1
|
El-Nablaway M, Rashed F, Taher ES, Foda T, Abdeen A, Abdo M, Fericean L, Ioan BD, Mihaela O, Dinu S, Alexandru CC, Taymour N, Mohammed NA, El-Sherbiny M, Ibrahim AM, Zaghamir DE, Atia GA. Prospectives and challenges of nano-tailored biomaterials-assisted biological molecules delivery for tissue engineering purposes. Life Sci 2024; 349:122671. [PMID: 38697279 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Nano carriers have gained more attention for their possible medical and technological applications. Tailored nanomaterials can transport medications efficiently to targeted areas and allow for sustained medication discharge, reducing undesirable toxicities while boosting curative effectiveness. Nonetheless, transitioning nanomedicines from experimental to therapeutic applications has proven difficult, so different pharmaceutical incorporation approaches in nano scaffolds are discussed. Then numerous types of nanobiomaterials implemented as carriers and their manufacturing techniques are explored. This article is also supported by various applications of nanobiomaterials in the biomedical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad El-Nablaway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Diriyah 13713, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatema Rashed
- Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan
| | - Ehab S Taher
- Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan
| | - Tarek Foda
- Oral Health Sciences Department, Temple University's Kornberg School of Dentistry, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdeen
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Abdo
- Department of Animal Histology and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Egypt; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Liana Fericean
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences "King Michael I" from Timișoara, Calea Aradului 119, CUI, Romania
| | - Bănățean-Dunea Ioan
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences "King Michael I" from Timișoara, Calea Aradului 119, CUI, Romania.
| | - Ostan Mihaela
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences "King Michael I" from Timișoara, Calea Aradului 119, CUI, Romania
| | - Stefania Dinu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Revolutiei Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; Pediatric Dentistry Research Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Revolutiei Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cucui-Cozma Alexandru
- Tenth Department of Surgery Victor Babeș, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Revolutiei Bv., 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Noha Taymour
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nourelhuda A Mohammed
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Mutah 61710, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Diriyah 13713, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ateya M Ibrahim
- Department of Administration and Nursing Education, College of Nursing, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; Department of Family and Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
| | - Donia E Zaghamir
- Department of Pediatric and Obstetrics Nursing, College of Nursing, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
| | - Gamal A Atia
- Department of Oral Medicine, Periodontology, and Diagnosis, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang M, Wang H, Dai GC, Lu PP, Gao YC, Cao MM, Li YJ, Rui YF. Injectable self-assembled GDF5-containing dipeptide hydrogels for enhanced tendon repair. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:101046. [PMID: 38600922 PMCID: PMC11004210 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Owing to the tissue characteristics of tendons with few blood vessels and cells, the regeneration and repair of injured tendons can present a considerable challenge, which considerably affects the motor function of limbs and leads to serious physical and mental pain, along with an economic burden on patients. Herein, we designed and fabricated a dipeptide hydrogel (DPH) using polypeptides P11-4 and P11-8. This hydrogel exhibited self-assembly characteristics and could be administered in vitro. To endow the hydrogel with differentiation and regeneration abilities, we added different concentrations of growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) to form GDF5@DPH. GDF5@DPH promoted the aggregation and differentiation of tendon stem/progenitor cells and promoted the regeneration and repair of tendon cells and collagen fibers in injured areas. In addition, GDF5@DPH inhibited inflammatory reactions in the injured area. Owing to its injectable properties, DPH can jointly inhibit adhesion and scar hyperplasia between tissues caused by endogenous inflammation and exogenous surgery and can provide a favorable internal environment for the regeneration and repair of the injured area. Overall, the GDF5@DPH system exhibits considerable promise as a novel approach to treating tendon injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Guan-Chun Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Pan-Pan Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mu-Ming Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ying-Juan Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yun-Feng Rui
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kurki A, Paakinaho K, Hannula M, Karjalainen S, Kuismanen K, Hyttinen J, Miettinen S, Sartoneva R. Promoting cell proliferation and collagen production with ascorbic acid 2-phosphate-releasing poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) membranes for treating pelvic organ prolapse. Regen Biomater 2024; 11:rbae060. [PMID: 38903561 PMCID: PMC11187500 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbae060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) afflicts millions of women globally. In POP, the weakened support of the pelvic floor results in the descent of pelvic organs into the vagina, causing a feeling of bulging, problems in urination, defaecation and/or sexual function. However, the existing surgical repair methods for relapsed POP remain insufficient, highlighting the urgent need for more effective alternatives. Collagen is an essential component in pelvic floor tissues, providing structural support, and its production is controlled by ascorbic acid. Therefore, we investigated novel ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (A2P)-releasing poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCLA2P) membranes in vitro to promote cell proliferation and extracellular matrix protein production to strengthen the natural support of the pelvic fascia for POP applications. We analysed the mechanical properties and the impact of PLCLA2P on cellular responses through cell culture analysis using human vaginal fibroblasts (hVFs) and human adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (hASCs) compared to PLCL. In addition, the A2P release from PLCLA2P membranes was assessed in vitro. The PLCLA2P demonstrated slightly lower tensile strength (2.2 ± 0.4 MPa) compared to PLCL (3.7 ± 0.6 MPa) for the first 4 weeks in vitro. The A2P was most rapidly released during the first 48 h of in vitro incubation. Our findings demonstrated significantly increased proliferation and collagen production of both hVFs and hASCs on A2P-releasing PLCLA2P compared to PLCL. In addition, extracellular collagen Type I fibres were detected in hVFs, suggesting enhanced collagen maturation on PLCLA2P. Moreover, increased extracellular matrix protein expression was detected on PLCLA2P in both hVFs and hASCs compared to plain PLCL. In conclusion, these findings highlight the potential of PLCLA2P as a promising candidate for promoting tissue regeneration in applications aimed for POP tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Kurki
- Biomedical Technology (TECH) Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (MET), Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Tays Research Services, Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Kaarlo Paakinaho
- Biomedical Technology (TECH) Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (MET), Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Tays Research Services, Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Hannula
- Biomedical Technology (TECH) Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (MET), Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Sanna Karjalainen
- Biomedical Technology (TECH) Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (MET), Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Kirsi Kuismanen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Hyttinen
- Biomedical Technology (TECH) Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (MET), Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Susanna Miettinen
- Biomedical Technology (TECH) Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (MET), Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Tays Research Services, Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Reetta Sartoneva
- Biomedical Technology (TECH) Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (MET), Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Tays Research Services, Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Wellbeing Services County of South Ostrobothnia, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nashchekina Y, Militsina A, Elokhovskiy V, Ivan’kova E, Nashchekin A, Kamalov A, Yudin V. Precisely Printable Silk Fibroin/Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Alginate Bioink for 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1027. [PMID: 38674947 PMCID: PMC11054624 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting opens up many possibilities for tissue engineering, thanks to its ability to create a three-dimensional environment for cells like an extracellular matrix. However, the use of natural polymers such as silk fibroin in 3D bioprinting faces obstacles such as having a limited printability due to the low viscosity of such solutions. This study addresses these gaps by developing highly viscous, stable, and biocompatible silk fibroin-based inks. The addition of 2% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium and 1% sodium alginate to an aqueous solution containing 2.5 to 5% silk fibroin significantly improves the printability, stability, and mechanical properties of the printed scaffolds. It has been demonstrated that the more silk fibroin there is in bioinks, the higher their printability. To stabilize silk fibroin scaffolds in an aqueous environment, the printed structures must be treated with methanol or ethanol, ensuring the transition from the silk fibroin's amorphous phase to beta sheets. The developed bioinks that are based on silk fibroin, alginate, and carboxymethyl cellulose demonstrate an ease of printing and a high printing quality, and have a sufficiently good biocompatibility with respect to mesenchymal stromal cells. The printed scaffolds have satisfactory mechanical characteristics. The resulting 3D-printing bioink composition can be used to create tissue-like structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Nashchekina
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Center of Cell Technologies, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Anastasia Militsina
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia;
| | - Vladimir Elokhovskiy
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia; (V.E.); (E.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Elena Ivan’kova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia; (V.E.); (E.I.); (A.K.)
