR. Soluble and Cell-Cell-Mediated Drivers of Proteasome Inhibitor Resistance in Multiple Myeloma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:218. [PMID: 29765356 PMCID: PMC5938346 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming clear that myeloma cell-induced disruption of the highly organized bone marrow components (both cellular and extracellular) results in destruction of the marrow and support for multiple myeloma (MM) cell proliferation, survival, migration, and drug resistance. Since the first phase I clinical trial on bortezomib was published 15 years ago, proteasome inhibitors (PIs) have become increasingly common for treatment of MM and are currently an essential part of any anti-myeloma combination therapy. PIs, either the first generation (bortezomib), second generation (carfilzomib) or oral agent (ixazomib), all take advantage of the heavy reliance of myeloma cells on the 26S proteasome for their degradation of excessive or misfolded proteins. Inhibiting the proteasome can create a crisis specifically for myeloma cells due to their rapid production of immunoglobulins. PIs have relatively few side effects and can be very effective, especially in combination therapy. If PI resistance can be overcome, these drugs may prove even more useful to a greater range of patients. Both soluble and insoluble (contact mediated) signals drive PI-resistance via activation of various intracellular signaling pathways. This review discusses the currently known mechanisms of non-autonomous (microenvironment dependent) mechanisms of PI resistance in myeloma cells. We also introduce briefly cell-autonomous and stress-mediated mechanisms of PI resistance. Our goal is to help researchers design better ways to study and overcome PI resistance, to ultimately design better combination therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariah L. Farrell
- Reagan Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michaela R. Reagan
- Reagan Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Michaela R. Reagan,
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
This review highlights the recent advances in our understanding of adipocyte contributions to carcinogenesis or cancer disease progression for cancers in the bone. Purpose In this review, we aim to describe bone marrow adipose tissue and discuss the soluble adipocyte-derived cytokines (adipokines) or endocrine factors, adipocyte-derived lipids, and the actual or putative juxtacrine signaling between bone marrow adipocytes and tumor cells in the bone marrow. This relationship likely affects tumor cell initiation, proliferation, metastasis, and/or drug resistance. Recent Findings Bone marrow adipose may affect tumor proliferation, drug resistance, or cancer-induced bone disease and hence may be a new target in the fight against cancer. Summary Overall, evidence is mixed regarding the role of bone marrow adipose and adipocytes in cancer progression, and more research in this arena is necessary to determine how these bone marrow microenvironmental cells contribute to malignancies in the marrow to identify novel, potentially targetable pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyne Falank
- Maine Medical Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA.,University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heather Fairfield
- Maine Medical Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA.,University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Maine Medical Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA.,University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Moschetta M, Kawano Y, Sacco A, Belotti A, Ribolla R, Chiarini M, Giustini V, Bertoli D, Sottini A, Valotti M, Ghidini C, Serana F, Malagola M, Imberti L, Russo D, Montanelli A, Rossi G, Reagan MR, Maiso P, Paiva B, Ghobrial IM, Roccaro AM. Bone Marrow Stroma and Vascular Contributions to Myeloma Bone Homing. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2017; 15:499-506. [PMID: 28889371 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-017-0399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Herein we dissect mechanisms behind the dissemination of cancer cells from primary tumor site to the bone marrow, which are necessary for metastasis development, with a specific focus on multiple myeloma. RECENT FINDINGS The ability of tumor cells to invade vessels and reach the systemic circulation is a fundamental process for metastasis development; however, the interaction between clonal cells and the surrounding microenvironment is equally important for supporting colonization, survival, and growth in the secondary sites of dissemination. The intrinsic propensity of tumor cells to recognize a favorable milieu where to establish secondary growth is the basis of the "seed and soil" theory. This theory assumes that certain tumor cells (the "seeds") have a specific affinity for the milieu of certain organs (the "soil"). Recent literature has highlighted the important contributions of the vascular niche to the hospitable "soil" within the bone marrow. In this review, we discuss the crucial role of stromal cells and endothelial cells in supporting primary growth, homing, and metastasis to the bone marrow, in the context of multiple myeloma, a plasma cell malignancy with the unique propensity to primarily grow and metastasize to the bone marrow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yawara Kawano
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Antonio Sacco
- Clinical Research Development and Phase I Unit, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, n.1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
- CREA Laboratory, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Angelo Belotti
- Department of Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rossella Ribolla
- Department of Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Chiarini
- CREA Laboratory, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Viviana Giustini
- CREA Laboratory, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Diego Bertoli
- CREA Laboratory, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sottini
- CREA Laboratory, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Monica Valotti
- CREA Laboratory, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Ghidini
- CREA Laboratory, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Federico Serana
- CREA Laboratory, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Malagola
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Imberti
- CREA Laboratory, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Domenico Russo
- CREA Laboratory, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Montanelli
