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Cai Q, Zheng P, Ma F, Zhang H, Li Z, Fu Q, Han C, Sun Y. MicroRNA-224 enhances the osteoblastic differentiation of hMSCs via Rac1. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 37:62-71. [PMID: 30773655 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenesis is the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into osteoblasts. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that target specific genes to mediate translational activities. In this study, we investigated how miR-224 regulates the osteoblastic differentiation of human MSCs (hMSCs) as well as the underlying mechanism. The results revealed the upregulation of miR-224 during hMSC differentiation. In vitro experiments showed that the downregulation of miR-224 suppressed the differentiation of hMSCs into osteoblasts. However, upregulation of miR-224 was concomitant with increased expression of relevant genes and augmented activity of alkaline phosphatase. Furthermore, the results indicated that Rac1 acted as the bona fide target of miR-224 and that Rac1 depletion promoted osteogenic differentiation in miR-224-silenced hMSCs. In addition, we found that both JAK/STAT3 and Wnt/β-catenin pathways were repressed by Rac1 depletion using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Our data indicate a novel molecular mechanism in relation to hMSCs differentiation into osteoblasts, which may facilitate bone anabolism via miR-224. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: In this study, we mainly explored the effects of miR-224 on hMSCs differentiation into osteoblasts. We find that induced miR-224 expression in hMSCs is considered closely associated with specific osteogenesis-related genes, alkaline phosphatase activity, and matrix mineralization, indicating that miR-224 may serve as a promising biomarker for osteogenic differentiation. Our data indicate a novel molecular mechanism in relation to hMSCs differentiation into osteoblasts, which may facilitate bone anabolism via miR-224.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cai
- Department of Dental Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomotology, Jinlin University, Changchun, China.,Jinlin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomotology, Jinlin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fuzhe Ma
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Department of Dental Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomotology, Jinlin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zuntai Li
- Department of Dental Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomotology, Jinlin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiyue Fu
- Department of Dental Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomotology, Jinlin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunyu Han
- Department of Dental Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomotology, Jinlin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingying Sun
- Department of Stomatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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Lipowsky HH, Bowers DT, Banik BL, Brown JL. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Deformability and Implications for Microvascular Sequestration. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 46:640-654. [PMID: 29352448 PMCID: PMC5862759 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-1985-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have received considerable attention in regenerative medicine, particularly in light of prospects for targeted delivery by intra-arterial injection. However, little is known about the mechanics of MSC sequestration in the microvasculature and the yield pressure (PY), above which MSCs will pass through microvessels of a given diameter. The objectives of the current study were to delineate the dependency of PY on cell size and the heterogeneity of cell mechanical properties and diameters (DCELL) of cultured MSCs. To this end the transient filtration test was employed to elucidate the mean filtration pressure (〈PY〉) for an ensemble of pores of a given size (DPORE) similar to in vivo microvessels. Cultured MSCs had a log-normal distribution of cell diameters (DCELL) with a mean of 15.8 ± 0.73 SD μm. MSC clearance from track-etched polycarbonate filters was studied for pore diameters of 7.3-15.4 μm. The pressure required to clear cells from filters with 30-85 × 103 pores rose exponentially with the ratio λ = DCELL/DPORE for 1.1 ≤ λ ≤ 2.2. The clearance of cells from each filter was characterized by a log-normal distribution in PY, with a mean filtration pressure of 0.02 ≤ 〈PY〉 ≤ 6.7 cmH2O. For λ ≤ 1.56, the yield pressure (PY) was well represented by the cortical shell model of a cell with a viscous interior encapsulated by a shell under cortical tension τ0 = 0.99 ± 0.42 SD dyn/cm. For λ > 1.56, the 〈PY〉 characteristic of the cell population rose exponentially with λ. Analysis of the mean filtration pressure (〈PY〉) of each sample suggested that the larger diameter cells that skewed the distribution of DCELL contributed to about 20% of the mean filtration pressure. Further, if all cells had the same deformability (i.e., PY as a function of λ) as the average cell population, then 〈PY〉 would have risen an order of magnitude above the average from fivefold at λ = 1.56 to 200-fold at λ = 2.1. Comparison of 〈PY〉 to published microvascular pressures suggested that 〈PY〉 may exceed microvessel pressure drops for λ exceeding 2.1, and rise 14-fold above capillary pressure drop at λ = 3 leading to 100% sequestration. However, due to the large variance of in vivo microvascular pressures entrapment of MSCs may be mitigated. Thus it is suggested that selecting fractions of the MSC population according to cell deformability may permit optimization of entrapment at sites targeted for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert H Lipowsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 215 Hallowell Bldg, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Daniel T Bowers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 215 Hallowell Bldg, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Brittany L Banik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 215 Hallowell Bldg, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Justin L Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 215 Hallowell Bldg, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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3