- S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Scientific Research Center, St. Petersburg 194044, Russia
| | - Alexey Nashchekin
- Ioffe Institute, Laboratory «Characterization of Materials and Structures of Solid State Electronics», St. Petersburg 194021, Russia;
| | - Almaz Kamalov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia; (V.E.); (E.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Vladimir Yudin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia; (V.E.); (E.I.); (A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Buchard A, Davidson MG, Gobius du Sart G, Jones MD, Kociok-Köhn G, McCormick SN, McKeown P. Unexpected Periodicity in Cationic Group 5 Initiators for the Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactones. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:27-38. [PMID: 38118120 PMCID: PMC10777398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
ε-Caprolactone (ε-CL) adducts of cationic, amine tris(phenolate)-supported niobium(V) and tantalum(V) ethoxides initiate the ring-opening polymerization of lactones. The Ta(V) species prepared and applied catalytically herein exhibits higher activity in the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone than the previously reported, isostructural Nb(V) complex, contradicting literature comparisons of Nb(V)- and Ta(V)-based protocols. Both systems also initiate the ROP of δ-valerolactone and rac-β-butyrolactone, kinetic studies confirming retention of higher activity by the Ta congener. Polymerizations of rac-β-butyrolactone and δ-valerolactone were previously unrealized under Group V- or Ta-mediated conditions, respectively, although the former has afforded only low molecular weight, cyclic poly-3-hydroxybutyrate. Cationic ethoxo-Nb(V) and -Ta(V) δ-valerolactone adducts are also reported, demonstrating the facility of δ-valerolactone as a ligand and the generality of the synthetic method. Both δ-valerolactone-bearing complexes initiate the ROP of ε-caprolactone, δ-valerolactone, and rac-β-butyrolactone. Accordingly, we have elucidated trends in reactivity and investigated the initiation mechanism for such systems, the insertion event being predicated upon intramolecular nucleophilic attack on the coordinated lactone by the adjacent alkoxide moiety. This mechanism enables quantitative, stoichiometric installation of a single monomer residue distinct from the bulk of the polymer chain, and permits modification of polymer properties via both manipulation of the molecular architecture and tuning of the polymerization kinetics, and thus dispersity, through hitherto inaccessible independent control of the initiation event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Buchard
- Institute
for Sustainability, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew G. Davidson
- Institute
for Sustainability, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew D. Jones
- Institute
for Sustainability, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Kociok-Köhn
- Material
and Chemical Characterization and Analysis Facility (MC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Strachan N. McCormick
- Institute
for Sustainability, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Paul McKeown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sartoneva R, Paakinaho K, Hannula M, Kuismanen K, Huhtala H, Hyttinen J, Miettinen S. Ascorbic Acid 2-Phosphate Releasing Supercritically Foamed Porous Poly-L-Lactide-Co-ε-Caprolactone Scaffold Enhances the Collagen Production of Human Vaginal Stromal Cells: A New Approach for Vaginal Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024; 21:81-96. [PMID: 37907765 PMCID: PMC10764701 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00603-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reconstructive surgery of vaginal defects is highly demanding and susceptible to complications, especially in larger defects requiring nonvaginal tissue grafts. Thus, tissue engineering-based solutions could provide a potential approach to the reconstruction of vaginal defects. METHODS Here, we evaluated a novel porous ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (A2P)-releasing supercritical carbon dioxide foamed poly-L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone (scPLCLA2P) scaffold for vaginal reconstruction with vaginal epithelial (EC) and stromal (SC) cells. The viability, proliferation, and phenotype of ECs and SCs were evaluated in monocultures and in cocultures on d 1, d 7 and d 14. Furthermore, the collagen production of SCs on scPLCLA2P was compared to that on scPLCL without A2P on d 14. RESULTS Both ECs and SCs maintained their viability on the scPLCLA2P scaffold in mono- and coculture conditions, and the cells maintained their typical morphology during the 14-d culture period. Most importantly, the scPLCLA2P scaffolds supported the collagen production of SCs superior to plain scPLCL based on total collagen amount, collagen I and III gene expression results and collagen immunostaining results. CONCLUSION This is the first study evaluating the effect of A2P on vaginal tissue engineering, and the results are highly encouraging, indicating that scPLCLA2P has potential as a scaffold for vaginal tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reetta Sartoneva
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (MET), Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland.
- Tays Research Services, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere University Hospital, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland.
| | - Kaarlo Paakinaho
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (MET), Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland
- Tays Research Services, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere University Hospital, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Hannula
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (MET), Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland
- Tays Research Services, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere University Hospital, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kirsi Kuismanen
- Tays Research Services, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere University Hospital, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Hyttinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (MET), Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland
- Tays Research Services, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere University Hospital, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susanna Miettinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (MET), Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland
- Tays Research Services, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa, Tampere University Hospital, Arvo Ylpön Katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Buchard A, Davidson MG, Gobius du Sart G, Jones MD, Kociok-Köhn G, McCormick SN, Mckeown P. Coordination of ε-Caprolactone to a Cationic Niobium(V) Alkoxide Complex: Fundamental Insight into Ring-Opening Polymerization via Coordination-Insertion. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:15688-15699. [PMID: 37695575 PMCID: PMC10523432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
We report three niobium-based initiators for the catalytic ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone, exhibiting good activity and molecular weight control. In particular, we have prepared on the gram-scale and fully characterized a monometallic cationic alkoxo-Nb(V) ε-caprolactone adduct representing, to the best of our knowledge, an unprecedented example of a metal complex with an intact lactone monomer and a functional ROP-initiating group simultaneously coordinated at the metal center. At 80 °C, all three systems initiate the immortal solution-state ROP of ε-caprolactone via a coordination-insertion mechanism, which has been confirmed through experimental studies, and is supported by computational data. Natural bond orbital calculations further indicate that polymerization may necessitate isomerization about the metal center between the alkoxide chain and the coordinated monomer. The observations made in this work are expected to inform mechanistic understanding both of amine tris(phenolate)-supported metal alkoxide ROP initiators, including various highly stereoselective systems for the polymerization of lactides and of coordination-insertion-type ROP protocols more broadly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Buchard
- Institute
for Sustainability, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Matthew G. Davidson
- Institute
for Sustainability, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | | | - Matthew D. Jones
- Institute
for Sustainability, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Gabriele Kociok-Köhn
- Material
and Chemical Characterization and Analysis Facility (MC2), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Strachan N. McCormick
- Institute
for Sustainability, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Paul Mckeown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Govindaraju DT, Chen CH, Shalumon KT, Kao HH, Chen JP. Bioactive Nanostructured Scaffold-Based Approach for Tendon and Ligament Tissue Engineering. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1847. [PMID: 37368277 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
An effective therapeutic strategy to treat tendon or ligament injury continues to be a clinical challenge due to the limited natural healing capacity of these tissues. Furthermore, the repaired tendons or ligaments usually possess inferior mechanical properties and impaired functions. Tissue engineering can restore the physiological functions of tissues using biomaterials, cells, and suitable biochemical signals. It has produced encouraging clinical outcomes, forming tendon or ligament-like tissues with similar compositional, structural, and functional attributes to the native tissues. This paper starts by reviewing tendon/ligament structure and healing mechanisms, followed by describing the bioactive nanostructured scaffolds used in tendon and ligament tissue engineering, with emphasis on electrospun fibrous scaffolds. The natural and synthetic polymers for scaffold preparation, as well as the biological and physical cues offered by incorporating growth factors in the scaffolds or by dynamic cyclic stretching of the scaffolds, are also covered. It is expected to present a comprehensive clinical, biological, and biomaterial insight into advanced tissue engineering-based therapeutics for tendon and ligament repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darshan Tagadur Govindaraju
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Anle, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
- Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Kwei-San, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan
| | - K T Shalumon
- Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kochi 682013, India
| | - Hao-Hsi Kao
- Division of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Anle, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Ping Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Kwei-San, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Kwei-San, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kwei-San, Taoyuan City 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Tai-Shan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ascorbic Acid 2-Phosphate-Releasing Supercritical Carbon Dioxide-Foamed Poly(L-Lactide-Co-epsilon-Caprolactone) Scaffolds Support Urothelial Cell Growth and Enhance Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Cell Proliferation and Collagen Production. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/6404468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering can provide a novel approach for the reconstruction of large urethral defects, which currently lacks optimal repair methods. Cell-seeded scaffolds aim to prevent urethral stricture and scarring, as effective urothelium and stromal tissue regeneration is important in urethral repair. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the effect of the novel porous ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (A2P)-releasing supercritical carbon dioxide-foamed poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) scaffolds (scPLCLA2P) on the viability, proliferation, phenotype maintenance, and collagen production of human urothelial cell (hUC) and human adipose-derived stromal cell (hASC) mono- and cocultures. The scPLCLA2P scaffold supported hUC growth and phenotype both in monoculture and in coculture. In monocultures, the proliferation and collagen production of hASCs were significantly increased on the scPLCLA2P compared to scPLCL scaffolds without A2P, on which the hASCs formed nonproliferating cell clusters. Our findings suggest the A2P-releasing scPLCLA2P to be a promising material for urethral tissue engineering.