- CREA Laboratory, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rossi
- CREA Laboratory, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, University of Maine, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Patricia Maiso
- Clinical and Translational Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Bruno Paiva
- Clinical and Translational Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene M Ghobrial
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aldo M Roccaro
- Clinical Research Development and Phase I Unit, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, n.1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
- CREA Laboratory, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bornstein S, Moschetta M, Kawano Y, Sacco A, Huynh D, Brooks D, Manier S, Fairfield H, Falank C, Roccaro AM, Nagano K, Baron R, Bouxein M, Vary C, Ghobrial IM, Rosen CJ, Reagan MR. Metformin Affects Cortical Bone Mass and Marrow Adiposity in Diet-Induced Obesity in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3369-3385. [PMID: 28977604 PMCID: PMC5659683 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Obesity during maturation can affect the growing skeleton directly and indirectly, although these effects and the mechanisms behind them are not fully understood. Our objective was to determine how a high-fat diet with or without metformin treatment affects skeletal development. We also sought to characterize changes that occur in white adipose tissue, circulating metabolites, lipids, and gut microbiota. A diet-induced obesity C57BL/6J mouse model was used to test the effects of obesity and metformin on bone using bone histomorphometry and microcomputed tomography. Bone marrow adipose tissue was quantified with osmium tetroxide microcomputed tomography and histology. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to analyze body composition. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to assess changes in white adipose depots, mass spectrometry was used for circulating lipids and protein metabolite analysis, and ribosomal RNA sequencing was used for gut microbiome analysis. Mice fed a high fat-diet since wean displayed increased medullary areas and decreased osteoblast numbers in the long bones; this phenotype was partially normalized by metformin. Marrow and inguinal adipose expansion was also noted in obese mice, and this was partially normalized by metformin. A drug-by-diet interaction was noted for circulating lipid molecules, protein metabolites, and gut microbiome taxonomical units. Obesity was not detrimental to trabecular bone in growing mice, but bone marrow medullary expansion was observed, likely resulting from inhibition of osteoblastogenesis, and this was partially reversed by metformin treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Bornstein
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074
| | | | - Yawara Kawano
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Antonio Sacco
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale degli Spedali Civili di Brescia, Progettazione Ricerca Clinica e Studi di Fase I, Laboratorio Centro Ricerca oncoEmatologica AIL, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Daisy Huynh
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Daniel Brooks
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Center for Skeletal Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Salomon Manier
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Heather Fairfield
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074
- University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine 04469
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Carolyne Falank
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074
- University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine 04469
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Aldo M. Roccaro
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale degli Spedali Civili di Brescia, Progettazione Ricerca Clinica e Studi di Fase I, Laboratorio Centro Ricerca oncoEmatologica AIL, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Kenichi Nagano
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Roland Baron
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Mary Bouxein
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Center for Skeletal Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Calvin Vary
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074
- University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine 04469
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | | | - Clifford J. Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074
- University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine 04469
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Michaela R. Reagan
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine 04469
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Reagan MR, Lian JB, Rosen CJ, Stein GS. Cover Image, Volume 232, Number 12, December 2017. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:i. [PMID: 28833120 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cover: The cover image, by Michaela R. Reagan et al., is based on the Perspective A Perspective on Malignancy in the Marrow, DOI 10.1002/jcp.25860.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela R Reagan
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Maine
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and the University of Vermont Cancer Center, the University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Maine
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and the University of Vermont Cancer Center, the University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Biological models are necessary tools for gaining insight into underlying mechanisms governing complex pathologies such as cancer in the bone. Models range from in vitro tissue culture systems to in vivo models and can be used with corresponding epidemiological and clinical data to understand disease etiology, progression, driver mutations, and signaling pathways. In bone cancer, as with many other cancers, in vivo models are often too complex to study specific cell-cell interactions or protein roles, and 2D models are often too simple to accurately represent disease processes. Consequently, researchers have increasingly turned to 3D in vitro tissue engineered models as a useful compromise. In this review, tissue engineered 3D models of bone and cancer are described in depth and compared to 2D models. Biomaterials and cell types used are described, and future directions in the field of tissue engineered bone cancer models are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Sitarski