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Han B, Nia HT, Wang C, Chandrasekaran P, Li Q, Chery DR, Li H, Grodzinsky AJ, Han L. AFM-Nanomechanical Test: An Interdisciplinary Tool That Links the Understanding of Cartilage and Meniscus Biomechanics, Osteoarthritis Degeneration, and Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2033-2049. [PMID: 31423463 PMCID: PMC6697429 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our objective is to provide an in-depth review of the recent technical advances of atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanomechanical tests and their contribution to a better understanding and diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA), as well as the repair of tissues undergoing degeneration during OA progression. We first summarize a range of technical approaches for AFM-based nanoindentation, including considerations in both experimental design and data analysis. We then provide a more detailed description of two recently developed modes of AFM-nanoindentation, a high-bandwidth nanorheometer system for studying poroviscoelasticity and an immunofluorescence-guided nanomechanical mapping technique for delineating the pericellular matrix (PCM) and territorial/interterritorial matrix (T/IT-ECM) of surrounding cells in connective tissues. Next, we summarize recent applications of these approaches to three aspects of joint-related healthcare and disease: cartilage aging and OA, developmental biology and OA pathogenesis in murine models, and nanomechanics of the meniscus. These studies were performed over a hierarchy of length scales, from the molecular, cellular to the whole tissue level. The advances described here have contributed greatly to advancing the fundamental knowledge base for improved understanding, detection, and treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hadi T. Nia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Prashant Chandrasekaran
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Qing Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daphney R. Chery
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hao Li
- College of Architecture and the Built Environment, Philadelphia University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19144, United States
| | - Alan J. Grodzinsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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4
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Dokukin M, Ablaeva Y, Kalaparthi V, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V, Sokolov I. Pericellular Brush and Mechanics of Guinea Pig Fibroblast Cells Studied with AFM. Biophys J 2017; 111:236-46. [PMID: 27410750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The atomic force microscopy (AFM) indentation method combined with the brush model can be used to separate the mechanical response of the cell body from deformation of the pericellular layer surrounding biological cells. Although self-consistency of the brush model to derive the elastic modulus of the cell body has been demonstrated, the model ability to characterize the pericellular layer has not been explicitly verified. Here we demonstrate it by using enzymatic removal of hyaluronic content of the pericellular brush for guinea pig fibroblast cells. The effect of this removal is clearly seen in the AFM force-separation curves associated with the pericellular brush layer. We further extend the brush model for brushes larger than the height of the AFM probe, which seems to be the case for fibroblast cells. In addition, we demonstrate that an extension of the brush model (i.e., double-brush model) is capable of detecting the hierarchical structure of the pericellular brush, which, for example, may consist of the pericellular coat and the membrane corrugation (microridges and microvilli). It allows us to quantitatively segregate the large soft polysaccharide pericellular coat from a relatively rigid and dense membrane corrugation layer. This was verified by comparison of the parameters of the membrane corrugation layer derived from the force curves collected on untreated cells (when this corrugation membrane part is hidden inside the pericellular brush layer) and on treated cells after the enzymatic removal of the pericellular coat part (when the corrugations are exposed to the AFM probe). We conclude that the brush model is capable of not only measuring the mechanics of the cell body but also the parameters of the pericellular brush layer, including quantitative characterization of the pericellular layer structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Dokukin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Yulija Ablaeva
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | | | - Andrei Seluanov
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Vera Gorbunova
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York.
| | - Igor Sokolov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts; Department of Physics, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts.