Collapse
|
10
|
Tang Y, Wang Z, Xiang L, Zhao Z, Cui W. Functional biomaterials for tendon/ligament repair and regeneration. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac062. [PMID: 36176715 PMCID: PMC9514853 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With an increase in life expectancy and the popularity of high-intensity exercise, the frequency of tendon and ligament injuries has also increased. Owing to the specificity of its tissue, the rapid restoration of injured tendons and ligaments is challenging for treatment. This review summarizes the latest progress in cells, biomaterials, active molecules and construction technology in treating tendon/ligament injuries. The characteristics of supports made of different materials and the development and application of different manufacturing methods are discussed. The development of natural polymers, synthetic polymers and composite materials has boosted the use of scaffolds. In addition, the development of electrospinning and hydrogel technology has diversified the production and treatment of materials. First, this article briefly introduces the structure, function and biological characteristics of tendons/ligaments. Then, it summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of different materials, such as natural polymer scaffolds, synthetic polymer scaffolds, composite scaffolds and extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived biological scaffolds, in the application of tendon/ligament regeneration. We then discuss the latest applications of electrospun fiber scaffolds and hydrogels in regeneration engineering. Finally, we discuss the current problems and future directions in the development of biomaterials for restoring damaged tendons and ligaments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunkai Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Donderwinkel I, Tuan RS, Cameron NR, Frith JE. Tendon tissue engineering: Current progress towards an optimized tenogenic differentiation protocol for human stem cells. Acta Biomater 2022; 145:25-42. [PMID: 35470075 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tendons are integral to our daily lives by allowing movement and locomotion but are frequently injured, leading to patient discomfort and impaired mobility. Current clinical procedures are unable to fully restore the native structure of the tendon, resulting in loss of full functionality, and the weakened tissue following repair often re-ruptures. Tendon tissue engineering, involving the combination of cells with biomaterial scaffolds to form new tendon tissue, holds promise to improve patient outcomes. A key requirement for efficacy in promoting tendon tissue formation is the optimal differentiation of the starting cell populations, most commonly adult tissue-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), into tenocytes, the predominant cellular component of tendon tissue. Currently, a lack of consensus on the protocols for effective tenogenic differentiation is hampering progress in tendon tissue engineering. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding human stem cell differentiation towards tenocytes and tendon tissue formation. Tendon development and healing mechanisms are described, followed by a comprehensive overview of the current protocols for tenogenic differentiation, including the effects of biochemical and biophysical cues, and their combination, on tenogenesis. Lastly, a synthesis of the key features of these protocols is used to design future approaches. The holistic evaluation of current knowledge should facilitate and expedite the development of efficacious stem cell tenogenic differentiation protocols with future impact in tendon tissue engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The lack of a widely-adopted tenogenic differentiation protocol has been a major hurdle in the tendon tissue engineering field. Building on current knowledge on tendon development and tendon healing, this review surveys peer-reviewed protocols to present a holistic evaluation and propose a pathway to facilitate and expedite the development of a consensus protocol for stem cell tenogenic differentiation and tendon tissue engineering.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang HN, Rong X, Yang LM, Hua WZ, Ni GX. Advances in Stem Cell Therapies for Rotator Cuff Injuries. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:866195. [PMID: 35694228 PMCID: PMC9174670 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.866195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotator cuff injury is a common upper extremity musculoskeletal disease that may lead to persistent pain and functional impairment. Despite the clinical outcomes of the surgical procedures being satisfactory, the repair of the rotator cuff remains problematic, such as through failure of healing, adhesion formation, and fatty infiltration. Stem cells have high proliferation, strong paracrine action, and multiple differentiation potential, which promote tendon remodeling and fibrocartilage formation and increase biomechanical strength. Additionally, stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can increase collagen synthesis and inhibit inflammation and adhesion formation by carrying regulatory proteins and microRNAs. Therefore, stem cell-based therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy that has great potential for rotator cuff healing. In this review, we summarize the advances of stem cells and stem cell-derived EVs in rotator cuff repair and highlight the underlying mechanism of stem cells and stem cell-derived EVs and biomaterial delivery systems. Future studies need to explore stem cell therapy in combination with cellular factors, gene therapy, and novel biomaterial delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Nan Wang
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Rong
- Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu-Ming Yang
- Musculoskeletal Sonography and Occupational Performance Lab, Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Wei-Zhong Hua
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Xin Ni
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guo-Xin Ni,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hou J, Yang R, Vuong I, Li F, Kong J, Mao HQ. Biomaterials strategies to balance inflammation and tenogenesis for tendon repair. Acta Biomater 2021; 130:1-16. [PMID: 34082095 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult tendon tissue demonstrates a limited regenerative capacity, and the natural repair process leaves fibrotic scar tissue with inferior mechanical properties. Surgical treatment is insufficient to provide the mechanical, structural, and biochemical environment necessary to restore functional tissue. While numerous strategies including biodegradable scaffolds, bioactive factor delivery, and cell-based therapies have been investigated, most studies have focused exclusively on either suppressing inflammation or promoting tenogenesis, which includes tenocyte proliferation, ECM production, and tissue formation. New biomaterials-based approaches represent an opportunity to more effectively balance the two processes and improve regenerative outcomes from tendon injuries. Biomaterials applications that have been explored for tendon regeneration include formation of biodegradable scaffolds presenting topographical, mechanical, and/or immunomodulatory cues conducive to tendon repair; delivery of immunomodulatory or tenogenic biomolecules; and delivery of therapeutic cells such as tenocytes and stem cells. In this review, we provide the biological context for the challenges in tendon repair, discuss biomaterials approaches to modulate the immune and regenerative environment during the healing process, and consider the future development of comprehensive biomaterials-based strategies that can better restore the function of injured tendon. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Current strategies for tendon repair focus on suppressing inflammation or enhancing tenogenesis. Evidence indicates that regulated inflammation is beneficial to tendon healing and that excessive tissue remodeling can cause fibrosis. Thus, it is necessary to adopt an approach that balances the benefits of regulated inflammation and tenogenesis. By reviewing potential treatments involving biodegradable scaffolds, biological cues, and therapeutic cells, we contrast how each strategy promotes or suppresses specific repair steps to improve the healing outcome, and highlight the advantages of a comprehensive approach that facilitates the clearance of necrotic tissue and recruitment of cells during the inflammatory stage, followed by ECM synthesis and organization in the proliferative and remodeling stages with the goal of restoring function to the tendon.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abdulmalik S, Ramos D, Rudraiah S, Banasavadi-Siddegowda YK, Kumbar SG. The glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist Exendin-4 induces tenogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells. Differentiation 2021; 120:1-9. [PMID: 34062407 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tendon injuries are common and account for up to 50% of musculoskeletal injuries in the United States. The poor healing nature of the tendon is attributed to poor vascularization and cellular composition. In the absence of FDA-approved growth factors for tendon repair, engineering strategies using bioactive factors, donor cells, and delivery matrices to promote tendon repair and regeneration are being explored. Growth factor alternatives in the form of small molecules, donor cells, and progenitors offer several advantages and enhance the tendon healing response. Small drug molecules and peptides offer stability over growth factors that are known to suffer from relatively short biological half-lives. The primary focus of this study was to assess the ability of the exendin-4 (Ex-4) peptide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, to induce tenocyte differentiation in bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). We treated hMSCs with varied doses of Ex-4 in culture media to evaluate proliferation and tendonogenic differentiation. A 20 nM Ex-4 concentration was optimal for promoting cell proliferation and tendonogenic differentiation. Tendonogenic differentiation of hMSCs was evaluated via gene expression profile, immunofluorescence, and biochemical analyses. Collectively, the levels of tendon-related transcription factors (Mkx and Scx) and extracellular matrix (Col-I, Dcn, Bgn, and Tnc) genes and proteins were elevated compared to media without Ex-4 and other controls including insulin and IGF-1 treatments. The tendonogenic factor Ex-4 in conjunction with hMSCs appear to enhance tendon regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sama Abdulmalik
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Farmington, CT, USA; University of Connecticut, Biomedical Engineering, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Daisy Ramos
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Farmington, CT, USA; University of Connecticut, Materials Science and Engineering, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Swetha Rudraiah
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Farmington, CT, USA; University of St. Joseph, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hartford, CT, USA
| | | | - Sangamesh G Kumbar