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA.,University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
| | - Heather Fairfield
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA.,University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA.,School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - Carolyne Falank
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA.,University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA.,School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA.,University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA.,School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fairfield H, Falank C, Harris E, Demambro V, McDonald M, Pettitt JA, Mohanty ST, Croucher P, Kramer I, Kneissel M, Rosen CJ, Reagan MR. The skeletal cell-derived molecule sclerostin drives bone marrow adipogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1156-1167. [PMID: 28460416 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The bone marrow niche is a dynamic and complex microenvironment that can both regulate, and be regulated by the bone matrix. Within the bone marrow (BM), mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) precursors reside in a multi-potent state and retain the capacity to differentiate down osteoblastic, adipogenic, or chondrogenic lineages in response to numerous biochemical cues. These signals can be altered in various pathological states including, but not limited to, osteoporotic-induced fracture, systemic adiposity, and the presence of bone-homing cancers. Herein we provide evidence that signals from the bone matrix (osteocytes) determine marrow adiposity by regulating adipogenesis in the bone marrow. Specifically, we found that physiologically relevant levels of Sclerostin (SOST), which is a Wnt-inhibitory molecule secreted from bone matrix-embedded osteocytes, can induce adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells, mouse ear- and BM-derived MSCs, and human BM-derived MSCs. We demonstrate that the mechanism of SOST induction of adipogenesis is through inhibition of Wnt signaling in pre-adipocytes. We also demonstrate that a decrease of sclerostin in vivo, via both genetic and pharmaceutical methods, significantly decreases bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) formation. Overall, this work demonstrates a direct role for SOST in regulating fate determination of BM-adipocyte progenitors. This provides a novel mechanism for which BMAT is governed by the local bone microenvironment, which may prove relevant in the pathogenesis of certain diseases involving marrow adipose. Importantly, with anti-sclerostin therapy at the forefront of osteoporosis treatment and a greater recognition of the role of BMAT in disease, these data are likely to have important clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Fairfield
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carolyne Falank
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth Harris
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victoria Demambro
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Sindhu T Mohanty
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ina Kramer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Clifford J Rosen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine.,University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, Maine.,Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Multiple myeloma remains an incurable disease, largely due to the tumor-supportive role of the bone marrow microenvironment. Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) is one component of the fertile microenvironment which is believed to contribute to myeloma progression and drug resistance, as well as participate in a vicious cycle of osteolysis and tumor growth. RECENT FINDINGS MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently emerged as instrumental regulators of cellular processes that enable the development and dissemination of cancer. This review highlights the intersection between two emerging research fields and pursues the scientific and clinical implications of miRNA transfer between BMAT and myeloma cells. This review provides a concise and provocative summary of the evidence to support exosome-mediated transfer of tumor-supportive miRNAs. The work may prompt researchers to better elucidate the mechanisms by which this novel means of genetic communication between tumor cells and their environment could someday yield targeted therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luna Soley
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Carolyne Falank
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA.
- University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Researchers globally are working towards finding a cure for multiple myeloma (MM), a destructive blood cancer diagnosed yearly in ~750,000 people worldwide (Podar et al. in Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 14:99-127, 2009). Although MM targets multiple organ systems, it is the devastating skeletal destruction experienced by over 90 % of patients that often most severely impacts patient morbidity, pain, and quality of life. Preventing bone disease is therefore a priority in MM treatment, and understanding how and why myeloma cells target the bone marrow (BM) is fundamental to this process. This review focuses on a key area of MM research: the contributions of the bone microenvironment to disease origins, progression, and drug resistance. We describe some of the key cell types in the BM niche: osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, adipocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells. We then focus on how these key cellular players are, or could be, regulating a range of disease-related processes spanning MM growth, drug resistance, and bone disease (including osteolysis, fracture, and hypercalcemia). We summarize the literature regarding MM-bone cell and MM-adipocyte relationships and subsequent phenotypic changes or adaptations in MM cells, with the aim of providing a deeper understanding of how myeloma cells grow in the skeleton to cause bone destruction. We identify avenues and therapies that intervene in these networks to stop tumor growth and/or induce bone regeneration. Overall, we aim to illustrate how novel therapeutic target molecules, proteins, and cellular mediators may offer new avenues to attack this disease while reviewing currently utilized therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M McDonald
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Heather Fairfield
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Carolyne Falank
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA.