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5
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Functions of Rho family of small GTPases and Rho-associated coiled-coil kinases in bone cells during differentiation and mineralization. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1009-1023. [PMID: 28188861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of Rho-associated coiled-coil kinases (ROCKs) are effectors of Rho family of small GTPases. ROCKs have multiple functions that include regulation of cellular contraction and polarity, adhesion, motility, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, maturation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). SCOPE OF THE REVIEW Here, we focus on the action of RhoA and RhoA effectors, ROCK1 and ROCK2, in cells related to tissue mineralization: mesenchymal stem cells, chondrocytes, preosteoblasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, lining cells and osteoclasts. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The activation of the RhoA/ROCK pathway promotes stress fiber formation and reduces chondrocyte and osteogenic differentiations, in contrast to that in mesenchymal stem cells which stimulated the osteogenic and the chondrogenic differentiation. The effects of Rac1 and Cdc42 in promoting chondrocyte hypertrophy and of Rac1, Rac2 and Cdc42 in osteoclast are discussed. In addition, members of the Rho family of GTPases such Rac1, Rac2, Rac3 and Cdc42, acting upstream of ROCK and/or other protein effectors, may compensate the actions of RhoA, affecting directly or indirectly the actions of ROCKs as well as other protein effectors. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE ROCK activity can trigger cartilage degradation and affect bone formation, therefore these kinases may represent a possible therapeutic target to treat osteoarthritis and osseous diseases. Inhibition of Rho/ROCK activity in chondrocytes prevents cartilage degradation, stimulate mineralization of osteoblasts and facilitate bone formation around implanted metals. Treatment with osteoprotegerin results in a significant decrease in the expression of Rho GTPases, ROCK1 and ROCK2, reducing bone resorption. Inhibition of ROCK signaling increases osteoblast differentiation in a topography-dependent manner.
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6
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Hoon JL, Tan MH, Koh CG. The Regulation of Cellular Responses to Mechanical Cues by Rho GTPases. Cells 2016; 5:cells5020017. [PMID: 27058559 PMCID: PMC4931666 DOI: 10.3390/cells5020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho GTPases regulate many cellular signaling cascades that modulate cell motility, migration, morphology and cell division. A large body of work has now delineated the biochemical cues and pathways, which stimulate the GTPases and their downstream effectors. However, cells also respond exquisitely to biophysical and mechanical cues such as stiffness and topography of the extracellular matrix that profoundly influence cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. As these cellular responses are mediated by the actin cytoskeleton, an involvement of Rho GTPases in the transduction of such cues is not unexpected. In this review, we discuss an emerging role of Rho GTPase proteins in the regulation of the responses elicited by biophysical and mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ling Hoon
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Mei Hua Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Cheng-Gee Koh
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
- Mechanobiology Institute, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
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Lozoya OA, Gilchrist CL, Guilak F. Universally Conserved Relationships between Nuclear Shape and Cytoplasmic Mechanical Properties in Human Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23047. [PMID: 26976044 PMCID: PMC4792134 DOI: 10.1038/srep23047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to proliferate, differentiate, transduce extracellular signals and assemble tissues involves structural connections between nucleus and cytoskeleton. Yet, how the mechanics of these connections vary inside stem cells is not fully understood. To address those questions, we combined two-dimensional particle-tracking microrheology and morphological measures using variable reduction techniques to measure whether cytoplasmic mechanics allow for discrimination between different human adherent stem cell types and across different culture conditions. Here we show that nuclear shape is a quantifiable discriminant of mechanical properties in the perinuclear cytoskeleton (pnCSK) of various stem cell types. Also, we find the pnCSK is a region with different mechanical properties than elsewhere in the cytoskeleton, with heterogeneously distributed locations exhibiting subdiffusive features, and which obeys physical relations conserved among various stem cell types. Finally, we offer a prospective basis to discriminate between stem cell types by coupling perinuclear mechanical properties to nuclear shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo A Lozoya
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.,Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Biomedical Engineering, and Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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8
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Lee JH, Park HK, Kim KS. Intrinsic and extrinsic mechanical properties related to the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 473:752-7. [PMID: 26403968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diverse intrinsic and extrinsic mechanical factors have a strong influence on the regulation of stem cell fate. In this work, we examined recent literature on the effects of mechanical environments on stem cells, especially on differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We provide a brief review of intrinsic mechanical properties of single MSC and examined the correlation between the intrinsic mechanical property of MSC and the differentiation ability. The effects of extrinsic mechanical factors relevant to the differentiation of MSCs were considered separately. The effect of nanostructure and elasticity of the matrix on the differentiation of MSCs were summarized. Finally, we consider how the extrinsic mechanical properties transfer to MSCs and then how the effects on the intrinsic mechanical properties affect stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ho Lee
