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Gandhi N, Wills L, Akers K, Su Y, Niccum P, Murali TM, Rajagopalan P. Comparative transcriptomic and phenotypic analysis of induced pluripotent stem cell hepatocyte-like cells and primary human hepatocytes. Cell Tissue Res 2024; 396:119-139. [PMID: 38369646 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-024-03868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) are used extensively for in vitro liver cultures to study hepatic functions. However, limited availability and invasive retrieval prevent their widespread use. Induced pluripotent stem cells exhibit significant potential since they can be obtained non-invasively and differentiated into hepatic lineages, such as hepatocyte-like cells (iHLCs). However, there are concerns about their fetal phenotypic characteristics and their hepatic functions compared to PHHs in culture. Therefore, we performed an RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis to understand pathways that are either up- or downregulated in each cell type. Analysis of the RNA-seq data showed an upregulation in the bile secretion pathway where genes such as AQP9 and UGT1A1 were higher expressed in PHHs compared to iHLCs by 455- and 15-fold, respectively. Upon immunostaining, bile canaliculi were shown to be present in PHHs. The TCA cycle in PHHs was upregulated compared to iHLCs. Cellular analysis showed a 2-2.5-fold increase in normalized urea production in PHHs compared to iHLCs. In addition, drug metabolism pathways, including cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes, were upregulated in PHHs compared to iHLCs. Of note, CYP2E1 gene expression was significantly higher (21,810-fold) in PHHs. Acetaminophen and ethanol were administered to PHH and iHLC cultures to investigate differences in biotransformation. CYP450 activity of baseline and toxicant-treated samples was significantly higher in PHHs compared to iHLCs. Our analysis revealed that iHLCs have substantial differences from PHHs in critical hepatic functions. These results have highlighted the differences in gene expression and hepatic functions between PHHs and iHLCs to motivate future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeti Gandhi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, 333 Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Lauren Wills
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Kyle Akers
- Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology Ph.D. Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Yiqi Su
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Parker Niccum
- Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology Ph.D. Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - T M Murali
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, 333 Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
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Bram Y, Nguyen DHT, Gupta V, Park J, Richardson C, Chandar V, Schwartz RE. Cell and Tissue Therapy for the Treatment of Chronic Liver Disease. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2021; 23:517-546. [PMID: 33974812 PMCID: PMC8864721 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-112619-044026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is an important clinical problem, impacting 600 million people worldwide. It is the 11th-leading cause of death in the world. Despite constant improvement in treatment and diagnostics, the aging population and accumulated risk factors led to increased morbidity due to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis. Liver transplantation, first established in the 1960s, is the second-most-common solid organ transplantation and is the gold standard for the treatment of liver failure. However, less than 10% of the global need for liver transplantation is met at the current rates of transplantation due to the paucity of available organs. Cell- and tissue-based therapies present an alternative to organ transplantation. This review surveys the approaches and tools that have been developed, discusses the distinctive challenges that exist for cell- and tissue-based therapies, and examines the future directions of regenerative therapies for the treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Bram
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Duc-Huy T Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Vikas Gupta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Jiwoon Park
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chanel Richardson
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vasuretha Chandar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Robert E Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; .,Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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3
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Zhang J, Chan HF, Wang H, Shao D, Tao Y, Li M. Stem cell therapy and tissue engineering strategies using cell aggregates and decellularized scaffolds for the rescue of liver failure. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:2041731420986711. [PMID: 35003615 PMCID: PMC8733710 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420986711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver failure is a lethal condition with hepatocellular dysfunction, and liver transplantation is presently the only effective treatment. However, due to the limited availability of donors and the potential immune rejection, novel therapeutic strategies are actively sought to restore the normal hepatic architectures and functions, especially for livers with inherited metabolic dysfunctions or chronic diseases. Although the conventional cell therapy has shown promising results, the direct infusion of hepatocytes is hampered by limited hepatocyte sources, poor cell viability, and engraftment. Hence, this review mainly highlights the role of stem cells and progenitors as the alternative cell source and summarizes the potential approaches based on tissue engineering to improve the delivery efficiency of cells. Particularly, the underlying mechanisms for cell therapy using stem cells and progenitors are discussed in two main aspects: paracrine effect and cell differentiation. Moreover, tissue-engineering approaches using cell aggregates and decellularized liver scaffolds for bioengineering of functional hepatic constructs are discussed and compared in terms of the potential to replicate liver physiological structures. In the end, a potentially effective strategy combining the premium advantages of stem cell aggregates and decellularized liver scaffolds is proposed as the future direction of liver tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hon Fai Chan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Shao