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Farmington, CT, USA; University of Connecticut, Biomedical Engineering, Storrs, CT, USA; University of Connecticut, Materials Science and Engineering, Storrs, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Meeremans M, Van de Walle GR, Van Vlierberghe S, De Schauwer C. The Lack of a Representative Tendinopathy Model Hampers Fundamental Mesenchymal Stem Cell Research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651164. [PMID: 34012963 PMCID: PMC8126669 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overuse tendon injuries are a major cause of musculoskeletal morbidity in both human and equine athletes, due to the cumulative degenerative damage. These injuries present significant challenges as the healing process often results in the formation of inferior scar tissue. The poor success with conventional therapy supports the need to search for novel treatments to restore functionality and regenerate tissue as close to native tendon as possible. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based strategies represent promising therapeutic tools for tendon repair in both human and veterinary medicine. The translation of tissue engineering strategies from basic research findings, however, into clinical use has been hampered by the limited understanding of the multifaceted MSC mechanisms of action. In vitro models serve as important biological tools to study cell behavior, bypassing the confounding factors associated with in vivo experiments. Controllable and reproducible in vitro conditions should be provided to study the MSC healing mechanisms in tendon injuries. Unfortunately, no physiologically representative tendinopathy models exist to date. A major shortcoming of most currently available in vitro tendon models is the lack of extracellular tendon matrix and vascular supply. These models often make use of synthetic biomaterials, which do not reflect the natural tendon composition. Alternatively, decellularized tendon has been applied, but it is challenging to obtain reproducible results due to its variable composition, less efficient cell seeding approaches and lack of cell encapsulation and vascularization. The current review will overview pros and cons associated with the use of different biomaterials and technologies enabling scaffold production. In addition, the characteristics of the ideal, state-of-the-art tendinopathy model will be discussed. Briefly, a representative in vitro tendinopathy model should be vascularized and mimic the hierarchical structure of the tendon matrix with elongated cells being organized in a parallel fashion and subjected to uniaxial stretching. Incorporation of mechanical stimulation, preferably uniaxial stretching may be a key element in order to obtain appropriate matrix alignment and create a pathophysiological model. Together, a thorough discussion on the current status and future directions for tendon models will enhance fundamental MSC research, accelerating translation of MSC therapies for tendon injuries from bench to bedside.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Meeremans
- Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Catharina De Schauwer
- Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Spider Silk-Augmented Scaffolds and Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Loaded with Uniaxial Cyclic Strain: First Investigations of a Novel Approach for Tendon-Like Constructs. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11031218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tendon injuries still pose a challenge to reconstructive surgeons. Tendon tissue is a bradytrophic tissue and has a poor tendency to heal. Autologous tendon grafts are, therefore, still the gold standard in restorative operations but are associated with significant donor side morbidity. The experimental approach of the present study focused on the use of the biomaterial spider silk as a biocompatible and very stable carrier matrix in combination with a collagen type I hydrogel and adipose-derived stromal cells. The constructs were differentiated by axial strain to tendon-like tissue using a custom-made bioreactor. Macroscopically, tendon-like tissue could be detected which histologically showed high cell vitality even in long-term cultivation. In addition, cell morphology comparable to tenocytes could be detected in the bioreactor-stimulated tendon-like constructs compared to the controls. Immunohistochemically, tendon tissue-specific markers could be detected. Therefore, the developed tendon-like construct represents a promising approach towards patient specific tendon reconstruction, but further studies are needed.
Collapse
|
17
|
Cun X, Hosta-Rigau L. Topography: A Biophysical Approach to Direct the Fate of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2070. [PMID: 33092104 PMCID: PMC7590059 DOI: 10.3390/nano10102070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a promising strategy to treat tissue and organ loss or damage caused by injury or disease. During the past two decades, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted a tremendous amount of interest in tissue engineering due to their multipotency and self-renewal ability. MSCs are also the most multipotent stem cells in the human adult body. However, the application of MSCs in tissue engineering is relatively limited because it is difficult to guide their differentiation toward a specific cell lineage by using traditional biochemical factors. Besides biochemical factors, the differentiation of MSCs also influenced by biophysical cues. To this end, much effort has been devoted to directing the cell lineage decisions of MSCs through adjusting the biophysical properties of biomaterials. The surface topography of the biomaterial-based scaffold can modulate the proliferation and differentiation of MSCs. Presently, the development of micro- and nano-fabrication techniques has made it possible to control the surface topography of the scaffold precisely. In this review, we highlight and discuss how the main topographical features (i.e., roughness, patterns, and porosity) are an efficient approach to control the fate of MSCs and the application of topography in tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leticia Hosta-Rigau
- DTU Health Tech, Centre for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen S, Wang J, Chen Y, Mo X, Fan C. Tenogenic adipose-derived stem cell sheets with nanoyarn scaffolds for tendon regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 119:111506. [PMID: 33321604 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering, especially cell sheets-based engineering, offers a promising approach to tendon regeneration; however, obtaining a sufficient source of cells for tissue engineering applications is challenging. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are essential sources for tissue regeneration and have been shown to have the potential for tenogenic differentiation in vitro via induction by growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5). In this study, we explored the feasibility of ASCs cell sheets stimulated by GDF-5 for engineered tendon repair. As shown by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, tenogenesis-related markers (Col I&III, TNMD, biglycan, and tenascin C) were significantly increased in GDF-5-induced ASCs cell sheets compared with the uninduced. Moreover, the levels of SMAD2/3 proteins and phospho-SMAD1/5/9 were significantly enhanced, demonstrating that GDF-5 may exert its functions through phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/9. Furthermore, the cell sheets were combined with P(LLA-CL)/Silk fibroin nanoyarn scaffolds to form constructs for tendon tissue engineering. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling and immunofluorescence assays demonstrated favorable cell viability and tenogenesis-related marker expression in GDF-5-induced constructs. In addition, the constructs showed the potential for tendon repair in rabbit models, as demonstrated by histological, immunohistochemical, and biomechanical analyses. In our study, we successfully produced a new tissue-engineered tendon by the combination of GDF-5-induced ASCs cell sheets and nanoyarn scaffold which is valuable for tendon regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Yini Chen
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Xiumei Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
| | - Cunyi Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jiao Y, Li C, Liu L, Wang F, Liu X, Mao J, Wang L. Construction and application of textile-based tissue engineering scaffolds: a review. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:3574-3600. [PMID: 32555780 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00157k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) provides a practicable method for tissue and organ repair or substitution. As the most important component of TE, a scaffold plays a critical role in providing a growing environment for cell proliferation and functional differentiation as well as good mechanical support. And the restorative effects are greatly dependent upon the nature of the scaffold including the composition, morphology, structure, and mechanical performance. Medical textiles have been widely employed in the clinic for a long time and are being extensively investigated as TE scaffolds. However, unfortunately, the advantages of textile technology cannot be fully exploited in tissue regeneration due to the ignoring of the diversity of fabric structures. Therefore, this review focuses on textile-based scaffolds, emphasizing the significance of the fabric design and the resultant characteristics of cell behavior and extracellular matrix reconstruction. The structure and mechanical behavior of the fabrics constructed by various textile techniques for different tissue repairs are summarized. Furthermore, the prospect of structural design in the TE scaffold preparation was anticipated, including profiled fibers and some unique and complex textile structures. Hopefully, the readers of this review would appreciate the importance of structural design of the scaffold and the usefulness of textile-based TE scaffolds in tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology of Ministry of Education and College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Development of novel human in vitro vascularized adipose tissue model with functional macrophages. Cytotechnology 2020; 72:665-683. [PMID: 32524217 PMCID: PMC7547925 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-020-00407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been proven significant factor in development of type 2 diabetes. So far, most of the adipose tissue related research has been performed in animals, mainly rodent models. The relevance of translation of animal results to humans is questionable. However, in vitro model with relevant human cell source, such as human adipose tissue stromal cells (hASC), can be developed and should be utilized for human adipose tissue research. We developed in vitro models of human adipose tissue utilizing hASC, endothelial cells and monocytes/macrophages. By isolating endothelial cells and macrophages from same adipose tissue as hASC, we were able to provide method for constructing personalized models of adipose tissue. With these models, we studied the effect of macrophages on adipogenesis and protein secretion, with and without vasculature. The models were analyzed for immunocytochemical markers, cell number, triglyceride accumulation and protein secretion. We found that lipid accumulation was greater in adipocytes in the presence of macrophages. Interferon gamma increased this difference between adipocyte culture and Adipocyte-Macrophage co-culture. Protein secretion was affected more by macrophages when vasculature was not present compared to the mild effect when vasculature was present. The vascularized adipose model with macrophages is valuable tool for human adipose tissue research, especially for the personalized medicine approaches; for choosing the right treatments and for studying rare medical conditions.
