1
|
Sharifi M, Kamalabadi-Farahani M, Salehi M, Ebrahimi-Brough S, Alizadeh M. Recent perspectives on the synergy of mesenchymal stem cells with micro/nano strategies in peripheral nerve regeneration-a review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1401512. [PMID: 39050683 PMCID: PMC11266111 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1401512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the intrinsic repair of peripheral nerve injury (PNI), it is important to carefully monitor the process of peripheral nerve repair, as peripheral nerve regeneration is slow and incomplete in large traumatic lesions. Hence, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with protective and regenerative functions are utilized in synergy with innovative micro/nano technologies to enhance the regeneration process of peripheral nerves. Nonetheless, as MSCs are assessed using standard regenerative criteria including sensory-motor indices, structural features, and morphology, it is challenging to differentiate between the protective and regenerative impacts of MSCs on neural tissue. This study aims to analyze the process of nerve regeneration, particularly the performance of MSCs with and without synergistic approaches. It also focuses on the paracrine secretions of MSCs and their conversion into neurons with functional properties that influence nerve regeneration after PNI. Furthermore, the study explores new ideas for nerve regeneration after PNI by considering the synergistic effect of MSCs and therapeutic compounds, neuronal cell derivatives, biological or polymeric conduits, organic/inorganic nanoparticles, and electrical stimulation. Finally, the study highlights the main obstacles to developing synergy in nerve regeneration after PNI and aims to open new windows based on recent advances in neural tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Sharifi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kamalabadi-Farahani
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Majid Salehi
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
- Health Technology Incubator Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Brough
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Alizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Benefit of Adjuvant Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation to Critical-Sized Peripheral Nerve Defect Repair: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Studies. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041306. [PMID: 36835844 PMCID: PMC9966712 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Critically sized nerve defects cause devastating life-long disabilities and require interposition for reconstruction. Additional local application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is considered promising to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration. To better understand the role of MSCs in peripheral nerve reconstruction, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of MSCs on critically sized segment nerve defects in preclinical studies. 5146 articles were screened following PRISMA guidelines using PubMed and Web of Science. A total of 27 preclinical studies (n = 722 rats) were included in the meta-analysis. The mean difference or the standardized mean difference with 95% confidence intervals for motor function, conduction velocity, and histomorphological parameters of nerve regeneration, as well as the degree of muscle atrophy, was compared in rats with critically sized defects and autologous nerve reconstruction treated with or without MSCs. The co-transplantation of MSCs increased the sciatic functional index (3.93, 95% CI 2.62 to 5.24, p < 0.00001) and nerve conduction velocity recovery (1.49, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.84, p = 0.009), decreased the atrophy of targeted muscles (gastrocnemius: 0.63, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.97 p = 0.004; triceps surae: 0.08, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.10 p = 0.71), and promoted the regeneration of injured axons (axon number: 1.10, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.42, p < 0.00001; myelin sheath thickness: 0.15, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.17, p = 0.28). Reconstruction of critically sized peripheral nerve defects is often hindered by impaired postoperative regeneration, especially in defects that require an autologous nerve graft. This meta-analysis indicates that additional application of MSC can enhance postoperative peripheral nerve regeneration in rats. Based on the promising results in vivo experiments, further studies are needed to demonstrate potential clinical benefits.
Collapse
|
3
|
Functional tissue-engineered microtissue formed by self-aggregation of cells for peripheral nerve regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:3. [PMID: 35012663 PMCID: PMC8744299 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is one of the essential causes of physical disability with a high incidence rate. The traditional tissue engineering strategy, Top-Down strategy, has some limitations. A new tissue-engineered strategy, Bottom-Up strategy (tissue-engineered microtissue strategy), has emerged and made significant research progress in recent years. However, to the best of our knowledge, microtissues are rarely used in neural tissue engineering; thus, we intended to use microtissues to repair PNI.
Methods We used a low-adhesion cell culture plate to construct adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) into microtissues in vitro, explored the physicochemical properties and microtissues components, compared the expression of cytokines related to nerve regeneration between microtissues and the same amount of two-dimension (2D)-cultured cells, co-cultured directly microtissues with dorsal root ganglion (DRG) or Schwann cells (SCs) to observe the interaction between them using immunocytochemistry, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We used grafts constructed by microtissues and polycaprolactone (PCL) nerve conduit to repair sciatic nerve defects in rats. Results The present study results indicated that compared with the same number of 2D-cultured cells, microtissue could secrete more nerve regeneration related cytokines to promote SCs proliferation and axons growth. Moreover, in the direct co-culture system of microtissue and DRG or SCs, axons of DRG grown in the direction of microtissue, and there seems to be a cytoplasmic exchange between SCs and ASCs around microtissue. Furthermore, microtissues could repair sciatic nerve defects in rat models more effectively than traditional 2D-cultured ASCs. Conclusion Tissue-engineered microtissue is an effective strategy for stem cell culture and therapy in nerve tissue engineering. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02676-0.