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Sclerostin (SOST), a protein secreted from mature osteocytes in response to mechanical unloading and other stimuli, inhibits the osteogenic Wnt/β-catenin pathway in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) impeding their ability to differentiate into mineralizing osteoblasts. PURPOSE This review summarizes the crosstalk between adipose tissue and bone. It also reviews the origin, regulation, and role of SOST in osteogenesis and brings attention to an emerging role of this protein in the regulation of adipogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Bone-derived molecules that drive MSC adipogenesis have not previously been identified, but recent findings suggest that SOST signaling may induce adipogenesis. In vivo SOST acts locally to induce changes in bone and, in vitro, increases adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. SUMMARY SOST is able to induce adipogenesis in certain preadipocytes, however bone-specific studies are needed to determine the effect of local SOST concentrations in healthy and disease models on bone marrow adipose tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Fairfield
- Maine Medical Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA.,University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Maine Medical Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA.,University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.,School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Maine Medical Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA.,University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.,School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Reagan MR, Lian JB, Rosen CJ, Stein GS. A perspective on malignancy in the marrow. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3218-3220. [PMID: 28206683 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Malignancies that grow in the bone marrow cause a cascade of devastating consequences and are almost always fatal. For researchers to make significant headway in finding cures and treatments for these tumors and the subsequent devastation of cancer-induced bone disease, novel strategies and creative solutions will have to be considered. Great progress has been made in treating hematologic and sold tumor malignancies that ultimately affect the bone marrow, although it is also obvious that multi-disciplinary teams are required to ultimately win the war on cancers that affect the bone. In this perspective, we review recent advances in the identification of molecular and cellular targets in the bone marrow niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela R Reagan
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Maine
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and the University of Vermont Cancer Center, the University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Maine
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and the University of Vermont Cancer Center, the University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bar-Natan M, Stroopinsky D, Luptakova K, Coll MD, Apel A, Rajabi H, Pyzer AR, Palmer K, Reagan MR, Nahas MR, Karp Leaf R, Jain S, Arnason J, Ghobrial IM, Anderson KC, Kufe D, Rosenblatt J, Avigan D. Bone marrow stroma protects myeloma cells from cytotoxic damage via induction of the oncoprotein MUC1. Br J Haematol 2017; 176:929-938. [PMID: 28107546 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a lethal haematological malignancy that arises in the context of a tumour microenvironment that promotes resistance to apoptosis and immune escape. In the present study, we demonstrate that co-culture of MM cells with stromal cells results in increased resistance to cytotoxic and biological agents as manifested by decreased rates of cell death following exposure to alkylating agents and the proteosome inhibitor, bortezomib. To identify the mechanism of increased resistance, we examined the effect of the co-culture of MM cells with stroma cells, on expression of the MUC1 oncogene, known to confer tumour cells with resistance to apoptosis and necrosis. Co-culture of stroma with MM cells resulted in increased MUC1 expression by tumour cells. The effect of stromal cell co-culture on MUC1 expression was not dependent on cell contact and was therefore thought to be due to soluble factors secreted by the stromal cells into the microenvironment. We demonstrated that MUC1 expression was mediated by interleukin-6 and subsequent up-regulation of the JAK-STAT pathway. Interestingly, the effect of stromal cell co-culture on tumour resistance was partially reversed by silencing of MUC1 in MM cells, consistent with the potential role of MUC1 in mediating resistance to cytotoxic-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bar-Natan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dina Stroopinsky
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katarina Luptakova
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maxwell D Coll
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arie Apel
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hasan Rajabi
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Athalia R Pyzer
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristen Palmer
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Myrna R Nahas
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Karp Leaf
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Salvia Jain
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jon Arnason
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Irene M Ghobrial
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Donald Kufe
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacalyn Rosenblatt