Collapse
|
21
|
Wu S, Zhou R, Zhou F, Streubel PN, Chen S, Duan B. Electrospun thymosin Beta-4 loaded PLGA/PLA nanofiber/ microfiber hybrid yarns for tendon tissue engineering application. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 106:110268. [PMID: 31753373 PMCID: PMC7061461 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microfiber yarns (MY) have been widely employed to construct tendon tissue grafts. However, suboptimal ultrastructure and inappropriate environments for cell interactions limit their clinical application. Herein, we designed a modified electrospinning device to coat poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) PLGA nanofibers onto polylactic acid (PLA) MY to generate PLGA/PLA hybrid yarns (HY), which had a well-aligned nanofibrous structure, resembling the ultrastructure of native tendon tissues and showed enhanced failure load compared to PLA MY. PLGA/PLA HY significantly improved the growth, proliferation, and tendon-specific gene expressions of human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (HADMSC) compared to PLA MY. Moreover, thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) loaded PLGA/PLA HY presented a sustained drug release manner for 28 days and showed an additive effect on promoting HADMSC migration, proliferation, and tenogenic differentiation. Collectively, the combination of Tβ4 with the nano-topography of PLGA/PLA HY might be an efficient strategy to promote tenogenesis of adult stem cells for tendon tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Wu
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; College of Textiles & Clothing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biomass Fibers, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biomass Fibers, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Industrial Research Institute of Nonwoven & Technical Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biomass Fibers, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Philipp N Streubel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shaojuan Chen
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biomass Fibers, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Del Bakhshayesh AR, Asadi N, Alihemmati A, Tayefi Nasrabadi H, Montaseri A, Davaran S, Saghati S, Akbarzadeh A, Abedelahi A. An overview of advanced biocompatible and biomimetic materials for creation of replacement structures in the musculoskeletal systems: focusing on cartilage tissue engineering. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:85. [PMID: 31754372 PMCID: PMC6854707 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering, as an interdisciplinary approach, is seeking to create tissues with optimal performance for clinical applications. Various factors, including cells, biomaterials, cell or tissue culture conditions and signaling molecules such as growth factors, play a vital role in the engineering of tissues. In vivo microenvironment of cells imposes complex and specific stimuli on the cells, and has a direct effect on cellular behavior, including proliferation, differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) assembly. Therefore, to create appropriate tissues, the conditions of the natural environment around the cells should be well imitated. Therefore, researchers are trying to develop biomimetic scaffolds that can produce appropriate cellular responses. To achieve this, we need to know enough about biomimetic materials. Scaffolds made of biomaterials in musculoskeletal tissue engineering should also be multifunctional in order to be able to function better in mechanical properties, cell signaling and cell adhesion. Multiple combinations of different biomaterials are used to improve above-mentioned properties of various biomaterials and to better imitate the natural features of musculoskeletal tissue in the culture medium. These improvements ultimately lead to the creation of replacement structures in the musculoskeletal system, which are closer to natural tissues in terms of appearance and function. The present review article is focused on biocompatible and biomimetic materials, which are used in musculoskeletal tissue engineering, in particular, cartilage tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azizeh Rahmani Del Bakhshayesh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nahideh Asadi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Alihemmati
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Tayefi Nasrabadi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Azadeh Montaseri
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Saghati
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Abedelahi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Araque-Monrós MC, García-Cruz DM, Escobar-Ivirico JL, Gil-Santos L, Monleón-Pradas M, Más-Estellés J. Regenerative and Resorbable PLA/HA Hybrid Construct for Tendon/Ligament Tissue Engineering. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 48:757-767. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
24
|
Gonçalves AI, Berdecka D, Rodrigues MT, Eren AD, de Boer J, Reis RL, Gomes ME. Evaluation of tenogenic differentiation potential of selected subpopulations of human adipose-derived stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:2204-2217. [PMID: 31606945 DOI: 10.1002/term.2967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Identification of a suitable cell source and bioactive agents guiding cell differentiation towards tenogenic phenotype represents a prerequisite for advancement of cell-based therapies for tendon repair. Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) are a promising, yet intrinsically heterogenous population with diversified differentiation capacities. In this work, we investigated antigenically-defined subsets of hASCs expressing markers related to tendon phenotype or associated with pluripotency that might be more prone to tenogenic differentiation, when compared to unsorted hASCs. Subpopulations positive for tenomodulin (TNMD+ hASCs) and stage specific early antigen 4 (SSEA-4+ hASCs), as well as unsorted ASCs were cultured up to 21 days in basic medium or media supplemented with TGF-β3 (10 ng/ml), or GDF-5 (50 ng/ml). Cell response was evaluated by analysis of expression of tendon-related markers at gene level and protein level by real time RT-PCR, western blot, and immunocytochemistry. A significant upregulation of scleraxis was observed for both subpopulations and unsorted hASCs in the presence of TGF-β3. More prominent alterations in gene expression profile in response to TGF-β3 were observed for TNMD+ hASCs. Subpopulations evidenced an increased collagen III and TNC deposition in basal medium conditions in comparison with unsorted hASCs. In the particular case of TNMD+ hASCs, GDF-5 seems to influence more the deposition of TNC. Within hASCs populations, discrete subsets could be distinguished offering varied sensitivity to specific biochemical stimulation leading to differential expression of tenogenic components suggesting that cell subsets may have distinctive roles in the complex biological responses leading to tenogenic commitment to be further explored in cell based strategies for tendon tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Gonçalves
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Dominika Berdecka
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Márcia T Rodrigues
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Aysegul Dede Eren
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan de Boer
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuela E Gomes
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang L, Feng C, Shao J, Li G, Hou H. The crystallization behavior of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(
l
‐lactide) block copolymer: Effects of block length of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(
l
‐lactide). POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liying Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringJiangXi Normal University Nanchang China
| | - Congshu Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringJiangXi Normal University Nanchang China
| | - Jun Shao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringJiangXi Normal University Nanchang China
| | - Gao Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer EcomaterialsChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun China
| | - Haoqing Hou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringJiangXi Normal University Nanchang China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Stanco D, Caprara C, Ciardelli G, Mariotta L, Gola M, Minonzio G, Soldati G. Tenogenic differentiation protocol in xenogenic-free media enhances tendon-related marker expression in ASCs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212192. [PMID: 30753235 PMCID: PMC6372228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are multipotent and immune-privileged mesenchymal cells, making them ideal candidates for therapeutic purposes to manage tendon disorders. Providing safe and regulated cell therapy products to patients requires adherence to good manufacturing practices. To this aim we investigated the in vitro tenogenic differentiation potential of ASCs using a chemically defined serum-free medium (SF) or a xenogenic-free human pooled platelet lysate medium (hPL) suitable for cell therapy and both supplemented with CTGF, TGFβ-3, BMP-12 and ascorbic acid (AA) soluble factors. Human ASCs were isolated from 4 healthy donors and they were inducted to differentiate until 14 days in both hPL and SF tenogenic media (hPL-TENO and SF-TENO). Cell viability and immunophenotype profile were analysed to evaluate mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) characteristics in both xenogenic-free media. Moreover, the expression of stemness and tendon-related markers upon cell differentiation by RT-PCR, protein staining and cytofluorimetric analysis were also performed. Our results showed the two xenogenic-free media well support cell viability of ASCs and maintain their MSC nature as demonstrated by their typical immunophenototype profile and by the expression of NANOG, OCT4 and Ki67 genes. Moreover, both hPL-TENO and SF-TENO expressed significant high levels of the tendon-related genes SCX, COL1A1, COL3A1, COMP, MMP3 and MMP13 already at early time points in comparison to the respective controls. Significant up-regulations in scleraxis, collagen and tenomodulin proteins were also demonstrated at in both differentiated SF and hPL ASCs. In conclusion, we demonstrated firstly the feasibility of both serum and xenogenic-free media tested to culture ASCs moving forward the GMP-compliant approaches for clinical scale expansion of human MSCs needed for therapeutical application of stem cells. Moreover, a combination of CTGF, BMP-12, TGFβ3 and AA factors strongly and rapidly induce human ASCs to differentiate into tenocyte-like cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Stanco
- Swiss Stem Cell Foundation, Gentilino, Switzerland
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Ciardelli
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Gola
- Swiss Stem Cell Foundation, Gentilino, Switzerland
| | | | - Gianni Soldati
- Swiss Stem Cell Foundation, Gentilino, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Argentati C, Morena F, Bazzucchi M, Armentano I, Emiliani C, Martino S. Adipose Stem Cell Translational Applications: From Bench-to-Bedside. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3475. [PMID: 30400641 PMCID: PMC6275042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last five years, there has been a significantly increasing interest in adult adipose stem cells (ASCs) as a suitable tool for translational medicine applications. The abundant and renewable source of ASCs and the relatively simple procedure for cell isolation are only some of the reasons for this success. Here, we document the advances in the biology and in the innovative biotechnological applications of ASCs. We discuss how the multipotential property boosts ASCs toward mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal differentiation cell lineages and how their character is maintained even if they are combined with gene delivery systems and/or biomaterials, both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Argentati
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Martina Bazzucchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Armentano
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University Largo dell'Università, snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
- CEMIN, Center of Excellence on Nanostructured Innovative Materials, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
