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Tan FH, Bronner ME. Regenerative loss in the animal kingdom as viewed from the mouse digit tip and heart. Dev Biol 2024; 507:44-63. [PMID: 38145727 PMCID: PMC10922877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The myriad regenerative abilities across the animal kingdom have fascinated us for centuries. Recent advances in developmental, molecular, and cellular biology have allowed us to unearth a surprising diversity of mechanisms through which these processes occur. Developing an all-encompassing theory of animal regeneration has thus proved a complex endeavor. In this chapter, we frame the evolution and loss of animal regeneration within the broad developmental constraints that may physiologically inhibit regenerative ability across animal phylogeny. We then examine the mouse as a model of regeneration loss, specifically the experimental systems of the digit tip and heart. We discuss the digit tip and heart as a positionally-limited system of regeneration and a temporally-limited system of regeneration, respectively. We delve into the physiological processes involved in both forms of regeneration, and how each phase of the healing and regenerative process may be affected by various molecular signals, systemic changes, or microenvironmental cues. Lastly, we also discuss the various approaches and interventions used to induce or improve the regenerative response in both contexts, and the implications they have for our understanding regenerative ability more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayth Hui Tan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Sammartino G, Gasparro R, Spagnuolo G, Miniello A, Blasi A, Marenzi G. Influence of the Antithrombotic Therapy in the Healing of Simple Post-Extraction Sockets: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133654. [PMID: 35806937 PMCID: PMC9267478 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: An adequate blood supply plays a leading role in the healing process of the post-extractive socket; its coagulation leads to fibrin clot formation, which acts as a physical barrier able to prevent postoperative bleeding and microbial infection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of antiaggregant drugs in healing post-extraction sockets compared to natural wound healing. Methods: This was a single-center prospective clinical trial. Extraction sockets allocated in healthy patients and in patients assuming antiplatelet drugs were considered. Thirty consecutive patients under (treated with/in treatment with) oral antiplatelet treatment were enrolled in the test group. In order to provide a control group, 30 consecutive patients meeting all the exclusion and inclusion criteria were enrolled. The extraction of the mono-radicular tooth was atraumatically performed without gingivoplasty or osteotomy procedures that could influence the healing process. Photographs were obtained before and immediately after surgery and at 3-, 7-, 14- and 28-days follow-up. Results: All patients assumed the prescribed therapy and their post-operative recovery was uneventful without any kind of post-extractive complications. The results of inter-group comparison show that on the third and seventh days of follow-up, the antiplatelet group expressed a statistically significant higher level of healing compared to the control group (p < 0.05), while no statistically significant differences were recorded at 14- and 28-days follow-up. Conclusions: Patients treated with antiplatelet agents seemed to show that this therapy can positively affect the healing process after tooth extractions.
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Simkin J, Seifert AW. Concise Review: Translating Regenerative Biology into Clinically Relevant Therapies: Are We on the Right Path? Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 7:220-231. [PMID: 29271610 PMCID: PMC5788874 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite approaches in regenerative medicine using stem cells, bio‐engineered scaffolds, and targeted drug delivery to enhance human tissue repair, clinicians remain unable to regenerate large‐scale, multi‐tissue defects in situ. The study of regenerative biology using mammalian models of complex tissue regeneration offers an opportunity to discover key factors that stimulate a regenerative rather than fibrotic response to injury. For example, although primates and rodents can regenerate their distal digit tips, they heal more proximal amputations with scar tissue. Rabbits and African spiny mice re‐grow tissue to fill large musculoskeletal defects through their ear pinna, while other mammals fail to regenerate identical defects and instead heal ear holes through fibrotic repair. This Review explores the utility of these comparative healing models using the spiny mouse ear pinna and the mouse digit tip to consider how mechanistic insight into reparative regeneration might serve to advance regenerative medicine. Specifically, we consider how inflammation and immunity, extracellular matrix composition, and controlled cell proliferation intersect to establish a pro‐regenerative microenvironment in response to injuries. Understanding how some mammals naturally regenerate complex tissue can provide a blueprint for how we might manipulate the injury microenvironment to enhance regenerative abilities in humans. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2018;7:220–231
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ashley W Seifert
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Li X, Wang Y, An G, Liang D, Zhu Z, Lian X, Niu P, Guo C, Tian L. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells attenuate silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis via paracrine mechanisms. Toxicol Lett 2017; 270:96-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Quijano LM, Lynch KM, Allan CH, Badylak SF, Ahsan T. Looking Ahead to Engineering Epimorphic Regeneration of a Human Digit or Limb. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2016; 22:251-62. [PMID: 26603349 PMCID: PMC4892205 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 2 million people have had limb amputations in the United States due to disease or injury, with more than 185,000 new amputations every year. The ability to promote epimorphic regeneration, or the regrowth of a biologically based digit or limb, would radically change the prognosis for amputees. This ambitious goal includes the regrowth of a large number of tissues that need to be properly assembled and patterned to create a fully functional structure. We have yet to even identify, let alone address, all the obstacles along the extended progression that limit epimorphic regeneration in humans. This review aims to present introductory fundamentals in epimorphic regeneration to facilitate design and conduct of research from a tissue engineering and regenerative medicine perspective. We describe the clinical scenario of human digit healing, featuring published reports of regenerative potential. We then broadly delineate the processes of epimorphic regeneration in nonmammalian systems and describe a few mammalian regeneration models. We give particular focus to the murine digit tip, which allows for comparative studies of regeneration-competent and regeneration-incompetent outcomes in the same animal. Finally, we describe a few forward-thinking opportunities for promoting epimorphic regeneration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M. Quijano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kristen M. Lynch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Christopher H. Allan