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Avigan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Veld J, O'Donnell EK, Reagan MR, Yee AJ, Torriani M, Rosen CJ, Bredella MA. Abdominal adipose tissue in MGUS and multiple myeloma. Skeletal Radiol 2016; 45:1277-83. [PMID: 27344672 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-016-2425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine abdominal adipose tissue parameters on PET/CT in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and multiple myeloma (MM) that may serve as predictors of progression of MGUS to MM. We hypothesized that patients with MM had higher abdominal adiposity and higher fat metabolic activity compared to patients with MGUS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our retrospective study was IRB approved and HIPAA compliant. The study group comprised 40 patients (mean age 64 ± 13 years) with MGUS and 32 patients (mean age 62 ± 10 years) with recently diagnosed MM (mean time since diagnosis of MM 3.0 ± 3.9 months) who had not undergone MM treatment. All patients underwent whole body FDG-PET/CT. Total abdominal adipose tissue (TAT), abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) cross sectional areas (CSA) (cm(2)) and metabolic activity (SUV) were assessed. Groups were compared using ANOVA. ROC curve analysis was performed to determine cutoff values for abdominal adipose tissue parameters to detect MM. RESULTS Patients with recently diagnosed MM had higher TAT and SAT CSA (p ≤ 0.03) and higher fat metabolic activity (p < 0.01). VAT metabolic activity showed the highest sensitivity and specificity for identifying patients with MM (area under the curve 0.95 with cutoff value of >0.34, sensitivity 90.6 %, specificity 92.5 %, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Patients who were recently diagnosed with MM had higher abdominal fat CSA and higher fat metabolic activity compared to patients with MGUS. These parameters may serve as novel biomarkers of progression of MGUS to MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Veld
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Yawkey 6E, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Elizabeth K O'Donnell
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Andrew J Yee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Martin Torriani
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Yawkey 6E, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA
| | - Miriam A Bredella
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Yawkey 6E, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abbott RD, Wang RY, Reagan MR, Chen Y, Borowsky FE, Zieba A, Marra KG, Rubin JP, Ghobrial IM, Kaplan DL. The Use of Silk as a Scaffold for Mature, Sustainable Unilocular Adipose 3D Tissue Engineered Systems. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1667-77. [PMID: 27197588 PMCID: PMC4982640 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a critical need for monitoring physiologically relevant, sustainable, human adipose tissues in vitro to gain new insights into metabolic diseases. To support long-term culture, a 3D silk scaffold assisted culture system is developed that maintains mature unilocular adipocytes ex vivo in coculture with preadipocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells obtained from small volumes of liquefied adipose samples. Without the silk scaffold, adipose tissue explants cannot be sustained in long-term culture (3 months) due to their fragility. Adjustments to media components are used to tune lipid metabolism and proliferation, in addition to responsiveness to an inflammatory stimulus. Interestingly, patient specific responses to TNFα stimulation are observed, providing a proof-of-concept translational technique for patient specific disease modeling in the future. In summary, this novel 3D scaffold assisted approach is required for establishing physiologically relevant, sustainable, human adipose tissue systems from small volumes of lipoaspirate, making this methodology of great value to studies of metabolism, adipokine-driven diseases, and other diseases where the roles of adipocytes are only now becoming uncovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyn D. Abbott
- Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St. Medford MA 02155, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Y. Wang
- Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St. Medford MA 02155, United States of America
| | - Michaela R. Reagan
- School of Medicine, Harvard Institute, 4 Blackfan Circle, 2nd Floor, Suite 240 Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Ying Chen
- Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St. Medford MA 02155, United States of America
| | - Francis E. Borowsky
- Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St. Medford MA 02155, United States of America
| | - Adam Zieba
- Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St. Medford MA 02155, United States of America
| | - Kacey G. Marra
- Departments of Plastic Surgery in the School of Medicine at the University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States of America
| | - J. Peter Rubin
- Departments of Plastic Surgery in the School of Medicine at the University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States of America
| | - Irene M. Ghobrial
- School of Medicine, Harvard Institute, 4 Blackfan Circle, 2nd Floor, Suite 240 Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St. Medford MA 02155, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B cell malignancy resulting in osteolytic lesions and fractures. In the disease state, bone healing is limited owing to increased osteoclastic and decreased osteoblastic activity, as well as an MM-induced forward-feedback cycle where bone-embedded growth factors further enhance tumor progression as bone is resorbed. Recent work on somatic mutation in MM tumors has provided insight into cytogenetic changes associated with this disease; the initiating driver mutations causing MM are diverse because of the complexity and multitude of mutations inherent in MM tumor cells. This manuscript provides an overview of MM pathogenesis by summarizing cytogenic changes related to oncogenes and tumor suppressors associated with MM, reviewing risk factors, and describing the disease progression from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to overt MM. It also highlights the importance of the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) in the establishment and progression of MM, as well as associated MM-induced bone disease, and the relationship of the bone marrow to current and future therapeutics. This review highlights why understanding the basic biology of the healthy and diseased BMM is crucial in the quest for better treatments and work toward a cure for genetically diverse diseases such as MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michaela R Reagan