- CEMIN, Center of Excellence on Nanostructured Innovative Materials, Via del Giochetto, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cengiz IF, Oliveira JM, Reis RL. Micro-CT - a digital 3D microstructural voyage into scaffolds: a systematic review of the reported methods and results. Biomater Res 2018; 22:26. [PMID: 30275969 PMCID: PMC6158835 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-018-0136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell behavior is the key to tissue regeneration. Given the fact that most of the cells used in tissue engineering are anchorage-dependent, their behavior including adhesion, growth, migration, matrix synthesis, and differentiation is related to the design of the scaffolds. Thus, characterization of the scaffolds is highly required. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) provides a powerful platform to analyze, visualize, and explore any portion of interest in the scaffold in a 3D fashion without cutting or destroying it with the benefit of almost no sample preparation need. MAIN BODY This review highlights the relationship between the scaffold microstructure and cell behavior, and provides the basics of the micro-CT method. In this work, we also analyzed the original papers that were published in 2016 through a systematic search to address the need for specific improvements in the methods section of the papers including the amount of provided information from the obtained results. CONCLUSION Micro-CT offers a unique microstructural analysis of biomaterials, notwithstanding the associated challenges and limitations. Future studies that will include micro-CT characterization of scaffolds should report the important details of the method, and the derived quantitative and qualitative information can be maximized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Fatih Cengiz
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Miguel Oliveira
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu X, Laurent C, Du Q, Targa L, Cauchois G, Chen Y, Wang X, de Isla N. Mesenchymal stem cell interacted with PLCL braided scaffold coated with poly-l-lysine/hyaluronic acid for ligament tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:3042-3052. [PMID: 30194699 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The challenge of finding an adapted scaffold for ligament tissue engineering remains unsolved after years of researches. A technology to fabricate a multilayer braided scaffold with flexible and elastic poly (l-lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL 85/15) has been recently pioneered by our team. In this study, polyelectrolyte multilayer films (PEM) with poly-l-lysine (PLL)/ hyaluronic acid (HA) were deposited on this scaffold. After PEM modification, polygonal (PLL) and particle-like (HA) structures were present on the braided scaffold with no significant variation of fibers Young's modulus. Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSC) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) showed good metabolic activity on scaffolds. They presented a spindled shape along the fiber longitudinal direction, and crossed the fibers to form cell bridges. Collagen type I, collagen type III, and tenascin-C secreted by MSCs were detected on day 14. Moreover, one-layer modified scaffold presented increased chemotaxis. As a conclusion, our results indicate that this braided PLCL scaffold with one-layer PEM modification shows inspiring potential with satisfying mechanical properties and biocompatibility. It opens new perspectives to incorporate growth factors within PEM-modified braided PLCL scaffold for ligament tissue engineering and to recruit endogenous cells after implantation. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 3042-3052, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- CNRS UMR 7365 -Université de Lorraine, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Cédric Laurent
- CNRS UMR 7239 LEM3 - Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Qiaoyue Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Laurie Targa
- CNRS UMR 7365 -Université de Lorraine, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Ghislaine Cauchois
- CNRS UMR 7365 -Université de Lorraine, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- CNRS UMR 7365 -Université de Lorraine, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Natalia de Isla
- CNRS UMR 7365 -Université de Lorraine, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sartoneva R, Kuismanen K, Juntunen M, Karjalainen S, Hannula M, Kyllönen L, Hyttinen J, Huhtala H, Paakinaho K, Miettinen S. Porous poly-l-lactide-co-ɛ-caprolactone scaffold: a novel biomaterial for vaginal tissue engineering. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018. [PMID: 30225072 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2bg877b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The surgical reconstruction of functional neovagina is challenging and susceptible to complications. Therefore, developing tissue engineering-based treatment methods for vaginal defects is important. Our aim was to develop and test a novel supercritical carbon dioxide foamed poly-l-lactide-co-ɛ-caprolactone (scPLCL) scaffold for vaginal reconstruction. The scaffolds were manufactured and characterized for porosity (65 ± 4%), pore size (350 ± 150 µm) and elastic modulus (2.8 ± 0.4 MPa). Vaginal epithelial (EC) and stromal cells (SC) were isolated, expanded and characterized with flow cytometry. Finally, cells were cultured with scPLCL scaffolds in separate and/or co-cultures. Their attachment, viability, proliferation and phenotype were analysed. Both cell types strongly expressed cell surface markers CD44, CD73 and CD166. Strong expression of CD326 was detected with ECs and CD90 and CD105 with SCs. Both ECs and SCs attached and maintained viability on scPLCL. Further, scPLCL supported the proliferation of especially ECs, which also maintained epithelial phenotype (cytokeratin expression) during 14-day assessment period. Interestingly, ECs expressed uroplakin (UP) Ia, UPIb and UPIII markers; further, UPIa and UPIII expression was significantly higher on ECs cultured on scPLCL than on cell culture plastic. In conclusion, the scPLCL is potential scaffold for vaginal tissue engineering and the results of this study further illustrate the excellent biocompatibility of PLCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reetta Sartoneva
- Adult Stem Cell Research Group, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Arvo Ylpönkatu 34, 4th Floor, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Science Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kirsi Kuismanen
- Science Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Miia Juntunen
- Adult Stem Cell Research Group, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Arvo Ylpönkatu 34, 4th Floor, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Science Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sanna Karjalainen
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, BioMediTech, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Hannula
- Computational Biophysics and Imaging Group, BioMediTech, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Laura Kyllönen
- Adult Stem Cell Research Group, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Arvo Ylpönkatu 34, 4th Floor, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Science Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Hyttinen
- Computational Biophysics and Imaging Group, BioMediTech, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kaarlo Paakinaho
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, BioMediTech, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susanna Miettinen
- Adult Stem Cell Research Group, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Arvo Ylpönkatu 34, 4th Floor, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Science Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sartoneva R, Kuismanen K, Juntunen M, Karjalainen S, Hannula M, Kyllönen L, Hyttinen J, Huhtala H, Paakinaho K, Miettinen S. Porous poly-l-lactide-co-ɛ-caprolactone scaffold: a novel biomaterial for vaginal tissue engineering. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180811. [PMID: 30225072 PMCID: PMC6124079 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The surgical reconstruction of functional neovagina is challenging and susceptible to complications. Therefore, developing tissue engineering-based treatment methods for vaginal defects is important. Our aim was to develop and test a novel supercritical carbon dioxide foamed poly-l-lactide-co-ɛ-caprolactone (scPLCL) scaffold for vaginal reconstruction. The scaffolds were manufactured and characterized for porosity (65 ± 4%), pore size (350 ± 150 µm) and elastic modulus (2.8 ± 0.4 MPa). Vaginal epithelial (EC) and stromal cells (SC) were isolated, expanded and characterized with flow cytometry. Finally, cells were cultured with scPLCL scaffolds in separate and/or co-cultures. Their attachment, viability, proliferation and phenotype were analysed. Both cell types strongly expressed cell surface markers CD44, CD73 and CD166. Strong expression of CD326 was detected with ECs and CD90 and CD105 with SCs. Both ECs and SCs attached and maintained viability on scPLCL. Further, scPLCL supported the proliferation of especially ECs, which also maintained epithelial phenotype (cytokeratin expression) during 14-day assessment period. Interestingly, ECs expressed uroplakin (UP) Ia, UPIb and UPIII markers; further, UPIa and UPIII expression was significantly higher on ECs cultured on scPLCL than on cell culture plastic. In conclusion, the scPLCL is potential scaffold for vaginal tissue engineering and the results of this study further illustrate the excellent biocompatibility of PLCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reetta Sartoneva
- Adult Stem Cell Research Group, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Arvo Ylpönkatu 34, 4th Floor, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Science Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Author for correspondence: Reetta Sartoneva e-mail:
| | - Kirsi Kuismanen
- Science Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Miia Juntunen
- Adult Stem Cell Research Group, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Arvo Ylpönkatu 34, 4th Floor, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Science Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sanna Karjalainen
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, BioMediTech, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Hannula
- Computational Biophysics and Imaging Group, BioMediTech, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Laura Kyllönen
- Adult Stem Cell Research Group, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Arvo Ylpönkatu 34, 4th Floor, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Science Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Hyttinen
- Computational Biophysics and Imaging Group, BioMediTech, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kaarlo Paakinaho
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, BioMediTech, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susanna Miettinen
- Adult Stem Cell Research Group, BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Arvo Ylpönkatu 34, 4th Floor, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Science Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Biomaterials in Tendon and Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering: Current Trends and Challenges. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11071116. [PMID: 29966303 PMCID: PMC6073924 DOI: 10.3390/ma11071116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a promising approach to repair tendon and muscle when natural healing fails. Biohybrid constructs obtained after cells’ seeding and culture in dedicated scaffolds have indeed been considered as relevant tools for mimicking native tissue, leading to a better integration in vivo. They can also be employed to perform advanced in vitro studies to model the cell differentiation or regeneration processes. In this review, we report and analyze the different solutions proposed in literature, for the reconstruction of tendon, muscle, and the myotendinous junction. They classically rely on the three pillars of tissue engineering, i.e., cells, biomaterials and environment (both chemical and physical stimuli). We have chosen to present biomimetic or bioinspired strategies based on understanding of the native tissue structure/functions/properties of the tissue of interest. For each tissue, we sorted the relevant publications according to an increasing degree of complexity in the materials’ shape or manufacture. We present their biological and mechanical performances, observed in vitro and in vivo when available. Although there is no consensus for a gold standard technique to reconstruct these musculo-skeletal tissues, the reader can find different ways to progress in the field and to understand the recent history in the choice of materials, from collagen to polymer-based matrices.