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephen F. Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tabassum Ahsan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Olioso D, Marzotto M, Bonafini C, Brizzi M, Bellavite P. Arnica montana effects on gene expression in a human macrophage cell line. Evaluation by quantitative Real-Time PCR. HOMEOPATHY 2016; 105:131-47. [PMID: 27211321 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arnica montana is a popular traditional remedy widely used in complementary medicine, also for its wound healing properties. Despite its acknowledged action in clinical settings at various doses, the molecular aspects relating to how A. montana promotes wound healing remain to be elucidated. To fill this gap, we evaluated the whole plant extract, in a wide range of dilutions, in THP-1 human cells, differentiated into mature macrophages and into an alternative IL-4-activated phenotype involved in tissue remodelling and healing. METHODS Real-time quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis was used to study the changes in the expression of a customized panel of key genes, mainly cytokines, receptors and transcription factors. RESULTS On macrophages differentiated towards the wound healing phenotype, A. montana affected the expression of several genes. In particular CXC chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), coding for an chief chemokine, exhibited the most consistent increase of expression, while also CXC chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2), Interleukin8 (IL8) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP2) were slightly up-regulated, suggesting a positive influence of A. montana on neutrophil recruitment and on angiogenesis. MMP1, coding for a metalloproteinase capable of cleaving extracellular matrix substrates, was down-regulated. Most results showed non-linearity of the dose-effect relationship. CONCLUSIONS This exploratory study provides new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of A. montana as a promoter of healing, since some of the genes it modifies are key regulators of tissue remodelling, inflammation and chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Olioso
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Marta Marzotto
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Clara Bonafini
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Brizzi
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via delle Belle Arti 41, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Bellavite
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Kisch T, Klemens JM, Hofmann K, Liodaki E, Gierloff M, Moellmeier D, Stang F, Mailaender P, Habermann J, Brandenburger M. Collection of Wound Exudate From Human Digit Tip Amputations Does Not Impair Regenerative Healing: A Randomized Trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1764. [PMID: 26469916 PMCID: PMC4616794 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The regrowth of amputated digit tips represents a unique regenerative healing in mammals with subcutaneous volume regrowth, restoration of dactylogram, and suppression of scar formation. Although factor analysis in amphibians and even in mice is easy to obtain, safety of harvesting biomaterial from human digit tip amputations for analysis has not yet been described.The aim of this study was to evaluate if recovering wound exudate does hamper clinical outcome or influence microbiologic or inflammation status.A predefined cohort of 18 patients with fresh digit tip amputations was randomly assigned to receive standard therapy (debridement, occlusive dressing) with (n = 9) or without (n = 9) collection of the whole wound exudate in every dressing change. Primary endpoint (lengthening) and secondary endpoints (regeneration of dactylogram, nail bed and bone healing, time to complete wound closure, scar formation, 2-point discrimination, microbiologic analysis, inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-1α, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-4, and IL-6) were determined by an independent, blinded observer.Patients' characteristics showed no significant differences between the groups. All patients completed the study to the end of 3 months follow-up. Exudate collection did not influence primary and secondary endpoints. Furthermore, positive microbiologic findings as well as pus- and necrosis-like appearance neither impaired tissue restoration nor influenced inflammatory factor release.Here, the authors developed an easy and safe protocol for harvesting wound exudate from human digit tip amputations. For the first time, it was shown that harvesting does not impair regenerative healing. Using this method, further studies can be conducted to analyze regeneration associated factors in the human digit tip.DRKS.de Identifier: DRKS00006882 (UTN: U1111-1166-5723).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kisch
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck, University of Lübeck (TK, EL, MG, DM, FS, PM); Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology EMB (JMK, KH, MB); and Department of Surgery, Section for Translational Surgical Oncology and Biobanking, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (JH)
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Simkin J, Sammarco MC, Dawson LA, Schanes PP, Yu L, Muneoka K. The mammalian blastema: regeneration at our fingertips. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:93-105. [PMID: 27499871 PMCID: PMC4895320 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the mouse, digit tip regeneration progresses through a series of discrete stages that include inflammation, histolysis, epidermal closure, blastema formation, and redifferentiation. Recent studies reveal how each regenerative stage influences subsequent stages to establish a blastema that directs the successful regeneration of a complex mammalian structure. The focus of this review is on early events of healing and how an amputation wound transitions into a functional blastema. The stepwise formation of a mammalian blastema is proposed to provide a model for how specific targeted treatments can enhance regenerative performance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simkin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Mimi C Sammarco
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Paula P Schanes
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Ling Yu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
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