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine
- University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
In the year 2000, Hanahan and Weinberg (1) defined the six Hallmarks of Cancer as: self-sufficiency in growth signals, evasion of apoptosis, insensitivity to antigrowth mechanisms, tissue invasion and metastasis, limitless replicative potential, and sustained angiogenesis. Eleven years later, two new Hallmarks were added to the list (avoiding immune destruction and reprograming energy metabolism) and two new tumor characteristics (tumor-promoting inflammation and genome instability and mutation) (2). In multiple myeloma (MM), a destructive cancer of the plasma cell that grows predominantly in the bone marrow (BM), it is clear that all these hallmarks and characteristics are in play, contributing to tumor initiation, drug resistance, disease progression, and relapse. Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) is a newly recognized contributor to MM oncogenesis and disease progression, potentially affecting MM cell metabolism, immune action, inflammation, and influences on angiogenesis. In this review, we discuss the confirmed and hypothetical contributions of BMAT to MM development and disease progression. BMAT has been understudied due to technical challenges and a previous lack of appreciation for the endocrine function of this tissue. In this review, we define the dynamic, responsive, metabolically active BM adipocyte. We then describe how BMAT influences MM in terms of: lipids/metabolism, hypoxia/angiogenesis, paracrine or endocrine signaling, and bone disease. We then discuss the connection between BMAT and systemic inflammation and potential treatments to inhibit the feedback loops between BM adipocytes and MM cells that support MM progression. We aim for researchers to use this review to guide and help prioritize their experiments to develop better treatments or a cure for cancers, such as MM, that associate with and may depend on BMAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyne Falank
- Reagan Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Heather Fairfield
- Reagan Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Michaela R. Reagan
- Reagan Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- *Correspondence: Michaela R. Reagan,
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
The bone marrow niche consists of stem and progenitor cells destined to become mature cells such as haematopoietic elements, osteoblasts or adipocytes. Marrow cells, influenced by endocrine, paracrine and autocrine factors, ultimately function as a unit to regulate bone remodelling and haematopoiesis. Current evidence highlights that the bone marrow niche is not merely an anatomic compartment; rather, it integrates the physiology of two distinct organ systems, the skeleton and the marrow. The niche has a hypoxic microenvironment that maintains quiescent haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and supports glycolytic metabolism. In response to biochemical cues and under the influence of neural, hormonal, and biochemical factors, marrow stromal elements, such as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), differentiate into mature, functioning cells. However, disruption of the niche can affect cellular differentiation, resulting in disorders ranging from osteoporosis to malignancy. In this Review, we propose that the niche reflects the vitality of two tissues - bone and blood - by providing a unique environment for stem and stromal cells to flourish while simultaneously preventing disproportionate proliferation, malignant transformation or loss of the multipotent progenitors required for healing, functional immunity and growth throughout an organism's lifetime. Through a fuller understanding of the complexity of the niche in physiologic and pathologic states, the successful development of more-effective therapeutic approaches to target the niche and its cellular components for the treatment of rheumatic, endocrine, neoplastic and metabolic diseases becomes achievable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela R Reagan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Centre Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Centre Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Roccaro AM, Mishima Y, Sacco A, Moschetta M, Tai YT, Shi J, Zhang Y, Reagan MR, Huynh D, Kawano Y, Sahin I, Chiarini M, Manier S, Cea M, Aljawai Y, Glavey S, Morgan E, Pan C, Michor F, Cardarelli P, Kuhne M, Ghobrial IM. CXCR4 Regulates Extra-Medullary Myeloma through Epithelial-Mesenchymal-Transition-like Transcriptional Activation. Cell Rep 2015; 12:622-35. [PMID: 26190113 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra-medullary disease (EMD) in multiple myeloma (MM) is associated with poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy. However, molecular alterations that lead to EMD have not been well defined. We developed bone marrow (BM)- and EMD-prone MM syngeneic cell lines; identified that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcriptional patterns were significantly enriched in both clones compared to parental cells, together with higher levels of CXCR4 protein; and demonstrated that CXCR4 enhanced the acquisition of an EMT-like phenotype in MM cells with a phenotypic conversion for invasion, leading to higher bone metastasis and EMD dissemination in vivo. In contrast, CXCR4 silencing led to inhibited tumor growth and reduced survival. Ulocuplumab, a monoclonal anti-CXCR4 antibody, inhibited MM cell dissemination, supported by suppression of the CXCR4-driven EMT-like phenotype. These results suggest that targeting CXCR4 may act as a regulator of EMD through EMT-like transcriptional modulation, thus representing a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent MM disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aldo M Roccaro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yuji Mishima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Antonio Sacco
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michele Moschetta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yu-Tzu Tai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jiantao Shi