- School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun-Kuk Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Healthcare Industry Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Program of Medical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Program of Medical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Feng G, Shen Q, Lian M, Gu Z, Xing J, Lu X, Huang D, Li L, Huang S, Wang Y, Zhang J, Shi J, Zhang D, Feng X. RAC1 regulate tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated impaired osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. Dev Growth Differ 2015. [PMID: 26219349 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guijuan Feng
- Department of Stomatology; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Qijie Shen
- Department of Stomatology; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Min Lian
- Department of Stomatology; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Zhifeng Gu
- Department of Rheumatology; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Jing Xing
- Department of Stomatology; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Xiaohui Lu
- Department of Stomatology; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Stomatology; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Liren Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Shen Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Yi Wang
- Wang Yi Dental Clinic; Suzhou China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Jiahai Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology; Medical College; Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Xingmei Feng
- Department of Stomatology; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
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10
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Abstract
Due to a blood supply shortage, articular cartilage has a limited capacity for self-healing once damaged. Articular chondrocytes, cartilage progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells are candidate cells for cartilage regeneration. Significant current attention is paid to improving chondrogenic differentiation capacity; unfortunately, the potential chondrogenic hypertrophy of differentiated cells is largely overlooked. Consequently, the engineered tissue is actually a transient cartilage rather than a permanent one. The development of hypertrophic cartilage ends with the onset of endochondral bone formation which has inferior mechanical properties. In this review, current strategies for inhibition of chondrogenic hypertrophy are comprehensively summarized; the impact of cell source options is discussed; and potential mechanisms underlying these strategies are also categorized. This paper aims to provide guidelines for the prevention of hypertrophy in the regeneration of cartilage tissue. This knowledge may also facilitate the retardation of osteophytes in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Peiliang Fu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ruijun Cong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 10th People's Hospital of Shanghai, Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - HaiShan Wu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Corresponding author. Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, PO Box 9196, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506-9196, USA. Tel.: +1 304 293 1072; fax: +1 304 293 7070.
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11
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Gasiorowski JZ, Murphy CJ, Nealey PF. Biophysical cues and cell behavior: the big impact of little things. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2014; 15:155-76. [PMID: 23862676 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071811-150021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is composed of a variety of proteins, polysaccharides, and glycosaminoglycans that self-assemble into a hierarchical order of nanometer- to micrometer-scale fibrils and fibers. The shapes, sizes, and elasticity present within this highly ordered meshwork regulate behaviors in most cell types. It has been well documented that cellular migration, proliferation, differentiation, and tissue development are all influenced by matrix geometries and compliance, but how these external biophysical cues are translated into activated intracellular signaling cascades remains poorly understood. Fortunately, technological improvements in artificial substrate fabrication have provided biologists with tools to test cellular interactions within controlled three-dimensional environments. Here, we review cellular responses to biophysical cues and discuss their clinical relevancy and application. We focus especially on integrative approaches that aim to first characterize the properties of specific extracellular matrices and then precisely fabricate biomimetic materials to elucidate how relevant cells respond to the individual biophysical cues present in their native tissues. Through these types of comprehensive studies, biologists have begun to understand and appreciate how exceedingly small features can have a significant impact on the regulation, development, and homeostasis of cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Z Gasiorowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
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12
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Abstract
Stem cells interact with biochemical and biophysical signals in their extracellular environment. The biophysical signals are transduced to the stem cells either through the underlying extracellular matrix or externally applied forces. Increasing evidence has shown that these biophysical cues such as substrate stiffness and topography can direct stem cell differentiation and determine the cell fate. The mechanism of the biophysically induced differentiation is not understood; however, several key signaling components have been demonstrated to be involved in the force-mediated differentiation. This review will focus on focal adhesions, cytoskeletal contractility, Rho GTPase signaling and nuclear regulation in connection with biophysically induced differentiation. We will briefly introduce the important components of the mechanotransduction machinery, and the recent developments in the study of force-dependent stem cell differentiation.
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