- Institutes of Life Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Danoy M, Bernier ML, Kimura K, Poulain S, Kato S, Mori D, Kido T, Plessy C, Kusuhara H, Miyajima A, Sakai Y, Leclerc E. Optimized protocol for the hepatic differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells in a fluidic microenvironment. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1762-1776. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Danoy
- Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, CNRS UMI 2820, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of TokyoTokyo Japan
| | - Myriam Lereau Bernier
- Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, CNRS UMI 2820, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of TokyoTokyo Japan
| | - Keiichi Kimura
- Department of Chemical System EngineeringGraduate School of Engineering, The University of TokyoTokyo Japan
| | - Stephane Poulain
- Division of Genomic MedicineRIKEN Center for Integrative Medical SciencesYokohama Japan
| | - Sachi Kato
- Division of Genomic MedicineRIKEN Center for Integrative Medical SciencesYokohama Japan
| | - Daiki Mori
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo Japan
| | - Taketomo Kido
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of TokyoTokyo Japan
| | - Charles Plessy
- Division of Genomic MedicineRIKEN Center for Integrative Medical SciencesYokohama Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of TokyoTokyo Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Department of Chemical System EngineeringGraduate School of Engineering, The University of TokyoTokyo Japan
| | - Eric Leclerc
- Laboratory for Integrated Micro Mechatronic Systems, CNRS UMI 2820, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of TokyoTokyo Japan
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Tegge AN, Rodrigues RR, Larkin AL, Vu L, Murali TM, Rajagopalan P. Transcriptomic Analysis of Hepatic Cells in Multicellular Organotypic Liver Models. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11306. [PMID: 30054499 PMCID: PMC6063915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver homeostasis requires the presence of both parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells (NPCs). However, systems biology studies of the liver have primarily focused on hepatocytes. Using an organotypic three-dimensional (3D) hepatic culture, we report the first transcriptomic study of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and Kupffer cells (KCs) cultured with hepatocytes. Through computational pathway and interaction network analyses, we demonstrate that hepatocytes, LSECs and KCs have distinct expression profiles and functional characteristics. Our results show that LSECs in the presence of KCs exhibit decreased expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling, a pathway linked to LSEC dedifferentiation. We report the novel result that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) is transcribed in LSECs. The expression of downstream processes corroborates active PPARα signaling in LSECs. We uncover transcriptional evidence in LSECs for a feedback mechanism between PPARα and farnesoid X-activated receptor (FXR) that maintains bile acid homeostasis; previously, this feedback was known occur only in HepG2 cells. We demonstrate that KCs in 3D liver models display expression patterns consistent with an anti-inflammatory phenotype when compared to monocultures. These results highlight the distinct roles of LSECs and KCs in maintaining liver function and emphasize the need for additional mechanistic studies of NPCs in addition to hepatocytes in liver-mimetic microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N Tegge
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Richard R Rodrigues
- Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology Ph.D. Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Adam L Larkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Lucas Vu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - T M Murali
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
- ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
- ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
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6
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Lewis PL, Shah RN. 3D Printing for Liver Tissue Engineering: Current Approaches and Future Challenges. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-016-0084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Vu LT, Less RR, Rajagopalan P. The promise of organotypic hepatic and gastrointestinal models. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:406-13. [PMID: 24845962 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the design and assembly of in vitro organotypic liver and gastrointestinal (GI) models can accelerate our understanding of metabolism, nutrient absorption, and the effect of microbial flora. Such models can provide comprehensive information on how of environmental toxins, drugs, and pharmaceuticals interact with and within these organs. Information obtained from such models could elucidate the complicated cascades of signaling mechanisms that occur in vivo. Because experiments on large-scale animal models are expensive and resource intensive, the design of organotypic models has renewed significance. The challenges and approaches to designing liver and GI models are similar. Because these organs are in close proximity and interact continually, we have described recent design considerations to guide future tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas T Vu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Rebekah R Less
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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8