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Maine Medical Center Research Institute (MMCRI), Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Daisy Huynh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yawara Kawano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ilyas Sahin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Marco Chiarini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Spedali Civili di Brescia, Centro per la Ricerca Onco-ematologica AIL (CREA), 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Salomon Manier
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michele Cea
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yosra Aljawai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Siobhan Glavey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Elizabeth Morgan
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chin Pan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Franziska Michor
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | - Irene M Ghobrial
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Reagan MR, Liaw L, Rosen CJ, Ghobrial IM. Dynamic interplay between bone and multiple myeloma: emerging roles of the osteoblast. Bone 2015; 75:161-9. [PMID: 25725265 PMCID: PMC4580250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a B-cell malignancy characterized by the unrelenting proliferation of plasma cells. Multiple myeloma causes osteolytic lesions and fractures that do not heal due to decreased osteoblastic and increased osteoclastic activity. However, the exact relationship between osteoblasts and myeloma cells remains elusive. Understanding the interactions between these dynamic bone-forming cells and myeloma cells is crucial to understanding how osteolytic lesions form and persist and how tumors grow within the bone marrow. This review provides a comprehensive overview of basic and translational research focused on the role of osteoblasts in multiple myeloma progression and their relationship to osteolytic lesions. Importantly, current challenges for in vitro studies exploring direct osteoblastic effects on myeloma cells, and gaps in understanding the role of the osteoblast in myeloma progression are delineated. Finally, successes and challenges in myeloma treatment with osteoanabolic therapy (i.e., any treatment that induces increased osteoblastic number or activity) are enumerated. Our goal is to illuminate novel mechanisms by which osteoblasts may contribute to multiple myeloma disease progression and osteolysis to better direct research efforts. Ultimately, we hope this may provide a roadmap for new approaches to the pathogenesis and treatment of multiple myeloma with a particular focus on the osteoblast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela R Reagan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Lucy Liaw
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Irene M Ghobrial
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Glavey SV, Huynh D, Reagan MR, Manier S, Moschetta M, Kawano Y, Roccaro AM, Ghobrial IM, Joshi L, O'Dwyer ME. The cancer glycome: carbohydrates as mediators of metastasis. Blood Rev 2015; 29:269-79. [PMID: 25636501 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a frequent post-translational modification which results in the addition of carbohydrate determinants, "glycans", to cell surface proteins and lipids. These glycan structures form the "glycome" and play an integral role in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions through modulation of adhesion and cell trafficking. Glycosylation is increasingly recognized as a modulator of the malignant phenotype of cancer cells, where the interaction between cells and the tumor micro-environment is altered to facilitate processes such as drug resistance and metastasis. Changes in glycosylation of cell surface adhesion molecules such as selectin ligands, integrins and mucins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several solid and hematological malignancies, often with prognostic implications. In this review we focus on the functional significance of alterations in cancer cell glycosylation, in terms of cell adhesion, trafficking and the metastatic cascade and provide insights into the prognostic and therapeutic implications of recent findings in this fast-evolving niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan V Glavey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Glycoscience Research Group, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Daisy Huynh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Salomon Manier
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Michele Moschetta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yawara Kawano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Aldo M Roccaro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Irene M Ghobrial
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lokesh Joshi
- Glycoscience Research Group, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Michael E O'Dwyer
- Glycoscience Research Group, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Department of Hematology National University of Ireland, Galway and Galway University Hospital, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Roccaro AM, Sacco A, Purschke WG, Moschetta M, Buchner K, Maasch C, Zboralski D, Zöllner S, Vonhoff S, Mishima Y, Maiso P, Reagan MR, Lonardi S, Ungari M, Facchetti F, Eulberg D, Kruschinski A, Vater A, Rossi G, Klussmann S, Ghobrial IM. SDF-1 inhibition targets the bone marrow niche for cancer therapy. Cell Rep 2014; 9:118-128. [PMID: 25263552 PMCID: PMC4194173 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) metastasis remains one of the main causes of death associated with solid tumors as well as multiple myeloma (MM). Targeting the BM niche to prevent or modulate metastasis has not been successful to date. Here, we show that stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) is highly expressed in active MM, as well as in BM sites of tumor metastasis and report on the discovery of the high-affinity anti-SDF-1 PEGylated mirror-image l-oligonucleotide (olaptesed-pegol). In vivo confocal imaging showed that SDF-1 levels are increased within MM cell-colonized BM areas. Using in vivo murine and xenograft mouse models, we document that in vivo SDF-1 neutralization within BM niches leads to a microenvironment that is less receptive for MM cells and reduces MM cell homing and growth, thereby inhibiting MM disease progression. Targeting of SDF-1 represents a valid strategy for preventing or disrupting colonization of the BM by MM cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aldo M Roccaro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Antonio Sacco