Collapse
|
4
|
Singh S, Srivastava AK, Baranwal AK, Bhatnagar A, Das KK, Jaiswal S, Behari S. Efficacy of Silicone Conduit in the Rat Sciatic Nerve Repair Model: Journey of a Thousand Miles. Neurol India 2021; 69:318-325. [PMID: 33904443 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.314576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background A lot of options have been tried for bridging the two ends of the injured nerves. Researchers have used decellularized nerve grafts, artificial materials and even nerve growth factors to augment functional recovery. These materials are either costly or inaccessible in developing world. Objective The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the silicone conduit in a rat sciatic nerve injury model. Materials and Methods 24 healthy Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (250-300 grams; 8-10 weeks) were used and right sciatic nerve was exposed; transected and re-anastomosed by two different methods in 16 rats. In control group, n = 8 (Group I) the sciatic nerve was untouched; Group II (reverse nerve anastomosis, n = 8): 1-centimeter of nerve was cut and re-anastomosed by using 10-0 monofilament suture; Group III (silicone conduit, n = 8) 1-centimeter nerve segment was cut, replaced by silicone conduit and supplemented by fibrin glue]. Evaluation of nerve recovery was done functionally (pain threshold and sciatic functional index) over 3 months and histologically and electron microscopically. Results Functional results showed a trend of clinical improvement in Group III and II but recovery was poor and never reached up to normal. Histopathological and electron microscopic results showed an incomplete axonal regeneration in Groups II and III. Psychological analyses showed that no outwards signs of stress were present and none of the rats showed paw biting and teeth chattering. Conclusion The silicone conduit graft may be an economical and effective alternative to presently available interposition grafts, however for short segments only.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suyash Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arun Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Atul K Baranwal
- Veterinary Scientist, Animal House, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ankur Bhatnagar
- Department of Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuntal Kanti Das
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sushila Jaiswal
- Department of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Behari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing muscle-in-vein conduits with autologous nerve grafts for nerve reconstruction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11691. [PMID: 34083605 PMCID: PMC8175734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gold-standard method for reconstruction of segmental nerve defects, the autologous nerve graft, has several drawbacks in terms of tissue availability and donor site morbidity. Therefore, feasible alternatives to autologous nerve grafts are sought. Muscle-in-vein conduits have been proposed as an alternative to autologous nerve grafts almost three decades ago, given the abundance of both tissues throughout the body. Based on the anti-inflammatory effects of veins and the proregenerative environment established by muscle tissue, this approach has been studied in various preclinical and some clinical trials. There is still no comprehensive systematic summary to conclude efficacy and feasibility of muscle-in-vein conduits for reconstruction of segmental nerve defects. Given this lack of a conclusive summary, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the potential of muscle-in-vein conduits. This work’s main findings are profound discrepancies regarding the results following nerve repair by means of muscle-in-vein conduits in a preclinical or clinical setting. We identified differences in study methodology, inter-species neurobiology and the limited number of clinical studies to be the main reasons for the still inconclusive results. In conclusion, we advise for large animal studies to elucidate the feasibility of muscle-in-vein conduits for repair of segmental defects of critical size in mixed nerves.
Collapse
|
6
|
Minini A, Megaro A. Muscle in vein conduits: our experience. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2021; 92:e2021163. [PMID: 33944845 PMCID: PMC8142788 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v92is1.9202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Muscle in vein (MIV ) conduits have gradually been employed in the last 20 years as a valuable technique in bridging peripheral nerve gaps after nerve lesions who cannot undergo a direct tension-free coaptation. The advantages of this procedure comparing to the actual benchmark (autograft) is the sparing of the donor site, and the huge availability of both components (i.e. muscle and veins). Here we present a case serie of four MIV performed at our hospital from 2018 to 2019. The results we obtained in our experi-ence confirmed its effectiveness both in nerve regeneration (as sensibility recovery) and in neuropathic pain eradication. Our positive outcomes encourage its use in selected cases of residual nerve gaps up to 30 mm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Minini
- Clinica Ortopedica dell'Università degli Studi di Brescia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang J, Zhu YQ, Wang Y, Xu HG, Xu WJ, Wang YX, Cheng XQ, Quan Q, Hu YQ, Lu CF, Zhao YX, Jiang W, Liu C, Xiao L, Lu W, Zhu C, Wang AY. A novel tissue engineered nerve graft constructed with autologous vein and nerve microtissue repairs a long-segment sciatic nerve defect. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:143-149. [PMID: 32788469 PMCID: PMC7818853 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.286977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Veins are easy to obtain, have low immunogenicity, and induce a relatively weak inflammatory response. Therefore, veins have the potential to be used as conduits for nerve regeneration. However, because of the presence of venous valves and the great elasticity of the venous wall, the vein is not conducive to nerve regeneration. In this study, a novel tissue engineered nerve graft was constructed by combining normal dissected nerve microtissue with an autologous vein graft for repairing 10-mm peripheral nerve defects in rats. Compared with rats given the vein graft alone, rats given the tissue engineered nerve graft had an improved sciatic static index, and a higher amplitude and shorter latency of compound muscle action potentials. Furthermore, rats implanted with the microtissue graft had a higher density and thickness of myelinated nerve fibers and reduced gastrocnemius muscle atrophy compared with rats implanted with the vein alone. However, the tissue engineered nerve graft had a lower ability to repair the defect than autogenous nerve