Collapse
|
33
|
Viganò M, Perucca Orfei C, de Girolamo L, Pearson JR, Ragni E, De Luca P, Colombini A. Housekeeping Gene Stability in Human Mesenchymal Stem and Tendon Cells Exposed to Tenogenic Factors. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2018; 24:360-367. [PMID: 29676207 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biochemical inducers of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation into tenogenic lineage represents an investigated aspect of tendon disorder treatment. Bone morphogenetic protein 12 (BMP-12) is a widely studied factor, representing along with ascorbic acid (AA) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) one of the most promising stimulus in this context so far. Quantitative gene expression of specific tenogenic marker is commonly used to assess the efficacy of these supplements. Nevertheless, the reliability of these data is strongly associated with the choice of stable housekeeping genes. To date, no published studies have evaluated the stability of housekeeping genes in MSCs during tenogenic induction. Three candidate housekeeping genes (YWHAZ, RPL13A, and GAPDH) in human MSCs from bone marrow (BMSCs), adipose tissue (ASCs), and tendon cells (TCs) supplemented with BMP-12 or AA and bFGF in comparison with control untreated cells for 3 and 10 days were evaluated. GeNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper tools and the comparative ΔCt method were used to evaluate housekeeping gene stability and the overall ranking was determined by using by the RefFinder algorithm. In all culture conditions, YWHAZ was the most stable gene and RPL13A was the second choice. YWHAZ and RPL13A were the two most stable genes also for ASCs and BMSCs, regardless of the time point analyzed, and for TCs at 10 days of tenogenic induction. Only for TCs at 3 days of tenogenic induction were GAPDH and YWHAZ the best performers. In conclusion, our findings will be useful for the proper selection of housekeeping genes in studies involving MSCs cultured in the presence of tenogenic factors, to obtain accurate and high-quality data from quantitative gene expression analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Viganò
- 1 Orthopaedic Biotechnology Lab, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute , Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura de Girolamo
- 1 Orthopaedic Biotechnology Lab, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute , Milan, Italy
| | - John R Pearson
- 2 Nano-imaging Unit, Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology, BIONAND , Málaga, Spain
| | - Enrico Ragni
- 1 Orthopaedic Biotechnology Lab, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute , Milan, Italy
| | - Paola De Luca
- 1 Orthopaedic Biotechnology Lab, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute , Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Colombini
- 1 Orthopaedic Biotechnology Lab, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute , Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Narayanan G, Nair LS, Laurencin CT. Regenerative Engineering of the Rotator Cuff of the Shoulder. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:751-786. [PMID: 33418763 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rotator cuff tears often heal poorly, leading to re-tears after repair. This is in part attributed to the low proliferative ability of the resident cells (tendon fibroblasts and tendon-stem cells) upon injury to the rotator cuff tissue and the low vascularity of the tendon insertion. In addition, surgical outcomes of current techniques used in clinical settings are often suboptimal, leading to the formation of neo-tissue with poor biomechanics and structural characteristics, which results in re-tears. This has prompted interest in a new approach, which we term as "Regenerative Engineering", for regenerating rotator cuff tendons. In the Regenerative Engineering paradigm, roles played by stem cells, scaffolds, growth factors/small molecules, the use of local physical forces, and morphogenesis interplayed with clinical surgery techniques may synchronously act, leading to synergistic effects and resulting in successful tissue regeneration. In this regard, various cell sources such as tendon fibroblasts and adult tissue-derived stem cells have been isolated, characterized, and investigated for regenerating rotator cuff tendons. Likewise, numerous scaffolds with varying architecture, geometry, and mechanical characteristics of biologic and synthetic origin have been developed. Furthermore, these scaffolds have been also fabricated with biochemical cues (growth factors and small molecules), facilitating tissue regeneration. In this Review, various strategies to regenerate rotator cuff tendons using stem cells, advanced materials, and factors in the setting of physical forces under the Regenerative Engineering paradigm are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Narayanan
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States.,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
| | - Lakshmi S Nair
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States.,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Cato T Laurencin
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States.,Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States.,Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Connecticut Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Costa-Almeida R, Berdecka D, Rodrigues MT, Reis RL, Gomes ME. Tendon explant cultures to study the communication between adipose stem cells and native tendon niche. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:3653-3662. [PMID: 29231990 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Poor clinical outcomes of tendon repair, together with limited regenerative capacity of the tissue, have triggered the search for alternative regenerative medicine strategies. Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) are being investigated as a promising cell source in contributing for tendon repopulation and reconstruction. However, the mechanisms involved in a potential beneficial effect in tendon regeneration are still to be uncovered. To gain further insights on the bi-directional crosstalk occurring between stem cells and the native tendon niche, it was used an indirect (trans-well) system for co-culturing human tendon explants and hASCs. The maintenance of tissue architecture was studied up to 14 days by histological techniques. The secretion of MMPs was evaluated at day 3. The behavior of hASCs was assessed regarding cell elongation and extracellular matrix (ECM) production. The paracrine communication enhanced collagenolytic activity of MMPs in co-cultures at day 3, in comparison to hASCs alone or tendon explants alone, suggesting that ECM remodeling is triggered early in culture. Moreover, hASCs were spontaneously more elongated in co-cultures and the deposition of collagen type III and tenascin-C by hASCs in co-culture was observed at a lower extent after 7 days, in comparison to hASCs alone, being lately recovered at day 14. Overall, explant co-cultures established herein may constitute a tool for replicating the first steps in tendon healing and help uncovering the bi-directional communication occurring between hASCs and the native tendon niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Costa-Almeida
- 3B's Research Group, -Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Dominika Berdecka
- 3B's Research Group, -Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Márcia T Rodrigues
- 3B's Research Group, -Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, -Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuela E Gomes
- 3B's Research Group, -Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Avepark, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kabirian F, Ditkowski B, Zamanian A, Heying R, Mozafari M. An innovative approach towards 3D-printed scaffolds for the next generation of tissue-engineered vascular grafts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.04.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
37
|
Li L, Cao ZQ, Bao RY, Xie BH, Yang MB, Yang W. Poly(l-lactic acid)-polyethylene glycol-poly(l-lactic acid) triblock copolymer: A novel macromolecular plasticizer to enhance the crystallization of poly(l-lactic acid). Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
38
|
Wu S, Wang Y, Streubel PN, Duan B. Living nanofiber yarn-based woven biotextiles for tendon tissue engineering using cell tri-culture and mechanical stimulation. Acta Biomater 2017; 62:102-115. [PMID: 28864251 PMCID: PMC5623069 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Non-woven nanofibrous scaffolds have been developed for tendon graft application by using electrospinning strategies. However, electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds face some obstacles and limitations, including suboptimal scaffold structure, weak tensile and suture-retention strengths, and compact structure for cell infiltration. In this work, a novel nanofibrous, woven biotextile, fabricated based on electrospun nanofiber yarns, was implemented as a tissue engineered tendon scaffold. Based on our modified electrospinning setup, polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber yarns were fabricated with reproducible quality, and were further processed into plain-weaving fabrics interlaced with polylactic acid (PLA) multifilaments. Nonwoven nanofibrous PCL meshes with random or aligned fiber structures were generated using typical electrospinning as comparative counterparts. The woven fabrics contained 3D aligned microstructures with significantly larger pore size and obviously enhanced tensile mechanical properties than their nonwoven counterparts. The biological results revealed that cell proliferation and infiltration, along with the expression of tendon-specific genes by human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (HADMSC) and