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Ebrahimkhani MR, Neiman JAS, Raredon MSB, Hughes DJ, Griffith LG. Bioreactor technologies to support liver function in vitro. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:132-57. [PMID: 24607703 PMCID: PMC4144187 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver is a central nexus integrating metabolic and immunologic homeostasis in the human body, and the direct or indirect target of most molecular therapeutics. A wide spectrum of therapeutic and technological needs drives efforts to capture liver physiology and pathophysiology in vitro, ranging from prediction of metabolism and toxicity of small molecule drugs, to understanding off-target effects of proteins, nucleic acid therapies, and targeted therapeutics, to serving as disease models for drug development. Here we provide perspective on the evolving landscape of bioreactor-based models to meet old and new challenges in drug discovery and development, emphasizing design challenges in maintaining long-term liver-specific function and how emerging technologies in biomaterials and microdevices are providing new experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Ebrahimkhani
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Shepard Neiman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Micha Sam B Raredon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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9
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Weitman E, Cuzzone D, Mehrara BJ. Tissue engineering and regeneration of lymphatic structures. Future Oncol 2014; 9:1365-74. [PMID: 23980683 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is the process by which biological structures are recreated using a combination of molecular signals, cellular components and scaffolds. Although the perceived potential of this approach to reconstruct damaged or missing tissues is seemingly limitless, application of these ideas in vivo has been more difficult than expected. However, despite these obstacles, important advancements have been reported for a number of organ systems, including recent reports on the lymphatic system. These advancements are important since the lymphatic system plays a central role in immune responses, regulation of inflammation, lipid absorption and interstitial fluid homeostasis. Insights obtained over the past two decades have advanced our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that govern lymphatic development and function. Utilizing this knowledge has led to important advancements in lymphatic tissue engineering, which is the topic of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Weitman
- The Department of Surgery, Plastic Surgery Section, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Larkin AL, Rodrigues RR, Murali TM, Rajagopalan P. Designing a multicellular organotypic 3D liver model with a detachable, nanoscale polymeric Space of Disse. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2013; 19:875-84. [PMID: 23556413 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2012.0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of in vitro models that mimic the stratified multicellular hepatic microenvironment continues to be challenging. Although several in vitro hepatic cultures have been shown to exhibit liver functions, their physiological relevance is limited due to significant deviation from in vivo cellular composition. We report the assembly of a novel three-dimensional (3D) organotypic liver model incorporating three different cell types (hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells) and a polymeric interface that mimics the Space of Disse. The nanoscale interface is detachable, optically transparent, derived from self-assembled polyelectrolyte multilayers, and exhibits a Young's modulus similar to in vivo values for liver tissue. Only the 3D liver models simultaneously maintain hepatic phenotype and elicit proliferation, while achieving cellular ratios found in vivo. The nanoscale detachable polymeric interfaces can be modulated to mimic basement membranes that exhibit a wide range of physical properties. This facile approach offers a versatile new avenue in the assembly of engineered tissues. These results demonstrate the ability of the tri-cellular 3D cultures to serve as an organotypic hepatic model that elicits proliferation and maintenance of phenotype and in vivo-like cellular ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Larkin
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia
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11
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Li YS, Harn HJ, Hsieh DK, Wen TC, Subeq YM, Sun LY, Lin SZ, Chiou TW. Cells and materials for liver tissue engineering. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:685-700. [PMID: 23127824 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x655163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is currently the most efficacious treatment for end-stage liver diseases. However, one main problem with liver transplantation is the limited number of donor organs that are available. Therefore, liver tissue engineering based on cell transplantation that combines materials to mimic the liver is under investigation with the goal of restoring normal liver functions. Tissue engineering aims to mimic the interactions among cells with a scaffold. Particular materials or a matrix serve as a scaffold and provide a three-dimensional environment for cell proliferation and interaction. Moreover, the scaffold plays a role in regulating cell maturation and function via these interactions. In cultures of hepatic lineage cells, regulation of cell proliferation and specific function using biocompatible synthetic, biodegradable bioderived matrices, protein-coated materials, surface-modified nanofibers, and decellularized biomatrix has been demonstrated. Furthermore, beneficial effects of addition of growth factor cocktails to a flow bioreactor or coculture system on cell viability and function have been observed. In addition, a system for growing stem cells, liver progenitor cells, and primary hepatocytes for transplantation into animal models was developed, which produces hepatic lineage cells that are functional and that show long-term proliferation following transplantation. The major limitation of cells proliferated with matrix-based transplantation systems is the high initial cell loss and dysfunction, which may be due to the absence of blood flow and the changes in nutrients. Thus, the development of vascular-like scaffold structures, the formation of functional bile ducts, and the maintenance of complex metabolic functions remain as major problems in hepatic tissue engineering and will need to be addressed to enable further advances toward clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Sheng Li
- Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC
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