transplantation. In summary, although the tissue engineered nerve graft constructed with autologous vein and nerve microtissue is not as effective as autologous nerve transplantation for repairing long-segment sciatic nerve defects, it may nonetheless have therapeutic potential for the clinical repair of long sciatic nerve defects. This study was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Chinese PLA General Hospital (approval No. 2016-x9-07) on September 7, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Spine Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (Wannan Medical College), Department of Spine Surgery, Yijishan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Qiong Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing; Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing; The Neural Regeneration Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- Spine Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (Wannan Medical College), Department of Spine Surgery, Yijishan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wen-Jing Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Xiang Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Cheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Quan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chang-Feng Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Xu Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yan'an University Affiliated Hospital, Yan'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Spine Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (Wannan Medical College), Department of Spine Surgery, Yijishan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- Spine Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (Wannan Medical College), Department of Spine Surgery, Yijishan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Peoples' Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Heifei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ai-Yuan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing; The Neural Regeneration Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Restoration of Neurological Function Following Peripheral Nerve Trauma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051808. [PMID: 32155716 PMCID: PMC7084579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following peripheral nerve trauma that damages a length of the nerve, recovery of function is generally limited. This is because no material tested for bridging nerve gaps promotes good axon regeneration across the gap under conditions associated with common nerve traumas. While many materials have been tested, sensory nerve grafts remain the clinical “gold standard” technique. This is despite the significant limitations in the conditions under which they restore function. Thus, they induce reliable and good recovery only for patients < 25 years old, when gaps are <2 cm in length, and when repairs are performed <2–3 months post trauma. Repairs performed when these values are larger result in a precipitous decrease in neurological recovery. Further, when patients have more than one parameter larger than these values, there is normally no functional recovery. Clinically, there has been little progress in developing new techniques that increase the level of functional recovery following peripheral nerve injury. This paper examines the efficacies and limitations of sensory nerve grafts and various other techniques used to induce functional neurological recovery, and how these might be improved to induce more extensive functional recovery. It also discusses preliminary data from the clinical application of a novel technique that restores neurological function across long nerve gaps, when repairs are performed at long times post-trauma, and in older patients, even under all three of these conditions. Thus, it appears that function can be restored under conditions where sensory nerve grafts are not effective.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ogden M, Karaca SB, Aydin G, Yuksel U, Dagli AT, Akkaya S, Bakar B. The Healing Effects of Thymoquinone and Dexpanthenol in Sciatic Nerve Compression Injury in Rats. J INVEST SURG 2019; 34:504-512. [PMID: 31462122 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2019.1658831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Functional healing of peripheral nerve injuries is still difficult. In this study, potential healing effects of thymoquinone and dexpanthenol in sciatic nerve compression injury (SCI) were investigated. Method: Twenty-four male Wistar albino rats which were applied compression injury to their sciatic nerves were randomly separated into four groups as following: "control" group contained six rats administered no pharmacological agent; "TMK" group consisted of six rats administered 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal thymoquinone once a day for one week; "DXP" group contained six rats administered 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal dexpanthenol once a day for one week; and "TMK-DXP" group consisted of six rats administered separately 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal thymoquinone and 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal dexpenthanol once a day for one week. Four weeks later from SCI, sciatic nerve function index (SFI) was applied before sacrifice of all rats, and then their crushed sciatic nerves were histopathologically examined, in terms of "Schwann cell count", "axon and myelin degeneration", "axon shape/size differences", "fibrosis", and "neovascularisation". Results: "Schwann cell count" (p = 0.011), "axon and myelin degeneration" (p = 0.001), "axon shape/size differences" (p = 0.011), and "fibrosis and neovascularisation" (p = 0.026) scores were different between the control and TMK-DXP groups. SFI scores were different between the control and TMK groups (p = 0.002), between the control and TMK-DXP groups (p < 0.001), and between the DXP and TMK-DXP groups (p = 0.029). Conclusions: This study results revealed that these pharmacological agents used alone had no histopathological healing effect in rats with SCI, but thymoquinone could improve walking function. However, thymoquinone and dexpanthenol used together had a significant histopathological and functional healing effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ogden
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Sahika Burcu Karaca
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Gulcin Aydin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Ulas Yuksel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yildirim Beyazit University Yenimahalle Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Turan Dagli
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Hitit University, Çorum, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Akkaya
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Bulent Bakar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|