human tenocytes (HT), were significantly enhanced on the woven fabrics compared with those on randomly-oriented or aligned nanofiber meshes. Co-cultures of HADMSC with HT or human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) on woven fabrics significantly upregulated the functional expression of most tenogenic markers. HADMSC/HT/HUVEC tri-culture on woven fabrics showed the highest upregulation of most tendon-associated markers than all the other mono- and co-culture groups. Furthermore, we conditioned the tri-cultured constructs with dynamic conditioning and demonstrated that dynamic stretch promoted total collagen secretion and tenogenic differentiation. Our nanofiber yarn-based biotextiles have significant potential to be used as engineered scaffolds to synergize the multiple cell interaction and mechanical stimulation for promoting tendon regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Tendon grafts are essential for the treatment of various tendon-related conditions due to the inherently poor healing capacity of native tendon tissues. In this study, we combined electrospun nanofiber yarns with textile manufacturing strategies to fabricate nanofibrous woven biotextiles with hierarchical features, aligned fibrous topography, and sufficient mechanical properties as tendon tissue engineered scaffolds. Comparing to traditional electrospun random or aligned meshes, our novel nanofibrous woven fabrics possess strong tensile and suture-retention strengths and larger pore size. We also demonstrated that the incorporation of tendon cells and vascular cells promoted the tenogenic differentiation of the engineered tendon constructs, especially under dynamic stretch. This study not only presents a novel tissue engineered tendon scaffold fabrication technique but also provides a useful strategy to promote tendon differentiation and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Wu
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Philipp N Streubel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yang Z, Cao H, Gao S, Yang M, Lyu J, Tang K. Effect of Tendon Stem Cells in Chitosan/β-Glycerophosphate/Collagen Hydrogel on Achilles Tendon Healing in a Rat Model. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:4633-4643. [PMID: 28951538 PMCID: PMC6266537 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine whether the local application of tendon stem cells (TSCs) with chitosan/b-glycerophosphate/collagen(C/GP/Co) hydrogel promotes healing after an acute Achilles tendon injury in a rat model. Material/Methods Ninety-six Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used to make an Achilles tendon defect model, then the animals were randomly divided into 4 groups consisting of 8 rats each: control group, hydrogel group, TSCs group, and TSCs with hydrogel group. At 2, 4, and 6 weeks after treatment, tendon samples were harvested, and the quality of tendon repair was evaluated based on histology, immunohistochemistry, and biomechanical properties. Results Combining TSCs with C/GP/Co hydrogel significantly enhances tendon healing compared with the control, hydrogel, and TSCs groups. The improved healing was indicated by the improvement in histological and immunohistochemistry outcomes and the increase in the biomechanical properties of the regenerated tissue at both 4 and 6 weeks post-injury. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the transplantation of TSCs combined with C/GP/Co hydrogel significantly improved the histological, immunohistochemistry, and biomechanical outcomes of the regenerated tissue at 4 and 6 weeks after implantation. TSCs with C/GP/Co hydrogel is a potentially effective treatment for tendon injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijin Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery/Sports Medicine Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Honghui Cao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery/Sports Medicine Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Shang Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery/Sports Medicine Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Mingyu Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery/Sports Medicine Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Jingtong Lyu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery/Sports Medicine Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Kanglai Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery/Sports Medicine Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Rothrauff BB, Lauro BB, Yang G, Debski RE, Musahl V, Tuan RS. Braided and Stacked Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Tendon and Ligament Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:378-389. [PMID: 28071988 PMCID: PMC5444507 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon and ligament injuries are a persistent orthopedic challenge given their poor innate healing capacity. Nonwoven electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds composed of polyesters have been used to mimic the mechanics and topographical cues of native tendons and ligaments. However, nonwoven nanofibers have several limitations that prevent broader clinical application, including poor cell infiltration, as well as tensile and suture-retention strengths that are inferior to native tissues. In this study, multilayered scaffolds of aligned electrospun nanofibers of two designs-stacked or braided-were fabricated. Mechanical properties, including structural and mechanical properties and suture-retention strength, were determined using acellular scaffolds. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were seeded on scaffolds for up to 28 days, and assays for tenogenic differentiation, histology, and biochemical composition were performed. Braided scaffolds exhibited improved tensile and suture-retention strengths, but reduced moduli. Both scaffold designs supported expression of tenogenic markers, although the effect was greater on braided scaffolds. Conversely, cell infiltration was superior in stacked constructs, resulting in enhanced cell number, total collagen content, and total sulfated glycosaminoglycan content. However, when normalized against cell number, both designs modulated extracellular matrix protein deposition to a similar degree. Taken together, this study demonstrates that multilayered scaffolds of aligned electrospun nanofibers supported tenogenic differentiation of seeded MSCs, but the macroarchitecture is an important consideration for applications of tendon and ligament tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B. Rothrauff
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian B. Lauro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard E. Debski
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Volker Musahl
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Biocompatibility of biological material polylactic acid with stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Biomed Rep 2017; 6:519-524. [PMID: 28515910 PMCID: PMC5431402 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the biocompatibility of the biomaterial, polylactic acid (PLA) with stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) and its induction of mineralization as a type of scaffold material. To determine the impacts of biomaterial PLA on proliferation and mineralization of SHED, the expression of surface molecules of SHED isolated and cultured in vitro was detected by flow cytometry. In addition, cell proliferation was measured using MTT and Edu assays, and the evaluation of mineralized differentiation was performed using Alizarin Red S staining. In addition, the expression levels of osteogenic marker genes were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis. SHED were successfully isolated and identified. The MTT and Edu results indicated that the proliferation of SHED cultured in PLA and normal medium was not significantly different. The Alizarin Red S staining demonstrated that the mineralization capability was significantly higher in the SHED that were cultured in PLA medium. Furthermore, RT-qPCR and western blot analyses indicated that the expression levels of osteogenic marker genes were higher in the SHED cultured in PLA medium. These results suggested that PLA possesses good biocompatibility with SHED and may effectively induce the mineralization of SHED and serve as a scaffold material.
Collapse
|
42
|
Paredes JJ, Andarawis-Puri N. Therapeutics for tendon regeneration: a multidisciplinary review of tendon research for improved healing. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1383:125-138. [PMID: 27768813 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tendon injuries, known as tendinopathies, are common musculoskeletal injuries that affect a wide range of the population. Canonical tendon healing is characterized by fibrosis, scar formation, and the loss of tissue mechanical and structural properties. Understanding the regenerative tendon environment is an area of increasing interest in the field of musculoskeletal research. Previous studies have focused on utilizing individual elements from the fields of biomechanics, developmental biology, cell and growth factor therapy, and tissue engineering in an attempt to develop regenerative tendon therapeutics. Still, the specific mechanism for regenerative healing remains unknown. In this review, we highlight some of the current approaches of tendon therapeutics and elucidate the differences along the tendon midsubstance and enthesis, exhibiting the necessity of location-specific tendon therapeutics. Furthermore, we emphasize the necessity of further interdisciplinary research in order to reach the desired goal of fully understanding the mechanisms underlying regenerative healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nelly Andarawis-Puri
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering.,Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| |
Collapse
|