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Michele Moschetta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuji Mishima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Patricia Maiso
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michaela R Reagan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Silvia Lonardi
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia Medical School, Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Ungari
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia Medical School, Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabio Facchetti
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia Medical School, Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giuseppe Rossi
- Spedali Civili di Brescia, Department of Hematology, Centro per la Ricerca Onco-ematologica AIL, (CREA), 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Irene M Ghobrial
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Reagan MR, Seib FP, McMillin DW, Sage EK, Mitsiades CS, Janes SM, Ghobrial IM, Kaplan DL. Stem Cell Implants for Cancer Therapy: TRAIL-Expressing Mesenchymal Stem Cells Target Cancer Cells In Situ. J Breast Cancer 2012; 15:273-82. [PMID: 23091539 PMCID: PMC3468780 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2012.15.3.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tumor-specific delivery of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), an apoptosis-inducing peptide, at effective doses remains challenging. Herein we demonstrate the utility of a scaffold-based delivery system for sustained therapeutic cell release that capitalizes on the tumor-homing properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their ability to express genetically-introduced therapeutic genes. Methods Implants were formed from porous, biocompatible silk scaffolds seeded with full length TRAIL-expressing MSCs (FLT-MSCs). under a doxycycline inducible promoter. In vitro studies with FLT-MSCs demonstrated TRAIL expression and antitumor effects on breast cancer cells. Next, FLT-MSCs were administered to mice using three administration routes (mammary fat pad co-injections, tail vein injections, and subcutaneous implantation on scaffolds). Results In vitro cell-specific bioluminescent imaging measured tumor cell specific growth in the presence of stromal cells and demonstrated FLT-MSC inhibition of breast cancer growth. FLT-MSC implants successfully decreased bone and lung metastasis, whereas liver metastasis decreased only with tail vein and co-injection administration routes. Average tumor burden was decreased when doxycycline was used to induce TRAIL expression for co-injection and scaffold groups, as compared to controls with no induced TRAIL expression. Conclusion This implant-based therapeutic delivery system is an effective and completely novel method of anticancer therapy and holds great potential for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela R Reagan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA. ; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies rely heavily on support from host cells through a number of well-documented mechanisms. Host cells, specifically mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), support tumor cell growth, metastasis, survival, bone marrow colonization, and evasion of the immune system. In multiple myeloma, similar to solid tumors, supporting cells have typically been considered healthy host cells. However, recent evidence reveals that many MSCs derived from patients with multiple myeloma (MM-MSC) show significant defects compared with MSCs from nondiseased donors (ND-MSC). These abnormalities range from differences in gene and protein expression to allelic abnormalities and can initiate after less than 1 day of coculture with myeloma cells or persist for months, perhaps years, after removal from myeloma influence. Alterations in MM-MSC function contribute to disease progression and provide new therapeutic targets. However, before the scientific community can capitalize on the distinctions between MM-MSCs and ND-MSCs, a number of confusions must be clarified, as we have done in this review, including the origin(s) of MM-MSCs, identification and characterization of MM-MSCs, and downstream effects and feedback circuits that support cancer progression. Further advances require more genetic analysis of MM-MSCs and disease models that accurately represent MSC-MM cell interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela R Reagan
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Despite the decline in U.S. cancer incidence and mortality rates, cancer remains the number one cause of death for people under the age of 85 and one in four people in the U.S. will die of cancer, mainly because of metastasis. Recently, interest in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) tumor-homing has led to inquires into: (a) why MSCs home to tumors, (b) what the inherent protumor and antitumor consequences are, and (c) how to best capitalize on MSC tumor-homing for cell-based diagnostics and therapy. Here, these questions are reviewed and method for addressing them using animal models and tracking methodologies (or, synonymously, detection methodologies) are discussed. First, MSCs in a regenerative and tumor-homing context are reviewed, followed by MSC delivery and genetic labeling methods for tissue model systems. Finally, the use of the nonoptical methods, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and single photon emission computed tomography, along with optical methods, fluorescence imaging and bioluminescent imaging, are reviewed related to tracking MSCs within disease model settings. The benefits and drawbacks of each detection method in animal models is reviewed along with the utility of each for therapeutic use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela R Reagan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|